Voltage control of Utility lines The DVR

1.

Introduction

Power systems have non-zero impedances, so every increase in current causes a corresponding
reduction in voltage. Usually, these reductions are small enough that the voltage remains within
normal tolerances. But when there is a large increase in current, or when the system impedance is
high, the voltage can drop significantly. Voltage sags are the most common power disturbance. At a
typical industrial site, it is not unusual to see several sags per year at the service entrance, and far
more at equipment terminals. Voltage sags can arrive from the utility; however, in most cases, the
majority of sags are generated inside a building. For example, in residential wiring, the most
common cause of voltage sags is the starting current drawn by refrigerator and air conditioning
motors. Sags do not generally disturb incandescent or fluorescent lighting, motors, or heaters.
However, some electronic equipment lacks sufficient internal energy storage and, therefore, cannot
ride through sags in the supply voltage.
There are various solutions to this problem, examples being: Designing inverter drives for process
equipment to be more tolerant of voltage fluctuations or the installation of voltage correction devices.
For certain end users of sensitive equipment the voltage correction device may be the only
cost-effective option available. It has already been shown that for customers of large loads, from the
high kilowatt to the low megawatt range, a good solution is the installation of a dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR). Fig 1 shows the distribution line with a DVR.

Fig 1.

2.

The typical configuration of the distribution line

SEMI F47 Standard

Figure 2: Required semiconductor equipment voltage sag ride-through capability curve

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3. The DVR
As shown in Figure 1, is a circuit proposed for a voltage sag restorer . Under normal power line
operating conditions, the dynamic voltage sag restorer operates in the bypass mode. As long as the
input line voltage remains at more than a selected percentage of the nominal input voltage level, the
static bypass switch remains closed, and power is provided directly from the input line to the load via
the static bypass switch, bypassing the regulator/storage module. During such normal operation, the
storage capacitors in the restorer are each charged to near the peak voltage of the normal input. When
a voltage sag condition is indicated, the static bypass switch is opened, and the restorer cell is
controlled to output a sinusoidal voltage to the load.

3.

Electrical Specifications for DVR

Table 1: Typical Electrical Specifications for 3kVA DVR

Input/Output Voltage
220VAC
Phase
1 phase
Frequency
50Hz
Detection Voltage
-13% of rated input voltage
Response Time
1.84 ms detection
Current
0~12 amps
Output Capacity
1.23.0 kVA
Correction Time
87% to 50% voltage remaining: 2 sec (SR)
cumulative every 20 seconds
cumulative every 20 seconds
Waveform
True sine wave

4.

Circuits of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)

Figure 3: Main circuit of dynamic Voltage restorer (DVR

A. Single square switching-waveform compensation

The compensation of the dipped voltage is assessed firstly using a switching waveform. Fig 4
shows the effect of the voltage dip compensation based on a square wave with an amplitude of V1
and the pulse width is 21. The basic need for the DVR is to give the right voltage to the system,
and the secondary need is to reduce the harmonic content. Fig 6 shows the modification of the
circuit with the inverter directly connected to the load bus. In the diagram, CB is the circuit
breaker, ZL is the line impedance. Although the inverter output is not exactly sinusoidal, the
harmonic could be confined within an acceptable limit. Therefore it is interesting to see the
harmonic content of the proposed method and understand the corresponding variations as compared
to those from a square wave.

Fig 4.

Illustration of the square wave compensation

Fig 5: The waveforms before and after compensation

B.

Use more notches to compensation the voltage

We can use more notches to do the compensation.

Below is the circuit and waveforms.

Fig 6.

The more notches compensation.

Fig 7.

The circuit using more notches.

Fig 8: The waveforms of using more notches

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