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KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
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Distinguished by
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Trueman v. Johnson
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,
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D.Ariz.,
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December 21, 2011
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473 F.3d 1038
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United States Court of Appeals,
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Ninth Circuit.
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Robert EFAW, Plaintiff\u8211\'3fAppellee,
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v.
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Teresa WILLIAMS, Detention Officer or Deputy Sheriff, Winslow Jail, in her offic
ial and individual capacity, Defendant\u8211\'3fAppellant,

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and
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Gary H. Butler,
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Navajo County Sheriff
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;
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Jack Kerr
}}}
, Detention Officer or Deputy Sheriff in his official and individual capacity;
}
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Mike Duran
}}}
,
}
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Jail Commander
}}}
, Navajo County Sheriff\rquote s Department; Farrell Yonnie, Detention Officer o
r Deputy Sheriff at Navajo County Sheriff\rquote s Department in her official an
d individual capacity; Navajo County; Navajo County Sheriff\rquote S Office; Gai
lene Butler, aka Jane Doe Butler; Debbie Kerr, aka Jane Doe Kerr; Jane Doe Duran
; Jane Doe Yonnie; Jane Doe Williams, Defendants.

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No. 04\u8211\'3f16920.
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|
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Argued and Submitted Oct. 19, 2006.
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|
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Filed Jan. 16, 2007.
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Background:
}
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Jail inmate brought suit against guards and various officials and institutional
defendants arising out of alleged beating by guards. The United States District
Court for the District of Arizona,
}
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Mary H. Murguia
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, J., denied guard\rquote s motion to dismiss for failure to effect service of p
rocess and, after jury trial, entered judgment for inmate. Guard appealed.
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\u160\'3f
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[Holding:]
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The Court of Appeals,
}
Graber
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, Circuit Judge, held that granting extension of time to serve guard was abuse o
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s.
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\u160\'3f
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Reversed and remanded.
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Fletcher
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, Circuit Judge, filed dissenting opinion.
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Time for service

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District court is required to grant an extension of time for service of process
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Fed.Rules Civ.Proc.Rule 4(m), 28 U.S.C.A
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129 Cases that cite this headnote
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District court may grant extension of time for service of process in absence of
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In deciding whether to extend time for service of process, a district court may
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Granting jail inmate an extension to serve former guard seven years after suit w
as filed was abuse of discretion, given length of delay, lack of reasonable expl
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n knew of suit, and prejudice that delay caused guard due to death of only other
eyewitness to alleged assault on inmate.
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Randall H. Warner
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, Jones, Skelton & Hochuli, PLC, Phoenix, AZ, for the defendant-appellant.
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Dennis J. Glanzer
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, Glanzer Law Office, Flagstaff, AZ, for the plaintiff-appellee.

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Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona;
}
Mary H. Murguia
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, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No.CV\u8211\'3f96\u8211\'3f01751\u8211\'3fPCT\
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Before:
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GRABER
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,
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W. FLETCHER
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, and
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TALLMAN
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, Circuit Judges.
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GRABER
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, Circuit Judge:
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c3ae19f65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Plaintiff Robert Efaw claims that he was beaten severely by two guards while imp
risoned at a Navajo County jail in Arizona. He filed suit against Defendant Offi
cer Teresa Williams, one of the two guards involved in the incident, and various
institutional and individual defendants. Plaintiff failed to serve Defendant wi
th the complaint until seven years after it was filed.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Defendant moved to be dismissed as a defendant pursuant to
}
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m)

}}}
. The district court denied the motion and granted Plaintiff additional time to
effect service of process. A jury trial followed, resulting in a judgment for Pl
aintiff. Defendant appeals. We vacate the judgment and remand with instructions
to dismiss the action against Williams.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I26c3ae1af65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_I26
c3ae1af65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
On August 9, 1995, Plaintiff was in custody at the Navajo County jail in Winslow
, Arizona. According to Plaintiff, Sheriff\rquote s Deputy Jack Kerr and Defenda
nt entered his cell and assaulted him. Plaintiff testified at trial that Kerr an
d Defendant struck him more than 20 times in the face, throat, and head, and \u8
220\'3ffour-pointed\u8221\'3f him by handcuffing his hands and feet to the bed w
ith his arms splayed above his head. Plaintiff was hospitalized later that night
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Kerr created an \u8220\'3fOffense Report\u8221\'3f dated the same day the incide
nt occurred. The Offense Report asserts that Plaintiff attacked Kerr and Defenda
nt when they entered his cell and that Kerr hit Plaintiff and shackled him in or
der to subdue him. Kerr, Defendant, and Plaintiff were the only people present d
uring the incident.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Plaintiff\rquote s original complaint was filed pro se on July 29, 1996, and was
dismissed on technical grounds. He obtained counsel and filed an amended compla
int on October 4, 1996, naming as defendants Navajo County, Navajo County Sherif
f Gary Butler, Deputy Kerr, Mike Duran, Farrell Yonnie, Defendant, and each name
d defendant\rquote s spouse. By January 9, 1997, Plaintiff had served process on
all defendants except Yonnie and Defendant, neither of whom worked for the Nava
jo County Sheriff\rquote s
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*1040
}
}
Office at the time Plaintiff attempted to serve them. On January 28, 1997, Plai
ntiff sought an extension of time within which to complete service of process. T
he district court granted him an additional 180 days. He failed to complete serv
ice on Defendant in the allotted time.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Plaintiff was without counsel between October 7, 1997, and April 9, 2001. On Aug
ust 13, 2003, the district court granted partial summary judgment to the other d
efendants, leaving only Defendant and Kerr in the action.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
On September 9, 2003, more than seven years after filing the complaint, Defendan
t Williams moved to dismiss herself as a party under
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
because Plaintiff had failed to complete service of process. The district court
denied her motion and granted Plaintiff 30 days from the time of its December 1
9, 2003, order to serve Defendant. Plaintiff finally completed service, and the
case went to trial with Williams as the only remaining defendant.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
At trial, Defendant offered as evidence Kerr\rquote s Offense Report. The distri
ct court refused to admit the report on hearsay grounds because Defendant had fa
iled to lay the proper foundation to establish the report as a business record a
nd the district court questioned the trustworthiness of the report. Kerr had die
d by the time of trial, and no party deposed him before his death.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
On August 18, 2004, the district court entered judgment for Plaintiff. The jury
awarded Plaintiff $10,000 in nominal and compensatory damages and $90,000 in pun
itive damages. Defendant filed a timely appeal.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I26c3ae1bf65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_I26
c3ae1bf65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
STANDARD OF REVIEW
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
We review for abuse of discretion a district court\rquote s decision to extend t
he period for effecting service of process.
}
dType=Y&serNum=2003256937&pubNum=506&originatingDoc=I530e252ca50f11dba10be1078ce
e05f1&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_506_1090&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt
1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_506_1090"
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann v. Am. Airlines,
}
}
324 F.3d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir.2003)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I26c3ae1cf65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_I26
c3ae1cf65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
DISCUSSION
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Rule 4(m)
}}}
provides in part:
\par
}
}
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120
days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own ini
tiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudic
e as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified tim
e; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court sh
all extend the time for service for an appropriate period.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(m)
}}}
\sb200
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Plaintiff did not serve Defendant within 120 days of filing his complaint. Rathe
r, Defendant was not served until more than seven years after Plaintiff filed hi
s amended complaint.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[1]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B12011193293_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B12011193293_1}
}
}
[2]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}

}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
, as amended in 1993,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
requires
}
}
a district court to grant an extension of time when the plaintiff shows good ca
use for the delay.
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann,
}
}
324 F.3d at 1090 n. 2.
}}}
Additionally, the rule
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
permits
}
}
the district court to grant an extension even in the absence of good cause.
}
dType=Y&serNum=2003256937&originatingDoc=I530e252ca50f11dba10be1078cee05f1&refTy
pe=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&
contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Id.
}
}}}
Here, Plaintiff does not argue that he showed \u8220\'3fgood cause,\u8221\'3f n
or did the district court find that he established good cause.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00112011193293_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_B00112011193293_ID0}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00112011193293_1" }{\fldrslt
1
}}}
}
Rather, Plaintiff contends that the district court acted within the scope of it
s
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
discretionary power when it extended the time to serve Defendant. The question
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*1041
}
}
presented, then, is how much discretion
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
bestows on the district court.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[3]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
District courts have broad discretion to extend time for service under
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
. In
}
e05f1&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Henderson v. United States,
}
}
517 U.S. 654, 661, 116 S.Ct. 1638, 134 L.Ed.2d 880 (1996)
}}}
, the Supreme Court stated that
}
Rule 4
}}}
\rquote s 120\u8211\'3fday time period for service \u8220\'3foperates not as an
outer limit subject to reduction, but as an irreducible allowance.\u8221\'3f Thi
s court in
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann,
}
}
324 F.3d at 1090\u8211\'3f91,
}}}
held that
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
gave the district court discretion to extend time of service. \u8220\'3fOn its
face,
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
does not tie the hands of the district court after the 120\u8211\'3fday period
has expired. Rather,
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
explicitly permits a district court to grant an extension of time to serve the
complaint
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
after
}
}
that 120\u8211\'3fday period.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Id.
}
}
at 1090.
}}}
However, no court has ruled that the discretion is limitless. In making extensi
on decisions under
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
a district court may consider factors \u8220\'3flike a statute of limitations b
ar, prejudice to the defendant, actual notice of a lawsuit, and eventual service
.\u8221\'3f
}
e05f1&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_506_383&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_506_383" }{
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Troxell v. Fedders of N. Am., Inc.,
}
}
160 F.3d 381, 383 (7th Cir.1998)
}}}
. Here, the district court provided no indication that it had considered those f
actors in reaching its decision. Its order merely cited
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
and ruled: \u8220\'3fPursuant to
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
, the Court will order Plaintiff to serve Defendant Williams within thirty days
from the date this Order is filed. If Plaintiff fails to serve Defendant William
s within that time, a subsequent motion to dismiss will be granted.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[4]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
The facts of this case weigh strongly against the district court\rquote s rulin
g. First, the length of the delay was extraordinary. Plaintiff offered no reason
able explanation for his seven-year failure to serve Defendant. There was no evi
dence that Defendant attempted to evade service, that she left the state, or tha
t she took any other action that contributed to Plaintiff\rquote s delay. Plaint
iff was represented by counsel for a significant portion of the seven years, inc
luding the period in which he filed his amended complaint, and he never claimed
ignorance of the service requirements even when he proceeded pro se.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Second, there is no evidence in the record that Defendant knew about the action
notwithstanding Plaintiff\rquote s failure to effect proper service. Nor did the
district court find that Defendant knew that Plaintiff had filed the complaint.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Finally, the delay prejudiced Defendant. In the intervening seven years, the mem
ories of all witnesses faded. Kerr, the only other eyewitness to the incident, d
ied. Neither party deposed Kerr before his death, and Defendant was not served u
ntil five years after Kerr died. Defendant had no reason to depose Kerr during t
he two years he was available, after Plaintiff filed the action and before Kerr
died.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Under these circumstances, the district court abused its discretion in denying D
efendant\rquote s motion for dismissal based on Plaintiff\rquote s failure to co
mply with
}
Rule 4
}}}
\rquote s service requirements.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00222011193293_ID0}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_B00222011193293_ID0}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00222011193293_1" }{\fldrslt
2
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Defendant also challenged the district court\rquote s exclusion at trial of the
Kerr report on hearsay grounds. Because dismissal is proper under
}
Rule 4
}}}
, we need not reach this issue.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
JUDGMENT VACATED; REMANDED with instructions to dismiss the action against Defen
dant Williams. Costs on appeal are awarded to Defendant Williams.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_dissent_opinion_1}{\*\bkmkend co_dissent_opinion_1}
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*1042
}
}
}
WILLIAM A. FLETCHER
}}}
, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I26c3ae21f65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_I26
c3ae21f65f11e28578f7ccc38dc}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
I respectfully dissent in this close case. Although seven years is indeed an ext
raordinary delay in serving a defendant, I would find that the district court di
d not abuse its broad discretion in granting an extension of time under
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

A jury awarded Robert Efaw $100,000 in damages in a lawsuit arising out of a ser
ies of beatings Efaw suffered over the course of a day in the Navajo County jail
in August 1995. Although defendant Teresa Williams testified at trial that she
herself did not punch Efaw, she admitted that the officer acting with her, Jack
Kerr, did punch him. She further admitted that she and Kerr \u8220\'3ffour-point
ed\u8221\'3f Efaw by handcuffing his arms and legs to the bed with his arms spla
yed above his head, even though the normal position for a four-point restraint i
s to put the person\rquote s arms by his side. During the night following the be
atings, a third officer discovered Efaw still \u8220\'3ffour-pointed\u8221\'3f a
nd released him; later, she radioed for paramedics and an ambulance after findin
g Efaw sprawled on the floor of his cell with blood around his face.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
As the majority opinion recounts in greater detail, Efaw failed to serve William
s for seven years, from 1996 to 2003. Although Efaw timely served others among t
he defendants, Williams was no longer working at the County Sheriff\rquote s Off
ice when Efaw timely attempted to serve her, and he failed to serve her during t
he 180\u8211\'3fday extension he was granted in January 1997. The court permitte
d Efaw\rquote s counsel to withdraw in April 1997, and Efaw\rquote s motion for
appointment of counsel was stricken in November 1997. Counsel next appeared on E
faw\rquote s behalf in April 2001. In September 2003, Williams moved to dismiss
herself as a party for Efaw\rquote s failure to serve. Now represented by his ne
w counsel, in December 2003 Efaw requested and received his second extension of
the time to serve. He then served Williams within the 30 days the court granted
him.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
We review for abuse of discretion a district court\rquote s decision to grant an
extension under
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
.
}

}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann v. Am. Airlines,
}
}
324 F.3d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir.2003)
}}}
. Under the abuse of discretion standard, we reverse a trial court\rquote s deci
sion only when we are \u8220\'3fconvinced firmly that the reviewed decision lies
beyond the pale of reasonable justification under the circumstances.\u8221\'3f
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Harman v. Apfel,
}
}
211 F.3d 1172, 1174 (9th Cir.2000)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
As we have previously noted, \u8220\'3f[t]he 1993 amendments to General
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
gave courts greater leeway to preserve meritorious lawsuits despite untimely se
rvice of process.\u8221\'3f
}
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
United States v. 2,164 Watches,
}
}
366 F.3d 767, 772 (9th Cir.2004)
}}}
. The amendments give courts \u8220\'3fdiscretion to enlarge the 120\u8211\'3fda
y period \u8216\'3feven if there is no good cause shown.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
e05f1&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Henderson v. United States,
}
}
517 U.S. 654, 663, 116 S.Ct. 1638, 134 L.Ed.2d 880 (1996)
}}}
(quoting
}
Fed. R. Civ. P. 4
}}}
, Advisory Committee Note to 1993 Amendments, Subdivision (m)). A court may retr
oactively grant such an extension after the 120\u8211\'3fday period has expired.
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Mann,
}
}
324 F.3d at 1090
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In weighing whether to grant an extension in the absence of good cause, the dist
rict court may properly take into account whether the plaintiff could re-file th
e suit if it were dismissed. \u8220\'3fThe district court\rquote s discretion is
not diminished when the statute of limitations would bar re-filing of the suit
if the district court decided to dismiss the case instead of grant an extension.
To the contrary, the advisory committee notes explicitly contemplate that a dis
trict court might use its discretion to grant an extension in that very situatio
n: \u8216\'3fRelief may be justified, for example, if the applicable statute of
limitations
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*1043
}
}
would bar the re-filed action.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Id.
}
}
at 1090\u8211\'3f91
}}}
(quoting
}
Fed.R.Civ.P. 4
}}}
, Advisory Committee Note to 1993 Amendments, Subdivision (m));
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
accord
}
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
De Tie v. Orange Cty.,
}
}
152 F.3d 1109, 1111 n. 5 (9th Cir.1998)
}}}
. This consideration should carry greater weight in \u167\'3f 1983 cases, becaus
e \u8220\'3fthe public policy favoring resolution on the merits is \u8216\'3fpar
ticularly important in civil rights cases.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Hernandez v. City of El Monte,
}
}
138 F.3d 393, 401 (9th Cir.1998)
}}}
(quoting
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Eldridge v. Block,
}
}
832 F.2d 1132, 1137 (9th Cir.1987)
}}}
). Here, the statute of limitations would have prevented Efaw from re-filing his
excessive force claim if the district court had dismissed this case.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
See
}
}
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
TwoRivers v. Lewis,
}
}
174 F.3d 987, 991 (9th Cir.1999)
}}}
(statute of limitations for Arizona \u167\'3f 1983 claims is two years).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Further, although Williams was prejudiced by delay, and although seven years is
an extraordinary delay, the most significant prejudice to Williams\rquote defen
se cannot be attributed to this delay\rquote s extraordinary length. The greates
t harm to Williams\rquote defense between 1996 and 2003 was the death of Willia
ms\rquote co-defendant Kerr. Kerr\rquote s testimony might have corroborated Wi
lliams\rquote account and convinced the jury to hold in her favor. We were told
at argument that Kerr died in 1998, only two years into the delay. Two years\rq
uote delay in serving a defendant is not extraordinary.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
See, e.g.,
}
}
\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
McGuire v. Turnbo,
}
}
137 F.3d 321, 323\u8211\'3f24 (5th Cir.1998)
}}}
(service timely where plaintiff served defendant within court\rquote s extended
deadline, nearly two years after filing suit). Thus, the extraordinary length o
f the delay in this case contributed less to the prejudice to Williams than it m
ight seem at first blush, and certainly contributed less than if Kerr had died i
n the seventh year (in which case I would have joined the majority).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

Williams has been unable to point us to a single case in which a court has held
that a district court abused its discretion in granting an extension under
}
Rule 4(m)
}}}
. I would decline to do so in this case, despite Efaw\rquote s long delay. Grant
ing the extension was not \u8220\'3fbeyond the pale of reasonable justification
under the circumstances,\u8221\'3f because Efaw would otherwise have been barred
from litigating the merits of his civil rights claim.
}
}{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Harman,
}
}
211 F.3d at 1174.
}}}
I would defer to the judgment of the district court.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
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All Citations
\par
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}
473 F.3d 1038, 07 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 513, 2007 Daily Journal D.A.R. 658
\par
}
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Footnotes
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In his December 12, 2003, motion for extension of time for service, Plaintiff st
ated: \u8220\'3fPlaintiff has attempted in several ways to locate Ms. Williams w
ithout success to this point in time. Some other methods of searching were too c
ostly for Efaw, but there are funds available now for additional search methods
to find Ms. Williams.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}\f4 \li0 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \qj \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row
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The dissent correctly points out that \u8220\'3fWilliams has been unable to poin
t us to a single case in which a court has held that a district court abused its
discretion in granting an extension under
}
Rule 4(m)
.\u8221\'3f Dissent at 625. On the other hand, we have found no case upholding a
delay of anywhere near this magnitude.
\par
}
}
}
}
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End of Document
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\u169\'3f 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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{\rtf1 \ansi

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ial and individual capacity, Defendant\u8211\'3fAppellant,

; Jane Doe Yonnie; Jane Doe Williams, Defendants.

{\\bkmkstart co_anchor_headNote_[1]_1}{\\bkmkend co_anchor_headNote_[1]_1}

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Time for service

, Glanzer Law Office, Flagstaff, AZ, for the plaintiff-appellee.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m)

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\u169\'3f 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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