Homework #5 Solutions (MCEN3021 Fluid Mechanics)

Problem 1
An incompressible fluid in the diagram below is being squeezed outward between two large circular
disks by the uniform downward motion V0 of the upper disk. Assuming one-dimensional radial
outflow, use the control volume shown to derive an expression for V (r).

Solution:
Let the CV enclose the disks and have an upper surface moving down at speed V0 . There is no
inflow. Thus
Z
Z


d
d
dv
Vout dA = 0 =
r2 h + 2rhV ,
(1)
dt
dt
CV
CS
dh
dh
+ 2rhV = 0, but
= V0 (the disk velocity)
dt
dt
As the disk spacing drops, h(t) h0 V0 t, the outlet velocity is
or: r2

V = V0 r/(2h) Ans.

(2)

Problem 2
dh/dt 0.072m/s, estimate the average velocity V out of the bottom exit.

Solution:
Letting the control volume encompass the entire container up to the height of the liquid at h(t), a
conservation of mass control volume analysis gives

Z
dm 
d
=
0
=
dV + m
out .
(3)
dt system
dt CV
The volume of the container is comprised of the top cylindrical section of volume hD2 /4 and the
bottom conical section of volume Vcone , giving

d 

out = 0 .
Vcone + hD2 + m
dt
4

(4)

For sufficiently high water levels, however, Vcone is constant and we obtain
dh 2
D = m
out ,
4 dt

(5)

where we have also assumed that is constant. The mass flow rate at the exit hole is simply
2 V , which then gives
m
out = (/4)Dexit
dh 2

2
D = Dexit
V
4 dt
4

V =

dh D2
.
2
dt Dexit

(6)

Using D = 20cm, Dexit = 3cm, and dh/dt 0.072m/s, we can finally solve for V to obtain
V = 3.2m/s .

(7)

Problem 3
Show that the thrust developed by a stationary rocket motor is F = AU 2 + A(p patm ) where
patm is the atmospheric pressure, and p, , A, and U are, respectively, the pressure, density, area,
and velocity of the fluid at the nozzle exit.
Solution:
The integral relation for conservation of momentum in an arbitrary volume is given as
Z
Z
Z
Z
d
udV +
u [(u b) n] dA =
g +
fdA .
dt V
A
V
A

(8)

To solve the problem, we use a control volume which exactly surrounds the rocket, which is itself
oriented horizontally. The nozzle is located along the left face of the volume and the gas expelled
from the nozzle moves purely in the negative x-direction. The volume is also stationary so that
d/dt = 0 and b = 0. As a result, the relation in (8) can be written as
Z
Z
Z
(u) (u n) dA =
g +
fdA .
(9)
A

The force exerted on the rocket is purely along the x-direction, so we consider only the x component
of (9):
Z
Z
Z
(u) (u n) dA =
A

gx +

fx dA .

(10)

The only body force in this problem is gravity, which we assume acts purely in the y-direction,
so gx = 0. Moreover, the integral over the surface forces on the right-hand side of (10) involves
only the pressure force directed normally to the left and right faces and the force due to the rocket
thrust, which we denote F . We can thus rewrite (10) as
Z
(u) (u n) dA = F + pA patm A .
(11)
A

The sign of the force term on the right-hand side arises because the rocket experiences a positive
force F to the right, resulting in a negative force, F , on the fluid. The signs of the pressure terms
are given by the fact that the pressure force is the surface integral of the quantity pn; for the left
. The left-hand side of (11) is
face this is p(
x) = p
x and for the right face it is simply patm x
given simply as
Z
Z
Z
(u) (u n) dA =
U (U )dA +
0dA = U 2 A ,
(12)
A

lef t

right

where we have assumed that the velocities along the top, bottom, and right faces are all zero. From
(11) and (12) we thus obtain
U 2 A = F + pA patm A ,
(13)
which can be rewritten as an expression for F :
F = AU 2 + A(p patm ) .

(14)

Problem 4
Water at 20 flows steadily through the box shown below, entering station (1) at 2m/s. Calculate
the horizontal and vertical forces required to hold the box stationary against the flow momentum.

Solution:
Summing horizontal and vertical forces,
X
Fx = Rx = m
out uout m
in uin
h 

i
h 
i
(0.032 )(5.56) (5.56) (998)
(0.052 )(2) (2)(cos65 )
4
4
= 18.46N Ans.
 
X
Fy = Ry = m
in uin = (998)
(0.052 )(2)(2)(sin65 ) = 7.1N Ans.
4

Rx = (998)