Dbms Lab Manual 2015-16

Database Applications Lab Manual
5th CSE
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Syllabus
Introduction
Structured Query Language
Lab set Exercises
Viva- voce questions
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DATABASE APPLICATIONS LABORATORY

Subject Code: 10CSL57
Hours/Week: 03
Total Hours: 42
I.A. Marks: 25
Exam Hours: 03
Exam Marks: 50
1. Consider the following relations:

Student (snum: integer, sname: string, major: string, level: string, age: integer)
Class (name: string, meets at: string, room: string, d: integer)
Enrolled (snum: integer, cname: string)
Faculty (fid: integer, fname: string, deptid: integer)
The meaning of these relations is straightforward; for example, Enrolled has one record per student-class
pair such that the student is enrolled in the class. Level is a two character code with 4 different values
(example: Junior: JR etc)
Write the following queries in SQL. No duplicates should be printed in any of the answers.
i. Find the names of all Juniors (level = JR) who are enrolled in a class taught by Prof. Harshith
ii. Find the names of all classes that either meet in room R128 or have five or more Students
enrolled.
iii. Find the names of all students who are enrolled in two classes that meet at the same time.
iv. Find the names of faculty members who teach in every room in which some class is taught.
v. Find the names of faculty members for whom the combined enrollment of the courses that they
teach is less than five.
2. The following relations keep track of airline flight information:
Flights (no: integer, from: string, to: string, distance: integer,
Departs: time, arrives: time, price: real)
Aircraft (aid: integer, aname: string, cruisingrange: integer)
Certified (eid: integer, aid: integer)
Employees (eid: integer, ename: string, salary: integer)
Note that the Employees relation describes pilots and other kinds of employees as well; Every pilot is
certified for some aircraft, and only pilots are certified to fly.
Write each of the following queries in SQL.
i. Find the names of aircraft such that all pilots certified to operate them have salaries more than
Rs.80, 000.
ii. For each pilot who is certified for more than three aircrafts, find the eid and the maximum
cruisingrange of the aircraft for which she or he is certified.
iii. Find the names of pilots whose salary is less than the price of the cheapest route from
Bengaluru to Frankfurt.
iv. For all aircraft with cruisingrange over 1000 Kms, .find the name of the aircraft and the
average salary of all pilots certified for this aircraft.
v. Find the names of pilots certified for some Boeing aircraft.
vi. Find the aids of all aircraft that can be used on routes from Bengaluru to New Delhi.
3. Consider the following database of student enrollment in courses & books adopted for each course.
STUDENT (regno: string, name: string, major: string, bdate:date)
COURSE (course #:int, cname:string, dept:string)
ENROLL ( regno:string, course#:int, sem:int, marks:int)
BOOK _ ADOPTION (course# :int, sem:int, book-ISBN:int)
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TEXT (book-ISBN:int, book-title:string, publisher:string, author:string)

i. Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and the foreign keys.
ii. Enter at least five tuples for each relation.
iii. Demonstrate how you add a new text book to the database and make this book be adopted by
some department.
iv. Produce a list of text books (include Course #, Book-ISBN, Book-title) in the alphabetical order
for courses offered by the CS department that use more than two books.
v. List any department that has all its adopted books published by a specific publisher.
vi. Generate suitable reports.
vii. Create suitable front end for querying and displaying the results.
4. The following tables are maintained by a book dealer.
AUTHOR (author-id:int, name:string, city:string, country:string)
PUBLISHER (publisher-id:int, name:string, city:string, country:string)
CATALOG (book-id:int, title:string, author-id:int, publisher-id:int,
Category-id:int, year:int, price:int)
CATEGORY (category-id:int, description:string)
ORDER-DETAILS (order-no:int, book-id:int, quantity:int)
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i. Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and the foreign keys.
ii. Enter at least five tuples for each relation.
iii. Give the details of the authors who have 2 or more books in the catalog and the price of the
books is greater than the average price of the books in the catalog and the year of
Publication is after 2000.
iv. Find the author of the book which has maximum sales.
v. Demonstrate how you increase the price of books published by a specific publisher by 10%.
5. Consider the following database for a banking enterprise
BRANCH(branch-name:string, branch-city:string, assets:real)
ACCOUNT(accno:int, branch-name:string, balance:real)
DEPOSITOR(customer-name:string, accno:int)
CUSTOMER(customer-name:string, customer-street:string, customer-city:string)
LOAN(loan-number:int, branch-name:string, amount:real)
BORROWER(customer-name:string, loan-number:int)
i. Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and the foreign keys
ii. Enter at least five tuples for each relation
iii. Find all the customers who have at least two accounts at the Main branch.
iv. Find all the customers who have an account at all the branches located in a specific city.
v. Demonstrate how you delete all account tuples at every branch located in a specific city.
Instructions:
1. The exercises are to be solved in an RDBMS environment like Oracle or DB2.
2. Suitable tuples have to be entered so that queries are executed correctly.
3. Front end may be created using either VB or VAJ or any other similar tool.
4. The student need not create the front end in the examination. The results of the queries may be
displayed directly.
5. Relevant queries other than the ones listed along with the exercises may also be asked in the
examination.
6. Questions must be asked based on lots.
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Introduction to Database
Database: - A group of tables with related data in them are called database.
Database Management System: - DBMS consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of
programs to manage these data.
Data Model:- Structure of database is defined by data model. Different data model are as follows:
E R model
Object Oriented model
Relational model
Network model
Hierarchical model
Relational model:Relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both data and relationship among those
tables. Most database management systems are based on the relational model. RDBMS follows
codds rules. There are 12 rules specified by E.F. Codd that must be satisfied by adatabase package
for being an RDBMS. The DBMS packages that fall in this category are as follows:
Oracle ( follows 7 rules )
DB2 ( follows 9 rules )
Ingress ( follows 10 rules )
Sybase ( follows 9 rules )
Unity
Etc
SQL BASICS
Structured Query Language (SQL), which is an ANSI standard language for interacting with
relational databases, is the main tool for extracting the information. A database is a representation
of a real-world thing called an Entity. Examples of entities are vehicles, employees, customers, fish,
buildings, and even things such as baseball teams. The database stores facts about the entity in an
organized framework, model, or schema. These facts are called attributes. An Instance is one
occurrence of an entity. Each entity must have an identifier, which is one or more attributes that
make each entity instance unique from any other instance. The identifier should contain a value
that does not change. Examples of identifiers are student IDs, payroll numbers, or social security
numbers. If the entity does not have an attribute that can be used as an identifier, an artificial
identifier can be created. The identifier on an entity is often called a primary key. A foreign key is a
set of attributes of the considered table that exists as a primary key attributes in another table.
Database records are matched (joined) through the use of primary and foreign keys.
Normalization is a process consisting of series of steps, which is used to group the database
attributes. The purpose of this design is to ensure that the tables within the database are space
efficient and performance efficient.
Zero Normal Formeach of the relations (tables) has a unique identifier (primary key).
First Normal FormSeparate the repeating groups of attributes or multivalued attributes into a
relation of their own. Be sure to form composite keys.
Second Normal FormEstablish full functional dependency by separating out attributes that are
not fully dependent on the full primary keys.
Third Normal FormRemove transitive dependencies by separating attributes that are dependent
on a non key attribute.
HOW SQL WORKS
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The purpose of SQL is to interface to a relational database such as Oracle, and all SQL statements
are instructions to the databases SQL provides commands for a variety of tasks including:
Querying data
Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
Controlling access to the database and its objects
Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity
DATATYPES
Each literal or column value manipulated by Oracle has a datatype. A values datatype associates a
fixed set of properties with the value. These properties cause Oracle to treat values of one
datatypes differently values of another.
Character Datatypes:- Character datatypes are used to manipulate words and freeform text. These
datatypes are used to store character. These datatypes are used for character data:
CHAR:- The CHAR datatype specifies a fixed length character is 1 character and
maximum allowed is 2000 character.
NCHAR:- The NCHAR datatypes specifies a fixed-length national character set
character string. The maximum column size allowed is 2000 bytes.
NVARCHAR2:- The NVARCHAR2 datatype specifies variable-length national
character string. The maximum column size allowed is 4000 bytes.
VARCHAR2:- The VARCHAR2 datatype specifies a variable length character string.
The maximum length of VARCHAR2 data is 4000 bytes.
NUMBER DATATYPES:- The NUMBER datatype is used to store zero, positive and negative fixed
and floating point numbers with magnitudes
Floating Point Numbers:- A floating point value either can have a decimal point
anywhere from the first to the last digit or can omit the decimal point altogether.
LONG Datatype:- LONG columns store variable length variable length character
strings containing up to 2 gigabytes, or 231 -1 bytes. LONG data type is subject to
some restrictions which are:
A table cannot contain more than one LONG column. LONG columns cannot appear in integrity
constraints. LONG columns cannot be indexed. Also, LONG columns cannot appear in certain
parts of SQL statements:
WHERE, GROUP BY, or CONNECT BY clause or with the DISTINCT operator in
SELECT statements
UNIQUE clause of a SELECT statement
Select list of queries containing GROUP BY clauses
Select list of subqueries or queries combined by set operators
DATE Data types:- The DATE data types is used to store date and time information.
Operators:- All the normal Arithmetic, Relational, Logical operators are used in SQL.
SQL Commands:- in order to define schemas, store data, retrieve data and to make amendments in
schema and data stored in the database different types of commands are used which are:
Data Definition Language Commands.
Data Manipulation Language Commands
Transaction Control Commands
Session Control Commands
System Control Commands
Data Definition Language (DDL) commands allow you to perform these tasks:
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Create, alter, and drop schema objects

Brant and revoke privileges and roles
Analyses information on a table, index, or cluster
Establish auditing options
Add comments to the data dictionary
Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands query and manipulate data in existing schema
objects. These commands do not implicitly commit the current transaction. Following are the
commands:
Select
Insert
Delete
Update
Lock table
Explain Plan
Aggregate
Function
Aggregate functions return a single value based upon a set of other values. If used
among many other expressions in the item list of a SELECT statement, the SELECT must have a
GROUP BY clause. No GROUP BY clause is required if the aggregate function is the only value
retrieved by the SELECT statement. The supported aggregate functions and their syntax are
shown in table 6.3
SQL99 Aggregate Functions

Usage
Computes the average value of a column by the expression
Counts the rows defined by the expression
Counts all rows in the specified table or view
Finds the minimum value in a column by the expression
Finds the maximum value in a column by the expression
Computes the sum of column values by the expression
The general syntax of an aggregate function is:
aggregate_function_name ( [ALL | DISTINCT] expression )
The aggregate function name may be AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, or SUM. The ALL clause, which
is the default behavior and does not actually need to be specified, evaluates all rows when
aggregating the value of the function. The DISTINCT clause uses only distinct values when
evaluating the function.
AVG and SUM
The AVG function computes the average of values in a column or an expression. SUM computes
the sum. Both functions work with numeric values and ignore NULL values. They also can be used
to compute the average or sum of all distinct values of a column or expression. AVG and SUM are
supported by Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL.
Example
The following query computes average year-to-date sales for each type of book:
SELECT type, AVG( ytd_sales ) AS "average_ytd_sales"
FROM titles
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GROUP BY type;
This query returns the sum of year-to-date sales for each type of book:
SELECT type, SUM( ytd_sales )
FROM titles
GROUP BY type;
COUNT
The COUNT function has three variations. COUNT(*) counts all the rows in the target table
whether they include nulls or not. COUNT(expression) computes the number of rows with nonNULL values in a specific column or expression. COUNT(DISTINCT expression) computes the
number of distinct non-NULL values in a column or expression.
Examples
This query counts all rows in a table:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM publishers;
The following query finds the number of different countries where publishers are located:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT country) "Count of Countries" FROM publishers
MIN and MAX
MIN(expression) and MAX(expression) find the minimum and maximum value (string, datetime,
or numeric) in a set of rows. DISTINCT or ALL may be used with these functions, but they do not
affect the result. MIN and MAX are supported by Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and
PostgreSQL. MySQL also supports the functions LEAST( ) and GREATEST( ), providing the same
capabilities.
Examples
The following query finds the best and worst sales for any title on record:
SELECT 'MIN' = MIN(ytd_sales), 'MAX' = MAX(ytd_sales)
FROM titles;
Aggregate functions are used often in the HAVING clause of queries with GROUP BY. The
following query selects all categories (types) of books that have an average price for all books in
the category higher than $15.00:
SELECT type 'Category', AVG( price ) 'Average Price'
FROM titles
GROUP BY type
HAVING AVG(price) > 15
CONCATENATE
SQL99 defines a concatenation operator ( || ), which joins two distinct strings into one string value.
The CONCATENATE function appends two or more strings together, producing a single output
string. PostgreSQL and Oracle support the double-pipe concatenation operator. Microsoft SQL
Server uses the plus sign (+) concatenation operator.
MySQL supports a similar function, CONCAT( ). Refer to the "Concatenation Operators" section
Chapter 3, SQL Statements Command Reference, for more information on concatenation within
Oracle, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server.
SQL99 Syntax
CONCATENATE('string1' || 'string2')
Transaction Control Commands manages change made by Data Manipulation Language
commands. Following are the commands:
Commit
Rollback
Save point
Set Transaction
SQL * Plus
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SQL *Plus enables you to manipulate SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks, and to perform many
additional tasks as well. Through SQL *Plus, you can
Enter, edit, store, retrieve, and SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks
Format, perform calculations on, store, and print query results in the form of reports
List column definitions for any table
Access and copy data between SQL databases
Send messages to and accept responses from an end user
Oracle Overview
Oracle is one the most popular Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). Some other
famous RDBMS includes Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc. Essentially, all
the aforementioned RDBMS employs Structural Query Language (SQL) as their query interface.
Users usually issue their queries by SQL through a "client". Different RDBMS offer different
forms of clients. For example, MS SQL Server offers a GUI interface for user to type in their SQL
language, and their queries would be executed after pressing the "Execute" button on the client.
Oracle provides both GUI client and command-line client. In this lesson, we will study the
command-line client, SQL*Plus. In addition, Oracle extends the standard SQL (e.g. select * from
table) with its application-specific commands (e.g. checking how many table you have been created
in your Oracle account) into a Oracle specific language called PL/SQL. In this tutorial, you will
interact with Oracle database, thru SQL*Plus, by issuing a number of PL/SQL queries.
Logging In to Oracle
Microsoft Windows
Under Windows environment, the Oracle client is called SQL*Plus.
Steps:
1. Click Start, and then click Run.
2. Type sqlplus, and fill in the username, password, and database name
3. After you log in to SQL*Plus, you see the following message:
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.1.7.0.0 - Production
JServer Release 9.1.7.0.0 - Production
and you should receive the prompt:
Creating user:
Create user <yourName> identified by <Password>;
where <yourName> is again your login name, and <Password> is the password you would like to
use in the future. This command, like all other SQL commands, should be terminated with a
semicolon.
Changing Your Password
In response to the SQL> prompt, type
alter user <yourName> identified by <newPassword>;
where <yourName> is again your login name, and <newPassword> is the password you would like
to use in the future. This command, like all other SQL commands, should be terminated with a
semicolon.
Creating Tables
In SQL*Plus we can execute any SQL command. One simple type of command creates a table
(relation). The form is
CREATE TABLE <tableName> (
<list of attributes and their types>
);
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You may enter text on one line or on several lines. If your command runs over several lines, you
will be prompted with line numbers until you type the semicolon that ends any command.
(Warning: An empty line terminates the command but does not execute it; see editing commands
in the buffer.) An example table-creation command is:
CREATE TABLE test (
i int, s char(10)
);
Note that SQL is case insensitive, so CREATE TABLE TEST and create table test are the same.
This command creates a table named test with two attributes. The first attribute, named i, is an
integer, and the second, named s, is a character string of length (up to) 10.
Exercise 1: Create a relation Student that suitable for the following instance:
SID
NAME
JOB
Salary
Ben Kao
Associate Professor
7000
01-Sep-1995
Eric Lo
Teaching Assistant
1000
01-Oct-2003
Hammer
Lecturer
7000
11-Feb-2000
6000
12-Dec-1999
4 Angela Castro Program Manager
STREAM START_AT
5 Steven Chu
Project Assistant
7000
I
13-Dec-2002
Inserting Tuples
Having created a table, we can insert tuples into it. The simplest way to insert is with the INSERT
command:
INSERT INTO <tableName> VALUES( <list of values for attributes, in order> );
For instance, we can insert the tuple (10, 'hi world') into relation test by
INSERT INTO test VALUES(10, 'hi world');
Exercise 2: Insert the records as stated into Exercise 1 into the student table. Trick: Try to insert a record
into test with the following SQL:
INSERT INTO test VALUES(11, 'ha 'world');
Updating Tuples
Tuples can be updated by the UPDATE command:
UPDATE <tableName> SET <Attribute>=<Expression/Value> WHERE <Predicate>;
For example, we can update the tuple (10, 'hi world') in relation test by
UPDATE test SET s='bye world' WHERE i=10;
Exercise 3: Update the record of 'Eric Lo' in relation Student such that his salary change to 1234
Deleting Tuples
Having insert / update a tuple, we can delete it as well. The simplest way to delete is with the
DELETE command:
DELETE FROM <tableName> [WHERE <condition>];
<condition> is an optional statement and is used to identify a single record when necessary.
For example, you can delete the record with i=10 in table test with the the following SQL:
DELETE FROM test WHERE i=10;
Exercise 4: Delete the record of 'Eric Lo' in relation Student.
Trick: Does that record really deleted successfully? Let's check it out by using SELECT command
(we will cover it in next section).
Retrieving Tuples
We can see the tuples in a relation with the command:
SELECT <attributes-separated-by-comma>/<wildcard> FROM <tableName>;
For instance, after the above CREATE, INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE statements, the
command
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SELECT * FROM test;
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produces the result

I
S
---------- ---------11
ha 'world
Exercise 5: Select ALL records from relation Student.

Question: Do data values also case insensitive? i.e., can a student with name "Hammer" be
retrieved by the following SQL or not?
SeLecT name from StudenT where name ='hammer';
Let's check it out by yourself!
Trick: Does the record of 'Eric Lo' exist when you do exercise 5? If yes, congratulation! You
"seems" that you have deleted that tuple successfully... Now, please open a new SQL*Plus, and
redo exercise 5 to see if the record 'Eric Lo' still be there? What happen?
Commit and Rollback
An automatic commit occurs under the following circumstance: DDL statement is issued . Normal
exit from SQL*Plus, without explicitly issuing COMMIT or ROLLBACK . An automatic rollback
occurs under an abnormal termination of SQL*Plus or a system failure. It provides a good backdoor for you to revert the changes you have done on the data. Therefore, unless you have issued
COMMIT, the changed data would not be visible to any other session except your own.
Conversely, you can rollback all the changes by issuing the ROLLBACK command.
Exercise 6: Issue the COMMIT command in the SQL*Plus that you have done insert/delete/update
before, and see if the effects is now visible by the new SQL*Plus?
Dropping Tables
To remove a table from your database, execute DROP TABLE <tableName>;
We suggest you execute
DROP TABLE test;
Caution: Table dropping is a DML statement, which is an action that you cannot rollback. Since
dropping a table will also delete all data in that table, issue the DROP TABLE command with
cares.
Getting Information About Your Database
The system keeps information about your own database in certain system tables. The most
important for now is USER_TABLES. You can recall the names of your tables by issuing the
query:
SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES;
More information about your tables is available from USER_TABLES. To see all the attributes of
USER_TABLES, try:
SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES;
It is also possible to recall the attributes of a table once you know its name. Issue the command:
DESCRIBE <tableName>;
to view the schema of <tableName>;
Data Types
Here is part of the data types that are supported by Oracle.
Data Type
Description
VARCHAR2
(size)
Variable-length character data (a maximum size must be specified:

Minimum size is 1; maximum size is 4000)
CHAR
[(size)]
Fixed-length character data of length size bytes (default and minimum size
is 1; maximum size is 2000)
NUMBER
[(p,s)]
Number having precision p and scale s (The precision is the total number of
decimal digits, and the scale is the number of digits to the right of the
decimal point; the precision can range from 1 to 38 and the scale can range
from -84 to 127)
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Date and time values to the nearest second between January 1, 4712 B.C.,
and December 31, 9999 A.D.
Creating Tables with Keys
To create a table that declares attribute a to be a primary key:
CREATE TABLE <tableName> (..., a <type> PRIMARY KEY, b, ...);
To create a table that declares the set of attributes (a,b,c) to be a primary key:
CREATE TABLE <tableName> (<attrs and their types>, PRIMARY KEY (a,b,c));
DATE
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LAB ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise-1:
1. Consider the following relations containing student class information:
Student (snum: integer, sname: string, major: string, level: string, age: integer)
Class (cname: string, meets at: time, room: string, fid: integer)
Enrolled (snum: integer, cname: string)
Faculty (fid: integer, fname: string, deptid: integer)
Step-1: ER Diagram Design
SNAME
SNUM
MEETS AT
SNUM
MAJOR
STUDENT
ROOM
NAME
CLASS
ENROLL
Dept
LEVEL
AGE
CNAME
TEACHES
FACULTY
FID
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FNAM
EE
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STUDENT TABLE:
===================
create table student
(snum number primary key,
sname varchar2(20),
major varchar2(10),
level1 varchar2(10),
age number);
FACULTY TABLE:
==================
create table faculty
(fid number primary key,
fname varchar2(10),
deptid number);
CLASS TABLE:
================
create table class
(cname varchar2(10) primary key,
meetsat varchar2(10),
room varchar2(10),
fid number,
foreign key(fid) references faculty(fid));
ENROLLED TABLE:
===================
create table enrolled
(snum number,
cname varchar2(10),
foreign key(snum) references student(snum),
foreign key(cname) references class(cname));
===============================================================
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Step-5: Populating the data:
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Step-6: SQL Scripts for the Questions:

1. Find the names of all Juniors (Level = JR) who are enrolled in a class taught by Prof.Harshith.
SQL>SELECT DISTINCT S.Sname
FROM Student S, Class C, Enrolled E, Faculty F
WHERE S.snum = E.snum AND E.cname = C.cname AND C.fid = F.fid AND
F.fname = 'Harshith' AND S.level1 = 'JR'
2. Find the names of all classes that either meet in room R128 or have five or more students enrolled.
SQL>SELECT C.cname
FROM Class C
WHERE C.room = 'R128'
OR C.cname IN (SELECT E.cname
FROM Enrolled E
GROUP BY E.cname HAVING COUNT (*) >= 5)
3. Find the names of all students who are enrolled in two classes that meet at the same time.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT S.*
FROM Student S
WHERE S.snum IN (SELECT E1.snum
FROM Enrolled E1, Enrolled E2, Class C1, Class C2
WHERE E1.snum = E2.snum AND E1.cname <> E2.cname
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AND E1.cname = C1.cname

AND E2.cname = C2.cname AND C1.meetsat = C2.meetsat)
4. Find the names of faculty members who teach in every room in which some class
is taught.
SQL> select * from faculty
where fid
in(select fid from
(select count(room) cnt,fid from class group by fid)
where cnt=(select count(distinct(room)) from class));
5. Find the names of faculty members for whom the combined enrollment of the courses that they teach
is less than five.
SQL> select fid,fname
From faculty
where fid in(
select fid from
(select count(1) cnt,fid
From (SELECT E.snum,c.fid
FROM Class C, Enrolled E
WHERE C.cname = E.cname)
group by fid) where cnt<5)
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Exercise-2:
Consider the following relations containing airline flight information:
Flights (flno: integer, from: string, to: string, distance: integer, departs: time, arrives: time, price: real)
Aircraft (aid: integer, aname: string, cruisingrange: integer)
Certified (eid: integer, aid: integer)
Employees (eid: integer, ename: string, salary: integer)
Note that the Employees relation describes pilots and other kinds of employees as well; every pilot is
certified for some aircraft (otherwise, he or she would not qualify as a pilot), and only pilots are certified to
fly.
Step-1: ER Diagram Design:
From
To
Ename
Fno
Flno
FLIGHTS
Departs
Arriv
es
Salary
Eid
Distanc
e
EMPLOYEE
FLYS
Price
Eid
CERTIFIES
AIRCRAFT
Cruisingrange
Aid
Aname
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create table flight(fno number(3) primary key, ffrom

varchar(10), fto varchar(10), distance number(3),departs date,
arrives date, price number(5));
create table aircraft(aidd number(3) primary key, aname
varchar(10), crange number(5), fno int, foreign key(fno) references
flight(fno) );
create table employee(eid number(3) primary key,
enamevarchar(10), salary number(5));
create table certified(eid number(3),aid number(3),
foreign key(eid) references employee(eid),
foreign key(aid) references aircraft(aidd));
SQL>select * from aircraft;
AIDD ANAME
CRANGE
-------- ------------------201
boeing
1001
202
boeing2
1010
203
boeing3
1200
205
boeing4
1400
SQL>select * from employee;
EID ENAME SALARY
------ ------------------81 san
20000
82 jack
15000
88 lapoid
18000
87 killer
23000
SQL>select * from certified;
EID
AID
---------- ---------82
202
88
203
81
205
81
203
87
201
A)Find the names of aircraft such that all pilots certified to
operate them have salaries more than Rs.80, 000.
SQL>select a.aname
from aircraft a, certified c, employee e
where a.aidd=c.aid and c.eid= e.eid and salary
in(select salary from employee
Dept of CSE, AIT
19
5th CSE
where salary>20000);
ANAME
---------Boeing
B)For each pilot who is certified for more than three
aircrafts, find the eidand the maximum cruisingrangeof
the aircraft for which she or he is certified.
SQL>select * from certified;
EID
AID
------ ---------88
205
82
202
88
203
81
205
81
203
87
201
SQL> select * from aircraft;
AIDD ANAME
CRANGE FNO
------ ---------------------------201
boeing
1001
112
202
boeing2
1010
111
203
boeing3
1200
114
205
boeing4
1400
114
SQL> select c.eid, max(a.crange) from aircraft a,
employee e, certified c where a.aidd=c.aid and
c.eid=e.eid group by c.eid having count(c.eid)>3;
EID
MAX(A.CRANGE)
------ ------------81
1400
88
1400
C)Find the names of pilots whose salary is less than the
price of the cheapest route from Bengaluru to Frankfurt.
Select unique e.name from employee e where salary<
(select min(price) from flight where ffrom=bangalore and
fto=frankfurt);
Dept of CSE, AIT
20
5th CSE
SQL>Select * from flight;

FNO FFROM
FTO
DISTANCE
PRICE DEPARTS ARRIVES
------- ---------------------------------- --------------- ------------110
bangalorefrankfurt
150
40000
10 p.m.
4 a.m.
111
bangalorefrankfurt
150
50000
9 a.m
12 p.m
112
bangaloredelhi
150
30000
9.15 a m
12.15 p.m
113
delhi
san fra
250
29000
9.15 am
12.15 pm
114
chennaisingapore
500
28000
12noon
10.30 pm
115
chennaimalashriya
600
32000
1noon
11.30pm
SQL>select * from employee;
EID ENAME
SALARY
----- ------------------81
san
20000
82
jack
45000
88
lapoid
45000
87
killer
50000
Output:
ENAME
---------San
D)
For all aircraft with cruisingrangeover 1000 Kms, .find
the name of the aircraft and the average salary of all
pilots certified for this aircraft.
Select avg(e.salary),aname from employees e,aircraft a, certified
c where e.eid=c.eid and c.aid=a.aid and a.crange>1000 group by
a.aname
ANAME
AVG(E.SALARY)
---------------------boeing4
20000
SQL> select * from aircraft;
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
AIDD
ANAME
CRANGE FNO
---------- ---------------------------201
boeing
1001
112
202
boeing2
1010
111
203
boeing3
1200
114
205
boeing4
1400
114
SQL> select * from employee;
EID
ENAME SALARY
-----------------------81
san
20000
82
jack
45000
88
lapoid
45000
87
killer
50000
SQL> select * from certified;
EID
AID
-------- ---------82
202
88
203
81
205
81
203
87
201
SQL> insert into certified values(88,205);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from certified;
EID
AID
-------- ---------82
202
88
203
81
205
81
203
87
201
88
205
SQL> select a.aname,avg(e.salary) from aircraft a, employee
e, certified c where a.aidd=c.aid and c.eid=e.eid and
crange>1200
group by a.aname;
Dept of CSE, AIT
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ANAME
AVG(E.SALARY)
---------- ------------boeing4
32500
Find the names of pilots certified for some Boeing aircraft.
select ename from employee e, certified c, aircraft a where
e.eid=c.eid and c.aid=a.aidd and aname='boeing3';
Output:
ENAME
---------lapoid
san
E. Find the aids of all aircraft that can be used on routes from
Bengaluru to New Delhi.
Select a.aid from aircraft a, flight f where f.from=bangalore
and f.to=newdehli;
FNO FFROM
FTO
DISTANCE
PRICE
DEPARTS
ARRIVES
----- ---------- ------------------------ ---------- --------------------------111
bang
frankfurt
150
5000
9 a.m
12 p.m
112
bang
delhi
150
3000
9.15 a
m
12.15 p.m
113
delhi
san fra
250
25000
9.15
am
12.15 pm
114
chennaisingapore
500
20000
12noon
10.30 pm
115
chennaimalashriya
600
20000
1noon
11.30pm
AIDD ANAME
-------------201 boeing
202 boeing2
203 boeing3
205 boeing4
CRANGE
---------1001
1010
1200
1400
FNO
---------112
111
114
114
output:
AIDD
FNO
------ ---------203
114
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5th CSE
205
114
3.BOOK DEALER DATABASE

The following tables are maintained by a book dealer.
AUTHOR (author-id: int, name: string, city:string, country: string)
PUBLISHER (publisher-id: int, name:string, city:string,
country:string)
CATALOG (book-id: int, title: string, author_id: int, publisher_id :
int, category_id: int, year: int, price: int)
CATEGORY ( category_id: int, description: string)
ORDER-DETAILS (order-no: int, book-id: int, quantity: int)
(i)
Create the above tales by properly specifying the primary keys and
the foreign keys.
(ii) Enter atleast five tuples for each relation.
(iii) Give the details of the authors who have 2 or more books in the
catalog and the price of the books is greater than the average price of
the books in the catalog and the year of publication is after 2000.
(iv) Find the author of the book which has maximum sales.
(v) Demonstrate how you increase the price of books published by a
specific publisher by 10%.
(vi) Generation of suitable reports.
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
(vii) Create suitable front ends for querying and displaying the results.
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM:
Name
City
Countr
y
Author_Id
AUTHOR
QUANTI
TY
AIN
N
Publisher_I
d
Name
1
PUBLISHER
Country
CategoryI
D
CATALOG
PIN
City
Yea
r
Pric
e
Title
Book_ID
Dept of CSE, AIT
Descriptio
n
1
CCategory
category
Category
REGISTE
R_NO
25
CIN
5th CSE

1
ORDER_DETAILS
Order_no
Quantit
y
1)CREATE ALL THE TABLES WITH NECESSARY CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE AUTHOR
(
AUTHORID NUMBER(5),
ANAME VARCHAR(15),
ACITY VARCHAR2(15),
ACOUNTRY VARCHAR(15),
PRIMARY KEY(AUTHORID)
);
CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER
(
PUBLISHERID NUMBER(5),
PNAME VARCHAR(15),
PCITY VARCHAR2(15),
PCOUNTRY VARCHAR(15),
PRIMARY KEY(PUBLISHERID)
);
CREATE TABLE CATEGORY
(
CATEGORYID NUMBER(5),
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR(15),
PRIMARY KEY(CATEGORYID)
Dept of CSE, AIT
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);
CREATE TABLE CATALOG
(
BOOKID NUMBER(5),
TITLE VARCHAR2(15),
AUTHORID NUMBER(5),
PUBLISHERID NUMBER(5),
CATEGORYID NUMBER(5),
YEAR NUMBER(5),
PRICE NUMBER(10,3),
PRIMARY KEY(BOOKID),
FOREIGN KEY(AUTHORID) REFERENCES AUTHOR(AUTHORID),
FOREIGN KEY(PUBLISHERID) REFERENCES
PUBLISHER(PUBLISHERID),
FOREIGN KEY(CATEGORYID) REFERENCES
CATEGORY(CATEGORYID)
);
CREATE TABLE ORDER_DETAILS
(
ORDERNO NUMBER(5),
BOOKID NUMBER(5),
QTY NUMBER(5),
PRIMARY KEY(ORDERNO),
FOREIGN KEY(BOOKID) REFERENCES CATALOG(BOOKID)
);
2) INSERT THE RECORDS INTO THE RELATIONS
INSERT INTO AUTHOR
VALUES(&AUTHORID,'&ANAME','&ACITY','&ACOUNTRY');
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER
VALUES(&PUBLISHERID,'&PNAME','&PCITY','&PCOUNTRY');
INSERT INTO CATEGORY VALUES(&CATEGORYID,'&DESCRIPTION');
INSERT INTO CATALOG VALUES
(&BOOKID,'&TITLE',&AUTHORID,&PUBLISHERID,&CATEGORYID,&YEAR,
&PRICE);
INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES(&ORDERNO,&BOOKID,&QTY);
VIEW THE RELATIONS
AUTHOR
Dept of CSE, AIT
27
5th CSE
AUTHORID ANAME
ACITY
ACOUNTRY
---------- --------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------1000
MANJUNAMTH
BANGALORE
INDIA
2000
TONY
HAYHOOD
USA
3000
TONIER
NEWYORK
USA
4000
TENNENBAUM
LONDON
UK
5000
BALGURU
CHENNAI
INDIA
PUBLISHER
PUBLISHERID PNAME
PCITY
PCOUNTRY
----------- --------------- --------------- ----------------------------11
WEILY
NEWDELHI
INDIA
22
PHI
CALIFORNIA USA
33
SAPNA
BANGALORE INDIA
44
TMH
NEWYORK
USA
55
WROX
TEXAS
USA
CATEGORY
CATEGORYID DESCRIPTIONM
---------- -----------------------------------1
OS
2
LANGUAGES
3
HARDWARE
4
ALGORITHMS
5
INTERNET
CATALOG
BOOKID TITLE AUTHORID PUBLISHERID CATEGORYID YEAR PRICE
--------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- --------------------- --------- -------------1
DSC
1000
33
2
2000
190
2
N/W 4000
44
4
2002
365
3
VB-6 2000
11
2
2000
300
4
SE
4000
44
5
2002
500
5
ADA 1000
33
4
2000
200
ORDER_DETAILS
ORDERNO BOOKID QTY
--------- ---------- ---------------------------100
1
100
Dept of CSE, AIT
28
200
300
400
500
1
2
3
5
5th CSE
20
20
50
8
3) GIVE THE DETAILS OF THE AUTHORS WHO HAVE TWO OR MORE

BOOKS IN THE CATALOG AND THE PRICE OF THE BOOKS IS GREATER
THAN THE AVERAGE PRICE OF THE BOOKS IN THE CATALOG & THE
YEAR OF PUBLICATION IS AFTER 2000.
SELECT * FROM AUTHOR A WHERE A.AUTHORID IN
(SELECT C.AUTHORID
FROM CATALOG C
WHERE C.PRICE > (SELECT AVG(PRICE) FROM CATALOG)
AND C.YEAR>=2000
GROUP BY C.AUTHORID
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2);
4) FIND THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK WHICH HAS MAXIMUN SALES
SELECT ANAME
FROM AUTHOR
WHERE AUTHORID IN (SELECT AUTHORID
FROM CATALOG
WHERE BOOKID IN ( SELECT BOOKID
FROM ORDER_DETAILS
GROUP BY BOOKID
HAVING SUM(QTY)>=ALL
( SELECT SUM(QTY)
FROM ORDER_DETAILS
GROUP BY BOOKID
)
)
);
5) DEMONSTRATE HOW YOU INCREASE THE PRICE OF BOOK
PUBLISHED BY A SPECIFIC PUBLISHER BY 10%.
UPDATE CATALOG SET PRICE=PRICE+PRICE*0.10
WHERE PUBLISHERID IN ( SELECT P.PUBLISHERID
FROM PUBLISHER P
WHERE P.PNAME='&PNAME' );
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
5.BANKING ENTERPRISE DATABASE

Consider the following database for a banking enterprise
BRANCH(branch-name: string, branch-city: string, assets:Real)
ACCOUNT(accno:int, branch-name: string, balance:real)
DEPOSITOR(customer-name: string, accno:int)
CUSTOMER(customer_name:string,customer-street:string,
customer_city: string)
LOAN (loan-number: int, branch-name:string, amount:real)
BORROWER (customer-name:string, loan-number: int)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and
the foreign keys
Enter atleast five tuples for each relation
Find all the customers who have atleast two accounts at the Main
branch.
Find all the customers who have an account tuples at every branch
located in a specific city.
Demonstrate how you delete all account tuples at every branch
located in a specific city.
Generation of suitable reports.
Create suitable front ends for querying and displaying the results.
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM:

STREE
T
CNAM
E
CITY
CUSTOMER
QUANTI
TY
BALANC
E
ACC_NO
ACCOUNT
DEPOSI
TOR
BORROWE
R
ACC_IN
1
REGISTE
R_NO
N
LOAN
LOAN_NO
Dept of CSE, AIT
BRANCH
LOAN_I
N
AMOUNT
BRANCH_NAM
E
CITY
ASSET
S
32
5th CSE
1) CREATION OF TABLES WITH NECESSARY CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE BRANCH
(
BRANCH_NAME VARCHAR2(15),
BRANCH_CITY VARCHAR2(15),
ASSETS NUMBER(10,3),
PRIMARY KEY(BRANCH_NAME),
CHECK(ASSETS>0)
);
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
(
CUSTOMER_NAME VARCHAR2(15),
CUSTOMER_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(15),
CUSTOMER_CITY VARCHAR2(15),
PRIMARY KEY(CUSTOMER_NAME)
);
CREATE TABLE ACCOUNT
(
ACCOUNT_NUMBER VARCHAR2(15),
BALANCE NUMBER(11,4),
PRIMARY KEY(ACCOUNT_NUMBER),
FOREIGN KEY(BRANCH_NAME) REFERENCES
BRANCH(BRANCH_NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE TABLE DEPOSITOR
(
CUSTOMER_NAME VARCHAR2(15),
ACCOUNT_NUMBER VARCHAR2(15),
PRIMARY KEY(CUSTOMER_NAME,ACCOUNT_NUMBER),
FOREIGN KEY(CUSTOMER_NAME) REFERENCES
CUSTOMER(CUSTOMER_NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE,
OREIGN KEY(ACCOUNT_NUMBER) REFERENCES
ACCOUNT(ACCOUNT_NUMBER) ON DELETE CASCADE);
);
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5th CSE
CREATE TABLE LOAN

(
LOAN_NUMBER NUMBER(6),
AMOUNT NUMBER(10,4),
PRIMARY KEY(LOAN_NUMBER),
FOREIGN KEY(BRANCH_NAME) REFERENCES
BRANCH(BRANCH_NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE TABLE BORROWER
(
CUSTOMER_NAME VARCHAR2 (15),
LOAN_NUMBER NUMBER(5),
PRIMARY KEY(CUSTOMER_NAME,LOAN_NUMBER),
FOREIGN KEY(CUSTOMER_NAME) REFERENCES
CUSTOMER(CUSTOMER_NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY(LOAN_NUMBER) REFERENCES
LOAN(LOAN_NUMBER) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
2)INSERTION OF TUPLES INTO THE RELATION

INSERT INTO BRANCH
VALUES('&BRANCH_NAME','&BRANCH_CITY',&ASSETS);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER
VALUES('&CUSTOMER_NAME','&CUSTOMER_ADDRESS',
'&CUSTOMER_CITY');
INSERT INTO ACCOUNT
VALUES('&ACCOUNT_NUMBER','&BRANCH_NAME',&BALANCE);
INSERT INTO DEPOSITOR
VALUES('&CUSTOMER_NAME','&ACCOUNT_NUMBER');
INSERT INTO LOAN
VALUES(&LOAN_NUMBER,'&BRANCH_NAME',&AMOUNT);
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
INSERT INTO BORROWER VALUES('&CUSTOMER_NAME',&LOAN_NUMBER);

VIEW THE RECORDS
BRANCH
BRANCH_NAME BRANCH_CITY
ASSETS
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------------RAJAJINAGAR
BANGALORE
200000
JAYANAGAR
BANGALORE
100000
VIJAYANAGAR
BANGALORE
300000
KUVEMPUNAGAR MYSORE
100000
GOKULUM
MYSORE
100000
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER_NAME CUSTOMER_ADDRES CUSTOMER_CITY
--------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------RAVI
VIJAYANAGAR
BANGALORE
HARISH
BULLTEMPLEROAD
BANGALORE
BHAVYA
GANDHIBAZAR
BANGALORE
SRIRAM
RAJAJINAGAR
BANGALORE
RANI
MGROAD
BANGALORE
ACCOUNT
ACCOUNT_NUMBER
BRANCH_NAME
BALANCE
--------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------101
RAJAJINAGAR
2000
102
RAJAJINAGAR
3000
103
VIJAYANAGAR
4000
104
KUVEMPUNAGAR
5000
105
GOKULUM
5000
106
JAYANAGAR
6000
107
RAJAJINAGAR
5000
DEPOSITOR
CUSTOMER_NAME ACCOUNT_NUMBER
--------------- ----------------------------------------RAVI
101
HARISH
102
RAVI
103
SRIRAM
104
RAVI
107
Dept of CSE, AIT
35
5th CSE
RAVI
106
LOAN
LOAN_NUMBER BRANCH_NAME
AMOUNT
----------- --------------- --------------------------------------201
RAJAJINAGAR
10000
202
JAYANAGAR
20000
203
VIJAYANAGAR
30000
204
KUVEMPUNAGAR
40000
205
GOKULUM
50000
BORROWER
CUSTOMER_NAME LOAN_NUMBER
--------------- -------------------------------------RAVI
201
HARISH
202
BHAVYA
203
SRIRAM
204
RANI
205
3) FIND ALL CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE ACCOUNT AT ALL

THE BRANCHES LOCATED IN A SPECIFIC CITY
SELECT C. CUSTOMER_NAME
FROM CUSTOMER C ,BRANCH B, DEPOSITOR D,ACCOUNT A
WHERE C.CUSTOMER_NAME=D.CUSTOMER_NAME
AND D.ACCOUNT_NUMBER=A.ACCOUNT_NUMBER
AND A.BRANCH_NAME=B.BRANCH_NAME
AND B.BRANCH_CITY='BANGALORE'
GROUP BY C.CUSTOMER_NAME
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2;
OUTPUT
CUSTOMER_NAME
------------------------RAVI
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
4) FIND ALL CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE AT LEAST TWO ACCOUNTS

AT THE MAIN BRANCH
SELECT C. CUSTOMER_NAME,B.BRANCH_NAME
FROM CUSTOMER C ,BRANCH B, DEPOSITOR D,ACCOUNT A
WHERE C.CUSTOMER_NAME=D.CUSTOMER_NAME
AND D.ACCOUNT_NUMBER=A.ACCOUNT_NUMBER
AND A.BRANCH_NAME=B.BRANCH_NAME
AND B.BRANCH_NAME IN(SELECT B.BRANCH_NAME FROM BRANCH B
WHERE B.BRANCH_NAME= RAJAJINAGAR)
GROUP BY B.BRANCH_NAME, C.CUSTOMER_NAME
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2;
OUTPUT
CUSTOMER_NAME
-------------------------RAVI
BRANCH_NAME
-----------------------RAJAJINAGAR
5) DEMONSTRATE HOW YOU DELETE ALL THE TUPLES AT EVERY

BRANCH LOCATED IN A PARTICULAR CITY
DELETE FROM ACCOUNT
WHERE BRANCH_NAME
IN ( SELECT B.BRANCH_NAME
FROM BRANCH B
WHERE B.BRANCH_CITY='BANGALORE'
);
EXTRA QUERIES
1) SUPPOSE THAT ANNUAL INTEREST PAYMENTS ARE BEING MADE AND
ALL BRANCHES ARE TO BE INCREASED BY 3%.
2) IF INTEREST IS TO BE PAID ONLY TO ACCOUNTS WITH A BALANCE OF
Rs.1000 OR MORE.
3) FIND ALL LOAN NUMBERS FOR LOANS MADE AT RAJAJINAGAR
BRANCH WITH LOAN AMOUNT ABOVE Rs.5000.
Dept of CSE, AIT
37
5th CSE
4) FIND THE LOAN NUMBER OF THOSE LOANS WITH LOAN AMOUNTS

BETWEEN 10000 AND 40000.
5) FIND ALL THE CUSTORES HAVING A LOAN,AN ACCOUNT OR BOTH AT
THE BANK.
6) FIND ALL THE CUSTORES WHO HAVE AN ACCOUNT AND A LOAN AT
THE BANK.
7) FIND THE AVERAGE ACCOUNT BALANCE AT EACH BRANCH.
8) FIND THE NUMBER OF DEPOSITORS FOR EACH BRANCH.
9) FIND THE BRANCHES WHERE THE AVERAGE ACCOUNT BALANCE IS
MORE THAN Rs.5000.
10) FIND THE NAMES OF ALL BRANCHES THAT HAVE AN ASSET VALUE
GREATER THAN THAT OF EACH BRANCH IN BANGALORE.
11) FIND THE NAMES OF ALL THE BRANCHES OF LOAN RELATION
Dept of CSE, AIT
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5th CSE
Creation of suitable Front End using Visual Basic for querying and
Displaying the results
STEP 1:
Create the necessary FORM using label, textbox & button controls.
STEP 2:
Establish connectivity between User interface screens & Database

1. Select components from the project menu
2. Select MS ADO Data Control 6.0 ( OLE DB) & click OK
3. Add the ADODC from the ToolBox to the form & name the control
AdcBranch
4. Set
ConnectString,
& Record
properties
Data
follows
5. Right
control &
Dept of CSE, AIT
CommandType
Source
of the ADO
Control
as
click on adcBranch d
select ADODC Properties
39
5th CSE
6.To set the connection [property click on BUILD button & You get a
Data Link Dialog box as follows
6. Select MS OLE DB Provider for Oracle & Click on NEXT button

7. Enter User name & Password & Test connection
8. Click OK. Click Authentication TAB & enter User Name & password & Click on
APPLY button.
Dept of CSE, AIT
40
5th CSE
9. Click on RecordSource TAB & select 2 - adCmdTable. Wait till the tables
are listed in the Table combo Box
Dept of CSE, AIT
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10. Select the BRANCH table & click on APPLY

11. Click on OK button to complete the settings
STEP 3:
Binding the FORM Controls to the Table Fields
1. Select the txtBranchName control, right click & select properties.
2. In the properties windows set DataSource & DataField ( In that order) Select
AdcBranch in DataSource & BRANCH_NAME in DataField as shown
below.
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5th CSE
STEP 4: Add Events to BUTTON controls

1. Double click on the New button & add the following code
Private Sub New_Click()
adcBranch.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
2. Double click on the Save button & add the following code
Private Sub Save_Click()
adcBranch.Recordset.Save
MsgBox "Record Added Successfully"
End Sub
3. Double click on the Update button & add the following code
Private Sub Update_Click()
adcBranch.Recordset.Update
MsgBox "Record Updated Successfully"
End Sub
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5th CSE
4. Double click on the Delete button & add the following code
Private Sub Delete_Click()
adcBranch.Recordset.Delete
MsgBox "Record Deleted..."
adcBranch.Recordset.MoveNext
End Sub
STEP 5: Execute the program
1. Select Run menu

2. Click on start sub menu
REPORTS GENERATION
Step 1: Open notepad and type code.
Spool f:\reports
SELECT * FROM emp;
Spool off
Step 2:
Save as script.sql
Step 3:
Run in sql prompt
Sql>@f:\script.sql
Step 4:
Go to f drive open report as word file.
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5th CSE
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1.
2.
3.
4.
What is database?
What is DBMS?
What is a Database system?
What are the disadvantages in File Processing System?
Answer: Data redundancy & inconsistency.
Difficult in accessing data.
Data isolation.
Data integrity.
Concurrent access is not possible.
Security Problems.
5. What is extension and intension?

Answer: Extension -It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time
dependent.
Intension It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid
on it.
6. Explain the difference between a database administrator and a data administrator.
7. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
8. Define the "integrity rules"
Answer: There are two Integrity rules.
Entity Integrity: States that, Primary key cannot have NULL value
Referential Integrity: States that, Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary
Key value of other relation.
9. What is Data Independence?
10. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
11. What is an Entity?
12. What is an Entity type?
13. What is an Entity set?
14. What is Weak Entity set?
15. What is an attribute?
16. What are a Relation Schema and a Relation?
17. What is degree of a Relation?
18. What is Relationship?
19. What is Relationship set?
20. What is Relationship type?
21. What is degree of Relationship type?
22. What is Data Storage Definition Language?
23. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
24. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
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25. What is DML Compiler?

26. What is DDL Interpreter?
27. What is Data Model?
Answer: A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics
and constraints.
28. What is E-R model?
Answer: This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and
of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.
29. What is Object Oriented model?
Answer: This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in
instance variables within the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the
object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and
the same methods are grouped together into classes.
30. What is primary key?
31. What is foreign key?
32. What is unique key?
33. What is candidate key?
34. What is composite primary key?
35. What is super key?
36. What is secondary key (alternate key)?
37. What is database trigger?
38. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
Answer: A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in
its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there
is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data
dictionary.
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can
insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for
logical data independence.
39. What is aggregation?
Answer: Selecting the data in group of records is called aggregation. There are five aggregate
system functions they are viz. Sum, Min, Max, Avg, Count.
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40. What is decomposition?

Answer: Selecting all data without any grouping and aggregate functions is called
Decomposition. The data is selected, as it is present in the table.
41. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?
Answer: Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.
Types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Binary search style indexing

B-Tree indexing
Inverted list indexing
Memory resident table
Table indexing
42. What is normalization?

Answer: It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional
Dependencies
(FDs)
and
primary
key
to
achieve
the
properties
(1).Minimizing redundancy, (2). Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
43. What is Functional Dependency?
44. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?
45. What is multivalued dependency?
46. What is Lossless join property?
Answer: It guarantees that the spurious tuples generation does not occur with respect to relation
schemas after decomposition.
47. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?
Answer: The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.
48. What is Fully Functional dependency?
Answer: It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is
full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does
not hold any more.
49. What is 2 NF?
Answer: A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is
fully functionally dependent on primary key.
50. What is 3 NF?
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5th CSE
Answer: A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the
following is true.
1. X is a Super-key of R.
2. A is a prime attribute of R.
In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.
51. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?
Answer: A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that
for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.
52. What is 4NF?
Answer: A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that
holds over R, one of following is true.
1.) X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.
2.) X is a super key.
53. What is 5NF?
Answer: A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ..., Rn}
that holds R, one the following is true
1.)Ri = R for some i.
2.) The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.
54. What is DKNF (Domain Key Normal Form)?
Answer: A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on
the the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint
on the relation.
55. What are the Inference Rules for Functional and Multivalued Dependency?
56. What is a query?
Answer: A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a
data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data
manipulation language.
57. What is the use of CASCADE CONSTRAINTS?
Answer: When this clause is used with the DROP command, a parent table can be dropped even
when a child table exists.
58. Difference between VARCHAR and VARCHAR2?
Answer: Varchar means fixed length character data (size) i.e., min size-1 and max-2000
Varchar2 means variable length character data i.e., min-1 to max-4000
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48
5th CSE
59. Which system table contains information on constraints on all the tables created?
Answer: USER_CONSTRAINTS
60. What is the main difference between the IN and EXISTS clause in sub queries?
Answer: The main difference between the IN and EXISTS predicate in sub query is the way in
which the query gets executed.
IN -- The inner query is executed first and the list of values obtained as its result is used by the
outer query. The inner query is executed for only once.
EXISTS -- The first row from the outer query is selected, then the inner query is executed and,
the outer query output uses this result for checking. This process of inner query execution repeats
as many no .of times as there are outer query rows. That is, if there are ten rows that can result
from outer query, the inner query is executed that many no. of times.
61. What is transaction in DBMS?
Answer: A transaction is a logical unit of database processing that includes one or more
database access operations these can include insertion, deletion, modification or
retrieval operations.
62. What are the different types of failures?
A complete failure (system crash)
A transaction or system error
Local errors or exception conditions detected by the transaction
Concurrency control enforcement
Disk failure
Physical problems and catastrophes
63. What are ACID properties
Atomicity
Consistency preservation
Isolation
Durability or permanency
64. What is schedule?

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49
5th CSE
Answer: When transactions are executing concurrently in an interleaved fashion, then the order
of execution of operations from the various transaction is known as schedule or history.
65. What is timestamp?
Answer: Timestamp is a unique identifier created by the DBMS to identify a transaction.
66. What is the use of Spool command?
Answer: Spool will record all your statements in a text file which will be created in the path
specified by you in path directory. Until and unless you switch off the spool it won't record your
statements but a file will be created in that path.
spool C:\temp.txt (temp file will be created in C drive)
select * from tablename1 (Output will be generated)
select * from tablename2 (Output will be generated)
etc......
spool off (All records after your file was
errors/messages/outputs/results etc.)
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created
will
be
recorded
with
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Database Applications Lab Manual

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Database Applications Lab Manual

DATABASE APPLICATIONS LABORATORY

1. Consider the following relations:

Database Applications Lab Manual

TEXT (book-ISBN:int, book-title:string, publisher:string, author:string)

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Database Applications Lab Manual

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Database Applications Lab Manual

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Database Applications Lab Manual

Create, alter, and drop schema objects

SQL99 Aggregate Functions

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4 Angela Castro Program Manager

Database Applications Lab Manual

produces the result

Exercise 5: Select ALL records from relation Student.

Variable-length character data (a maximum size must be specified:

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Step-5: Populating the data:

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Step-6: SQL Scripts for the Questions:

Database Applications Lab Manual

AND E1.cname = C1.cname

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create table flight(fno number(3) primary key, ffrom

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SQL>Select * from flight;

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3.BOOK DEALER DATABASE

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM:

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1)CREATE ALL THE TABLES WITH NECESSARY CONSTRAINTS

Database Applications Lab Manual

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3) GIVE THE DETAILS OF THE AUTHORS WHO HAVE TWO OR MORE

Database Applications Lab Manual

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