Agma 1012-F90

Copy by the Tue Sep 1 1208 AGMA 1012 M™ Ob87575 0000809 O40 mm ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90 April 1990 American National Standard Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols AGMA STANDARD can Gear MnufcturrsAssociaon 385AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 0000810 862 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols ANSV/AGMA 1012-F90 e (Revision of AGMA 112.05) [Tables or other self-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted in their entirety. Credit lines should read: Extracted from AGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature Terms, Definitions, Symbols and Abbreviations, with the permission of the publisher, American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.) AGMA standards are subject to constant improvement, revision or withdrawal as dictated by ‘experience. Any person who refers to an AGMA Technical Publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter. ABSTRACT ‘This Standard lists terms and their definitions with symbols for gear nomenclature. Copyright ©, 1990 American Gear Manufacturers Association 1500 King Street, Suite 201 Alexandria, Virginia 22314 February, 1990 ISBN: 1-$5589-551-4 ANSI/AGMA i 1012-F90 el Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 2032 MM OL87575 0O008}2 779 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols e FOREWORD [This foreword, footnotes, and appendices are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of American Gear Manufacturers Association Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols.) In 1926 the AGMA adopted a recommended practice for gearing nomenclature, terms and definitions. It included some symbols and abbreviations. ‘A complete revision of terms and definitions by the AGMA Nomenclature Committee was issued as AGMA 112.02 in October, 1948. This later became AGMA 112.03, and American Standard B6.10-1954, with ASME as a co-sponsor. A separate project dealing with Letter Symbols for Gear Engineering appeared in 1943 as AGMA. 111.01, later becoming AGMA 111.03 and American Standard B6.5-1954, Abbreviations for Gearing was another separate project released as AGMA 116.01 in 1955. Most of these abbreviations were already listed in American Standard Z32.13-1950 Abbreviations for Use on Drawings, and it was, therefore, unnecessary to process gearing abbreviations as a separate American Standard. The number of abbreviations used in gearing has intentionally been kept very small to permit memorizing without the need to refer to the standard. AGMA Standard 112.04, Gear Nomenclature (Geometry) Terms, Definitions, Symbols and Abbreviations, was a complete revision and integration of the three standards previously mentioned. Because of the widespread acceptance of the previous standards, changes were kept to a minimum. The standard in this form was approved by the AGMA Membership on April 25, 1965. AGMA 112.05 included several revisions to keep it abreast of the then current gearing techniques. It e was approved by Standards Committee BS, Gears, the Co-Secretariats and the American National Standards Institute on February 3, 1976 and designated ANSI B6.14-1976. AGMA 1012-F90 is a revision of 112.05. Work was started on this revision in November of 1987 by the personnel of the AGMA Nomenclature Committee. This revision has incorporated the terms from AGMA Standard 116.01 (Oct., 1972), Glossary of Terms Used in Gearing and terms from ANSI/AGMA 2000-AB8, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook, Tolerances and Measuring Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears (Including Metric Equivalents). In addition, terms which have started to be commonly used in gear load rating have been introduced in the Appendix. This revision was approved by the AGMA membership in February, 1990 and as an Ameri National Standard on April 10, 1990. Suggestions for the improvement of this Standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the ‘American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. ANSUAGMA, i 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 MM OL87575 OO00812 635 Mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols PERSONNEL of the AGMA Committee for Nomenclature e Chairman: Paul Dean (Honorary Member) ACTIVE MEMBERS W. A. Bradley (Consultant) R. Green (Eaton/Transmission Division) I. Laskin (Consultant) L. J. Smith (Invincible Gear) R. E. Smith (R. E. Smith and Company, Inc.) ASSOCIATE MEMBERS M. R. Chaplin (Contour Hardening, Inc.) A. S. Cohen (Engranes y Maquinaria) T. J. Krenzer (The Gleason Works) F. A. Sirianni (Skidmore Gear) R. B. Stroup (Reliance Electric) M. Tanaka (Nippon Gear) T. Urabe (Tsubakimoto Chain) ANSUAGMA, iv 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 2032 WH 0687575 0000823 57) mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table Of Contents Section Title Page Le Scope . ee veeersee at 2. Terms and Symb 24 Terms... a 22 Symbols .. ; 44 3. Geometric Definitions 3a General Designations 32 Kinds of Gears . 33 ‘Tooth Orientation 3.4 Pitch Surfaces 3.5 Boundary Surfaces... 3.6 Principal Planes ....... 37 Principal Directions . 38 Elements of Gear Teeth : 39 Linear and Circular Dimensions . 3.10 ‘Angular Dimensions 3.11 Numbers and Ratios «22.0.2... 250 3.42 ‘Miscellaneous Terms and Dimensions : 4, Inspection Definitions 4d Reference Datum . 42 Reference Surfaces . 43 Composite Action Terms 44 Index of Teeth ...... 45 Pitch of Teeth 46 Runout of Teeth 47 Profile of Teeth 2.0... 48 Alignment of Teeth... 49 Size of Teeth . 4.10 Gear Qu: Appendices Appendix A Abbreviations ..... : ore st Appendix B Glossary ..... SpeuEtIo0oGE0 53 Appendix C Additional Terms and Symbols 55 Tables Table 2-1 Terms... Table 2-2. Symbols ANSI/AGMA v 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA \OL2 MM Ob87575 0000824 408 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table Of Contents Section Title Page e Figures Fig3-1 Gears .. oe 7 Fig 3-2 Basle Rack in Normal Plane cecteeeeeee IT Fig3-3. Worm... : 7, Fig 3-4 Spur Gears cee 18 Fig 3-5. Helical Gear « 2 18 Fig 3-6 Parallel Helical Gears +18 Fig 3-7 Crossed Helical Gears ..-.. ie) Fig 3-8 Single & Double Helical . 19 Fig 3-9 Wormgearing . : 19 Fig 3-10 Double-Enveloping Wormgering = 219 Fig 3-11 Bevel Gears . se 20 Fig 3-12 Angular Bevel Gears . +20 Fig 3-13 Crown Gear .... ; 20 Fig 3-14 Straight Bevel... ses 20 Fig 3-15 Spiral Bevel & Zerol® +20 Fig 3-16 Hypoid Gears 2 Fig 3-17 Face Gears ...... vt Fig 3-18 External and Internal Gears sd Fig 3-19 Helical & Worm Hand 22 Fig 3-20 Spiral Bevel Hand 2 Fig 3-22 Pitch Surfaces 2 Fig 3-23 Pitch Cones +22 Fig 3-24 Pitch Planes ... 13 Fig 3-25 Cylindrical Surfaces as Fig 3-26 Conical Surfaces 133 Fig 3-27 Principal Reference Plan 24 Planes of Rotation ......esccseseseeseeses : 4 Planes at a Point on a Helical Tooth «1.2... : sd Central Plane ..-..-++ 1S Principal Directions . .. 225 Profile +25 Involute Teeth + 26 Base Cylinder ..........++ vs Pitch Circles and Line... + 26 Root Circle ee eees ee ss 26 Path of Action... oo Line of Action 22 Line of Contact oo] Plane of Action «5... +27 Zone of Action : 28 Lines of Contact (Heleal Gea) 8 Tooth Helix . 5 228 Normal Helix .. anos Hea and Toe | 3 e ANSI/AGMA vi 41012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1022 MM OLS7575 0000815 344 mu AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table Of Contents e Section Title Page Figures (cont) Fig 3-46 Fig 3-47 Fig 3-48 Fig 3-49 Fig 3-50 Fig 3-51 Base Pitch Relationships Fig 3-52 Principal Dimensions ......-.2+0esseccseeeseseeeeseeess Fig 3-53. Diameters, External Gears s.s.s.s.cssvsvsveveveveveves Fig 3-54 Diameters, Internal Gear ... Fig 3-55 Wormgear Diameters Fig 3-56 Base Diameter .... Fig 3-57 Tooth Thickness . . Fig 3-58 Thickness Relationships Fig 3-59 Chordal Thickness Fig 3-60 Backlash Fig 3-61 Face Width . Fig 3-62 Cone Distance Fig 3-63 Length of Action Fig 3-64 Face Advance Fig 3-65 Lead.......0.0 00 e@ Fig 3-66 Pressure and Profile Angles Fig 3-67 Standard Profile Angle ... Fig 3-68 Profile Angles... Fig 3-69 Helix Angle . Fig 3-70 Helix Angle Relationships . Fig 3-71 Lead Angle Fig 3-72 Lead Ale Reladonshps «0001.00 Fig 3-73 Spiral Angle Fa374 Splal Ande Relationships - Fig 3-75 Shaft Angle «.......- Fig 3-76 Angle Relationships . Fig 3-77 Angles. Fig 3-78 Involute Polar Angle Fig 3-79 - Involute Roll Angle Fig 3-80 Long and Short Addendum Fig 3-81, Tooth Lands . Fig 3-82 Tip Radius ..... Fig 3-83 Fillet Radius... Fig 3-84 Undercut Fig 3-85 Back Cone Equivalents... 00. Fig 3-86 Arc of Action ..ssescsssesseees Fig 3-87 Apex to Back... ..s.ecsee0 Fig 3-88 Mounting Distance ..... Fig 3-89 Tip Relief ..... ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 4032 MM 0687575 O0008% 280 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table Of Contents Section Title Page @ ‘Figures (cont) Fig 3-90 Limit Diameter ......06.005 2 ig 3-91. Form Diameter ne 42 Fig 3-92 Crowned Gear . a Fig 4-1 Schematic of Composite Action Test Device . Fig 4-2 Total Composite Variation Trace .. Fig 4-3. Schematic of Index Variation Test. Fig 4-4 Schematic of Pitch Measurement, Two Probe Device Pitch Variation (Plus and Minus) ....... Total Accumulated Pitch Variation Functional Profile . Ee Profile (Plus and Minus) . Profle “K" Chart ..... Tooth Alignment Variation... Tooth Alignment *K" Chart . Tooth Thickness Measurement Over Pins . Span Measurement ...2...+.. Fig 4-14 Variation « Fig 4-15 Allowable Variation . Fig 4-16 Tolerance .. ANSI/AGMA viii 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 4012 MM 0687575 0000817 137 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 1. SCOPE This Standard establishes the definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations which may be ‘used to communicate the technology and specifications of external and internal gear teeth. It provides definitive meanings by the use of words and illustrations, for commonly used gearing terms. ‘An appendix is provided to introduce those terms which are starting to come into accepted usage. 2. TERMS AND SYMBOLS 2.1 Terms. The terminology used in this Standard is intended for use in all AGMA documents and is summarized in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. Many terms are listed in Table 2-1 more than ‘once by re-stating alphabetically with re-arranged key words, to aid user look-up of related terms, Table 2-1 Terms = Definition Figure Reference — ‘Number___Number Page ‘accumulated pitch variation tolerance, total 45.7 -- 46 alignment, tooth 4.8.1 47 alignment tolerance, tooth 4:83 47 alignment trace, tooth 4.8.4 47 alignment variation, tooth 4.8.2 47 action, are of 3.12.13 40 action, composite 43.1 a action, length of 3.9.41 34 action, line of 3.8.16 27 action, plane of 3.8.19 27 action, surface of 3.8.18 27 action, path of 3.8.15 27 ‘action, zone of 318.20 28 addendum 3.9.11 3-52 30 addendum, chordal 3.9.31 359 33 addendum, normal chordal 3.9.32 a 3 addendum’ angle 3:10.23 377 38 addendum circle 3.8.12 3-36 26 advance, face 3.9.42 364 34 allowable variation 4, 415s 49 allowable pitch variation 4 - 45 angular bevel gears 3 19 angular pitch 3. 39 apex to back a approach, arc of 40 are of action 3-86 40 are of approach 3-86 40 are of recess 3-86 a1 axes, plane of -- 2B axial base pitch, 351 30 ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1012 WM 0687575 0000818 053 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) ‘Terms as Definition Reference Number, Pa axial direction aaa 2s ‘axial pitch 30 axial plane 23 axial pressure angle 36 axial profile angle 36 axial runout 46 axial thickness 32 4a ‘axis of rotation, datum -- a3 back angle 3-87 41 back cone 3-26 23 ack cone distance 3-87 41 backlash 3.9.33 3-60 3 base circle 3.8.5 3-33, 3-38 26 ‘base circular thickness 3.9.28 3-59) 33 base cylinder 3.8.6 3.34 26 ‘base diameter 3.9.22 3-56 32 base diameter, cone gear 3.9.23 - 32 base helix 3.8.23 3-43 28 base helix angle 3.10.10 3-70 36 lead angle 3.10.14 3-72 37 base pitch 39.8 3-50, 3-51 30 base pitch, axial 3.9.10 3-51 30 base pitch, normal 3.9.9 3651 30 basic rack 3.45 32 7 bevel gears 3.2.44 Belt 9 bevel gears, angular 3.2.16 3-12 19 bevel gears, Formate 3.2.21 20 bevel gears, skew 3.2.22 20 Devel gears, spiral 3.2.19 3415 20 Devel gears, straight 3.2.18 3-14 19 bevel gears, Zerol® 3.2.20 3s 20 bottom land 3.12.5 3-81 39 break, tip or edge 424 -- B center, gear 3.8.9 3-35 26 center distance 3.9.1 3-46 29 centers, line of 3.8.10 3-35 26 central plane 3.6.7 3-30 25 chart, inspection 418 = 8 ANSI/AGMA, 2 1012-F90 Copy by the American ub Sep 120818 196 Geor Manufacturers AsociaionAGHA 2022 M™ 0687575 0000819 TOT a AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) e Terms Te Definition Figure Reference ae Number___Number Page chordal addendum - 33 chordal addendum, normal =: 33 ‘chordal thickness 359 33 ‘chordal thickness, normal 387 2 circle, addendum 3-36, 354 26 circle, base 3-33, 3:38 26 cirele, crown 326 23 circle, datum - 3 circle, pitch 335 26 circle, pitch, standard (reference) == 3 circle, root 3-36, 3-54 26 circular pitch 348 29 circular pitch, normal 349 29 cireular pitch, wansverse 349 29 circular thickness 387 32 circular thickness, base 3-59 3 circular thickness, normal 3:58 32 e circular thickness, transverse 3-58, 3-59 32 clearance 3.9.13 3-52 3” composite action 434 3 composite action test (double flank) 433 4 composite tolerance (double flank), tooth-to-tooth 4.3.5 44 ‘composite tolerance (double flank), total 437 “4 composite variation (double flank), total 436 “4 composite variation (double flank) 432 a composite variation (double flank), tooth-to-tooth 4.3.4 “ cone, back 3.5.6 2 ‘cone, face (tp) 354 B cone, front 35.7 23 cone, pitch 34.4 23 cone, root 38.5 2 cone distance 3.9.37 3 cone distance, back 3.12.21 “1 | cone distance, inner 3.9.40 uM cone distance, mean 3.9.39 4 cone distance, outer 3.9.38 34 cone gear base diameter 39.23, 3 contact, line of 3.8.17 339, 3-40 27 contact, path of 38m 3-42 28 e contact, point of 3.8.14 3-37 27 ANSI/AGMA 3 1012-F90 Cony by te Anticon Gear Unfors scion Sie Sep oF 944 88AGHA 1012 MM 0b87575 0000820 703 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols ‘Table 2-1 (cont) ‘Terms Definition ‘Figure Reference coo ‘Number___Number Page contact ratio 3.12.16 -- 4 contact ratio, face 3.12.18 -- a contact ratio, modified 3.12.20 -- 4a contact ratio, total 3.42.49 -- 4 contact ratio, transverse 3.42.17 -- an crossing point 3.12.26 3-88 4 crossed axis gears 3.2.6 37 18 crown circle 3.5.8 3-26 23 crown gear 3.2.17 3-13 9 crowned teeth 3.12.31 3-92, a curve, fillet 3.8.3 3-32 28 curvature, profile radius of 3.12.9 3-83 40 cylinder, base 3.8.6 3-34 26 cylinder, inside 3.5.2 3-54 23 cylinder, outside 35.1 3-25 23 cylinder, pitch 3.43 3-22 23 cylinder, root 353 3-25 23 cylindrical worm 3.241 33, 349 19 datum circle -- 3 datum axis of rotation eS a datum surface -- a datum tooth -- a dedendum 3-52 30 dedendum angle 3-77 38 depth, whole 3-52 3” depth, working 3-52 31 3-56 32 -- 32 a9 2 354 31 3-90, 3-91 2 =: 31 3-26, 3-53, 3-55 31 3-53 31 diameter, pitch, testing = a diameter, profile control 3-91 B diameter, root 3-53, 3-54 34 diameter, standard pitch - 34 diameter, throat 3-55 32 ANSI/AGMA, 4 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1012 MM OL87575 000082) bus mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) Terms T Definition Figure ‘Reference as Number___ Number Page diametral pitch 3.413 -- 39 iametra pitch, normal = 39 direction, axial at 25 irection, normal 331 25 direction, transverse 331 25 distance, back cone 3-87 an distance, center 346 29 Gistance, cone 362 33 Sistance, inner cone 3562 4 distance, mean cone 3-62 34 distance, mounting 3-88 a distance, outer cone 362 uM double-enveloping wormgearing 3-10 19 ‘Souble-helical gears, x8 18 eccentricity 415 = a edge (tip) break 424 = “a effective face width 3.9.35 361 3 oo a cequal-addendum teeth 3.123 39 | ‘equivalent number of teeth 3.2.42 40 equivalent pitch radius Buz 38s 40 external gear 332 3418 a face advance 3.9.42 3-64 34 face angle 31021 3-76 38 face cone 354 3-26 3 face contact ratio pias 4 face gears 33.4 347 u face width 3.9.34 ot 33 face width, effective 3.935 361 33 face width, functional 46 aS 8 face width, total 39°36 361 3 fillet curve 3.83 332 25 fillet radius 3.12.8 383 39 form diameter 3.4229 391 a Formate bevel gears 32.21 -- 20 front angle 3.12.23 3-87 a front cone BST 326 B e full-depth teeth Ba -- 39. ‘ANSUAGMA 5 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGNA 1012 MM 0687575 OOO0822 S84 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) e Terms Definition Figure Reference a Number Number Page functional face width 416 =: 8 functional profile 474 rm 46 functional tooth thickness 493 at 4B gear 3.12, 7 ear, master 43:10 “4 sear blank 4.47 a fear center 3.89, 26 fear ratio 3.12 38 gears, 3d) 7 ‘generating rack 3.1.6 -- 7 heel 3.8.26 3045; 28 helical gear 3.23 35 18 helical gear, left-hand 3.35 x9 21 helical gear, right-hand 334 3419 21 helical gears, double- 328 38 18 helical gears, single 327 38 48 helical rack 3.24 38 18 helix, base 3.8.23 3-43 28 helix, normal 3.8.24 344 28 helix, outside 3.8.25 343 28 helix, pitch 3.8.22 3-43 28 helix'angle 3.10.7 3-69 36 hhelix angle, base 3:10.10 3-70 36 helix angle, outside 3.10.9 3-70 36 helix angle, pitch 3.10.8 3-70 36 herringbone gears 3.2.84 +8 19 hypoid gears 3.2.23 3-16 20 indicating over pins 4.6.5 -- 46 indicated surface 42.2 == 8 index variation 444 43 “4 index variation, total 442 -- “4 index variation within a sector of k pitches, total 443 a “4 inner cone distance 3.9.40 3-62 34 inner spiral angle 3.10.18 374 37 inside cylinder’ 3.5.2 354 2B inspection chart -- a internal diameter 354 31 internal gear 3-48 a4 involute polar angle 3-78 38 involute roll angle 3-79 38 e ANSUAGMA 6 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGNA 1032 MM 0687575 0000823 430 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) Terms Definition Figure Reference od Number Number, Page involute teeth 3.8.4 333 as land, bottom 3.12.5 381 39 land, top x26 x81 39 le . 3-65 34 lead angle 310. on 36 lead angle, base 3.10. 3-72 37 lead angle, outside 3.10. 3-72 37 lead angle, pitch 3.104 xn ” left-hand helical gear or worm as 3-19 2 left-hand spiral bevel gear 337 320 2 length of action 39.41 363 uM limit diameter 3-90 2 line, pitch 335 26 line’of action 338 27 line of centers 335 26 line of contact 339, 3-40 27 r) long- and short-addendum teeth 3.12.4 3-80 39 | master gear 43.10 == 44 ‘mean cone distance 3.9.39 362 34 ‘mean spiral angle 310.16 3-74 37 measurement, span 495 443 4 measurement over pins 49.4 “2 4“ miter gears 3.245 su 19 modified contact ratio 3.1200 == a1 module (transverse) 3.116 9 module, normal x7 9 mounting distance 342.25 388 a ‘mounting surface 423 = a ‘normal base piteh 3.9.9 351 30 normal chordal addendum 3.9.32 = 3 normal chordal thickness 31930 357 3 normal cireular pitch 39.6 349 29 normal circular thickness 39.26 3-49,3-58 32 ‘normal diametral pitch 3.114 = co normal direction 373 331 25 | normal helix 3824 344 28 | normal module B17 = 39 e normal pitch variation as. 4s ANSIAGMA 7 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 10}2 MM Ob87575 OO0O824 357 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) Terms e Definition Figure Reference Terms Number Number Page normal profile angle 3.10.5 3-68 36 normal plane 3.6.6 3-29 24 normal pressure angle 3.10.5 =- 36 ‘number of teeth or threads -- 38 number of teeth, equivalent aS 40 ottset 3.9.2 3-16, 3-17, 29 operating pitch diameter 39.161 0 =~ 4 operating pressure angle ES 35 outer cone distance 3.9.38 3-62 34 outer spiral angle 340.17 374 37 outside cylinder 354 3-25 23 outside diameter 39.182 3-53, 3455 31 outside helix 3.8.25 3-43 28 outside helix angle 3.10.9 3-70 36 ‘outside lead angle 34013 372 37 parallel axis gears 3.25 36 18 | pa of acon 381s ga oo e Path of contact 3.8.21 3-42 28 pinion 343 a Fa pitch 3.9.3 3-48 29 pitch, angular Bat. = 39 pitch, axial 33, 3-49 30 pitch, axial base 3.9: 351 30 pitch, base 39. 3-50, 3-51 30 pitch, circular 39. 3-48 29 pitch, diametral 3.13 = 39 pitch, normal base 3.9.9 3-51 30 pitch, normal circular 3.9.6 3-49 29 pitch, normal diametral Baia 39 Ditch, transverse circular 39.5 29 pitch, true position 452 = 45 pitch’ angle 3.10.20 3-76, 34-77 38 pitch circle 38.7 3-38 26 pitch circle, standard (reference) 3.9.17 = 31 pitch cone 344 3-23 B pitch cylinder 3.43 3-22 B pitch diameter 3.9.16 353 31 meter, operating 39.161 9 -- 3 pitch, standard 3.9.18 == Bt pitch diameter, testing “1.10 2s a pitch helix 38.22 343 28 Ditch helix angle 3.10.8, 370 36 pitch lead angle 31012 372 37 @ ANSIAGMA 8 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 0000825 2593 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) e Terms = Definition Reference ‘Terms Number Page pitch line 3.88 26 th plane 342, 3.6.2 2 Pitch point 38th 26 Ditch radius, equivalent Bub 40 pitch range asd 45 surfaces 344 2 pitch variation 453 45,66 45 ch variation, allowable 454 45 pitch variation, normal 435 453 pitch variation, total accumulated 45.6 6 pitch variation, total accumulated 45.8 45 within a sector of & pitches pitch Variation tolerance, total accumulated 457 -- 46 plane, axial 3-27 23 plane, central 3-30 25 plane, normal 3-29 28 plane, pitch 3.6.2 3-24, 3.27 2 plane, tangent 3-39 24 plane, transverse 3-27, 3-28 24 lane of action. 3-40 27 plane of axes : 23 plane of rotation 3.28 4 @ ss veseteone i . point, crossing 388 4“ point, pitch 335 26 polar angle, involute 3-78 38 Position pitch, true -- 45 pressure angle 3.10.1 3-66 35 Pressure angle, axial 3.10.6 3-68 36 pressure angle, normal 3.10.5, 3-68 36 Pressure angle, operating Bada 9 =~ 35 Pressure angle, transverse 3.10.4 3-68 36 profile 3.8.2 3-32 as Profile angle 3.10.2 3-56 35 profile angle, axial 3.10.6 3-68 36 Profile angle, normal 3.10.5, 3-58 36 profile angle, standard 3.103 367 35 profile angle, transverse 3.10.4 3-68 36 profile control diameter 414 391 8B profile, functional ar4 7 6 Profile radius of curvature 3.12.9 3-83 40 profile tolerance 473 “ a Profile variation 472 8 46 quality 4.10.4 48 quality number 410.2 48 e@ rack 344 a 7 ANSVAGMA 9 1012-90 a Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 3012 MM 0687575 OO0082 127 a AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) e@ Terms Definition Figure Reference poe Number__ Number Page rack, basic 3.4.5 17 rack, generating 3.1.6 47 rack, helical 3.24 18 rack, spur 3.2.2 18 radial runout 4.6.3 46 radial runout tolerance 4.6.4 46 radius, equivalent pitch 342d 3-85 40 radius, filet 3.12.8 3-83 39 radius, test 43.8 44 radius, throat-form 39.21 32 radius, tip 3.12.7 39 radius limits, test 43.9) 44 radius of curvature, profile 3.12.9 3-83 40 range, pitch 454 -- 4s ratio, contact 3.12.16 a io, face contact, 3.12.18 4 ar 3112, 38 ratio, modified contact, 3.12.20 a ratio, total contact 3.12.19 4 ratio, transverse contact 3.12.17 4 e recess, arc of 3.azas 3-86 4a reference axis 449 -- 8 relief, tip 3-89 42 right-hand helical gear or worm 3619 a right-hand spiral bevel gear 3-20 2 roll angle, involute 9 38 root angle 3-76 38 root circle 3-36, 3-54 26 root cone 3-26 23 root cylinder 3-25 23 root diameter 3-53, 3-54 31 rotation, datum axis of = a rotation, plane of 3-28 24 runout oo 46 runout, axial =- 46 runout, radial +e 46 runout tolerance, radial 46 shaft angle 3-75 37 single-helical gears 38 18 ; ANSI/AGMA, 10 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1022 MM 087575 OOOO827 Obb me AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) e fo ea oo Number___Number Page 2 cation uO spon menue ea a a oa Et 8 sae a BA ea aes mee eee aa 2 ea ee eee hap ee ee Beall ota, eee ee aah eee gree wo eye ree dey (otro os ne nat oc ee He OE start of active profile (SAP) 3.12.30 3-91 42 e straight bevel gears 3.2.18 a4 9 ae _aeeeeene Ts ye en a mo. 6) ff spot eas sep: is ee eee hoe Ee mate nr Se ea 6 t: os on a we Gr ee a sateen cee a 5 e thickness, functional tooth 4.9.3 48 | Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 3032 WMH 0b87575 O0D0828 TT2 Mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-1 (cont) Tema e rer Figure ‘Reference e Number____Page thickness, normal chordal 3-57 3 thickness, normal circular 3-58 32 thickness, transverse circular 3-58, 3-59 32 threads, number of -- 38 throat diameter 3055 32 throat-form radius = 32 tip radius 3-82 39 tip relief 3-89 2 tip or edge break == a toe 345 29 tolerance 4-16 49 tolerance, profile “9 a tolerance, radial runout -- 46 tolerance, tooth alignment at a tolerance, tooth to tooth composite ete “4 tolerance, tooth thickness =: a7 tolerance, total accumulated pitch variation =: 46 tolerance, total composite (double flank) = “4 e tooth, datum -- a tooth’ alignment == a tooth alignment tolerance ait a7 tooth alignment trace -- a7 tooth alignment variation 410 a tooth surface 332 25 tooth thickness, functional es rr tooth thickness tolerance = 47 tooth thickness variation = 47 tooth-to-tooth composite tolerance (double flank) -- “4 tooth-to-tooth composite variation (double flank) 42 “4 top land 381 39 total accumulated pitch variation 4-6 46 total accumulated pitch variation, within a sector of “6 46 pitches ‘total accumulated pitch variation tolerance -- 46 ‘total composite tolerance (double flank) - “4 ‘total composite variation (double flank) 42 “4 total contact ratio oS “a total face width 3-61 33 total index variation a as total index variation within a sector of & teeth = 44 trace, tooth alignment 484 -- a e ANSUAGMA 12 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1012 MMH 0687575 0000825 939 a [AGMA Gear Nomescnere,Dafiiton of Tara wth Sybel Table 2-1 (cont) e an Tee hee i Number Page waves crear ph 9 ren ceca ee Ros 8 Reson’ seuae a x a eon am | transverse plane 3-27, 3-28 24 oe % transverse profile angle 36 wus peton ph -- ss — « vain “ variation (double flank), total composite 44 wei ee ee, % variation, composite (double flank) 43 eesen come a variation, normal pitch 45, variation, pitch 45, variation, profile 46 variation, spacing 45 ht i easee atemers 3 @ lS ne is @ a ey PEE tun» sear ‘ & of & pitches cect -- “ cee ae Ee ain w mar of fe “ Ta center i stoke depth 1 with, tect toe 23 width, face 33 cee ee ona fae 3 Sah hep 3 wong depeh 1 aa “9 ' Simm, end Bas 8 Seer) me? 8 =e rR me games worms: (vornntoa) +3 19 ree 3 8 Sa actin etoig o OUB Zerol® bevel gears 3-15 20 @ Zone of action 3-41 28 ANSUAGMA " so12-090 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 0000830 650 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 2.2 Symbols. ‘The purpose of standard letter symbols for gear engineering is to establish a uni- form practice in mathematical notation for equations and formulas dealing with toothed gearing. Such equations and corresponding calculations ‘may be used in connection with design, application, manufacture, inspection, new methods, and new problems. Letier symbols are not intended or suggested for use on working drawings, manufacturing re- ‘cords, or correspondence, where abbreviations would serve better. The principal use of standard letter symbols is in the mathematical formulas in Published articles, papers, and books, to make understanding easier and confusion less likely. NOTE: The symbols and definitions used fn this Standard may differ from other AGMA standards. The user should not assume that familiar symbols can be used without a careful study of these definitions. SI (metric) units of measure, where applicable, are shown in the text. Where equations require a different format or constant for use with ST units, a second expression is shown after the first, indented, in smaller type, and with *M” included in the equation number. Symbols must be distinguished from abbreviations which are shortened forms of words often used on drawings and in tables, but not suitable for mathematical work (see Appendix A). For example, the symbol for circular pitch is p, whereas the abbreviation is CP. The system of symbols and subscripts presented here is generally consistent with other ‘American National Standard lewer symbols and follows the same general principles. It is not restricted to standardized gear terms but instead provides for extension to new problems and practices. A large number of terms and symbols iustrating the application of the system is contained in Table 2-2. 2.2.1 Subscripts. A subscript following the general symbol may be used to indicate a value applying to a particular gear or tool, or a value taken at a particular position or in a particular direction. For convenience and brevity, it is desirable to use a general symbol without subscript when only one value of a given kind is involved. Thus, in 9 spur gear or a straight-tooth bevel gear, there is occasion to consider only one th, namely, the transverse section, and itis convenient and natural to refer, for instance, simply to the circular pitch, p, and the pressure angle, 4. In the case of gears with oblique teeth, on the other hand, it is usually Example: necessary to be specific and to refer to the x transverse pitch, p,, and the transverse pressure aia) (43-6) angle, 6, in order not to leave any doubt as to 254 whether values are being given for the transverse fe * (Eq 36M) lane or normal plane. Table 2-2 Symbols Symbols Terms Symbols ‘Terms A one distance center distance A; inner cone distance ¢ clearance Am mean cone distance D reference standard pitch diameter A, outer cone distance Dp base diameter (of an involute ea") @ addendum Dz datum circle 2, chordal addendum D; —_ internal diameter @j¢ ‘normal chordal addendum Dy outside diameter B backlash Dp root diameter 6 dedendum 4; throat diamter ANSIAGMA “4 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1012 MM 0687575 0000833 597 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-2 (cont) e Symbols Symbols Terms Symbols Terms dy operating pitch diameer 1 throat-form radius E olfset of axes rp Sp oF edge radius of too! F face width ' circular tooth thickness & effective or active face width is base circular thickness Fr, total face width te chordal thickness ny working depth "n normal circular thickness A, whole depth (tooth depth) tne normal chordal thickness L Jead ty tooth thickness tolerance m module t transverse circular thickness m, contact ratio. ty axial thickness mp face contac rata} Vap ‘etal accumulated pitch vari Mg ear ratio Ypk total accumulated pitch variation, m, normal module within a sector of k pitches m, modified contact ratio. Veg total composite variation my transverse contact ratio y (Gouble flank) mal conse ao cg sl composts tolerance e Ny numbers of teeth or threads » aaa N, equivalent number of teeth pa owable ph rriacon fq diametral pitch (transverse) Yon Porm pitch variation P normal diametral pitch nd " Yq tooth-to-tooth composite variation ? circular pitch (ouble flank) Py ‘base pitch Yer —_tooth-to-tooth composite tolerance Pm true position pitch (double flank) 2, ‘normal circular pitch % radial runout Perma bse pitch Yop ——_all runout tolerance » transverse circular pitch V5 spacing variation, Py asa pitch Vy index variation Px axial base pitch V4 Profile variation @ Quality Number Ver Profile tolerance om are of approach vw tooth alignment variation Gp face advance Vyp tooth alignment tolerance G, arc of recess z length of action 2, are of action « addendum angle R, west radius r pitch angle e 5 fille radius, when constant Tz Foot angle ANSIAGMA 18 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1032 MM 0687575 0000832 423 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Table 2-2 (cont) Symbols Symbols Terms Symbols Terms Ty face tip angle ° pressure angle 8 dedendum angle 4, normal pressure angle shaft angle 4 transverse pressure angle « involute roll angle 4, axial pressure angle ° involute polar angle ¥ helix angle, spiral angle ey angular pitch % base helix angle » lead angle % spiral angle at inner cone distance My base lead angle %q ital angle at mean cone distance Ay ouside lead angle % outside helix, outer spiral angle A, pitch lead angle % pitch helix angle ° profile radius of curvature Subseripts: 1, 2, 3 vn for features of gears in a gear train P for features on a pinion 4 Allowable Variation r Tolerance G for features on a gear ‘ transverse plane t 2 variable w for features on a worm a normal plane 2.2.2 Typography. In accordance with the usual practice in published text, leter symbols, letter superscripts, and eter subscripts, whether upper or lower case, should be printed in italic type. An exception is Greek capital letters, which are always vertical. In manuscripts, italics are indi cated by underlining each symbol to be italicized. ‘Numbers appearing as coefficients, subscripts, superscripts, or exponents should be printed in vertical Arabic numerals. Letter abbreviations should always be printed vertical and are not rec- ‘ommended for use in formulas. Trigonometric funetions should be printed in lower-case vertical type. Standard mathematical notation should be followe "See trade name references in Appendix B. ANSIAGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 16 To avoid confusion in reading symbols, and particularly superscripts and subscripts, it is important to select type faces that have itallc forms and that make a clear distinction between upper and lower case serifs are recommended. For this reason type faces with 2.3 Trade Names. The use of trade names, through consistent application for a given type of ear geometry, often become accepted as com- ‘mon nomenclature: Some terms, such as Zerol®, have gained acceptance as being descriptive of a ear type. All trade names have not gained accepted usage.* However, whenever used they should have a registered tradmark symbol, ©. 1012-F90AGMA 1012 MM OL87575 0000833 3bT mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3. GEOMETRIC DEFINITIONS ‘There is an old Chinese proverb that states The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their right names, Unfortunately, gearing. terms and meanings vary in different offices, shops, textbooks, and even among gear authorities. Consequently, careful judgment was required in selecting terms and writing definitions for this nomenclature, To obtain related continuity, the terms have been grouped in what may be called a textbook arrangement in preference to alphabetical order. ‘Many of the definitions have been written in a way that makes them depend on one another, as a logical series. This arrangement leads to a more ‘comprehensive understanding of the concepts and geometrical relations. It is efficient in thinking and requires fewer words than if each definition were ‘complete in itself. 3.1 General Designations. 3.1.41 Gears. Gears are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth (see Fig 3-1). BAR (WHEEL) RACK Fig 3-1 Gears 3.1.2 A Gear (Wheel) is a machine part with gear teeth. Of two gears that run together, the fone with the larger number of teeth is called the gear. (Wheel per ISO 1122/1) (see Fig 3-1). ANSUAGMA. 17 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 3.1.3. A Pinion is a machine part with gear teeth. Of two gears that run together, the one with the smaller number of teeth is called the pinion (see Fig 3-1), 3.1.4 A Rack is a gear with teeth spaced along a straight line, and suitable for straight-line motion. It can be regarded as part of a gear of infinitely large diameter (see Fig 3-1). 3.1.5 Basic Rack. For every pair of conju- sate involute profiles, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. The simplest way to define a conjugate gear-tooth system is to specify its basic rack (see Fig 3-2). PROFILE ANGLE LTPP Fig 3-2 Basic Rack in Normal Plane 3.1.6 A Generating Rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a required generating tool, such as a hob of a gear-shaper cutter. 3.1.7 A Worm is a gear with one or more teeth in the form of screw threads (see Fig 3-3 CYIIIK Kh Fig 3-3 Worm 3.2 Kinds of Gears. 3.2.1 A Spur Gear has a cylindrical pitch surface and teeth that are parallel to the axis (see Fig 344) 1012-F90AGHA 3032 MM 0687575 0000834 2Tb m/ AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.2.2 A Spur Rack has a plane pitch surface ‘one of the members is an internal gear, the helices rai colea era cer pus ae ateer ae cress) e direction of motion (see Fig 3-4) Fig 3-6 Parallel Helical Gears 3.2.6 Crossed Axis Gears are gears which ‘operate on crossed axes. Fig 3-4 Spur Gears ‘The term crossed helical gears has superseded 3.2.3 A Helical Gear has a cylindrical pitch the old term spiral gears. There is theoretically surface and teeth that are helical (see Fig 3-5). point comtact between the teeth at any instant. ‘They have teeth of the same or different helix angles, of the same or opposite hand, or the combination of spur and helical or other types can ‘operate on crossed axes (see Fig 3-7). Fig 3-7 Crossed Helical Gears Fig 3-5 Helical Gear 3.2.7. Single-Helleal Gears have teeth of 3.2.4 A Helical Rack has a plane pitch only one hand on each gear (one Fig 3-8). Sree Gar ae 3.2.8 Double-Helical Gears have teeth of both right-hand and left-hand on each gear. The 3.28 Parallel Axis Gears. Gears which teeth are separted by a gap between the helices ‘operate on parallel axes. External helical gears on ‘Where there is no gap, they are known as @ parallel axes have helices of oppodie hands. If herringbone (see Fi 38) ANSUAGMA, 18 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1012 M™ Ob87575 0000835 132 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols ‘GEARS Fig 3-8 Single & Double Helical 3.2.8.1 Herringbone Gears have teeth of both right-hand and left-hand on each gear. The teeth are continuous without a gap between the helices (see Fig 3-8) 3.2.9 Wormgearing includes worms and their mating gears. The axes are usually at right angles (see Fig 3-9). CYLINDRICAL ENVELOPING (CYLINDRICAL ‘WORMGEAR Geon-enveloping) 'WORMOBAR Fig 3-9 Wormgearing 3.2.10 A Wormgear (Wormwheel) is the mate to a worm. A wormgear that is completely conjugate to its worm has line contact and is said to be enveloping (see Fig 3-9). It is usually cut by a tool that is geometrically similar to the worm. ANSI/AGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 19 ‘An involute spur gear or helical gear used with a cylindrical worm has only point contact, 3.2.11 A Cylindrical Worm has one or more teeth in the form of screw threads on a cylinder (see Fig 3-3 and Fig 3-9). 3.2.12 An Enveloping (Hourglass) Worm thas one or more teeth and increases in diameter from its middle portion toward both ends, conforming to the curvature of the gear (Gee Fig 3-10) Fig 3-10 Double-Enveloping ‘Wormgearing 3.2.13 Double-Eaveloping Wormgearing comprises of enveloping (hourglass) worms mated with flly enveloping wormgears (see Fig 3-10). 3.2.14 Bevel Gears have conical pitch surfaces and operate on intersecting axes which are usualy at right angles (see Fig 3-11), 3.2.18 Miter Gears are mating bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and with axes at right, angle (Gee Fig 3-11). 3.2.16 Angular Bovel Gears are bevel gears Jn which the axes are not at right angles (Gee Fig, 3-12). 3.2.17 A Crown Gear is a bevel gear with a plane pitch surface. The crown gears analogous to the basic rack in spur gears (See Fig 3-13) 3.218 Straight Bevel Gears have straight tooth elements, which if extended, would pass ‘through the point of intersection of thei axes (see Fig 3-14). 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 COO0S3b 079 am AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols are curved but in the same general direction as straight teeth. They are spiral bevel gears of zero spiral angle (see Fig 3-15). 3.2.20 Zerol® Bevel Gears have teeth that e STRAIGHT BEVEL SKEW BEVEL, ‘GEARS. GEARS Fig 3-14 Straight Bevel 3.2.21 Formate® Bevel Gears are bevel gears in which the gear member of the pair has rongenerated teeth, usually with straight tooth profiles, and in which the pinion member of the pair has generated teeth that are conjugate to the ‘mating gear. Fig 3-11 Bevel Gears SHAFT ANGLE GREATER OR LESS THAN 90" ‘SPIRAL BEVEL, ZEROL BEVEL, ‘GEARS. GEARS. Fig 3-15 Spiral Bevel & Zerol® 3.2.22 Skew Bevel Gears are those for which the corresponding crown gear has teeth that are straight and oblique (see Fig 3-14). 3.2.23 Hypoid Gears are similar in general form to bevel gears, but operate on non-intersecting axes (See Fig 3-16). Practically all hypoid gears have spiral teeth that are curved and oblique. The axes may be at right angles or otherwise. The tooth surfaces of a hypoid gear and pinion are both cut or generated by the same or similar tools. In non~generated hypoid gears - like For- Fig 3-13 Crown Gear 3.2.19 Spiral Bevel Gears have teeth that —_mate® bevel gears - the teeth of the gears are are curved and oblique (see Fig 3-15). non-generated. ANSUAGMA 20 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1012 m™ 0687575 0000837 TOS mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Fig 3-16 Hypoid Gears 3.2.24 Other Trade Name Gears include Spheroid, and It is beyond the scope of this Standard to define all trade name kinds of gears (see Ap- pendix B), 3.3. Tooth Orientation. 3.3.1 Face Gears consist of a spur or helical i tion with a conjugate gear of either intersecting or non~intersecting (see Fig 3-17), Fig 3-17 Face Gears 3.3.2. An External Gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone (see Fig 3-18). 3.3.3 An Internal Gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner surface of a cylinder or cone (see Fig 3-18) ‘An internal gear can be meshed only with an external pinion, ANSU/AGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 a EXTERNAL GEAR INTERNAL GEAR INTERNAL BEVEL GEAR Fig 3-18 External and Internal Gears 3.3.4 A Right-Hand Helical Gear or Right-Hand Worm is one in which the teeth twist clockwise as they recede from an observer looking along the axis (see Fig 3-19). ‘The designations, right hand and left hand, are the same as in the long-established practice for sczew threads, both external and internal ‘Two external helical gears operating on parallel axes must be of opposite hand. An internal helical gear and its pinion must be of the same hand. RIGHT-HANI HELICAL ‘GEAR ‘RIGHT-HAND. WORM LEFT-HAND WORM Fig 3-19 Helical and Worm Hand 3.3.5 A Left-Hand Helical Gear or Left- Hand Worm is one in which the teeth twist counterclockwise as they recede from an observer ooking along the axis (see Fig 3-19) 3.6 A Right-Hand Spiral Bevel Gear is cone in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the clockwise direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM Ob87575 0000838 94) mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols observer looking at the face of the gear (see Fig 3-20). Fig 3-20 Spiral Bevel Hand 3.3.7 A Left-Hand Spiral Bevel Gear is ‘one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the counterclockwise direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear (see Fig 3-20). A spiral bevel gear and pinion are always of ‘opposite hand, including the case when the gear is. internal. ‘The designations right-hand and left-hand are applied similarly to spiral bevel gears, Zerol® bevel gears, skew bevel gears, hypoid gears, and oblique-tooth face gears (see Fig 3-21). RIGHT-HAND Fig 3-21 Zerol® Hand In hypold-gear design, the pinion and gear are practically always of opposite hand, and the spiral angle of the pinion is usually larger than that ANSI/AGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 of the gear. The hypoid pinion is then larger in diameter than an equivalent bevel pinion. 3.4 Pitch Surfaces. ‘The pitch surface definitions are for gears having their ratio of angular velocities constant, and axes either parallel or intersecting - and, therefore, do not include crossed helical gears, wormgearing, hypoid gears, or offset face gears. 3.4.1 Pitch Surfaces are the imaginary planes, cylinders, or cones that roll together with- ‘out slipping. For a constant-velocity ratio, the pitch cylinders and pitch cones are circular (see Fig 3-22, 3-29 and 3-20, “ON x46 ofhSas EN JK rrrcn PLANE. 7 Fig 3-22 Pitch Surfaces 3.4.2 A Pitch Plane of a rack or in a crown gear is the imaginary surface that rolls without slipping with a pitch cylinder or pitch cone of another gear (Gee Fig 3-24). For a Pitch Plane of other gears, ee 3.6.2. a i \. \ \ jj co + Se ee Fig 3-23 Pitch Cones C 1012-F90AGMA 1012 MM 0687575 0000839 885 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.4.3 A Pitch Cylinder is the imaginary cylinder in a spur or helical gear that rolls without slipping on a pitch plane or pitch cylinder of another gear (see Fig 3~22). 3.4.4 A Pitch Cone is the imaginary cone in a bevel gear that rolls without slipping on a pitch surface of another gear (see Fig 3-23). <— a LA a Be a te Sc ) NAO ee PITCH PLANE OF ‘CROWN GEAR PITCH PLANE OF RACK Fig 3-24 Pitch Planes 3.5 Boundary Surfaces. 3.8.1. The Outside (Tip) Cylinder is the surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an external cylindrical gear (see Fig 3-25). OUTSIDE CYLINDER, eo if . Wy \ yy! seorenme S> 2T) Fig 3-25 Cylindrical Surfaces 3.5.2 The Inside Cylinder is the surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an internal cylindrical gear (see Fig 3-54). 3.5.3 The Root Cylinder is the imaginary surface that coincides with the the bottoms of the tooth spaces in a cylindrical gear (see Fig 3-25). 3.8.4 The Face (Tip) Cone is the imaginary surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of a bevel or hypoid gear (see Fig 3-26). ~ ANSI/AGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 23 3.8.5 The Root Cone is the imaginary surface that coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces in a bevel or hypoid gear (see Fig 3-26). ‘CROWN CIRCLE Fig 3-26 Conical Surfaces 3.5.6 The Back Cone of a bevel or hypoid gear is an imaginary cone tangent to the outer ends of the teeth, with its elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. The surface of the gear lank at the outer ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a back cone (see Fig 3-26). 3.8.7. The Front Cone of a bevel or hypoid gear is an imaginary cone tangent to the inner ends of the teeth, with its elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. The surface of the gear blank at the inner ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a front cone, but sometimes may be a plane on a pinion or @ cylinder in a nearly flat gear (see Fig 3-26). 3.5.8 The Crown Circle in a bevel or hypoid gear is the circle of intersection of the back cone and face cone (see Fig 3-26). 3.6 Principal Planes. 3.6.1 An Axial Plane may be any plane containing the gear axis and a given point (see Fig 3-27). 3.6.1.1 The Plane of Axes of a pair of sears is the plane that contains the two axes. 3.6.2 ‘The Pitch Plane of a pair of gears is the plane perpendicular to the axial plane and tangent to the pitch surfaces. A pitch plane in an individual gear may be any plane tangent 10 its pitch surface. "The pitch plane of a rack or crown 1012-F90AGMA 1012 MM 0687575 OOOO84O STT mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols gear is the pitch surface (see Fig 3-27 and Paragraph 3.4.2) LS wae AL Sd | CYLINDER, ‘PLANE OF ‘AXES. Fig 3-27 Principal Reference Planes 3.6.3 A Plane of Rotation is any plane perpendicular to a gear axis (see Fig 3-28). 3.6.4 A Transverse Plane is perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch plane. In gears with parallel axes, the transverse plane and plane of rotation coincide (see Figs 3-27 and 3-28). UNE NORMAL TO. TOOTH SURFACE IN NORMAL PLANE ANSI/AGMA Fig 3-29 Planes at a Pitch Point on a Helical Tooth 3.6.5 A Tangent Plane is tangent to the tooth surfaces at a point or line contact (see Fig 3439), BEVEL ‘GEAR PLANE OF ROTATION TRANSVERSE: PLANE Fig 3-28 Planes of Rotation 3.6.6 A Normal Plane is normal to a tooth surface at a pitch point, and perpendicular to the pitch plane. In a helical rack, a normal plane is normal to all the teeth it intersects. In a helical sear, however, a plane can be normal to only one tooth at a point Tying in the plane surface. At such a point, the normal plane contains the line normal to the tooth surface and is normal to the pitch surface (see Fig 3-29). ‘TRANSVERSE PLANES, 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 3032 MM OL87575 QOO084L 436 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Important positions of a normal plane in tooth ‘measurement and tool design of helical teeth and worm threads are: (1) the plane normal to the pitch helix at side of tooth, (2) the plane normal to the pitch helix at center of tooth (3) the plane normal to the pitch helix at center of space between two teeth In a spiral bevel gear, one of the positions of a normal plane is at a mean point and the plane is normal to the tooth trace. 3.6.7. The Central Plane of a wormgear is perpendicular to the gear axis and contains the common perpendicular of the gear and worm axes. In the usual case with axes at right angles, it contains the worm axis (see Fig 3-30). 3.7 Principal Directions. ‘These are directions in the pitch plane, and correspond to the principal cross sections of a tooth. 3.7.1 The Axial Direction is a direction parallel to an axis (see Fig 3-31). 3.7.2 The Transverse Direction is the direction of the intersection of a transverse plane (cee Fig 3-31), ANSVAGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 3.7.3 The Normal Direction is the direction of the intersection of a normal plane (see Fig 3-31). ‘TRANSVERSE DIRECTION é NORMAL DIRECTION frn / AxAL DIRECTION DIRECTION OF TOOTH 2 Fig 3-31 Principal Directions 3.8 Elements of Gear Teeth. 3.8.1 The Tooth Surface (Flank) forms the side of a gear tooth (see Fig 3-32) 3.8.2 A Profile is one side of a tooth in a ‘cross section between the outside circle and the root circle. Usually a profile is the curve of Intersection of a tooth surface and a plane or surface normal to the pitch surface, such as the transverse, normal, or axial plane (see Fig 3-32). 3.8.3. The Fillet Curve (Root Fillet) is the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins the bottom of the tooth space (see Fig 3-32) PROFILE mr Roor FILLET CURVE TooTH SURFACE Fig 3-32. Profile (Spur Gear) 3.8.4 Involute Teeth of spur gears, helical gears, and worms are those in which the profile in a transverse plane (exclusive of the fillet curve) is the involute of a circle (see Fig 3-33) 25 1012-F90AGMA 1012 MM 0687575 ODO0a42 372 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.8.5 The Base Circle is the circle from which involute tooth profiles are derived (see Figs 3-33 and 3-38). 3.8.5.1 In Cone® (double-enveloping) wormgearing, the term base circle is also used. The base circle is tangent to straight-line extensions of the worm tooth profiles in the central plane of the wormgear. Fig 3-33 Involute Teeth 3.8.6 The Base Cylinder corresponds to the base circle, and is the cylinder from which involute tooth surfaces are developed (see Fig 3-34), HELICAL Fig 3-34 Base Cylinder 3.8.7 A Pitch Circle (operating) is the curve of intersection of a pitch surface of revolution and a plane of rotation. According to theory, itis the imaginary circle that rolls without slipping with a Pitch circle of a mating gear (see Fig 3-35). ANSI/AGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 26 3.8.8 The Pitch Line corresponds, in the ‘cross section of a rack, to the pitch circle (operating) in the cross section of a gear (see Fig 3-35). 3.8.9. A Gear Center is the center of the pitch circle (see Fig 3-35). 3.8.10 The Line of Centers connects the centers of the pitch circles of two engaging gears; itis also the common perpendicular of the axes in crossed helical gears and wormgears. When one of the gears Is a rack, the line of centers is perpendicular to its pitch line (see Fig 3-35), 3.8.11 The Pitch Point is the point of tangency of two pitch circles (or of a pitch circle and pitch line) and is on the line of centers (see ig 3-35). LINE OF CENTERS. Ke \ PITCH POINT (GEAR CENTER PITCH CIRCLE. PITCH LINE Fig 3-35 Pitch Circles and Line 3.8.12 The Addendum Circle coincides with the tops of the teeth and is concentric with the standard (reference) pitch circle and radially distant from it by the amount of the addendum (Gee Fig 3-36 and 3-52). 3.8.13 The Root Circle coincides with the bbowoms of the tooth spaces (see Figs 3-36 and 3-54). ADDENDUM CIRCLE Zioor cincié Fig 3-36 Root Circle 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM™ 0687575 0000843 205 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.8.14 A Point of Contact is any point at which two tooth profiles touch each other (see Fig 3-37) POINT OF CONTACT PATH OF ACTION Fig 3-37 Path of Action 3.8.15 The Path of Action is the locus of successive contact points between a pair of gear teeth, during the phase of engagement. For ‘conjugate gear teeth, the path of action passes through the pitch point. It is the trace of the surface of action in the plane of rotation (see Figs, 3-37 and 3-40) 3.8.16 The Line of Action is the path of action for involute gears. It is the straight line passing through the pitch point and tangent to both base circles (see Fig 3-38), TN BASE CIRCLE, LINE OF ACTION Fig 3-38 Line of Action ANSVAGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 27 3.8.17 A Line of Contact is the line or curve along which two tooth surfaces are tangent to each other. (see Figs 3-39 and 3-40) LP) gE” TANOENT PLAN 6 HELICAL LINE OF CONTACT, SPUR LINE OF CONTACT Fig 3-39 Line of Contact 3.8.18 The Surface of Action is the imaginary surface in which contact occurs between two engaging tooth surfaces. It is the summation of the paths of action in all sections of the engaging teeth. 3.8.19 ‘The Plane of Action is the surface of action for involute, parallel-axis gears with either spur or helical teeth. It is tangent to the base cylinders (see \ | oS BASE CYLINDER Fig 3-40 Plane of Action 1012-F90AGHA L0L2 WM Ob87575 COO0844 14s mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols involute, parallel-axis gears with either spur or helical teeth, {s the rectangular area in the plane of action bounded by the length of action and the face width (see Fig 3-41). 3.8.20 Zone of Action (Contact Zone) for | | Fig 3-41 Zone of Action 3.8.21 ‘The Path of Contact is the curve on either tooth surface along which theoretical single point contact occurs during the engagement of ‘gears with crowned tooth surfaces or gears that normally engage with only single point contact (Gee Fig 3-42). LINES OF CONTACT POINTS OF CONTACT (AFTER SURFACE &5 CROWNED) Fig 3-42 Lines of Contact (helical gear) ANSI/AGMA 3.8.22 The Pitch Helix is the intersection of the tooth surface and the pitch cylinder of a hhelical gear or cylindrical worm (see Fig 3~43). 3.8.23 The Base Helix of a helical, involute gear or involute worm lies on its base cylinder (see Fig 3-43). ‘OUTSIDE HELIX SS _— STRATOUT UNE ELEMENT ‘OF BASE CYLI INDER BASE HELIX BASE CIRCLE Fig 3-43 Tooth Helix 3.8.24 A Normal Helix is a helix on the pitch cylinder, normal to the pitch helix (see Fig 3-44). 3.8.28 The Outside (Tip) Helix is the intersection of the tooth surface and the outside cylinder of a helical gear or cylindrical worm (see Fig 3-43). PITCH HELIX Fig 3-44 Normal Helix 3.8.26 The Heel of a tooth on a bevel gear ‘or pinion is the portion of the tooth surface near its outer end (see Fig 3-45). 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1022 M™ Ob87575 COO084S 081 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.8.27 The Toe of a tooth on a bevel gear or pinion is the portion of the tooth surface near its inner end (see Fig 3-45). HEEL, BEVEL GEAR Sy Fig 3-45 Heel and Toe 3.9 Linear and Circular Dimensions. 3.9.1 Center Distance (operating), C, is the shortest distance between non- intersecting axes: It is measured along the mutual perpendicular to the axes, called the line of centers. It applies to spur gears, parallel-axis or crossed-axis helical gears, and wormgearing (see Fig 3-46). ‘CENTER DISTANCE Fig 3-46 Center Distance 3.9.2 Offset, E, is the perpendicular distance between the axes of hypoid gears or offset face gears (sce Figs 3-16, 3-17 and 3-47). In Fig 3-47, for hypoid gears, (a) and (b) are referred to as having an offset below cenver, while those in (c) and (4) have an offset above center. In determining the direction of offset, it is ‘customary to look at the gear with the pinion at the right. For below center ollset the pinion has a left hand spiral, and for above center offset the pinion has a right hand spiral ANSUAGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 29 HyPOID GEARS Fig 3-47 Offset 3.9.3. Pitch is the distance between a point (on one tooth and the corresponding point on an acent tooth. It is a dimension measured along line or curve in the transverse, normal, ot axial directions. The use of the single ‘word “pitch” without qualification may be confusing, and for this reason specific designations are preferred, e.g, transverse circular pitch, normal base pitch, axial pitch (see Fig 3-48) 3.9.4 Circular Pitch, p, is the are distance along the pitch circle or pitch line between corresponding profiles of adjacent teeth (see Fig 3-48) Pirch CIRCULAR PITCH Fig 3-48 Pitch 3.9.5 Transverse Circular Pitch, p, , is the circular pitch in the transverse plane (see Fig 3-49), 3.9.6 Normal Circular Pitch, pq, is the circular pitch in the normal plane, and’ also the length of the arc along the normal pitch helix between helical teeth or threads (see Fig 3-49). 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 OOODS4E TLS mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Fig 3-49 Tooth Pitch 3.9.7. Axial Pitch, p, is linear pitch in an axial plane and in a pitch surface. In helical gears ‘and worms, axial pitch has the same value at all diameters. In gearing of other types, axial pitch ‘may be confined to the pitch surface and may be a circular measurement (see Fig 3-49). ‘The term axial pitch is preferred to the term linear pitch. The axial pitch of a helical worm and the circular pitch of its wormgear are the same. 3.9.8 Base Pitch, p, , in an involute gear is the pitch on the base circle or along the line of action. Corresponding sides of involute gear teeth are parallel curves, and the base pitch is the constant and fundamental distance between them along 2 common normal in a plane of rotation, transverse plane (see Figs 3-50 and 3-51). CicLe BASE TANGENT Fig 3-80 Principal Pitches 3.9.9 Normal Base Pitch, py, in an involute helical gear is the base pitch in the normal plane. It is the normal distance between parallel helical involute surfaces on the plane of action in ANSUAGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 30 ‘the normal plane, or is the length of are on the normal base helix. Itis a constant distance in any helical involute gear (see Fig 3-51). 3.9.10 Axial Base Pitch, py, is the base pitch of helical involute tooth surfaces in an axial plane (see Fig 3-51). BASE. PITCH axtg NORMAL BASE. PITCH ‘AXIAL BASE. PITCH Fig 3-51 Base Pitch Relationships 3.9.11 Addendum, a, is the height by which 4 tooth projects beyond (outside for external, or inside for internal) the standard pitch circle or pitch line: als, the radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle (see Fig 3-82). 3.9.12 Dedendum, b, is the depth of a tooth space below the standard (reference) pitch circle or pitch line; also, the radial distance between the pitch circle and the root circle (See Fig 3-52). Fig 3-52 Principal Dimensions 1012-F90AGMA L012 M™ Ob87575 OUDD8K7 954 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.9.13 Clearance, c, is the distance between the root circle of a gear and the addendum circle Of its mate (see Fig 3-52), 3.9.14 Working Depth, Ag, is the depth of ‘engagement of two gears, that is, the sum of their operating addendums (see Fig 3-52). 3.9.18 Whole Depth, A, (Tooth Depth) is the total depth of a tooth space, equal to addendum plus dedendum, also equal to working depth plus clearance (see Fig 3-52), 3.9.16 Pitch Diameter is the diameter of Pitch circle (see Fig 3-53). Fig 3-53 Diameters, External Gears 3.9.16.1 Operating Pitch Diameters, dp and dg, are the pitch diameters determined from. the numbers of teeth and the center distance at which gears operate. Example for pinion: (Eq 3.1) 3.9.17 Standard (Reference) Pitch Circle. ‘The circle which intersects the involute at the Point where the pressure angle is equal to the profile angle of the basic rack, 3.9.18 The Standard Pitch Diameter, D, is the diameter of the standard pitch circle, See also ANSI/AGMA Cony by he Artie Ger Unfors Ascncn Sia Sep oF 2084 88 En 3.9.1. In spur and helical gears, unless otherwise specified, the standard pitch diameter is related to the number of teeth and the standard transverse pitch. It is obtained as: aan a 2 z 432) De Nm 4 3.2m) ae (43.3) 3.9.18.1 A bevel gear pitch dlameter is ‘understood to be at the outer ends of the teeth unless otherwise specified. 3.9.18.2 Outside Diameter, D,, is the diameter of the addendum (outside) citcle (see Fig 3-53). In a bevel gear itis the diameter of the ‘crown circle (see Fig 3-26). In a throated wormgear it is the maximum diameter of the ‘lank (see Fig 3-55). The term applies to external gears (for internal gears, see 3.9.19). 3.9.18.3 Root Diameter, Dp is the ameter of the root circle (see Figs 3-53 and 3-54) 3.9.19 Internal Diameter, D,, is the diameter of the addendum circle of an internal gear (see Fig 3-54). INTERNAL XQ DIAMETER YS. ‘ADDENDUM, CIRCLE Fig 3-54 Diameters, Internal Gear 1012-F90AGMA 3032 MM 0687575 0000848 890 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.9.20 Throat Diameter, ¢, , is the diameter of the addendum circle at the central plane of ‘a wormgear or of a. double-enveloping wormgear (Gee Fig 3-55). ‘ouTSIDE DIAMETER Fig 3-55 Wormgear Diameters 3.9.21 Throat-form Radius, r,, is the radius of the throat surface of an enveloping wormgear or of a double-enveloping worm, in an axial plane (see Fig 3-55). 3.9.22 Base Diameter, D,, is the diameter ‘of the base circle of an involute gear (see Fig 3-56). Fig 3-56 Base Diameter ANSI/AGMA 3.9.23 Cone® Gear Base Diameter, is the diameter of the base circle in a Cone® double-enveloping wormgear. 3.9.24 Circular Thickness, ¢, is the length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth, on the specified datum circle (see Fig 3-57). THICKNESS Fig 3-57 Tooth Thickness 3.9.25 ‘Transverse Circular Thickness, ty, is the circular thickness in the transverse plane (Gee Figs 3-58 and 3-59). 3.9.26 Normal Circular Thickness, ¢,, . is the circular thickness in the normal plane. “In a helical gear it may be considered as the length of are along @ normal helix (see Fig 3-58). 3.9.27 Axial Thickness, f,, in helical gears ‘and worms is the tooth thickness in an axial cross section at the pitch line (see Fig 3-58). NORMAL CIRCULAR THICKNESS AXIAL THICKNESS "TRANSVERSE CIRCULAR ‘TRANSVERSE CIRCULAR | "THICKNESS. SPIRAL CROWN GEAR TOOTH SECTIONS IN PITCH SURFACES ig 3-58 Thickness Relationships 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 M™ 0b87575 0000849 727 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.9.28 Base Circular Thickness, ¢,, in involute teeth is the length of arc on the base circle Detween the two involute curves forming the profile of a tooth (see Fig 3-$9). Fig 3-59 Chordal Thickness 3.9.29 Chordal Thickness, t,, is the length of chord subtending a circular-thickiness are. Any convenient measuring diameter may be selected, not necessarily the pitch diameter (see Fig 3-59). 3.9.30 Normal Chordal Thickness, f,,. is the chordal thickness in the plane normal to the pitch helix of the tooth trace at the center of the tooth. Any convenient measuring diameter may be selected, not necessarily the pitch diameter (see Fig 3-57). 3.9.31 Chordal Addendum —(Chordal Height), a_, is the height from the top of the tooth to the chord subtending the circular-thick- ‘ness are. Any convenient measuring diameter may be selected, not necessarily the pitch diameter (see Fig 3-59). 3.9.32 Normal Chordal Addendum, an. is the chordal addendum in the plane normal to the pitch helix at the center of the tooth. Any ‘convenient measuring diameter may be selected, not necessarily the pitch diameter. 3.9.33 Backlash, B, is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the operating pitch circles (see Fig 3-60). As actually indicated by measuring devices, backlash may be determined variously in the transverse, normal, or axial planes, and either in the direction of the pitch circles, or on the line of ANSI/AGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 action. Such measurements may be converted to corresponding values on transverse pitch circles for general comparisons. OPERATING FITCH CIRCLES BACKLASH, (Eaneverse" Operating) Fig 3-60 Backlash 3.9.34 Face Width, F, is the length of teeth in an axial plane (see Fig 3-61). 3.9.35 Effective Face Width, F,. is the portion that may actually come into contact with ‘mating teeth, as occasionally one member of a Pair of gears may have a greater face width than the other (see Fig 3-61). 3.9.36 Total Face Width, F, , is the actual dimension of a gear blank including the portion that exceeds the effective face width, or as in double-helical gears where the total face width includes any distance or gap separating right-hand and left-hand helices (see Fig 3-61). FACE WIDTH TOTAL FACE WIDTH = [EFFECTIVE FACE WIDTH Fig 3-61 Face Width 3.9.37 Cone Distance, A, in a bevel gear is the general term for the distance along an element of the pitch cone from the apex to any given position in the teeth (see Fig 3-62) 3 1012-F90AGMA 3022 MM 0687575 0000850 445 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.9.38 Outer Cone Distance, A, . in bevel ee gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch ‘ACTION cone to the outer ends of the teeth. When not otherwise specified, the short term cone distance 4s assumed to be outer cone distance. It is customary to give the diametral pitch, tooth thickness, addendum, and dedendum in bevel gears at the outer cone distance (see Fig 3-62) LINE OF ‘ACTION 3.9.39 Mean Cone Distance, Ap, in bevel gears isthe distance from the apex the pitch cone to the middle of the face width (see Fig 3-62). Fig 3-62 Cone Distance 3.9.40 Inner Cone Distance, A; , in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch ccone to the inner ends of the teeth, where dimensions for allowable widths of tools and cutters are determined (see Fig 3-62) 3.9.41 Length of Action, Z, is the distance ‘on an involute line of action through which the point of contact moves during the action of the tooth profile (see Fig 3-63). 3.9.42 Face Advance, Qj, is the distance on a pitch circle through which a helical or spiral tooth moves from the position at which contact begins at one end of the tooth trace on the pitch surface to the position where contact ceases at the }— AXIS : other end (see Fig 3-64). 3.9.43 Lead, L, is the axial advance of a helix for one complete turn, as in the threads of cylindrical worms and the teeth of helical gears ee (see Fig 3-65). “0p Lapxn (&q 3-4) Fig 3-65 Lead @ Fig 3-64 Face Advance CYLINDER HELIX ANSU/AGMA, 4 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 2012 MM Ob87S75 000085) 385 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.10 Angular Dimensions. 3.10.1 Pressure Angle, 6, is in general the angle ata pitch point between the line of pressure which is normal to the tooth surface, and the plane tangent to the pitch surface. The pressure angle gives the direction of the normal to the tooth profile (see Fig 3-66). The pressure angle is equal to the profile angle at the standard pitch circle and can be termed the “standard” pressure angle at that point. PROFILE "ANGLE PRESSURE ‘ANOLE Fig 3-66 Pressure and Profile Angles 3.10.1.1 The Operating Pressure Angle is determined by the base circles of two gears and the center distance at which the gears operate. Various other pressure angles may be considered in gear calculations, 3.10.2. Profile Angle is in general the angle at a specified pitch point between a line tangent to tooth surface and the line normal to the pitch surface (which is a radial line of a pitch circle). ‘This definition is applicable to every type of gear for which a pitch surface can be defined. ‘The profile angle gives the direction of the tangent to a tooth profile (see Fig 3-66). In spur gears and straight bevel gears, tooth profiles are considered only in a transverse plane, and the general terms profile angle and pressure angle are customarily used rather than transverse ANSI/AGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 3s profile angle and transverse pressure angle. In helical teeth, the profiles may be considered in ifferent planes, and in specifications itis essential to use terms that indicate the direction of the plane in which the profile angle or the pressure angle lies, such as transverse profile angle, normal Pressure angle, axial profile angle. 3.10.3 Standard Profile Angles are established in connection with standard proportions of gear teeth and standard gear-cutting tools. Involute gears operate together correctly after & change of center distance, and gears designed for @ changed center distance can be generated ‘correctly by standard tools. A change of center distance is accomplished by changes in operating values for pitch diameter, circular pitch, diametral pitch, pressure angle, and tooth thicknesses or backlash. ‘The same involute gear may be used under conditions that change its operating pitch diameter and pressure angle. Unless there is @ good reason for doing otherwise, it is practical to ‘consider that the pitch and the profile angle of a single gear correspond to the pitch and the profile angle of the hob or cutter used to generate its teeth. In tools and gages for cutting, grinding, and gaging gear teeth, the profile angle is the angle between a cutting edge or a cutting surface, and some principal direction such as that of a shank, an axis, or a plane of rotation (see Fig 3-67) PROFILE Fig 3-67 Standard Profile Angle 1012-F90AGMA 1012 MM 0687575 GOODSS2 21) mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.10.4 ‘Transverse Pressure Angle and ‘Transverse Profile Angle, , are the pressure angle and the profile angle in'a transverse plane (eee Fig 3-68). 3.10.5 Normal Pressure Angle and Normal Profile Angle, ¢,,, are the pressure and profile angle in a normal plane of a helical or a spiral tooth. In a spiral bevel gear. unless otherwise specified, profile angle means normal profile angle at the mean cone distance (see Fig 3-68). TRANSVERSE Fig 3-68 Profile Angles 3.10.6 Axial Pressure Angle and Axial Profile Angle, 6,,, are the pressure angle and the profile angle in af axial plane of a helical gear or ‘a worm, oF of a spiral bevel gear (see Fig 3-68). 3.10.7 Helix Angle, y, is the angle between any helix and an element of its cylinder. In helical gears and worms, it is at the standard pitch circle unless otherwise specified (see 3.9.8 and Fig 3-69). Fig 3-69 Helix Angle ANSUAGMA 36 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 3.10.8 Pitch Helix Angle, ¥,, is the helix angle on the standard pitch cylinder (see Fig 3-70). 3.10.9 Outside Helix Angle, Yo, is the helix angle on the outside cylinder (see Fig 3-70). 3.10.10 Base Helix Angle, ¥,, is the helix angle on the base cylinder of involute helical teeth or threads (see Fig 3-70). OUTSIDE HELIX ANGLE Fig 3-70 Helix Angle Relationships 3.10.11 Lead Angle, », is the angle between any helix and a plane of rotation. It is the complement of the helix angle, and is used for convenience in worms and hobs. It is understood to be at the standard pitch diameter unless otherwise specified (see Fig 3-71). LEAD ANGLE Fig 3-71 Lead Angle 1012-F90AGHA 1012 Ml 0687575 0000853 158 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.10.12 Pitch Lead Angle, Xp, is the lead @ angle on the pitch cylinder (see Fig 3-72). 3.10.13 Outside Lead Angle, ., is the lead angle on the outside cylinder (see Fig 3-72). OUTSIDE LEAD ANGLE oufsipe circte _ PITCH CIRCLE BASE CIRCLE as Fig 3-72, Lead Angle Relationships 3.10.14 Base Lead Angle, Ay, isthe lead angle on the base cylinder (see Fig 3-72). 3.10.15 Spiral Angle, ¥, in a spiral bevel sear isthe angle between the tooth wave and an element of the pitch cone, and corresponds to the helix angle in. helical teeth. Unies otherwise specified, the spiral ange is undersiood to be at the mean cone distance (see Fig 3-62 and Fig =). Fig 3-73 Spiral Angle 3.10.16 Mean Spiral Angle, pq is the specific designation for the spiral angle’ at the mean cone distance in a bevel gear (see Fig 3-74) ANSIAGMA 37 Cony by he Artie Ger Unfors Ascncn Sia Sep oF 2084 88 3.10.17 Outer Spiral Angle, y,, is the spiral angle of a bevel gear at the otter cone distance, where the tooth thickness is customarily measured (see Fig 3-74) 3.10.18 Inner Spiral Angle, ¥,;, is the spiral angle of a bevel gear at the inner gone distance, where the allowable point width of cutting tools usually must be determined (see Fig 3-74). = MEAN CONE DISTANCE INER SPIRAL ANGLE TobtH SHIRAL Fig 3-74 Spiral Angle Relationships 3.10.19 Shaft Angle, Z, is the angle between the axes of two non-parallel gear shafts. In a pair ‘of crossed helical gears, the shaft angle lies between the oppositely rotating portions of two shafts. This applies also in the case of ‘wormgearing. In bevel gears, the shaft angle is the ‘sum of the two pitch angles. In hypoid gears, the shaft angle is given when starting a design, and it does not have a fixed relation to the pitch angles and spiral angles (see Fig 3-75). ‘CROSSING POINT OF AXES Fig 3-75. Shaft Angle 1012-F90AGMA L0L2 m™ 0687575 coOUaS4 O94 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.10.20 Piteh Angle, I, in bevel gears, is the angle between an element of a pitch cone and its ‘axis, In external and internal bevel gears, the itch angles are respectively less than and greater than 90 degrees (see Figs 3-76 and 3-77). ).21. Face (Tip) Angle, I, , ina bevel or hhypoid gear, is the angle between an element of the face cone and its axis (Gee Fig 3-76). 3.10.22 Root Angle, Tp, in a bevel or hypoid gear, is the angle between an element of the root cone and its axis (see Fig 3-76). FACE ANGLE PITCH ANGLE, ROOT ANGLE Fig 3-76 Angle Relationships 3.10.23 Addendum Angle, a, in a bevel ear, is the angle between elements of the face ‘cone and pitch cone (see Fig 3-77). 3.10.24 Dedendum Angle, 8, in a bevel gear, is the angle between elements of the root ‘cone and pitch cone (see Fig 3-77). FACE CONE: ROOT CONE. ADDENDUM ANGLE: DEDENDUM ANGLE PITCH ANGLE. + ans — — [APEX OF PITCH CONE. Fig 3-77 Angles 3.10.25 Involute Polar Angle, 8, is the angle between a radius vector to a point, P, on an involute curve and a radial line to the intersection, ANSI/AGMA, 38 A, of the curve with the base circle (see Fig 3-78). Fig 3-78 Involute Polar Angle 3.10.26 Involute Roll Angle, ¢, is the angle whose arc on the base circle of radius unity equals the tangent of the pressure angle at a selected point on the involute (see Fig 3-79) Fig 3-79 Involute Roll Angle 3.11 Numbers and Ratios. 3\11.1 Number of Teeth or Threads, N, is the number of teeth contained in the whole circumference of the pitch circle. 3.11.2 Gear Ratio, mg, is the ratio of the larger to the smaller number of teeth in a pair of gears. 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 MM Ob87575 OOOOSSS T20 m/ AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Ne ne (Bq 3.5) 3.11.3 Diametral Pitch (Transverse), Fy , {s the ratio of the number of teeth to the standsrd piteh diameter in inches. a-t (Eq 3.6) (6 3.6M) 4 (3.7) 3.11.4 Normal Diametral Pitch, P.4. is the value of diametral pitch in a normal plane of a helical gear or worm. Pa . ea 3. a” Sa oe SHLS Angular Pich, Oy, isthe ange subtended by the circular pitch, usually expressed. in radians. 360 a, = 380 y = 78 (4 3.9) 3.11.6 Module ee 'm, is the ratio of the pitch diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth, degree or 27 radian (Bq 3.10) (@q 3.11) 3.11.7 Normal Module, m,, is the value of the module in a normal plane of'a helical gear or worm. my, = meow. (Eq 3.12) 3.12 Miscellaneous Terms and. Dimensions. 3.12.1 Full-Depth Teeth are those in which the working depth equals 2.000 divided by the normal diametral pitch. 3.12.2 Stub Teeth are those in which the working depth is less than 2.000 divided by the normal diametral pitch. 3.12.3 Equal-Addendum Teeth are those in which two engaging gears have equal addendums (Gee Fig 3-80). ANSUAGMA, Cony by he Artie Ger Unfors Ascncn Sia Sep oF 2084 88 3.12.4 Long- and Short-Addendum Teeth are those in which the addendums of two engaging gears are unequal (see Fig 3-80). For additional information, see Appendix B, under Addendum Modification. 3.12.8 Bottom Land is the surface at the bottom of a tooth space adjoining the fillet (see Fig 3-81). 3.12.6 Top Land is the surface of the top of 2 tooth (see Fig 3-81). 3.12.7 Tip Radius, rp, is the radius of the circular are used to join a side-cutting edge and an end-cutting edge in gear-cutting tools, Edge Radius is an alternate term (see Fig 3-82). LONG- AND SHORT-ADDENDUM TEETH. Fig 3-80 Long and Short Addendum Fig 3-81 Tooth Lands 3.12.8 Fillet Radius, ry, is the radius of a circular are approximating thé root filet curve. In generated teeth, the filet curve has a varying radius of curvature, py (see Fig 3-83). 9 1012-F90AGHA 1012 MM Ob87575 0000856 967 mw AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols, HOB OR TOOL, LLY Tie RADIUS Fig 3-82 Tip Radius 3.12.9 Profile Radius of Curvature, p, is the radius of curvature of a tooth profile, usually at the pitch point or a point of contact (see Fig 3-83). FILLET PROFILE RADIUS. RADIUS (OF CURVATURE Fig 3-83 Fillet Radius 3.12.10 Undercut is a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside of a line drawn tangent to the working profile at its point of juncture with the fillet (see Fig 3-84). Undercut may be deliberately introduced to facilitate finishing operations. With undercut the fillet curve intersects the working profile. Without undercut the fillet curve and the working profile have a common tangent. WORKING PROFILE (NVOLUTE Of CIRCLE) COWEST ‘POINT OF WORKING ‘UNDERCUT, WORE RADIAL LINE OF BASE CIRCLE PROFILE Fig 3-84 Undercut ANSUAGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 3.12.11 Equivalent Pitch Radius is the radius of the pitch circle in a cross section of gear ‘teeth in any plane other than a plane of rotation. It is properly the radius of curvature of the pitch surface In the given cross section. Examples of such sections are the transverse section of bevel fear teeth and the normal section of helical teeth (see Fig 3-85). | equivaLenr preci RADIUS (EQUALS BACK CONE DISTANCE) \” BEVEL eal Fig 3-85. Back Cone Equivalent 3.12.12 Equivalent Number of Teeth, N, , is the number of teeth contained in the whole circumference of a pitch circle corresponding to an equivalent pitch radius. 3.12.13 Are of Action, Q,. is the are of the pitch circle through which a tooth profile moves from the beginning to the end of contact with mating profile (see Fig 3-86). ‘ARC OF atrion [ARC OF RECESS. ARC OF APPROACH <— pirection ‘OF MOTION Fig 3-86 Are of Action 3:12.14 Arc of Approach, Q, , is the arc of the pitch circle through which @ tooth profile ‘moves from its beginning of contact until the point 1012-F90AGMA 1012 M™ 0687575 000085? 413 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols of contact arrives at the pitch point (see Fig 3-86). 3.12.15 Arc of Recess, Q, . i the are of the pitch circle through which a toth profile moves from contact atthe pitch point until contact ends (ee Fig 3-86). 3.12.16 Contact Ratio, m,, in general is the umber of angular pitches throtigh which a tooth surface rotates from the beginning to the end of contact. 3.12.17 ‘Transverse Contact Ratio, the contact rato n'a vere plane, 1 & ie ratio of the angle of action to the angular pitch, For involute gears it is most directly obtained as the ratio of the length of action to the base pitch. 3.12.18 Face Contact Ratio, mp, is the contact ratio in an axial plane, or the ratio of the face width to the axial pitch. For bevel and hhypold gears it is the ratio of face advance to cit- cular pitch. 3.12.19 Total Contact Ratio, m, . is the ‘sum of the transverse contact ratio andthe face contact ratio, It is calculated by the following for- mula: m=myt mp (Bq 3.13) 3.12.20 Modified Contact Ratio, m, the contact ratio of modified tooth surfaces. It is the contact ratio within the boundaries of an el- lipse tangent to the extremities of the zone of 2c- tion, and can be calculated by: m= Vmpe mp 43.18) 3.12.21 Back Cone Distance in a bevel gear {s the distance along an element of the back cone from its apex to the pitch circle (see Fig 3-87) 3.12.22 Back Angle, in a bevel gear, is the angle between an element of the back cone and a plane of rotation, and usually is equal to the pitch angle (see Fig 3-87). 3.12.23 Front Angle, in a bevel gear, is the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation, and usually equals the pitch an- ale (see Fig 3-87). ANSI/AGMA Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 a BACK ANGLE ‘cone \, BACK CONE, - a omer a ae a ae Fig 3-87 Apex to Back 3.12.24 Apex to Back, in a bevel gear or Ihypoid gear, is the distance in the direction of the axis from the apex of the pitch cone to a locating surface at the back of the blank (see Figs 3-87 and 3-88). 3.12.25 Mounting Distance, for assembling bevel gears or hypoid gears, is the distance from the crossing point of the axes to a locating surface of a gear, which may be at either back or front (see Fig 3-88). 3.12.26 Crossing Point is the point of intersection of bevel gear axes; also the apparent point of intersection of the axes in hypoid gears, crossed helical gears, wormgears, and offset face gears, ‘when projected to a plane parallel to both axes (see Fig 3-88) _— — ee POINT APEX TO BACK HYPOID GEAR AND PINION Fig 3-88 Mounting Distance 1012-F90AGMA 1012 MM 0687575 0000858 737 mw AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 3.12.27 Tip Relief is an arbitrary modifica~ tion of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth (ee Fig 3-89). /_- INVOLUTE mi fo y Ll? Fig 3-89 Tip Relief 3.12.28 Limit Diameter is the diameter on a gear at which the line of action intersects the maximum (or minimum for internal pinion) addendum circle of the mating gear. This is sometimes referred to as the start (sat of active profile, SAP) or end of contact or profile (see Figs 3-90 and 3-91) LINE OF ‘ACHON OPERATING CENTER, DISTANCE, Fig 3-90 Limit Diameter ANSIAGMA 3.12.29 Form Diameter is the diameter of a circle at which the tochoid produced by the tooling intersects, or joins, the involute or specified profile. This diameter cannot be less than the base circle diameter (see Fig 3-91). 3.12.30 The Start of Active Profile (SAP) is the intersection of the limit diameter and the involute profile (see Fig 3-91). START OF Tikit BiAMteK Z FORM, DIAMETER Fig 3-91 Form Diameter 3.12.31 Crowned Teeth have surfaces ‘modified in the lengthwise direction to produce localized contact or to prevent contact at their ‘ends (see Fig 3-92). Crowning can be applied to all types of teeth. crown, MAGE Fig 3-92 Crowned Gear 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1012 MM 0687575 0000859 &7b mw AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 4. INSPECTION DEFINITIONS ‘The following definitions are primarily used in ANSIAGMA 2000-A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook, Tolerances and ‘Measuring Methods For Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears (Including Metric Equivalents) 4.1 Reference Datum. 4.1.1 A Datum Circle, De, is a circle on which measurements are made. 4.1.2 A Datum Axis of Rotation is the axis of the gear used as the basis for measurements. 4.1.3 A Datum Tooth is the designated tooth used as the starting point for measuring other teeth. 4.1.4 A Profile Control Diameter is the specified diameter of a circle, outside of which, fon external gears (or inside of which on internal gears), the profile must conform to the involute or specified curve (see Fig 3-91 and Functional Profile, 4.7.1). 4.1.5 Eccentricity is the distance between the center of a datum circle and a datum axis of rotation. 4.1.6 The Functional Face Width is that portion of the face width less the edge round or chaméer at each end. 4.1.7 A Gear Blank is the work piece used for the manufacture of a gear, prior to machining the gear teeth. 4.1.8 An Inspection Chart is the generated recording or trace from an inspection machine used to display a measured variation of gear geometry. 4.1.9 The Reference Axis is a specified line about which a gear is intended to rotate, 4.1.10 Testing Pitch Diameter is a value that ‘may be used in the testing or inspection of a gear, and which should be defined in the testing procedure. 4.2 Reference Surfaces. 4.2.1 Datum Surface is a surface used as the basis for measurements. The datum surface is established by the specific measuring device used. ANSIIAGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 B 4.2.2 Indicated Surface is that surface from which the variations from a datum surface are measured. 4.2.3 Mounting Surface is a surface used to locate and support a gear in its final application, Usually, at least one axial and one radial surface are involved. Preferably, these same surfaces should be used for manufacturing and inspection ‘operations. 4.2.4 The Tip or Edge Break. Break (cor- ner radius) refers to a rounding or chamfering of the edges formed by the intersection of the tooth lank and the end or top surface of a gear tooth 4.3 Composite Action Terms. 4.3.1 Composite Action is the variation in center distance when two gears are rolled in tight ‘mesh during a composite action test. 4.3.2 Composite Variation (Double Flank) is the total change in center distance when a gear is inspected by a composite action test. 4.3.3 Composite Action ‘Test (Double Flank) is a method of inspection in which the work gear is rolled in tight double flank contact with a master gear or a specified gear, in order to determine composite variations. The composite action test must be made on a variable center distance composite action test device (Gee Fig 4-1). A Composite Action Test is sometimes referred to as a Double Flank Composite Test. Fig 4-1 Schematic of Composite Action ‘Test Device 1012-F90AGHA 1032 MM 0687575 OOO08L0 393 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols 4.3.4 Tooth-to-Tooth Composite Variation Double Flank), Vg, is the greatest change in center distance while the gear belng tested is rotated through any angle of 360 degree/N during double flank composite action test (see Fig 4-2). 4.3.5 Tooth-to-Tooth Composite Tolerance @ouble Flank), Vyp. is the permissible amount of tooth-to-tooth composite variation. 4.3.6 Total Composite Variation (Double Flank), Veg» isthe total change in center distance hile the géar being tested is rotated one complete revolution during double flank composite action test (see Fig 4-2). 4.3.7 Total Composite Tolerance, (Double Flank), Veq7: is the permissible amount of ‘total ‘composite variation. 4.3.8 The Test Radius, R,, is a number used as an arithmetic convention established to simplity the determination of the proper test distance between a master and a work gear for a composite action test. It is used as a measure of the effective size of a gear. The test radius of the master, plus the test radius of the work gear is the set-up center distance on a composite action test device. ‘Test radius is not the same as the operating pitch radi of two tightly meshing gears unless both are perfect and to basic or standard tooth thickness, 4.3.9 The Test Radius Limits define the allowable range of test radii that takes into account tooth thickness and total composite variations, 4.3.10 Master Gear is a gear of known quality and geometry, used to perform a composite action test. 4.4 Index of Teeth. 4.4.1 Index Variation, ¥,, is the displace- ment of any tooth from its theoretical position, relative to a datum tooth. Measurements are usually linear, near the middle of the functional tooth profile, and if made normal to the tooth surface, should be corrected to the transverse plane. Distinction is made as to the algebraic sign Of this reading (See Fig 4-3). 4.4.2 Total Index Variation is the maximum. algebraic difference between the extreme values of index variation for a given gear. Total index variation is also equivalent to Total Accumulated Pitch Variation, Yop a8 measured by a two probe spacing system. 4.4.3 Total Index Variation Within a Sector of k Teeth is the maximum algebraic difference between extreme values of Index Variation within a sector of & teeth. 1 REVOLUTION (360%) OF WORK GEAR Fig 4-2 Total Composite Variation Trace ANSI/AGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 44 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 ODOOSE) 224 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols DASHED LINES REPRESENT ‘THEORETICAL LOCATION DATUM CIRCLE INDEX READINGS (Vy) Fig 4-3 Schematic of Index Variation Test 4.44 The term Spacing is used as a general term to reference the accuracy with which teeth are positioned around the gear. Spacing has no numerical value and refers only to a group of ‘numerically valued tooth position measurements such as pitch or index. 4.4.5 Spacing Variation, y,, is the differ- ‘ence between any two (2) adjaceit measurements, of pitch as obtained by a two-probe device (see 4-4) or is equal to the difference between two (2) adjacent pitch variation values obtained from a single probe device. DATUM CIRCLE Fig 4-4 Schematic of Pitch Measurement, Two Probe Device ANSU/AGMA, Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 45 4.5 Pitch of Teeth. 4.5.1 Pitch Range is the difference between the longest and the shortest pitches on a gear. 4.5.2 True Position Pitch, Pp, is the circumference of the datum circle divided by the number of teeth. This ean be determined by the average of all pitch measurements of the entire gear taken on successive pairs of teeth, or between corresponding points of adjacent teeth generated by an angular positioning devi 4.5.3 Pitch Variation, Vp, is the algebralc plus or minus (+ or ~) difference in the transverse plane, between the tue postion pitch, p,, and an actual pitch measurement, If measured in & plane other than the transverse plane, a correction using the appropriate helix angle must bbe applied to the measured value (see Figs 4-5 and 4-6). 4.5.4 Allowable Pitch Variation, Vp4, is the maximum allowable amount of pitch variation. It is the permissable plus or minus variation from the true position pitch and itis the amount shown in the tolerance tables or formulas of AGMA 2000-A88. 8 Normal Pitch Variation, Vpn. is the plus or minus pitch measured in the normal plane. 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM 0487575 GOO0ab2 160 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols TRUE POSITION PITCH DASHED LINES REPRESENT THEORETICAL LOCATION Fig 4-5 Pitch Variation (Plus and Minus) 4.5.6 Total Accumulated Pitch Variation, Yap + is equal to the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum values obtained from the summation of successive values of pitch variation, V,, and is the same as total index variation (se Fig 4-6). ‘SECTOR OF THREE PITCHES INDEX VARIATION, My 12345678910 ‘TOOTH NUMBER Fig 4-6 Total Accumulated Pitch Variation 4.5.7 Total Accumulated Pitch Variation Tolerance is the permissible amount of total accumulated pitch variation. 4.8.8 Total Accumulated Pitch Variation, Within a Sector of & Pitches, Vapi: is equal to the algebraic sum of individual plus or minus adjacent pitch variations, Vp. within that sector. ‘The Total Accumulated Plc Variation within a Sector of three (E = 3) pitches, Yip. is shown in Fig 4-6. ANSIAGMA Brena Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 46 4.6 Runout of Teeth. 4.6.1 Runout is the maximum variation of the distance between a surface of revolution anda datum surface, measured perpendicular to that datum surface. 4.6.2 Axial Runout (wobble) is the runout of the teeth measured in a direction parallel to the datum axis of rotation. 4.6.3 Radial Runout, ¥,, is the runout measured in a direction perpendicular to the datum axis of rotation. 4.6.4 Radial Runout Tolerance, V7. is the permissible amount of radial runout. 4.6.5. Indicating Over Pins is the measure ment of the change in radial distance over pins or wires placed in each tooth space to determine runout with reference to the rotating axis 4.7 Profile of Teeth. 4.7.1 Functional Profile is that portion of ‘the tooth flank between the profile control diameter and the addendum circle or start of tip break (see Figs 3-91 and 4-7). or ADDENDUM OUTSIDE) ‘START OF TIP BREAK + PITCH DIAMETER FUNCT PROFILE ROOT DIAMETER PROFILE CONTROL DIAMETER FUNCTIONAL 7 ~~ PITCH DIAMETER were stant oF en TONS ae MGT aAse oncte Fig 4-7 Functional Profile 4.7.2 Profile Variation, Vg, isthe difference between the measured” and the specified functional profile. If measured in a normal plane @ correction using the appropriate helix angle must be applied to the measured value (ee Fig 4-8) 1012-F90AGNA 1012 Ml 0687575 DOO0863 O17 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with’ Symbols ‘TRUE INVOLUTS y YV y ty Y eee | /minus PROFLE 4 a 1 a 1 wien Fig 4-8 Profile (Plus and Minus) 4.7.3 Profile Tolerance, Vr, is the permissible amount of profile variation in the functional profile; designated by a specified “K" chart envelope as shown in Fig 4-9. Plus material at the tip which increases the amount of variation outside the functional profile is not acceptable, ‘minus material beyond the start of tip break can be disregarded (see Fig 4-9). ADDENDUM DIAMETER| START OF Tib BREAK] HIGH POINT OF ‘TOOTH CHART MUS! BE TANGENT TO’ REFERENCE LINE FUNCTIONAL, PROFILE REFERENCE LINE Fig 4-9 Profile “K” Chart 4.8 Alignment of Teeth. 4.8.1 Tooth Alignment is the alignment, normal to the helix, between the line of intersection of actual and theoretical tooth surfaces on the pitch eylinder. ANSVAGMA 47 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196 4.8.2 Tooth Alignment Variation, Yj, (formerly, lead variation) is the difference between the measured tooth alignment and the specified tooth alignment measured normal to the ‘specified tooth alignment and the tooth surface on the functional face width (see Fig 4-10). 4.8.3 Tooth Alignment Tolerance, Vy, (formerly, lead tolerance) is the permissible amount of tooth alignment variation, designated by the specified “K” chart envelope as shown in Fig 4-11. Tolerance values in this standard are normal to the tooth surface. VARYATION Y SPECIFIED MEASURED “ Gontact PATH OF MEASURING POINT Fig 4-10 Tooth Alignment Variation 4.8.4 Tooth Alignment ‘Trace (formerly, ‘measured lead trace) is the trace recorded on an inspection chart that indicates variations from the reference tooth alignment generated by an appropriate inspection machine. 4.9 Size of Teeth. 4.9.1 Tooth Thickness Variation is the variation from a specified value of normal circular tooth thickness. 4.9.2 Tooth Thickness Tolerance, t7, is the permissible amount of tooth thickness variation, 1012-F90AGMA 1032 MM 0687575 OOO08L4 133 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols FUNCTIONAL, FACE WIDTH REFERENCE, UNE —0 ‘Fig 4-11 Tooth Alignment “K” Chart 4.9.3 Functional Tooth Thickness is the ‘tooth thickness as determined by meshing with a master gear or specified gear on a calibrated ‘composite action test fixture (see Fig 4~1). 4.9.4 Measurement Over Pins is the measurement of the distance taken over a pin positioned in a tooth space and a reference surface. ‘The reference surface may be the reference axis. of the gear, a datum surface or either one or two pins positioned in the tooth space or spaces opposite the first. This measurement is used to determine tooth thickness (see Fig 4-12). Fig 4-13 Span Measurement 4.10 Gear Quality. For a description of the application of AGMA ‘gear tooth quality, refer to ANSUAGMA. 2000-A88. 4.10.1 Quality is the characteristic properties of a gear distinguishing the nature of its manufacturing tolerances. 4.10.2 Quality Number, Q, is a number rep- Fig 4-12 Tooth Thickness Measurement resentative of the level of quality possessed by a Over Pins gear, as determined by ANSVAGMA 2000-A88. 4.9.5 Span Measurement is the measure~ ment of the distance across several teeth, along a 4.10.3. Variation is the measured plus or Tne tangent to the base cylinder. Tis used to minus chang from the specified value Gee Fig determine tooth thickness (see Fig 4-13). 4-14) ANSVAGMA, 48 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 M™ Ob87575 OOOO8LS 977 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols e SPECIFIED DISTANCE MEASURED. ‘VARIATION Fig 4-14 Variation 4.10.4 Allowable Variation, A (subscript), is the permissable plus or minus deviation from the specified value (see Fig 4-15). Maus VARIATION Pus. VARIATION (MAXIMUM) Fig 4-15 Allowable Variation ANSI/AGMA 4.10.5 Tolerance, T (subscript) is the amount by which a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits and is an absolute value without sign (see Fig 4-16). MN. Umit TOLERANCE SPECIFIED tai TOLERANCE Fig 4-16 Tolerance 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGMA 1032 MM 087575 OOOOSEE BOb mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols (CThis page is left blank) ANSUAGMA 50 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1032 MM 0687575 OO0087 742 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Appendix A Abbreviations [This Appendix is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of ANSUAGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbots.] Al. In 2.2, it is indicated that abbreviations must ‘be distinguished from symbols. Abbreviations are shortened forms of words often used on drawings, in correspondence, in tables, in texts, and for stamping tools, but are not suitable for use in equations. Accepted abbreviations are given in Tables A-1 and A~2. ‘A2, For example, the symbol for circular pitch is the single lower-case italic letter p, whereas the abbreviation is CP. In published material abbreviations are always printed in Roman (vertical type), whereas symbols are always in italics. The use of abbreviations is approved only when there ean be no possible misunderstanding as to their meaning. Table A-1 Abbreviations Table A-2 Other Selected Abbreviations ‘Abbreviation Term aol eae ‘Abbreviation Term a il ih ode BHN Brinell hardness number axial pressure an BD base diameter 2 eure eae BRA comp ‘compounded BP ops cycles per second @ ort ow clockwise ruler pit ‘counterclockwise DED éedendum aaa Seuntercock DP iametral pitch ad eree DIA Giamet a decibel FIN finishing EP extreme pressure ms alt F degrees Fahrenheit ce wi : feet per minute HA helix angle a nae 1D inside diameter; internal diameter ‘pounds L lead wl gallons LA lead angle bp horsepower LH left-hand in inches NeP normal circular pitch ‘ NDP normal diametral pitch int Seem NPA ‘normal pressure angle kg Kilograms op outside diameter b pounds OHA outside helix angle max ‘maximum PA Pressure angle; profile angle ‘min ‘minimum PD pitch diameter ‘i Be PRE-S _preshaving oa microinches RGH Foughing No. number RH right-hand psi pounds per square inch T teeth mpm revolutions per minute ni) ro ssu Saybolt Seconds Universal ae fee tir total indicat 7 TR test radius Seema wD whole depth tv total indicator variation ANSIAGMA st 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1032 MM 0687575 DODDS 659 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols (This page is left blank) ANSUAGMA 52 1012-F90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196AGHA 1032 MM 0b87575 0000869 535 mm AGMA Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols Appendix B Glossary of Additional Terms [This Appendix is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of ANSVAGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols.] BI. Purpose. This Appendix is intended to be a reference for terms in new or revised AGMA. literature, and hopefully, its influence will be felt in circles outside of AGMA, ‘Terms in this section are arranged alphabetically. Some definitions are intentionally brief, but references to other AGMA Standards are included for those who wish more information, or a more detailed definition. Addendum Modification. Gear teeth may have modified addenda in order to avoid under- ut, to balance the bending stresses in the pinion ‘and gear, or to vary the relative amounts of ap- roach and recess action. For external gears with increased addendum, there is a corresponding re~ duction in dedendum; i.e., the teeth are moved ‘outward from the center of the gear. This “profile shift”, as it is sometimes called, is expressed in terms of an addendum modification coefficient, x, where x is the proportionate distance (in terms of unity normal diametral pitch) by which the datum. line of the generating rack (e.g., hob) and the ‘generating pitch circle of the gear are separated. For external and internal gears, x is positive when the reference generating rack is shifted outward from the center of the gear. This results in increased addendum (and increased tooth thickness) for external gears, and decreased addendum (and decreased tooth thickness) for internal sears. The sum of the addendum modification Coefficients, Zx, is given by: kent x (€qB.1) where 41 = addendum modification coefficient, inion %2 = addendum modification coefficient, bear ‘and where the upper sign (4) is used for external gears and the lower sign (-) is used for internal gears. Gear pairs with modified addenda may oper~ ate on the same standard center distance as ‘unmodified gears if the addendum modification ANSIAGMA, Cony by he Artie Ger Unfors Ascncn Sia Sep oF 2084 88 Coefficients are chosen as follows: extemal gears: %2=~x, internal gears: x2 = xy. In either case, ‘x= 0, and the gear pair may operate on standard centers, (i.e., C= Cy). Alternatively, if: Ex > 0, then C > C,; Ee <0, then C 1.0) fq Gear Rim Thickness my Load Sharing Ratio {4 Normal Tooth Thickness at the Top m, Normal Metric Module, Nominal Land of Gear m, Transverse Contact Ratio Yay Allowable Unt Load for Bending a molcrey Ue Core Hardness Coefficient Ng Number of Teeth in Gear US, Handoning Proces Factor a ning Np Number of Test in Pion Ut Un Load for Bending Seng eee We Pitch Line Velocity Pag Allowable Transmited Power for Pting “imax. Fish Tine Velociy Maxime fac Allowable 7 Wy. Incremental Dynamic Tooth Load Paz Allowable Transmitted Power for Weng Maximum Peak Tangential Load Bending Strength W, Tangential Load 0, Transmission Accuracy Level Number Y-—Tooth Form Factor 5” Bearing Span Z Length of Action in ‘Transverse Plane 5 Plaion Ofee Wg Poisson's Ratio for Gear fac Allowable Contact Stress Number Hp Poisson's Ratio for Pinion fag Allowable Bending Stress Number 4; Operating Transverse Pressure Angle fay Allowable Yield Stress Number ¥g____ Helix Angle at Standard Pitch Diameter ANSUAGMA 56 1012-90 Copy by he Amaion Gear Manufactures Associaton ub Sep 120818 196

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