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Fiber Bragg Gratings: fundamentals and applications

Patrice Mgret

Sbatien Bette

Cathy Crunelle

Christophe Caucheteur

3rd May 2007

Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction
Components . . . . . . . . .
Key elements . . . . . . . .
Periodic modulation. . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . .
Hills discovery . . . . . . .
Self-induced FBG . . . . .
Limitation of Hills FBG .
External writing . . . . . .
Holographic technique . .

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Photosensitivity in fibers
Photosensitivity. . . . . . .
Silica structure . . . . . . .
Silica defects . . . . . . . .
Ge-doping . . . . . . . . . .
GODC . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hand and Russels model
Hydrogen loading . . . . .
FBG types . . . . . . . . . .
Spectra evolution . . . . .
OH absorption . . . . . . .
Type IA gratings . . . . . .
Temperature sensitivities
UV bands. . . . . . . . . . .
240 nm band . . . . . . . .
193 nm band . . . . . . . .

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13
. 14
. 15
. 16
. 17
. 18
. 20
. 22
. 23
. 24
. 25
. 26
. 27
. 28
. 29
. 31

Properties of FBG
Grating theory . . . . .
FBG theory . . . . . . .
Tailoring of FBG . . . .
Typical index profiles .
Fourier profiles . . . . .
Coupled mode theory .
Analytical solution . . .

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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

Effect of L and n . . . .
Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . .
Group delay . . . . . . . . .
FBG, LPG and TFBG . .
FBG spectral response . .
LPG spectral response . .
TFBG spectral response .

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Fabrication of FBG
47
Holographic technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Phase mask technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Point to point technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Telecom applications of FBG
53
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Non-telecom applications of FBG
Strain and temperature . . . . . . . . . . .
Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OTDR parameter extraction . . . . . . . .
OTDR trace analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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64

Conclusions
65
Acknowlegdement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Outline
Introduction
Photosensitivity in fibers
Properties of FBG
Fabrication of FBG
Telecom applications of FBG
Non-telecom applications of FBG
Conclusions
2 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

3 / 67

Introduction
Components for fiber optics are vital

Fiber optic telecommunication is now a well established technology

A major drawback is on the component side for controlling the light like coupling in and out,
filtering, . . . which mainly relies on bulk optics:

hight losses

stringent tolerance for alignment

huge size

it is interesting to have fiber components because:

low losses

high stability

small size (compatible with fiber sizes)

"low cost"
4 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Fiber Bragg Gratings are key elements in fiber components

EDFA and fused couplers are examples of successful fiber components

Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) have revolutionnized optical fiber components:

mainly filters as building blocks for telecom and sensors

low losses

done into the fiber

easy shaping of the spectral response

stability

reduced maintenance
5 / 67

FBG course, April 2007


3

A fiber Bragg is a z-periodic modulation of the refractive index


P

n
neff + n
neff

Periodic modulation of n coupling between forward and backward waves


B = 2neff max = 2(neff + n)

0.5 100 m, 10-5 n 10-3 , 1 mm L 1 m

R can be as high as 100% and 0.1 nm < < 100 nm


6 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Applications are multiple

filters

selective mirrors feedback in fiber lasers

compensator for dispersion and polarization

coupling from one mode to another

possibility to write non-uniform gratings and exotic gratings exponential grow of applications

temperature and strain change B sensors

10 pm/ C around 1550 nm

1 pm/

information on the wavelength and not on the power (+ OTDR)

easy fabrication by phase mask technique


7 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

The first fiber grating has been discovered accidentally by Hill et al at the Canadian
Research Center, Ottawa

in 1978, Hill et al studied nonlinear effects

1 m germanium-doped silica fibers

Argon visible light (488 nm)

under prolongated exposure, fiber attenuation increased

4% Fresnel reflection standing wave pattern inside the fiber

creation of a permanent modulation of n with


the same periodicity as the interference pattern

[7]
8 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

This first fiber grating is called self-induced grating

[7]

the light back-reflected increased with time


until almost 100%
reflection

[7]

spetral measurement showed R = 90%, <


200 MHz and n 10-6 10-5

only work at the writing wavelength !

increase of n

photosensitivity is since then a Science


9 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Hill grating allows to realize fiber filters but it works only at the written laser wavelength

first demonstration of the fiber photosensitivity: increase of the fiber refractive index at high
intensity points of the interference pattern

called Hill Grating (Self-induced Grating)

this discovery allows news applications: wavelength selective fiber filters but some limitations:

Filter only works at the writing laser wavelength

The writing process has been showed only at the Argon laser wavelength (488 nm)

the work of Lam and Garside (1981) shows that the refractive index modification was related to
the square of the Argon laser intensity in the Hill experiment, the refractive index variation is a
two photons mechanism
10 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

External writing has been developed to overcome internal writing limitation

internal writing allows only self-induced gratings which only work at the writing wavelength
(generally 488 nm)

external writing uses phase mask technique or holograhic technique and consists to irradiate the
fiber from the side with a periodic UV light pattern absorption by colour centers and defects
periodic modulation of n with n as high as 10-3 is possible the working wavelength is not
necessarily equal to the writing wavelength

writing at 244 nm by Ar doubled laser

writing at 248 nm by KrF excimer laser

writing at 193 nm by ArF excimer laser

but induced birefringence

hydrogen loading increases n up to 10-2


11 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

In 1989, Meltz realized Fiber Bragg Grating at any wavelength with the holographic
technique

[15]
=

UV
2 sin

Here = 39 and neff = 1.486 B =


[15] 576.15 nm

efficiency of writing is higher at 244 nm


(cladding is transparent, core not)

periodic pattern from two beam interference


12 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

13 / 67

Photosensitivity in fibers
Photosensitivity is a difficult subject

The photosensitivity of a fiber is its capability to change locally its refractive index when it is
irradiated by a UV light

Photosensitivity allows to realize Fiber Bragg Grating because spatial periodic irradiation of the
fiber leads to periodic refractive index variation

Photosensitivity mechanisms are not yet completely understood

Photosensitivity depends on several factors such as:

Irradiation source (wavelength, intensity, exposition time, pulsed or continuous laser, . . . )

Fiber core composition

The past history of the fiber before the irradiation (technique and conditions of manufacturing)

In germanium doped fibers, it is linked to defects


14 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

The molecular structure of silica is a pseudo-crystal made from random tetrahedral


units of SiO4

Si

O
bridging oxygen O
O
Si

O
O

Si

144

O
Si

O
SiO4
tetrahedral
unit

Si

15 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Defects are multiple and are responsible of attenuation bands


O
Si
O chlorine termination
Cl
O
Si

O
Si

O
O

O
peroxy linkage
O
neutral
oxygen
vacancy

O
O

Si

Si
O
O

H hydroxil termination
16 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Doping with Ge consists of replacing some Si by Ge

Si

O
O
O
Ge
Si

O
Si

O
O

O
O

Ge
Si

Ge
Si
O
O

17 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

In Ge-doped fiber, germanium oxygen deficient center is Ge with only 3 oxygen


atoms and absorbs at 240 nm
Si

O
O
O
Ge

O
Si

O
O

O
O

Ge

Ge
O
O

O
18 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Another kind of germanium oxygen deficient center is a Ge with olny 2 oxygen atoms
and absorbs at 240 nm
Si
O

O
O
Si

O
b

O
O

O
O

Ge
O

Ge

O
19 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

UV insolation creates new defects by breaking Ge Si and Ge Ge which lead to


photosensitivity
Mechanism of Hand and Russel in Ge-doped
fiber is a several step process
1. bond breakage of GODC by
UV
2. new defects GeE centers +
free electrons
3. capture of e and new
defects Ge(1) and Ge(2)
4. UV interaction with Ge(1)
and Ge(2)

20 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

10

The Kramer-Kronig relation has been used by Hand and Russel to explain the photosensitivity of Ge-doped fibers

concentration of GODC decreases and so absorption at 240 nm decreases

concentration of GeE centers increases and


so absorption at 195 nm increases

[2]
By the Kramer-Kronig relation, one can show that the attenuation modification leads to a refractive
index modification given by:
c
n( ) =

()
d
2 2

(1)

Remark: photosensitivity is strongest in multi-doped fibers (ex: co-doped boron in Ge-doped fibers)
21 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Photosensitivity can be enhanced by H2 loading


Fiber hydrogenation loading before UV irradiation allows to obtain higher index variation (n 10-2 )
by creating more GODC

hydrogenation with H2 at low temperature


(< 100 C) and high pressure (> 100 atm)

deuterium can also be used to avoid the OH


absorption peak around 1380 nm

flame brushing at 1700 C in an hydrogen atmosphere allows hydrogen to diffuse into the
fiber core

[3]
22 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

11

There are several types of Bragg gratings produced by varying the UV irradiation
conditions
Type I Monotonic increase of n (and thus of max , red-shifted) under moderate UV irradiation and due to
electronic defects. These FBG can be erased at around 200 C. These FBGs are the most used in
telecommunication and sensing in a temperature range of -40 +80 C.
Type IIA By a prolongated UV irradiation in a photosensitive fiber, the first order grating is erased and a
second grating is created with a decrease of max (blue-shifted). The writing process is slow (30 min)
and n variation is due to densification. These FBGs are erased at around 500 C and thus very
interesting for sensing at high temperature.
Type II High fluence UV irradiation which creates damage at the interface core-cladding. These FBGs resist
up to 700 C.
Type IA FBG written into an hydrogenated fiber after a prolongated exposure to UV irradiation. neff greatly
increases and B can be shifted towards the red up to 20 nm.
23 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Spectra evolution shows the grating writing dynamics with a red shift of max
Typical result for a 1 cm long FBG at 110 mW UV power
Type I grating destruction of the grating type IA grating

24 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

12

OH absorption band increases with time during the blank beam exposure

absorption due to vibration of Si OH bond


at 1390 nm

absorption due to vibration of Ge OH bond


at 1410 nm

high correlation between the increase of OH


and the neff variation

by deconvolution, one can show that


Si OH absorption is predominant which
causes a better thermal stability to the type
IA gratings compared to the type I gratings

25 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Type IA gratings can be explained by a modification of the mean refractive index


n
neff + n (IA)
neff (IA)
neff + n (I)
neff (I)

This type of grating has a smaller temperature coefficient making them better for strain sensors.
26 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

13

The different grating types have different temperature sensitivities


Type
I
IA

II
IIA

Description
Standard grating written into a fiber
with or without H2 loading
Grating regenerated after an erasure
of a type I grating in an hydrogenated
fiber
Grating characterized by a damaged
core-cladding interface
Grating regenerated after an erasure
of a type I grating in a non hydrogenated Ge-doped fiber (with B codoped)

T (pm/ C)
9.5
7.0

10.5

27 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

A lot of UV bands can be used (acrylate is transparent to the 330 nm band)


Refractive index change

Internal writing

External writing

488 nm
band

157 nm
band

Ge : SiO2

H2 loaded
n 10-4

193 nm
band

240 nm
band

330 nm
band

H2 loaded
n 10-2

Self-induced grating
FBG course, April 2007

Ge co-dopants
B, Er, Ce
n 10-4
28 / 67

14

240 nm band is the most used (part 1)


240 nm band
Germanosilicates

Pure silica
Densification 1. B Ge : SiO2
Photosensitivity
better than 2-3
thermal stability
worst

2. Ge : SiO2

Photosensitivity and
thermal stability
High power
better than 1-2
density

Low power
density

H2 loaded

3. Sn Ge : SiO2

H2 unloaded

Type II

Type I enhanced Low fluence High fluence


photosensitivity
Type I
Type IIA
densification
FBG course, April 2007

29 / 67

240 nm band is the most used (part 2)


240 nm band

Phosphosilicates
Photosensitivity
without H2
loading but by
increasing
temperature

Ce3+ : P2 O5
Tb3+

: P2 O 5

Aluminosilicates

Fluorides

Rare earths

Eu2+ : Al2 O3

Ce3+ : ZBLAN

Er3+

Ce3+ : Al2 O3

Ce3+ : HBLAN
pulse laser only

Pr3+

Tb3+

: Al2 O3

Photosensitivity
with H2
loading in
P-doped fiber
FBG course, April 2007

Tb3+

30 / 67

15

193 nm is another useful band


193 nm band
Germanosilicates
Low power
density

Phosphosilicates

High power
H2 loaded
density

Fused silica Rare earths

3+
3+
n 5 10-5 Er /Yb
stress
H2 unloaded
transient
birefringence gratings

Type II
n up to 10-3
Type I
One order better
For high Ge-doped,
than at 244 nm
n power density
Enhanced
For low Ge-doped,
photosensitivity
n square of
power density
FBG course, April 2007

31 / 67

32 / 67

Properties of FBG

Gratings consist of periodic structures which give them wavelength dependent properties
A grating is a repetitive array of diffracting elements (apertures or obstacles) which has the effect of
producing periodic alterations in the phase, amplitude, or both of an emergent wave.
AB CD = d(sin m sin i )
m

The path difference should be a multiple of the wavelength , so:

C
d
b

sin m sin i = m

The smaller d, the fewer will be the number of diffracted orders.


For i = 0, if d < , only m = 0 is possible, and if < d < 2,
we have m = 0, 1.
Rmk: also true for reflection gratings.
33 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

16

Elementary theory of FBG is simply based on classical diffraction gratings


FBG case
LPG case
For a fiber grating of period , the medium is
silica with refractive index n:
n(sin 2 sin 1 ) = m

[5]
If the first-order m = 1 is dominant, there is a
coupling between the fundamental forward mode
and a backward mode:

The propagation constant of a guided mode is


= neff 2/ with neff = nco sin , so:
2 = 1 + m

= (neff,1 + neff,2 )

with + if the coupled mode 2 is forward and if


it is backward.

If the two modes are the same:


= 2neff
At B = 1550 nm, 550 nm

[5]
If the first-order m = 1 is dominant, there is a
coupling between the fundamental forward mode
and a cladding forward mode:
= (neff,1 neff,2 )
At B = 1550 nm, 100 m

FBG course, April 2007

17

34 / 67

Many kinds of Fiber Bragg Gratings can be built by varying the beam profile
The UV beam profile can be tailored to provide a refractive index variation of the form:



2
n(z) = n(z) 1 + (z) cos
z + (z)
(z)
where:

n(z) is the mean (over one periode grating) component of the index variation

(z) is the visibility (0 < < 1)

(z) is the spatial period which can vary with z

(z) is the phase variation along z

It is thus possible to build a lot of gratings with dedicated properties: uniform, apodized, chirped,
phase-shifted, sampled, . . .
35 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Typical Fiber Bragg Gratings are numerous because one can combine all the characteristics

uniform

chirped (here linearly)


n

apodized with zero mean value


n

phase-shifted
n

apodized with non-zero mean value


n

sampled
n

z
36 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

18

Fourier transform of n(z) gives a pretty good idea of the reflection spectrum
n(z) = n(z) {1+


2
(z) cos
z + (z)
(z)

Apodization is realized by adjusting n(z) and


(z) and can be used to suppress side lobes.

37 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Coupled mode theory leads to a differential set of equations


The grating creates a coupling between a forward R(z) and a backward S(z) waves:
dR(z)
= i
R(z) + iS(z)
dz
dS(z)
= i R(z) i
R(z)
dz

2
n(z)

= = (z)n(z)

where:

R(z) = A(z) exp(iz /2)

S(z) = B(z) exp(iz + /2)

coupling coefficient

=+

= / is the detuning

1 d
2 dt

is the general self-coupling coefficient

38 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

19

Analytical solution exists for a uniform grating





2
n(z) = n 1 + cos
z+

For a uniform grating,


and are z-independent and the system is linear with constant coefficients
and has an analytical solution with the initial conditions R(0) = 1 and S(L) = 0:



R(z) = R(0) cosh(z) + i sinh(z) + S(0)i sinh(z)




S(z) = R(0)i sinh(z) + S(0) cosh(z) i sinh(z)

with = 2
2

39 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

By adjusting L and n, spectral properties can be tailored: rmax increases with L and
n
S(0)
sinh(L)
2 sinh2 (L)
=
r= 2
R(0)

sinh(L) + i cosh(L)
cosh2 (L)
2
R(L)
i)
2
=
=
t= 2
S(0)

sinh(L) + i cosh(L)
cosh2 (L)
2
=

L = 1.07 cm,
0.5, 1 and 2 10-4

0.534 m, n

n = 10-4 , = 0.534 m, L = 0.5, 1 and 2 cm

40 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

20

Bandwidth decreases with L and increases with n


B = 2neff
rmax = tanh2 (L)

Bandwidth 0 is defined from the first zeros


around the maximum.

Strong gratings (rmax 1):


0
B
2
=
=
B
neff L
N

Weak gratings (rmax 1):


nL
0
=
B
neff

max = 2(neff + n)
s


0
n
B 2
=
1+
B
neff
nL

L = 1.07 cm, = 0.534 m

n = 10-4 , = 0.534 m
41 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

21

Group delay is an important characteristic of FBG and can be tailored for dispersion
compensation
p = phase() p =

dp
2 dp
=
d
2c d

dp =

dp
d

L = 1.07 cm, = 0.534 m, n = 10-4 , L = 2 (weak FBG)

L = 1.07 cm, = 0.534 m, n = 4 10-4 , L = 8 (strong FBG)


FBG course, April 2007

42 / 67

Fiber Bragg Gratings, long period gratings and tilted gratings form the basic units
for applications

Bragg gratings or reflection gratings (FBG) when the period is so that a coupling between the
forward and backward propagating fiber modes is realized:
B = 2neff
with < 1 m

Long period gratings or transmission gratings (LPG) when the period is so that a coupling
between two different forward propagating fiber modes is realized:
B = (neff,1 neff,2 )
with 10 m

Tilted gratings when the inscription mask is not in the z-axis of the fiber. These gratings can
couple light to radiation modes
43 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

22

FBG has a central lobe and is mainly used in reflection

44 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

LPG has several resonances to the cladding modes and is used in transmission

45 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

TFBG has many lobes and can radiate

46 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

23

47 / 67

Fabrication of FBG

Holographic technique is very versatile but sensitive to vibrations and the coherence
of the beam
2

[16]

UV
neff UV
B =
2 sin
sin

Not the same number of reflections

Any B by varying

[16]
48 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Phase mask technique is very simple but requires one different mask for each B
mUV
d
for i = 0 m = 0, 1 if UV d < 2UV
sin m sin i =

i
e
d
m

The zeroth-order diffraction beam power can be minimized by adjusting the


mask depth e to:
m = 0 0 = 0 e =

UV
2(nUV 1)

The first order beams interfere with an angle:

1 order

+1 order

m = 1 sin 1 =

UV
d

and:
=

d
B = neff d
2

49 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

24

Phase mask technique is mainly used for mass production at low cost

The phase mask is designed to maximize equal powers in 1 diffraction orders (around 40%) and
minimize power in zeroth diffraction order (around 3%)

The grating period is independent of the UV wavelength, so many UV sources can be used

The grating period is independent of the exposure angle of incidence which requires less
stringent accuracy in alignment

The grating period only depends on the mask period which can also be non-uniform for chirped
and/or apodized FBG

The coherence of the UV source is less critical

This technique allows mass production

The defects in the mask are reproduced in the fiber grating

One phase mask per different gratings


50 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Phase mask can also be used in the interferometric technique to separate the beam

zeroth order si blocked

1 orders interference to give the Bragg pattern

by adjusting simultaneously the angles of the two mirrors, one can tune the Bragg wavelength
51 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

25

Point to point technique is also used

Principle is simple

UV light is focused on one point on the fiber core

After irradiation, the fiber is moved for one grating period

Advantages

No need for optical stability

No need for coherence

Drawbacks

Need to realize very short displacement (< m)

Long time needed


52 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

53 / 67

Telecom applications of FBG


see: FBG telecom applications

54 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

55 / 67

Non-telecom applications of FBG


Strain and temperature simultaneously change the Bragg wavelength


neff

+ neff
B = 2

neff

+ 2
+ neff
T
T

where:

is the length variation

T is the temperature variation

We clearly see that srain and temperature have the same effect to shift the Bragg wavelength. There
are thus not separable in a single grating.
By using, at the same location, two gratings with different sensistivities, it is possible to simlutaneously
extract strain and temperature.
56 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

26

Strain changes linearly the Bragg wavelength without hysteresis


B
=
B



n2eff
1
[p12 (p11 + p12 )] z = (1 pe )z = bz
2

where:

z = /

pe is an effective strain-optic constant of silica (0.22 10-6 -1 )

p11 ( 0.113), p12 ( 0.252) and ( 0.16)


are the strain-optic tensor components and
the Poissons ratio
B / = 1.1 pm/
57 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Temperature changes linearly the Bragg wavelength without hysteresis


B
=
B

1 neff
1
+
neff T
T

T = ( + )T = aT

(2)

where:

is the thermo-optic coefficient of silica (


8.6 10-6 C-1 )

is the thermal expansion coefficient of silica


( 0.55 10-6 C-1 )

Christophes work:

FBG sensing

Hydrogen sensor

B /T = 10.1 pm/ C
58 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

27

OTDR is a very simple and interesting tool that can be used with FBG
connector

laser
3 dB
coupler

pulse peak power P0

Rayleigh attenuation coeffient s =

absorbing
end

Pr (z) = Pi (z)s F dz

Pr (z)

P0

pulse width D (in time)

C
4

receiver
Pd (z)

fiber under
test

z=0

Pd (z)

Pi (z) z z + dz

vg s F
P0 De2z
2

5 log Pd (z) = K az
59 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

OTDR is one of the most useful field metrology equipment

access to one end only

Trace OTDR
35

simple set-up

laboratory and field measurements

information on spatial behavior

precision less than other techniques

1,300, 1,550 and 1,625 nm

P0 around 10 mW with repetition rate 1 kHz


(long fibers) and 20 kHz (short fibers)

15

D ns- s

10

Attnuation (dB)

30

25

20

3
4
Longueur (km)

60 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

28

Spatial resolution between consecutive defects is linked to pulse width


t1 = z1 /vg


2W -

t2 = t1 + d/vg

z1 d

z1

z2

Two localized defects separated by a distance d = z2 z1 are located in z1 and z2 .

rectangular pulse idealization of spatial width W with 2W = vg D

defect descrimination if:


dW
This means that D should be as small as possible but this reduces the dynamic range
61 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

Insertion loss, return loss, defect position, attenuation coefficient, . . . can be analyzed from OTDR trace
Pi (zd )
= Pi (zd ) Pi (zd+ )
Pi (zd+ )

Trace OTDR
35

30

Attnuation (dB)

IL(zd ) = 10 log

Pi (zd )
RL(zd ) = 10 log
= Pi (zd ) Pr (zd )
Pr (zd )

vg s F
2

20

15

If H [dB] is the peak height (no clipping!):


h H
 i
RL = Bs 10 log 10 5 1 D
where Bs = 10 log
eters

25

10
0

3
4
Longueur (km)

Pr (zd ) Pi (zd+ )

and is dependent on the fiber param-

Pi (zd )
62 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

29

An OTDR trace gives a lot of information about the link and components

= 1,300 nm

D = 200 ns

Bs = 9.7 dB
G.652
500
3,028
0.380

G.652
2,500
5,541
0.313

Trace OTDR
35

30

Attnuation (dB)

Length (m)
Position (m)
a (dB/km)

G.653
2,500
2,527
0.367

From P. Mgret et al, Mtrologie des fibres optiques ,


chapter 3 of Physique et technologie des fibres optiques ,
pp.149-189, edited by J.-P. Meunier, Editions Hermes Science - Lavoisier, 2003

H=6.73 dB
RL=44.0 dB
IL=0.41 dB

H=11.37 dB
RL=34.6 dB

25
b

20

15

IL=2.59 dB

Cathys work: FBG with OTDR

10
0

3
4
Longueur (km)

63 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

More links towards PhD students work

Polarization effects in FBG

FBG in PCF

Simplex method
64 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

65 / 67

Conclusions
Acknowlegdement

Ir Sbastien Bette for his course on FBG and the polarization experiments

Ir Cathy Crunelle for OTDR and FBG experiments

Ir Kivilcim Yksel for experimental data

Ir Christophe Caucheteur for a lot of sensing devices based on FBG

and finally, Ms Mariline Mura for her help and careful proofreading (in rush as usual) of this
presentation

Thank you for your kind attention


66 / 67

FBG course, April 2007

30

[1]

D. Z. Anderson, V. Mizrahi, T. Erdogan, and A. E. White, Production of in-fiber gratings using q diffractive optical element, Electronics Letters,
vol. 29, pp. 10351037, 1993.

[2]

R. Atkins and V. Mizrahi, Observations of changes in UV absorption bands of singlemode germanosilicate core optical fibers on writing and thermally
erasing refractive index gratings, Electronics Letters, vol. 28, pp. 17431744, 1992.

[3]

K. H. Awazu, K. H. Kawazoe, and M. Yamane, Simultaneous generation of optical absorption bands at 5.14 and 0.452 eV in 9SiO2 : GeO2 glasses
heated under an H2 atmosphere, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 68, pp. 27312738, 1990.

[4]

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