International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)

E-ISSN: 2321 4767 P-ISSN: 2321 - 4759

www.ijmsi.org Volume 4 Issue 5 || June. 2016 || PP-07-12

A Study of Some Systems of Linear and Nonlinear Partial

Differential Equations (Pdes) Using Reduced Differential
Transform Method
A.K. Adio
Department Of Basic Sciences, School Of Basic And Applied Sciences, Babcock University, Illisan, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: In this paper, we introduce the solution of systems of linear and nonlinear partial differential
equations subject to the initial conditions by using reduced differential transformation method. The proposed
method was applied to three systems of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations, leading to series
solutions with components easily computable. The results obtained are indicators of the simplicity and
effectiveness of the method.
KEYWORDS: Linear and Nonlinear PDEs, Reduced Differential Transform Method, System of Equations.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) have numerous applications in various fields of science and engineering
such as fluid mechanic, thermodynamic, heat transfer and physics [1].
Systems of PDEs, linear or nonlinear have attracted much concern in studying evolution equations that describe
wave propagation, in investigating shallow water waves and in examining the chemical reaction-diffusion model
of Brusselator. The general ideas and the essential features of these systems are of wide applicability.
The commonly used methods are the method of characteristics and the Riemann invariants among other
methods. The existing techniques encountered some difficulties in terms of the size of computational work
needed especially when the system involves several partial differential equations [2].
To avoid the difficulties that usually arise from traditional strategies, the reduced differential transform method
[3] form a reasonable basis for studying systems of partial differential equations.
The method, as would be seen later, has a useful attraction in that solution is presented in a rapidly convergent
power series with easily computable components.

II.

BASIC IDEAS OF REDUCED DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD

Suppose that u x, t is a function of two variables which is analytic and k times continuously differentiable
with respect to time t and space x in our domain of interest.

Assume we can represent this function as a product of two single variable functions u x, t f x g t .
From the definitions of differential transform method, the function can be represented

i 0

j 0

k 0

u x, t F i x i . G j t j U k x t k

as

2.1

Where U k x is the transformed function, which can be defined as

1 k
U k x k ux, t
k! t
t 0
Thus from equations

2.1 and 2.2,

2.2

we can deduce

1
2.3
ux, t k u x, t t k
k 0 k! t
t 0

2.3, it is clear that the concept of the RDTM is derived from the power
2
.
1
Considering equations

series expansion.
The summary of the fundamental transformation properties of RDTM are shown in the table below:

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A Study Of Some Systems Of Linear And Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (Pdes) Using...
Table 1: Basic transformations of RDTM

Functional
form

w x, t u x, t v x, t
w x, t u x, t

Transforme d
form

1 k
U k x k u x, t
k! t
t 0
Wk x U k x V k x
Wk x U k x

w x, t u x, t v x, t

Wk x U i x Vk i x Vi x U k i x

u x, t

i 0

w x, t p x, t q x, t r x, t

i 0

Wk x Pj x Qi j x Rk i x
i 0 j 0

w x, t x m t n
w x, t x m t n u x, t
n
w x, t n u x, t
t
n
w x, t n u x, t
x
nm
w x, t n m u x, t
x t
III.

1, k n
Wk x x m k n , k n
0, k n.
m
Wk x x U k n x
k n !U x
Wk x
k n
k!
n

Wk x n U k x
x
n k m !
Wk x n
U k m x
k!
x
APPLICATIONS

In this section, we apply the RDTM to three numerical examples of system of linear and nonlinear partial
differential equations to show the efficiency of the method.
Example 3.1: Consider the non-homogenous linear system of partial differential equations

u t v x u v 2
v t u x u v 2

3.1

Subject to the initial conditions

ux,0 1 e x

3.2

vx,0 1 e x
Where the exact solutions are [4]

u x, t 1 e x t

3.3

vx, t 1 e x t

Applying the basic properties of the RDTM to (3.1) and (3.2) we obtain the following recursive relations:

U k 1 x

V k x N k x
k 1 x

3.4
1

Vk 1 x
U k x N k x
k 1 x

Where N k x is the transformed form of u v 2 . The first few nonlinear terms are:

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A Study Of Some Systems Of Linear And Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (Pdes) Using...

N 0 u 0 v0 2
N1 u1 v1
N 2 u 2 v2 ,...
And

u0 1 e x

3.5

v0 1 e x
Where the U k x , Vk x are the transform function of the t-dimensional spectrum.
Now, substitute equation (3.5) into equation (3.4) to obtain the following:

U 1 x e x

V1 x e x

U 2 x

V2 x

1 x
e
2
1
U 3 x e x
6
1 x
U 4 x
e
24
...
1
U n x e x
n!

And

1 x
e
2
1
V3 x e x
6
1 x
V4 x
e
24
...
Vn x

1n e x
n!

Finally, the differential inverse transform of u k x , v k x gives

u x, t U k x t k U 0 x U 1 x t U 2 x t 2 U 3 x t 3 ...
k 0

t2 x t3 x
e e ...
2!
3!
1
1
1
1

1 1 t t 2 t 3 t 4 ... t n ...e x 1 e x t
2!
3!
4!
n!

1 e x te x

Similarly

vx, t Vk x t k 1 e x t
k 0

Which is the exact solution.

Example 3.2: Consider the nonlinear Boussinesq equation:

ut v x uu x 0

3.6

vt vux u xxx 0

Subject to the initial conditions

u x,0 2 x

3.7

vx,0 x 2
Where the exact solutions are [5]

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A Study Of Some Systems Of Linear And Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (Pdes) Using...

u x, t

2x
1 3t
x2
v x, t
1 3t 2

3.8

Applying the basic properties of the RDTM to equations (3.6) and (3.7), we obtain the recursive relations:

k 1U k 1 x
k 1Vk 1 x

Vk x U i x U k i x
x
x
i 0

k
3
U i x Vk i x 3 U k x
x i 0
x

i.e.

1
U k 1 x

k 1
1
Vk 1 x

k 1

Vk x U i x U k i x
x
x
i 0

k
3
U i x Vk i x 3 U k x
x i 0
x

U 0 x 2 x , V0 x x 2 .

And

Now, substituting equation

U 1 x 6 x
U 2 x 18 x

U 3 x 54 x
U 4 x 162 x

3.9
3.10

3.10 into equation 3.9 , we obtain the following values successively:

V1 x 6 x 2
V2 x 27 x 2
V3 x 108 x 2
And
V4 x 405 x 2

...

...

U n x 1 3 2 x
n

Vn x 1 3 n n 1x 2

Finally, the differential inverse transform of U k x , Vk x gives

u x, t U k x t k U 0 x U 1 x t U 2 x t 2 U 3 x t 3 ...
k 0

2 x 6 xt 18 xt 2 54 xt 3 162 xt 4 ... 1 3 n 2 xt n ...

n

1 3 k 2 xt k
k

k 0

2x
1 3t

And

v x, t Vk x t k V0 x V1 x t V2 x t 2 V3 x t 3 ...
k 0

x 6 x 2 t 27 x 2 t 2 108 x 2 t 3 405 x 2 t 4 ... 1 3 n n 1x 2 t n ...

n

x2
1 3 k 1x t
1 3t 2
k 0
k

2 k

Which is the exact solution.

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A Study Of Some Systems Of Linear And Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (Pdes) Using...
Example 3.3: Consider the coupled Burgers equation

u t u xx 2uu x uv x 0

3.11

vt v xx 2vvx uv x 0

Subject to the initial conditions

u x,0 sin x
v x,0 sin x

3.12

Where the exact solutions are [6]

3.13

u x, t vx, t sin x.e t

Applying the RDTM to (3.11) and (3.12) we obtain the following recursive relations:
k
k
2
k 1U k 1 x 2 U k x 2U i x U k i x U i x Vk i x
x
x i 0
x
i 0

k 1Vk 1 x

k
2

V
x

2
V
x
V
x

U i x Vk i x

k
i
k i
2
x
x i 0
x
i 0

i.e.
2
k

U k 1 x
U
x

2
U
x
U
x

U i x Vk i x

k
i
k i
2
x
x i 0
k 1 x
i 0

2
k

Vk 1 x
V
x

2
V
x
V
x

U i x Vk i x

i
k i
2 k
x
x i 0
k 1 x
i 0

U 0 x sin x , V0 x sin x.
And

3.14

3.15

3.15 into equation 3.14 , we obtain the following values successively:

U 1 x sin x
V1 x sin x

Now, substituting equation

U 2 x

1
sin x
2
1
U 3 x sin x
6
1
U 4 x
sin x
24
...
Un

V2 x

And

1
x
sin x

1
sin x
2
1
V3 x sin x
6
1
V4 x
sin x
24
...
Vn

n!

1
x
sin x

n!

Finally, the differential inverse transform of U k x , Vk x gives:

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A Study Of Some Systems Of Linear And Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (Pdes) Using...

u x, t U k x t k U 0 x U 1 x t U 2 x t 2 U 3 x t 3 ...
k 0

1 sin xt n ...
1
1
sin x sin xt sin xt 2 sin xt 3 ...
2
6
n!
n

1 t n ... sin x.e t .

1
1
sin x1 t t 2 t 3 ...

2
6
n!

And

v x, t Vk x t k V0 x V1 x t V2 x t 2 V3 x t 3 ...
k 0

1 sin xt n ...
1
1
sin x sin xt sin xt 2 sin xt 3 ...
2
6
n!
t
sin x.e .
n

Which is the exact solution.

IV.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, the RDTM was implemented for solving the non-homogenous linear system, the nonlinear 1+1
dimensional Boussinesq equation and the coupled Burgers equation.
The exact solutions of the three systems of linear and non-linear partial differential equations were obtained by
the application of RDTM, which constitute a significant improvement over existing techniques. This powerful
method can be utilised to tackle complex situations arising in the real world.

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[6].

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Y. Keskin, and G. Oturanc , Reduced differential transform method for partial differential equations, International Journal of
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M.S.H.Chowdhury, I. Hashim and A. F. Ismail, Analytical treatment of system of linear and nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations by Homotopy perturbation Method, Proceedings of the World congress on Engineering, 2010, Vol 3, 1-4.
N. Bildik, and A. Konuralp, The use of Variational iteration method, differential transform method and Adomian decomposition
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