6EE10 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY LAB

RTU Experiment List

6EE10A Smart Grid Technology Lab
1. Study different components of smart grid.
2. Study Different terminology used in power quality assessment.
3. Study and measure certain parameters of power quality in laboratory with
and without power quality improvement devices.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM:

Study different components of smart grid.

THEORY:
Introduction to Smart Grid:
A smart grid (SG), also called smart electrical power grid, intelligent grid, intelligrid,
futuregrid, intergrid, or intragrid, is an enhancement of the 20th century power grid. The
traditional power grids are generally used to carry power from a few central generators to a
large number of users or customers. In contrast, the SG uses two-way flows of electricity and
information to create an automated and distributed advanced energy delivery network. The
smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for improved efficiency, reliability
and safety, with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources, through
automated control and modern communications technologies. By utilizing modern
information technologies, the SG is capable of delivering power in more efficient ways and
responding to wide ranging conditions and events.
Different component required for the smart grid and need for Smart grid:

Fig. 1In technical perspective Smart Grid can be explored into following major systems:
1) Smart infrastructure system: The smart infrastructure system is the energy,
information, and communication infrastructure underlying the SG. It supports twoway flow of electricity and information. Note that it is straightforward to understand
the concept of two-way flow of information. Two-way flow of electricity implies
that the electric energy delivery is not unidirectional anymore. For example, in the
traditional power grid, the electricity is generated by the generation plant, then
moved by the transmission grid, the distribution grid, and finally delivered to users.

In an SG, electricity can also be put back into the grid by users. For example, users
may be able to generate electricity using solar panels at homes and put it back into
the grid, or electric vehicles may provide power to help balance loads by peak
shaving (sending power back to the grid when demand is high). This backward flow
is important. For example, it can be extremely helpful in a microgrid that has been
islanded due to power failures.
2) Smart energy subsystem: The smart energy subsystem is responsible for advanced
electricity generation, delivery, and consumption.
3) Smart information subsystem: The smart information subsystem is responsible for
advanced information metering, monitoring, and management in the context of the
SG.
4) Smart communication subsystem: The smart communication subsystem is
responsible for communication connectivity and information transmission among
systems, devices, and applications in the context of the SG.
5) Smart management system: The smart management system is the subsystem in SG
that provides advanced management and control services and functionalities.
6) Smart protection system: The smart protection system is the subsystem in SG that
provides advanced grid reliability analysis, failure protection, and security and
privacy protection services.

Fig. 2 The Detailed Classification of the Smart Infrastructure System, the

Smart Management System, and the Smart Protection System

Result: The experiment has been studied.

Practical No:- 1
Objective:-

Study different components of smart grid.

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)
Q.1

Define grid?

ANS:

An electrical grid (also referred to as an electricity grid or electric grid) is an

interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers.

Q.2

What do you mean by Smart Grid?

ANS.

The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for improved efficiency,
reliability and safety, with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy
sources, through automated control and modern communications technologies.

Q.3

Explain the smart infrastructure system?

ANS.

The smart infrastructure system is the energy, information, and communication

infrastructure underlying the SG. It supports two-way flow of electricity and
information.

Q.4

Explain the smart energy subsystem?

ANS.

The smart energy subsystem is responsible for advanced electricity generation, delivery,
and consumption.

Q.5

What is smart information subsystem?

ANS.

The smart information subsystem is responsible for advanced information metering,

monitoring, and management in the context of the SG.

Q.6

What is smart communication subsystem?

ANS.

The smart communication subsystem is responsible for communication connectivity and

information transmission among systems, devices, and applications in the context of the
SG.

Q.7

What is smart management system ?

ANS.

The smart management system is the subsystem in SG that provides advanced

management and control services and functionalities.

Q.8

What is smart protection system?

ANS.

The smart protection system is the subsystem in SG that provides advanced grid
reliability analysis, failure protection, and security and privacy protection services.

Q.9

What do you mean by Cyber security?

ANS.

Cyber security addresses the prevention of damage to, unauthorized use of, exploitation
of, and, if needed, the restoration of electronic information and communications systems
and services (and the information contained therein) to ensure confidentiality, integrity,
and availability.

Q.10

What do you mean by Data Management?

ANS..

Data management refers to all aspects of collecting, analyzing, storing, and providing
data to users and applications, including the issues of data identification, validation,
accuracy, updating, time-tagging, consistency across databases, etc.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: Study Different terminology used in power quality assessment.
THEORY:
Definition of Power Quality:
Power quality is a term that means different things to different people. Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard IEEE1100 defines power quality as the concept
of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the

equipment. As appropriate as this description might seem, the limitation of power quality to
sensitive electronic equipment might be subject to disagreement. Electrical equipment
susceptible to power quality or more appropriately to lack of power quality would fall within
a seemingly boundless domain.
Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in
its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. This
definition embraces two things that we demand from an electrical device: performance and
life expectancy. Any power-related problem that compromises either attribute is a power
quality concern.
All electrical devices are prone to failure or malfunction when exposed to one or more power
quality problems. The electrical device might be an electric motor, a transformer, a generator,
a computer, a printer, communication equipment, or a household appliance. All of these
devices and others react adversely to power quality issues, depending on the severity of
problems.
Power Quality Terminology:
More commonly used power quality terms are defined and explained below:
Bonding Intentional electrical-interconnecting of conductive parts to ensure common
electrical potential between the bonded parts. Bonding is done primarily for two reasons.
Conductive parts, when bonded using low impedance connections, would tend to be at the
same electrical potential, meaning that the voltage difference between the bonded parts would
be minimal or negligible. Bonding also ensures that any fault current likely imposed on a
metal part will be safely conducted to ground or other grid systems serving as ground.
Capacitance Property of a circuit element characterized by an insulating medium
contained between two conductive parts. The unit of capacitance is a farad (F), named for the
English scientist Michael Faraday. Capacitance values are more commonly expressed in
microfarad (F), which is 10-6 of a farad. Capacitance is one means by which energy or
electrical noise can couple from one electrical circuit to another. Capacitance between two
conductive parts can be made infinitesimally small but may not be completely eliminated.
Coupling Process by which energy or electrical noise in one circuit can be transferred to
another circuit that may or may not be electrically connected to it.
Crest factor Ratio between the peak value and the root mean square (RMS) value of a
periodic waveform. Crest factor is one indication of the distortion of a periodic waveform
from its ideal characteristics.

Fig. 1 Waveform with distortion

Distortion Qualitative term indicating the deviation of a periodic wave from its ideal
waveform characteristics. Figure 1 contains an ideal sinusoidal wave along with a distorted
wave. The distortion introduced in a wave can create waveform deformity as well as phase
shift.
Distortion factor Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content of a periodic wave to the
RMS of the fundamental content of the wave, expressed as a percent. This is also known as
the total harmonic distortion (THD).
Flicker Variation of input voltage sufficient in duration to allow visual observation of a
change in electric light source intensity. Quantitatively, flicker may be expressed as the
change in voltage over nominal expressed as a percent. For example, if the voltage at a 120-V
circuit increases to 125 V and then drops to 117 V, the flicker,
f, is calculated as
f = 100 (125 117)/120 = 6.66%.
Form factor Ratio between the RMS value and the average value of a periodic waveform.
Form factor is another indicator of the deviation of a periodic waveform from the ideal
characteristics. For example, the average value of a pure sinusoidal wave averaged over a
cycle is 0.637 times the peak value. The RMS value of the sinusoidal wave is 0.707 times the
peak value. The form factor, FF , is calculated as FF = 0.707/0.637 = 1.11.

Frequency Number of complete cycles of a periodic wave in a unit time, usually 1 sec.
The frequency of electrical quantities such as voltage and current is expressed in hertz (Hz).
Ground electrode Conductor or a body of conductors in intimate contact with earth for
the purpose of providing a connection with the ground.
Ground grid System of interconnected bare conductors arranged in a pattern over a
specified area and buried below the surface of the earth.
Ground loop Potentially detrimental loop formed when two or more points in an
electrical system that are nominally at ground potential are connected by a conducting path
such that either or both points are not at the same ground potential.

FIGURE 2 Bonding and grounding of equipment.

Ground ring Ring encircling the building or structure in direct contact with the earth.
This ring should be at a depth below the surface of the earth of not less than 2.5 ft and should
consist of at least 20 ft of bare copper conductor not smaller than #2 AWG.
Grounding Conducting connection by which an electrical circuit or equipment is
connected to the earth or to some conducting body of relatively large extent that serves in
place of the earth. In Figure 2, two conductive bodies are bonded and connected to ground.
Grounding of metallic noncurrent- carrying parts of equipment is done primarily for safety

reasons. Grounding the metal frame of equipment protects any person coming into contact
with the equipment frame from electrical shock in case of a fault between an energized
conductor and the frame. Grounding the equipment frame also ensures prompt passage of
fault current to the ground electrode or ground plane; a protective device would operate to
clear the fault and isolate the faulty equipment from the electrical power source.
Harmonic Sinusoidal component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integral
multiple of the fundamental frequency. If the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz, then the
second harmonic is a sinusoidal wave of 120 Hz, the fifth harmonic is a sinusoidal wave of
300 Hz, and so on.
Harmonic distortion Quantitative representation of the distortion from a pure sinusoidal
waveform.
Impulse Traditionally used to indicate a short duration overvoltage event with certain rise
and fall characteristics. Standards have moved toward including the term impulse in the
category of transients.
Inrush Large current that a load draws when initially turned on.
Interruption Complete loss of voltage or current for a time period.
Isolation Means by which energized electrical circuits are uncoupled from each other.
Two-winding transformers with primary and secondary windings are one example of
isolation between circuits. In actuality, some coupling still exists in a two-winding
transformer due to capacitance between the primary and the secondary windings.
Linear loads Electrical load which in steady-state operation presents essentially constant
impedance to the power source throughout the cycle of applied voltage. A purely linear load
has only the fundamental component of the current present.
Noise Electrical noise is unwanted electrical signals that produce undesirable effects in the
circuits of control systems in which they occur. resonance.
Nonlinear load Electrical load that draws currents discontinuously or whose impedance
varies during each cycle of the input AC voltage waveform.
Notch Disturbance of the normal power voltage waveform lasting less than a half cycle;
the disturbance is initially of opposite polarity than the waveform and, thus, subtracts from
the waveform
Periodic A voltage or current is periodic if the value of the function at time t is equal to
the value at time t +T, where T is the period of the function. In this book, function refers to a
periodic time-varying quantity such as AC voltage or current
Power disturbance Any deviation from the nominal value of the input AC characteristics.

Sag RMS reduction in the AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle to a few
seconds duration. Figure 3 shows voltage sag characteristics.

Fig. 3 voltage sag characteristics

Surge Electrical transient characterized by a sharp increase in voltage or current.

Swell RMS increase in AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle
to a few seconds duration.
Transient Subcycle disturbance in the AC waveform evidenced by a sharp, brief
discontinuity of the waveform. This may be of either polarity and may be additive or
subtractive from the nominal waveform.

Result: The experiment has been studied

Practical No:- 2
Objective:-

Study different terminology used in Power Quality

assessment

S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)

Q.1

What is Voltage Sag?

ANS:

RMS reduction in the AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle to a

few seconds duration.

Q.2

What is Voltage Swell?

ANS.

RMS increase in AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle

to a few seconds duration

Q.3

What do you mean by Harmonics?

ANS.

Sinusoidal component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integral

multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Q.4

What do you understand by Non linear loads ?

ANS.

Electrical load that draws currents discontinuously or whose impedance varies

during each cycle of the input AC voltage waveform.

Q.5

What is Form Factor?

ANS.

Ratio between the RMS value and the average value of a periodic waveform.

Q.6

What do you mean by Power Quality ?

ANS.

The concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a

manner suitable for the equipment.

Q.7

What do you mean by Bonding?

ANS.

Intentional electrical-interconnecting of conductive parts to ensure common

electrical potential between the bonded parts

Q.8

What is Crest Factor ?

ANS.

Crest factor is one indication of the distortion of a periodic waveform from its
ideal characteristics.

Q.9

What is Peak Factor ?

ANS.

Ratio between the peak value and the root mean square (RMS) value of a
periodic waveform.

Q.10

What do you mean by Surge ?

ANS..

Electrical transient characterized by a sharp increase in voltage or current.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

AIM: Study and measure certain parameters of power quality in laboratory with and without
power quality improvement devices.
Theory: Power Quality is an important issue in context of Power System. Hence it is matter
of concern for all Power engineers. In this experiment we will study about one of the power
quality problem that is Small signal stability means low frequency oscillations which injects
negative damping to the system. This oscillatory behavior of the system can be improved by
using one of the power quality devices known as Power System Stabilizer (PSS).
Small Signal Stability: Stability issues have already gained prominence with every passing
day. The need of the hour is to develop a robust system, which is not likely to give up in the
wake of blackouts and different contingencies. IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force committee
defines the power system stability as follows Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle
stability is concerned with the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under

disturbances. The disturbances are considered to be sufficiently small that linearization of

system equations is permissible for purposes of analysis.
Power System Stabilizer: The power system stabilizer is used to modulate generator
excitation by providing damping to the undesired low frequency oscillations. These are
typically in the frequency range of 0.1to 3Hz, and insufficient damping of such oscillations
may limit the ability of transmitting bulk power. Block diagram of PSS used is shown in fig.1
is taken from the reference

G ain

W a s h o u t B lo c k

P h a s e le a d la g c o m p e n s a to r

Vs m a x
w

K sTab

sT
1 sT

1 sT1
1 sT2

1 sT3
1 sT4

Vs
Vs m in

Fig. 1: Power System Stabilizer transfer function model

In this experiment we will see the behaviour of the 3 generator 9 bus system by creating 3
phase disturbance on one of the line. We will see the change in system behaviour without and
with applying the power system stabiliser.

Diagram of three machine nine bus system

1
5

9
8

Fig. 2 three machine nine bus system

Fig.3 Power flow of the system without Power quality device

Fig. 4 Power flow of the system with Power quality device

Result: The experiment has been performed in MATLAB

Practical No:- 3
Objective:-

Study and measure certain parameters of power

quality in laboratory with and without power
quality improvement devices
S.No. Viva Questions (to be answered in the Lab file)
Q.1

What do you mean by Stability?

ANS:

The ability of the system to regain synchronism after disturbances.

Q.2

What do you mean by Oscillation?

ANS.

It is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central

value or equilibrium, or between two or more different states.

Q.3

What do you mean by Small signal stability?

ANS.

Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle stability is concerned with the

ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under disturbances.

Q.4

What do you mean by Transient stability?

ANS.

The ability of asynchronous power system to return to stable condition and

maintain its synchronism after a relatively large disturbance arising from
switching on and off of circuit elements.

Q.5

What is Full form of AVR?

ANS.

Automatic Voltage Regulator

Q.6

What do you mean by Gain?

ANS.

The ratio of response to the excitation of the system.

Q.7

What do you mean by Damping?

ANS.

The ability of the system to damp out the oscillation after any disturbance has
occurred.

Q.8

What do you mean by Steady state?

ANS.

The normal or healthy operating condition of any system within 2 to 5% of its

normal value.

Q.9

What do you mean by Settling time?

ANS.

Total time taken by the system to settle down to steady state region after any
disturbance

Q.10

What do you mean by Maximum Overshoot?

ANS.

The maximum amplitude achieved by the system after any disturbance.