333048309.

xls

WA Engineering Technical Note 12 - Equations

Expansion and Contraction
rL = (T2-T1)* *L

Equation 1

Where:
rL = theoretical length change (inches)
positive valves = expansion,
negative values = contraction
= coefficient of linear expansion, 1.1 * 10-4 in/in/oF
T1 = initial temperature oF
T2 = final temperature oF
L = length of pipe (inches) at temperature T1
Expansion and Contraction Equation 1

L =
T1 =
T2 =
=
L=
the pipe will --->

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Longitudinal Stress vs. Temperature Change

T = *(T2-T1)*ES
Longitudinal Force
FT = (T)*A

Equation 2

Equation 3

Where:
T = Theoretical longitudinal stress (psi)
positive valves = expansion,
negative values = contraction
= coefficient of expansion or contraction (see Equation 1)
T1 = initial temperature oF
T2 = final temperature oF
ES = apparent short term modulus of elasticity
(see Table 1) at lowest temperature
FT = Theoretical longitudinal force (lbs)
A = pipe wall cross sectional area (in2)

Longitudinal Stress Equation 2

T =
=
T1 =
T2 =
ES =

Longitudinal Force Equation 3

FT =
T =
A=

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Length between anchors

L = (TS)*(OD)2* ((1/DR)-(1/DR)2)

Equation 4

(0.7)*(W)*(1+sin b)
Where:
L = Maximum length between anchors (ft)
TS = Allowable tensile strength for pipe
(psi for desired max operating pressure)
OD = Outside diameter of pipe (inches)
DR = Dimension ratio of pipe
W = Weight of pipe and water (lbs/ft)
b = Uphill or downhill slope (degrees; see S (%) below)
Conversion factor: 1% slope is 0.573 degrees
S (%) = slope of pipe Uphill or downhill (ft/100 ft)
Length between anchors Equation 4

L=
TS =
OD =
DR =
W=
b=
S (%) =

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Lateral Deflection
ry = L*(0.5**rT)

Equation 5

Where:
y = lateral deflection (inches)
L = Distance between anchor points (inches)
= coefficient of expansion or contraction
= 1.0 x 10-4 in/in/F for PE materials
T = Temperature change (T2-T1) in oF
Lateral Deflection Equation 5

ry =
L=
=
T1 =
T2 =

Bending Strain
= OD (96 rT)
L

Equation 6

Where:
= Strain in pipe wall, percent (%)
OD = Outside diameter of pipe, inches
= Coefficient of expansion/contraction
= 1.0 x 10-4 in/in/F for PE materials
T = Temperature change (T2-T1) in oF
L = Length between anchor points, inches
Bending Strain Equation 6

=
OD =
=
T =
L=

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tions
fill in these cells
answer cells

-48 inches
70 oF
30 oF
0.0001 in/in/oF
1000 ft
Contract

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-800 psi
0.0001 in/in/oF
70 oF
30 oF
200000 psi
-1200 lbs
-800 in
psi2 of pipe wall
X-sectional
1.5
area

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948.20
2800
1.461
9
0.847
2.87
5

ft
psi
inches
lb/ft
degrees
ft/100 ft

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60 inches
100 ft
0.0001
100 oF
50 oF

0.58%
10 inches
0.0001 in/in/oF
50 oF
100 ft

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Service
Temperature
F(oC)

30
40
50
60
73
80
90
100
110
120

Apparent Modulus

Pressure

of Elasticity
(ES) psi

Modulus of Elasticity

200,000
170,000
165,000
150,000
130,000
108,000
103,000
100,000
80,000
65,000

Design

(EL) psi

Pressure
Factor (FT)

46,000
39,000
38,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
24,000
23,000
18,000
15,000

1.6
1.4
1.3
1.15
1
1
0.9
0.78
0.75
0.63