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ROBERT OUSTERHOUT
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The following notes represent the results of two visits to Turkish Thrace made by
the authors during the summers of 1987 and 1988. In 1987 we visited Edirne, Vize
and Enez, as well as several Byzantine fortifications at other locations. We returned
to Edirne, Vize and Enez in 1988, and in addition we explored the coastal region
southwest of Tekirdag. We encountered numerous monuments of the Byzantine
and post-Byzantine periods in these areas that have not been subjected to scholarly
scrutiny-at least not since the population exchange of 1922-3 dramatically altered
the demographic picture of Thrace. Our purpose in presenting this information is
not to provide the complete documentation for each site visited, nor to provide a
complete listing of the historical monuments of the region. Rather, we would like
to make the scholarly community aware of the unpublished or unstudied monuments of Thrace, as well as the possibilities for further research in the area.
In spite of its historic significance, little research has been undertaken
concerning the Byzantine monuments of Turkish Thrace. Prof. Semavi Eyice has
addressed the problems of Thrace in several studies, as did the late Prof. Feridun
Dirimtekin.' At the end of the last century G. Lampak?s and A. PapadopoulosKerameos recorded the Greek inscriptions from numerous locations, and these
have been useful in the reconstruction of the historical geography of the area, as
have the notes of G. Lampousiades.2 The towns of Ainos/Enez and Herakleia/
Eregli have been the subject of recent archaeological studies.3 But there are many
for permissionto
The authorswould like to thank the VakiflarGenel MiidiirliiWii,
examinemonumentsunder their control. We would also like to thank Erol Qetin, Ch.
Bakirtzis,ThanasisPapaz6tos,Urs Peschlow,Ann Terry,Euniceand HenryMaguire,and
the ArchaeologicalMuseumsof Tekirdagand Edirnefor various assistanceduring the
preparationof this report.
'S. Eyice, "Trakya'daBizansDevrineait Eserler,"Belleten,33, 1969,325-58; idem.,
"Les monumentsbyzantinsde la Thrace turque,"CorsiRav,18, 1971, 293-308; idem.,
"Bizans Devrinde Edirne ve bu Devre ait Eserler," Edirne. Edirne'nin600. Fetih Yild6niimia
122
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
more sites in Thrace that require systematic study and that are sufferingthe ravages
of neglect. In addition, the regional museums are too frequently overlooked. Those
at Tekirdag and Edirne, for example, contain outstanding collections of Byzantine
objects, and these would certainly benefit from systematic study and publication.
I. EDIRNE
The Byzantine remains of Edirne (Adrianople) have been discussed by Prof.
Eyice in several studies.4 To his publications we add the following monuments and
observations.
1. Yildirtm Camii. A fragmentary templon architrave is to be found in the
south convent room (tabhane) of the mosque (Fig. 1, P1. XXVI a). In second use
as a window lintel in the south wall, the marble piece was decorated with carving on
at least two surfaces: the front, facing the interior, and the lower surface.5 The
beam measures c. 170 cm. in length, by 27 cm. tall, by 27 cm. wide; it is incomplete, broken at both ends. Its size and the presence of sculpture on two surfaces
suggest that the piece was originally a templon architrave. The lower face has a
trimmed surface 23 cm. wide that may have been for joining with the templon post.
( ~ 1-
The scene on the front surface was once apparently symmetrical, but in its
incomplete state the main scene is now off-centre. In a round mandorla Christ sits
on a rainbow, gesturing with his right hand; his left may have held a codex. Two
flying angels carry the mandorla. The faces and details of all three figures have been
hacked away. To either side is a lotus-and-palmette motif. On the left side, the
decorative pattern is interrupted by a six-winged seraph, and the same probably
appeared on the other side of the beam as well.
The underside is decorated with a pattern of interlocking circles and rhomboids. In the small compartments thus formed, a palmette motif is used as filler
decoration. The carving on both surfaces is similar, and the decoration of the lower
surface is coordinated with the front: a circle appears on the main axis, its
dimensions identical to those of Christ's mandorla.
Both the interpretation and dating of this piece are problematic. The
"Ascension of Christ" on the front surface is unique among known examples of
decorated templon architraves.6 Figural representations on templon beams are
4As above, n. 1. See also I. Saraphoglou,"Peri tes Adrianoupoleos,"Thrakika,2,
1929,66-82.
but not discussedby Eyice,"BizansDevrindeEdirne,"fig. 12;the caption
5Illustrated
notes that angels are representedon the upperface, althoughthese are not visiblein his
photograph.
6See M. Chatzidakis,"Ikonostas,"RBK, 3, 1973, 326-53, esp. 333, 336. Also V.
Lasareff,"Troisfragmentsd'epistilespeinteset le templonbyzantin,"DChAE,4, 1964-5,
117-43; A W. Epstein, "The Middle Byzantine Sanctuary Barrier: Templon or
Iconostasis?"JBAA, 134, 1981, 1-28.
123
Susuz, Firath, TAD, 19, 1970, 154-5, figs 75-6; for Hocalar, MAMA, VI, no. 399; for
Izmir,Orlandos,ABME, 3, 1937, 144, figs. 17-18.
MAMA, IV. no. 135;for Naipk6y,
8Seefor Afyon, MAMA, IV, no. 40; for Tatarhli,
IRAIK, 16, 1912, 382 and pl. 5 (interestingin this context as anotherexampleof figural
templon decoration from the region of Thrace);for Athens, A. Soteriou, Guide...,
Athens, 1955, 13;for Thebes,OrlandosABMA, 5, 1939-40, 126-8, figs. 7-8.
9ForChalkidi,see A. Xyngopoulos,"To templontes hagiasParaskevesen Chalkidi,"
AD, II, 4, 1927,67-74. For the Blachernaat Arta,see A. M. Orlandos,"Heparaten Artan
MonE t6n Blachern6n,"ABME, 2, 1936, 21-9, figs. 14-22. For Istanbul, G. Mendel,
Catalogue..., Constantinople,1912, II, nos. 697-9, 496-7; an example in the Afyon
ArchaeologicalMuseum is unpublished.For other examples,see above, n. 6, all with
additionalbibliography.
'oSee A. Grabar, Sculptures byzantines du Moyen Age, II, Paris, 1976, pl. XVIII.
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
124
no. 705), dated to the end of the sixth or beginningof the seventhcentury;this dating
appears too early in comparison with the middle Byzantine examples, and a ninth-tenth
century date would make more sense.
125
27SeeGrabar,Sculptures,
II,261-80,esp.pl. XIII-b, no. 29,p. 48(Izmir);pl. XXXIX-b,
no. 62, pp. 68-9 (Lavra);pls. LVI-a,b and LVIII-b,no. 76, pp. 86-8 (Kiev);C. Asdracha
and Ch. Bakirtzis,"Inscriptionsbyzantinesde Thrace,"AD, 35 1980(= 1986),pl. 65-d,
p. 257 (Trajanoupolis).
II. Beyazid,
Mimarisinde
28Forthe historyof BayezidII Camii,see A. Yilksel,Osmanhli
Yavuz Selim Devri 886-926 (1481-1520), Istanbul, 1982, V, esp. 103-6; for the Hiinkair
mahfili, 115-16 and plan 41. See also G. Goodwin, A History of Ottoman Architecture,
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
126
Ss0sS.
S'15"S
16
4 B
D
s
c
s
11S
sC
S
SJU
171
PedistalPatterns: A B C D E F
SmoothSurface: S
RoughSurface: R
Cutting:U
Fig 2.
Bayezid II Camii. Hiinkar Mahfili, plan showing distribution of materials and designs.
with only their upper portions exposed. Above the colonnettes are muqarna or
pleated capitals, joined by the slightly pointed arches that support the platform.
The eastern row is built into a wall that borders the stairwell to the mahfil gallery,
and two additional supports are visible inside the stairwell. Most of those visible
would appear to be Byzantine spolia, originally pier colonnettes or chancel piers
from churches.29
havebeenonly cursorilynotedin the literature;see for exampleGoodwin, 144,
29These
who calls them "slenderantique columns;"or Yiiksel, 116, who thought them to be
"supportsfrom the Diana Temple,"based on O. Peremeci,Edirnetarihi,Istanbul,1940,
68-72. Spoliaare foundthroughoutthe BayezidII Camii:for example,3 of the columnsin
the courtyardare redgranite,6 are verdeantico,7 are Proconessianmarble,and 3 aregrey
granite;in the prayerhall the centralwindowof the east wall and the columnsflankingthe
mihrabare greenBreccia.
127
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
128
period. Thus the pieces in Bayezid II Camii are perhaps in second usage, perhaps
cut from column shafts.
The form of the pier colonnettes, with square and octagonal elements,
compares with numerous examples from the Middle and Late Byzantine periods,
as at Skripou, Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni and Panagia Krina on Chios, Santorini,
Nerezi, Daphni, and so on.3"In the area of Asia Minor, no templon supports with
octagonal colonnettes have survived.31 Still, the numerous fragmentary finds
indicate that this form must have been spread there as well.32The bases of the
octagonal colonnettes are problematic: their profiles compare with Early Christian
examples, although none of these is octagonal; and none of the known Byzantine
pier colonnettes includes a base. Similarly, the soffit patterns are closer to the Early
Christian repertory, although isolated examples appear again in the later period.33
Possibly the pier colonnettes come from the Dark Ages, and their unique form
represents a transitional phase in the development.
The original height of the pier colonnettes may be reconstructed, based on
known examples, to be between 232 and 272 cm.34 The pedestals should have a
height of c. 80-110 cm. The colonnettes' height of 132 cm. compares closely to the
Santorini example of 130-5 cm. To this a capital of 20-30 cm. height should be
added.
A final question is whether the Bayezid pieces all belonged to a single templon
enclosure. The number of surviving supports does not compare with any known
Middle or Late Byzantine enclosure.35It is possible that eight (but not nine) of the
green Breccia supports could have belonged to the same set, but the similarity of
the two pieces with slightly different measurements is difficult to explain.
4. Capitalsfrom the Metropolitan church(P1.XXVIII a, b). The Metropolitan
church of Edirne was a building of the nineteenth century, but it included several
reused Byzantine capitals. The building has vanished, but three Byzantine capitals
still survive in a garden behind the Sultan Hotel. One of these was illustrated but
not discussed by Eyice.36
30Seefor Skripou,Megaw,BSA, 61, 1966,1-32;for Hosios Loukas,Orlandos,ABME,
7, 1951,132-4, figs. 1-2; for Nea Moni on Chios,Ch. Bouras,Nea Monion Chios(Athens,
1982),fig. 130;for PanagiaKrinaon Chios,Bouras,DChAE,10, 1980-1, 165-80,fig. 1;for
Piskopion Santorini,Orlandos,ABME,7, 1951,197-8, figs. 10-12;for St. Panteleimonat
Nerezi, Lazarev, DChAE, 4, 1964-5, fig. 10; for Daphni, Orlandos, ABME, 8, 1955-6,
colonnettes at Pored, A. Terry, The Architecture and Architectural Sculpture of the SixthCentury Eufrasius Cathedral Complex at Porec, Ph.D. diss.: University of Illinois, 1984,
figs. 163-9 (patternsA and C); and for the Middle Byzantineperiod, E. Stikas, To
Oikodomikonchronikontes Monds Hosiou Louka Phokidos, Athens, 1970, fig. 122 (pattern
A); also A. Orlandos, HJ basilike xylostegos tWsmesogiakis lekanes, Athens, 1950-9, II,
29, 1947, 1-24; notes that the middle Byzantine arrangement had at the most 6-8 pier
colonnettes, while the Early Christian could have 12-14; see p. 4 for further examples.
36For a brief discussion of the capitals, see Eyice, "Bizans Devrinde Edirne," 74-5;
resim 18.
129
130
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
in Bithynia, Kiev in Russia, and Lavra on Mt. Athos.40 The eight-pointed star is
similarly but less frequently found in the decorative repertory of the middle
Byzantine period, as for example on a plaque in San Marco in Venice.41 The joining
of the leaf tips and the union of the leaves with the lotus motif at the lower surface
also compare with the templon architrave in Yildirim Camii, discussed earlier, of
similar date.
Unnumbered(P1. XXIX c). The cubic capital is of white marble, measuring
49 x 49 cm., by 24 cm. tall, with a lower diameter of 37-5 cm. The tall abacus is
decorated with four-petal blossoms arranged simply in a row, while the body of the
capital is decorated with lotus blossoms surrounded and connected by a doublestriped band. Both motifs find numerous comparisons in the middle Byzantine
period, as for example on a templon architrave in Demre of the ninth-tenth
century, or on a cubic capital in the Bursa Archaeological Museum.42
No. 24 (P1. XXX a). The cubic capital is of white marble, measuring
48 x 48 cm., by 25 cm. high, with a lower diameter of 34 cm. On the middle of
each surface is a Latin cross with arms that flare outward at the ends. It is flanked
on either side by a stalk of stylized leaves that with their tips touch the
neighbouring leaves. The sharply delineated leaves enclose triangular panels.
No. 27 (P1. XXX b). The cubic capital is of white marble, measuring
43 x 43 cm., by 45 cm. tall, with a lower diameter of 38 cm. The body of the
capital is similar to no. 25, decorated with leaves that spread from the edges to the
middle of each face, with the tips of the adjacent leaves touching. The stylization of
the plant form is reduced to an abstraction, with odd shapes filling the surface
between the leaves.
The last three capitals bear numerous similarities in their measurements and
their decorative elements as well as in their style; this would suggest that they are
chronologically close and of a similar point of origin. Like capital no. 30, they
should belong to the period of the tenth-eleventh centuries.
6. Selimiye Camii. Eagle capital (P1. XXX c). In a recess at the north corner of
the enclosure around the Selimiye Camii (1568-75) stands a single column of
uncertain origin. Its capital is from the early Christian period, of a Corinthian type
with the abacus bosses replaced by eagles with folded wings. It measures 42 cm. tall
and 60 cm. across at the top of each face; the base circumference is approximately
104 cm. The acanthus leaves are heavily undercut, and the larger leaves curl
outward, emphasizing the three-dimensional quality of the capital.
The capital is undoubtedly of fifth-century origin, and its execution finds
numerous parallels with so-called Theodosian or feingezahnter Akanthus capital
type.43Whereas the inclusion of animal motifs was common in capitals from all
40SeeGrabar,Sculptures,II, 1976,pl. IX-d, no. 13, pp. 43-4 (BursaArchaeological
Museumminv.
no. 304); pl. X-c, no. 15, pp. 43-4 (Bursainv. no. 2714);pl. IV-c, no. 11,
pp. 41-2 (Sel9ikler);pl. IX-a, no. 18, pp. 44-5 (Afyon); pl. XXXIX, no. 62, pp. 68-9
(Lavra phiale);pl. LIX-b,c, no. 76, p.
(Kiev, St. Sophia);pl. LVI-a,b, no. 76, p. 86
.84 inv. no. 2503 are unpublished.
(Kiev); examples from Babasultan and Iznik
131
Kapitelle der Kirche von San Marco zu Venedig,Wiesbaden, 1981, 145-6, pl. 49, no. M-1.
47Kitzinger,figs. 107-9, 111-12.
Alexandroupolis,1978,esp. 26.
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
132
With the departure of the Orthodox Greeks during the population exchange of the
1920s and subsequent developments in Thrace, the exact locations of these have
been forgotten. Assisted by older maps and texts, as well as by discussions with the
villagers, we were able to locate the remains of Skaloti and Ag. Panteleimon in July
of 1987. The following year we were able to visit the site of Ag. Athanasios as well.
1. Skaloti. Of the three, Skaloti was undoubtedly the most important, and it
has continued to appear in occasional footnotes. In the publication of the typikon
of the Kosmosoteira monastery, for example, L. Petit suggested that Skaloti might
be identified with the Kosmosoteira, although the identification of the site of the
Kosmosoteira with Feredjik (modern Pherrai, in Greek Thrace), first made by
Uspenski, has been generally accepted.53Doubts have continued to surface, and
Skaloti continues to be mentioned in this discussion.54The recent study of the
Kosmosoteira by S. Sinos should put the matter to rest.55
Skaloti is mentioned by occasional travellers of the nineteenth century. A map
of Choisseul-Gouffier of 1809 shows a "Monastere Escalotti" southeast of Ainos,
near the peak of a mountain above the village of "Amidalliac".56Ami Boue also
visited the area in 1851, noting the trachytic buttes that formed the "TschatalTepe". He wrote, "Pres de la au N.E. est la couvent de St.-Athanase nomme
Scaloti, 'i cause de la forme des rochers trachytiques."57He is probably conflating
two of the monasteries, but the reference to the rock formations must indicate
Skaloti.
In several notices written in the 1880s concerning local history Mystakides
records that Skaloti was founded by the emperor I6annes Komnenos in 1140, and
that it was granted stauropegion status-putting it under the jurisdiction of the
Patriarch of Constantinople-by I6annes' son Manuel.58 This information was
based on a stauropegioncross preserved in the monastery; this was first published
by Mystakides, and later discussed by A. Papadopoulos-Kerame6s, who offered
some corrections to Mystakides' reading of the inscription.59 The cross was made
of bronze, with a length of just 3/8 pechys, or about 10 inches, and it records the
names of Emperor Manuel Komnenos and Patriarch Michael, as well as the year
1172. The same cross was later noted by L. Petit.60
Lampakes visited the monastery in 1902, and he provides some information
about its location: just beyond the purely Greek villages of Maistros and
1
Amigdalia, about two hours from Ainos.6 At that time there was only one monk,
the hegoumenos.The monastery was enclosed by a wall of squared stone, giving it
more the impression of a fortress than of a monastery. Lampakes states that
Skaloti was a stauropegionmonastery, founded by Alexios Komnenos (I or II), but
53L.Petit,"Typikondu Kosmosotira,"IRAIK,13, 1908,19.Th. Uspenski,"Konstantinopoliskiiseraliskikodeksvosimuknizniia,"IRAIK,12, 1907,26-7.
54SeeO. Jurewicz,AndronikosI. Komnenos,Amsterdam,1970,33;N. Sevienko, "The
Tomb of Isaak Komnenosat Pherrai,"GOTR,29, 1984, 136 n. 3.
55Sinos,Klosterkirche, 1-34, esp. 7, 15-16.
56Compte de Choisseul Gouffier, Voyagepittoresquede la Grece, Paris, 1808, II,
pl. XIII.
logias Hetairias tis Hellados, 2, 1885, 622-5; idem, "He Ainos," Hebdomas, 52, 1885, 86-8.
133
134
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
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135
"Periegeseis," 34-5.
69Boue, Regueil, I, 106.
7?Petit,"Typikon," 19.
71Th.Papaz6tos has suggested to us that the name may derive from the cutting of
terraces into the slope. In the province of Sphakia on Crete a village called Skaloti is
positioned on a slope; see K. Amantos, Athina, 22, 1910, 203. Our thanks to Rene and
Henry Kahane for this reference.
72A. Grisebach, Reise durchRumelienund nach Brussa im Jahre 1839, G6ttingen, 1841,
I, 175-9, esp. 175; see also 142, 160, and pl. II.
73Grisebach,I, 51, 189.
74Grisebach,I, 160.
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138
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
Ag. Athanasios. Mystakides has left our only known description of Ag.
Athanasios of Tsaderi, located five hours from Ainos.8o It was "well built, large,
and old", surrounded by forest. In the 1887 listing of 57 stauropegionmonasteries,
Ag. Athanasios was listed eighteenth, following Skaloti. The monastery was
destroyed by fire during the Balkan Wars. It held several patriarchal seals, of which
Mystakides notes only that of Dionysios of 1678.
The Austrian map shows "Mon. Sv. Afanasia" toward the eastern side of the
mountains, east-northeast of Ainos. The Ordnance Survey map identifies the site as
Tzandir Mon., with the village of Tzandir about half-way between the monastery
and the village of Chataltepe. A German map of 1912 (Karte des Turkischen
Interessen Gebiets) also shows Ag. Athanasios, but not the other two monasteries.
The site is now reached by the road to Haskoy, proceeding on foot from the
village of Qadir southeast along the path toward Arnautkoy for about 20 minutes.
The area is forested but relatively clear around the monastery site, which opens
eastward toward the valley and slopes up gradually to the hills in the west. The plan
of the monastery may still be discerned by the mounds of rubble formed by the
fallen stones of its walls and the tiles from the roof. The enclosure was rectangular,
measuring approximately 29 by 40 m. overall. The interior court was ringed with
buildings on three or possibly four sides, with the entrance to the west. A
rectangular building was positioned centrally in the courtyard, and this was likely
the church. A brick cistern was constructed near the entrance.
III. VIZE
1. The church called Ayasofya (P1. XXXII a). Presumably the episcopal
church of the Byzantine town of Bizye, Ayasofya has been briefly discussed by F.
Dirimtekin, C. Mango, and S. Eyice.8"While a variety of dating has been proposed,
Mango's suggestion of before the end of the ninth century would make the most
sense. The basilican plan is covered by a central dome, extended by barrel vaults on
the longitudinal axis, and transverse barrel vaults above the galleries. Construction
is of rough stonework with occasional brick bands. Apparently much repair has
been carried out during the centuries, but it is in a similarly rough technique,
impossible to distinguish from the original.
Detailed analysis of the fabric of the building is now hindered by the recent,
heavy-handed restoration of 1983-4 by the istanbul Vakiflar Bl61geMiidilfiiii
that was apparently abandoned before completion. The building remains in an
unfortunate and nonfunctional state. The picturesque wooden structure that
covered the gallery of the narthex had been removed sometime earlier, revealing
the corbels that once supported the Byzantine roof, similar to those at Ag. Sophia
in Thessaloniki. A complete study of the building is long overdue.
Certain features were uncovered during the restoration, indicating that the
construction history of Ayasofya still poses many problems. Numerous spolia,
now lying to the west of the building, may relate to the original decoration, such as
the fragment of an ambo and an Ionic impost capital. To the north and south sides
of the building, about 3 m. of earth was cleared away, while to the east, over 10 m.
of dirt was removed, exposing the lower portions of the apses. The brick foundations of a large, semicircular apse were also uncovered (Fig. 5, P1. XXXII b).
Slightly narrower than the tripartite sanctuary of the existing building, the apse
8?Mystakides,"Enia-Ainia," 1932, 50-1.
139
Fgo
Fig 5.
extends 3-70 m. to the east. Foundations continue to the north and south. The
bricks measure 4-0-4-5 cm. by 23-27 cm., with mortarbeds 5-0-5-5 cm. thick. The
mortar is white and hard and includes brick fragments. We may presume that this
was the eastern end of an early Christian church, and that the present building was
constructed on the site of its predecessor.
2. The arcosolium in Ayasofya and its fresco. Two niches are found in the
south wall of the naos. The first, a later addition, is in the westernmost bay of the
south side aisle. The second (P1. XXXII c) clearly belongs to the first period of
construction and is located in the third bay of the same aisle. These have not been
noted in previous research and merit attention through new finds and observations.82During the restoration and cleaning carried out by the Vakiflar in 1984, a
brick tomb containing a skeleton was discovered below the floor directly in front of
the second niche.83Thus the niche can be recognized as an arcosolium grave.
Although no photographs were taken, the tomb below the floor is worth
further comment. According to the restorer, E. Qetin, in order to determine the
original level of the floor and column bases, the hexagonal Ottoman floor tiles were
removed, and approximately 1 m. below this the original Byzantine marble floor
came to light. The grave lay directly below the marble floor. The tomb lay
immediately before the arcosolium on an east-west orientation; the bottom was
curved, like a trough, along the sides and on the ends. The tomb was covered over
with flat bricks. Parts of the skeleton had disintegrated, and the remaining bone
82Theplan publishedby Eyice,"Trakya,"pl. 4, shows only the nichein the thirdbay;
the other is not represented.
83Theinformationconcerningthe Vakiflarrestorationof 1984comes to us in a letter
dated 17/8/1987 from the restorer-architect
who directedthis work, Erol Qetin of the
IstanbulVakiflarBl61geMiidfirligii.
140
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
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The archedenclosureof the arcosoliumis c. 2-0 m. tall, 2-02 m. wide at floor
level, and 0-65-0-68m. deep. Against its back wall is a rectangularmarble
plaque, 2-02 m. in length and 0-96 m. in height, decoratedin the middle with a
double border profile. At the same position on the exteriorwall is a piece of
marble,measuring2-32 m. in length, and 0-87 m. in height above ground level
(Pl. XXXIII b). It has a simplerectangularframeand three rectangularindentations along the top with a small hole in the middleof each.86
Above the arcosolium,an extremelyfragmentaryByzantinefresco has been
uncovered(Fig. 6, P1.XXXIII c). Three figuresmay be discernedin the plaster,
althoughthe headsand legs are no longerto be seen.On axis abovethe arcosolium
is an enthronedChrist.He wearsa purplegarmentand a whitetunic,and gestures
with his right hand. The fingersare long and thin. On the left knee, presumably
supportedby the left hand, is an open gospel book, of which one page is still
legible,reading"EFCOEIMITO IC)C TOU KOCMOU,"(John8.12).To his right
side is the high post of the throne, which curves as it rises, and appears to be
decoratedwith knobs.87
A smallerfigureto Christ'sright,presumablyfemaleand possiblythe Virgin
Mary, gesturestowardhim with her left hand. The righthand, placed beforeher
groundis dark blue, and the frameto the left was reddishbrown.
Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, Rutgers, 1969, 281-2; F. D61ger, Regesten der
Kaiserurkunden,
Munich-Berlin,1924,I, no. 673.
86Thismay have been the base of an altartable or of a templon.Thereis evidencefor
additionalconstructionalong the south side of the buildingwhichmeritsfurtherinvestigation.
87Thecurvedback may suggesta lyre-backedthrone,which appearedcommonlyin
coinage, manuscripts,and monumentalpaintingc. 860-950; see most recentlyJ. Breckenridge,"Christon the Lyre-BackedThrone,"DOP, 34-5, 1980-1, 247-60.
*"
414-
'C-
6a)
a)
Is
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Th
so
0
0
141
142
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
Because of the fragmentary state of the fresco, identification and dating must
remain speculative. The scene may have represented an extended Deesis, with the
central three figures, Christ, the Virgin, and John the Baptist (now missing),
flanked by angels. Perhaps less likely, the central figure may represent the occupant
or one of the occupants of the tomb, in supplication to Christ.
To either side of the arcosolium as well as within the arch are fragments of
fresco. Fresco fragments are also found on the west inner wall and in the narthex.
These fragments of figural frescoes are on easily crumbled white plaster mixed with
sand; its thickness varied between c. 1-1-5 cm. The remains of the figures in the
narthex were painted against a dark blue background similar to the Deesis, and
much of this area remains covered. All of the figural frescoes are on the lowest layer
of plaster, laid directly on the masonry surface of the wall." Two additional
Turkish layers may be observed: the first Turkish layer is identifiable on the south
wall near the arcosolium and on the west naos pier, and shows a fine plant motif;
the outer layer is thicker, with simpler and cruder motifs.89
Of additional interest is the appearance of the decoration on the southwest
pier: in contrast to the other inner wall surfaces it does not show figural frescoes.
The lowest layer is of a hard, strong, rose-colored mortar containing red brick
fragments, with a thickness of c. 0-5-6 cm. Geometric motifs are painted on this in
white, red, and pink (P1. XXXIII d). The subsequent second layer was decorated
with fine brush painting of a columnar arcade. This layer appears in contrast to the
Ottoman layers on the walls because of the hard, white plaster, c. 0-4 cm. thick.
The most recent, third layer of plaster is identical with the final layer on the walls.
The question of the origin of the four naos piers is frequently raised. Both Mango
and Eyice surmise that these were part of a later modification.90 The first layer on
the pier corresponds with a technique known in Byzantine architecture as
eingeritzte Linien (inscribed lines), in which the lines were impressed by a cord in
the wet mortar.91 Thus it would seem possible that this alteration occurred already
in Byzantine times, probably during the Palaeologan period.
IV. FORTIFICATIONS OF THRACE
Numerous fortifications survive in Thrace, indicative of the turbulent history
of the region. Many of these have been noted by Eyice, Dirimtekin, Lampousiades,
and more recently by Pralong and Papazotos.92None of these studies has included
88Littlehas beensaid about the frescoes;see Mango,"ByzantineChurch,"11n. 9: "A
greatlydamagedfrescorepresentingtwo standingsaintsmay stillbe seenon the southface
of the southeastdome pier."This no longer survives.See also Eyice, "Trakya,"331. G.
Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,9, 1938, 281, notes in passing the obscured
wall paintings.
"For the last Turkishlayer, see Eyice, "Trakya,"pls. 6-9; Mango, pls. 4-7. The
restorationwork destroyedmuch of this layer, particularlyin the northernhalf of the
building.
90Mango,9 n. 2; Eyice, 329.
91For this technique see the discussion by Y. Otfiken, "Bizans duvar tekniginde
tektonik ve estetik 96ziimler," R6leve ve Restorasyon Dergisi, 1988, in press.
92As above, n. 1. Also Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,9, 1938, 45-70;
143
the surveyingof sites, nor have we been able to do this. We offerhere some
briefobservations,
as well as the identification
of somepreviouslyunpublished
fortresses.
1. Midye.Muchof theByzantine
circuitof wallsof thisBlackSeacoasttown
stillsurvives,andthiswasstudiedsomeyearsagoby Dirimtekin.93
Thelargerpart
of thewallsappearsto be of brickconstruction,
of
the
sixth
probably
century.In
theeastor maingate,threephasesof construction
areevident(P1.XXXIVa). The
earliestphaseincludedan archconstructed
of largestonevoussoirsandwallsof
brick
of
the
fifth
and
with
stone,perhaps
alternating
century.Thiswasreinforced
brickfacing,matchingthatof themajorwallconstruction.
At a laterdate,thegate
wasdecreased
in size.Smallstoneconstruction
in therevealssupportsa brickarch,
whichincludesbrickfillerin the mortarjoints.
Midyewas occupiedby the Genoeseafter the LatinConquest,and it is
recordedthattheyrepairedsectionsof thewallandbuilttowersat theentranceto
the harbor.Theseno longersurvive,andin his publicationDirimtekindoesnot
construction.94
The
attemptto relatetheGenoesepresenceto anyof thesurviving
is notsimilarto masonrynormallyassociatedwiththeGenoese.Theuse
brickwork
AsiaMinoras wellas
of brickfilledmortarjointsis similarto examplesin Lascarid
in PalaeologanConstantinople
and Thrace.95
Thus a date in the thirteenthor
fourteenthcenturywouldseemlikelyfor the lastphaseof construction.
threetowerssurvive.These
2. Pminarhisar.
Of thefortressof Pinarhisar/Brysis
have been brieflydiscussedby Dirimtekin,Eyice, and Pralong.96Diremtekin
inaccurate
sketchplanof thesite,showingtheenclosureas
a completely
introduced
towers.The plan was republishedby Pralong,who
an oval with semicircular
wasunableto examinethesite.Thesouthtoweris squarein plan,with
apparently
of roughstonework.It does not appearto havebeena partof the
construction
outercircuit,andthereis no indicationof wallsjoiningit, althoughit wasrecently
restored.It maybe a laterTurkishaddition.Theothertwotowerswereapparently
connectedby a curtainwall,and this continuedaroundthe plateauat a slightly
lowerlevelthanthe southtower.
in planon the exterior;the
Thecentraltowerfaceswest,andis semicircular
is of alternating
andbarrelvaulted.Theconstruction
interiorspaceis rectangular
brickand stonebands.Normallyfivebrickcoursesalternatewithsevenor eight
stonecourses,and small,roundputlogholesmay still be observedin the stone
bands.In the brickbandsa type of concealedcoursetechniqueis employed,
but with thin stones employedas filler in the relativelythin mortarjoints
(P1.XXXIVb). The bricksmeasureabout 4-0cm. thick;the joints measure
between5-7 cm. thick.Althoughsimilarto the thirteenthandfourteenth
century
theuseof stonesin therecessed
examplesof thebrickfilledmortarjointtechnique,
coursesis unusual.A pier at the Achieropoietoschurchin Thessalonikiis similar,
93Dirimtekin,
"Midye,"AMY, 5, 1963,47-65; more recently,Pralong,"Remarques,"
196-92.
94Dirimtekin,"Midye,"47.
95Forfurthercommentson masonrytechniques,see R. Ousterhout,"Observationson
the 'RecessedBrick'Techniqueduringthe PalaeologanPeriod,"ADelt, 37, 1989,in press.
AMY, 5, 1963, 39-40 and fig. 1 (incorrect);Eyice,
96Dirimtekin, "Pminarhisar,"
"Trakya'daBizansDevrindeait Eserler,"Belleten,33, 1969,347; Pralong,"Remarques,"
198-9 and fig. 19 (incorrect).A rather confusing plan and a descriptionof the site
(including several now vanished buildings) were also given by Lampousiades,
"Hodoiporikon," 1938, 254-6. For the Byzantine identity of the site, see Asdracha,
"Thrace orientale," 240-1.
144
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
and may date as early as the seventh century.97 Consequently the dating is
problematic.
The north tower is circular in plan and was located at the northwest corner of
the fortress. The curtain walls form approximately an 80-degree angle as they join
the tower, and there is no reason to suggest an oval-shaped enclosure, as
Dirimtekin and Pralong have done. The cylindrical interior of the tower is topped
by a domical vault. Although it has been restored, the tower is evidently of the
same construction technique as the central one. However, both the stonework and
the putlog holes are more regular. Much glazed Byzantine pottery is to be found in
the area.
3. Altminyazi.
Three towers remain of the hilltop fortress of Altminyazi
(Charala/
Garela?), and the original circuit of walls once enclosed a large plateau.98The site,
littered with Byzantine potsherds, is now abandoned, and the remains are
threatened by quarrying on the north side of the hill.
The east tower was square in plan and was constructed of rough brick and
stone, utilizing thin bricks. The mortar is usually white, strong, and contains much
inert material. On the exterior surface it is pinkish. Several round putlog holes are
evident. The west tower lacks its exterior surfaces, and only the rubble core of stone
set with whitish mortar remains. One fallen piece of facing survives, with regular
courses of brick and pinkish mortar. The southeast tower was originally polygonal,
and one obtuse angle remains; Lampousiades claimed the tower was pentagonal.
Much of the construction is of stone mixed with brick fragments, and the mortar is
whitish. The inner surface has a rubble facing. Two horizontal bands of brick
appear in the exterior facing, and the concealed course technique was used here
(P1. XXXV a). Three courses of brick formed the surface; two were recessed,
originally covered with mortar. The recessed bricks are often smaller than those
exposed. Although roughly executed, the concealed course technique here may
suggest a date of twelfth century or later.
4. Beyendik. There is evidence of a fortress near Beyendik, on a nearby hill
called Hisartepe. It has almost completely vanished from quarrying operations. It
may have had two circuit walls encompassing a substantial area. The stone was set
with white and pink mortar. Numerous brick fragments litter the site, but none
appears in the surviving areas of wall.
5. Lileburgaz. In the western part of the city, to the right of the main road to
Edirne, are the meager remains of the Byzantine fortress of Arkadiopolis.99 A
single stretch of wall rises c. 4 m. and extends for a length of 15-20 m. The remains
of a tower may be discerned on the outer side. Two periods of construction are
evident (P1.XXXV b). The lower 2-3 m. is of brick construction, with pink mortar
containing brick fragments. Above this is broken stone construction mixed with
brick, and occasional bands of four to five courses of brick, set with white mortar.
On the outer side of the tower are broad joints with a simple pattern of bricks set on
the diagonal.
V. BARBAROS AND ITS COASTAL REGION
Considering the wealth of monuments noted in this region at the end of the
last century, it is sad how few have survived. Dumont, Lampousiades, and
97P. L. Vocotopoulos,"The ConcealedCourseTechnique:FurtherExamplesand a
Few Remarks," J6B, 28, 1979, 255 and fig. 19; G. Velenis, Hermineia tou ex5terikou
diakosmoustj byzantinj architektoniki, Thessaloniki, 1984, 67.
145
-.
,-
'9
.4.
$a.Ca
-.J
-A
I~h%
-t
i,,...(4)
03
Fig 7. British Ordnance Survey map, 1909. Rodosto, Turkey. Detail of region of Barbaros/Panados.
Although the latter was historically significant, it seems to have been systematically
plundered.'o'
1. Barbaros. Apparently the Byzantine town was known as Panion or
146
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
Panados, and the ancient town as Vizanthe.?02 A rather large area was surrounded
by the circuit wall. Only small fragments of the wall have been preserved,
indicating that it enclosed a much larger area than the present town. A small
section of the wall was examined on a hill to the southwest of the town: the
construction was of rough stone set with pink mortar containing crushed brick. It
measured c. 1-20 m. high and c. 2-15 m. thick.
The names of four churches are recorded: Ag. Theodoros Teron, the Presentation of the Theotokos, the Birth of the Theotokos, and Ag. Blacherna. Remains
in the Pazni neighborhood are also noted, as well as a hypogeum that had been
transformed into a hagiasma.'03 During our visit we were able to locate the site of a
single church, on a hill close to the town centre, and this had been recently
destroyed for the construction of an apartment building. Several fragments of
sculpture were left, and these were subsequently transported to the Tekirdag
Archaeological Museum. Unfortunately nothing was left that would aid in the
identification of the building. Nevertheless, several of the sculptural pieces are
noteworthy.
a. Cubic capital (P1. XXXVI a). The capital is carved of white marble and
measures 34 cm. tall, 48 x 48 cm. across the top, with a base diameter of 31 cm. Its
four sides have undecorated trapezoidal panels framed by carved bands. The latter
are decorated with a sinuous vine bearing heart-shaped and three-lobed leaves. A
square setting hole appears on the lower surface.
b. Relief panel (P1.XXXVI b). The marble panel measures 70 x 175 x 9 cm.
Three of its corners have been broken away. The slab must have been used as
flooring in the church, as it is worn smooth on the decorated surface and left rough
on the reverse. Its size suggests that it may have come from a tomb.
The main surface has a border formed by three strands, and the area within
this is decorated with three circles of equal dimension. The circles are formed by a
three-stranded band that is knotted to join the circles to each other and to the
border. The circles each contain a cross with flaring arms, and their broad ends are
decorated with three pearls. Between the crossarms are lotus blossoms with their
tips pointed inward. Between the circles are smaller round rosettes. The corners
and adjacent surfaces are filled with stylized palmettes that grow from the threestranded band of the large circles and of the border.
The motif of knotted circles filled with decorative elements appears in middle
Byzantine panels from numerous locations, including Constantinople, Kiev, and
Ohrid.1'04The filling of the circles with crosses is encountered also in a variety of
work from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, as for example St. Sophia at Ohrid
(eleventh century), or the Blacherna at Arta (mid to late thirteenth century).105The
form of the cross decorated with pearls or drops is known from the sixth century
onward and was still employed in the middle and late Byzantine periods.'06 A cross
'02SeePapadopoulos-Kerameos,
"Archaiotes,"87-9; Asdracha,"Thraceorientale."
87-9.
'o3Papadopoulos-Kerame6s,
"4SeeGrabar,Sculpturesbyzantines,II, 68-9 andpl. XXXIX (Athos,Lavra);71-2 and
pl. XLII (Ohrid,St. Sophia);84 and pl. LIX a-c (Kiev,St. Sophia).Also Hjort,"Sculpture
of the Kariye,"268 (and n. 205 for furtherexamples)and Fig. 93-H; S. Eyice,Son Devir
BizansMimarisi,Istanbul, 1980, figs. 198, 191, 194 (Istanbul,Kilise Camii);Sheppard,
"ByzantineMarble Slabs," figs. 9-10 (Istanbul,ArchaeologicalMuseumnos. 2906 and
4388).
o'?SeeGrabar, Sculptures byzantines, II, pl. XLII; Th. Pazaras, Anaglyphes Sarkophagoi kai Epitaphies Plakes tis Mesas kai Ysterjs Byzantines Periodou stin Ellada,
147
with three pearls, like this example, appears on a sarcophagusfrom the Old
Metropolisat Serres,dated 1050.107The lotus blossomsbetweenthe crossarmsalso
find parallelsin the middle Byzantineperiod.'8 The filling of the corners and
related areas with palmettesis seen in various panels of the tenth and eleventh
centuries,as for examplefromistanbul and Mt. Athos.'09Neverthelessthe density
of the patternon the Barbarospanelis strikingand the attemptto providea precise
date is hamperedby the lack of a direct comparison.The rigidly symmetrical
composition,the interlockingcircles,and otherdecorativemotifsindicatethat this
is a work of the middleor perhapslate Byzantineperiod.
c. Relief fragment(P1.XXXVI c). The piece measures32 x 15 x 6 cm., and
is a fragmentof a large relief representingthe Virginwithin an arch, flankedby
angels in the spandrels.Only the terminationof the inscription[MP]eV and a
smallsectionof the halo remainbeneaththe arch.In the spandrelthe two-winged
angel extendscoveredhands toward the Virgin.The carvingis rathercrude and
would recommenda post-Byzantinedate for the fragment.
d. Relief fragments(P1.XXXVII a). Two piecesfit together,representingthe
lowerportionof a reliefof a standingsaint.Togethertheymeasure76 x 45 x 7 cm.
The head and identifyinginscriptionare missing,exceptfor a C to the left of the
figure;this probablyterminatedthe word hagios.As in the previousexample,the
carvingis rathercrude,and the piece is probablypost-Byzantine.
The figure is likely to be identifiedas Ag. Panteleimon,the medical saint
martyredin Nicomediain 305. The carvingbreaksoffjust belowthe chin,exposing
an area of neck, and it may be concluded that the figure was beardless.The
costume-with squarecollar, draperyfalling to a point over the abdomen,and
maphorion hanging from beneath this-corresponds with representationsof
In addition,the saint holds a
Panteleimon,such as at Nerezi and Kurbinovo.11o
tall, rectangularbox in his drapedleft hand,and a bistoury,or surgicalknife,in his
right.The box may be identifiedas a pyrgiskarion,or tower-shapedbox, identical
to that held by the figureof Panteleimonat Kurbinovo."'
2. Yenikoyandvicinity.Southwestof Barbarosand slightlyinland,Yenikdyis
reachedby a dirt road that follows the coast throughdifficultterrain.The village
school standson the site of a formerchurch,but we have not beenable to securely
identifythe site with those visited by Papadopoulos-Kerameos.112Two reliefsare
now embeddedin the retainingwall below the school, and both of theseappearto
be from the middle Byzantineperiod. In addition,a fragmentarypost-Byzantine
tombstoneis embeddedin the cementsteps of the school, but it can no longerbe
deciphered.In a coastal ravinebelow Yenik6y is the site of the monasteryof Ag.
I6akeimkai Anne, and anothermonasterymay have been located slightlyto the
north.
a. Relief (P1.XXXVII b). The firstpanel measures82 x 21 cm. and shows a
diamondpatternset into a rectangularframeand containinga centralsix-petaled
rosetteset into a circle.Triangularcompartmentswithinthe diamondare filledby
107Pazaras,
AnaglyphesSarkophagoi,figs. 1-a and 2-b.
stated to be the only medical saint represented in the costume of a priest, but he is always
depicted with a pointed beard; see J. Boberg, LCI, 6, 1974, VI, col. 511-12.
"'Hadermann-Misguich, Kurbinovo,II, pl. 126; see also T. Mathews and E. Hawkins,
Camii in Istanbul and Its Frescoes," DOP, 39, 1985,
"Notes on the Atik Mustafa
and Damian).
131-2 and figs. 21-2 (Cosmas Papa
"2As above, n. 100.
148
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
heart-shaped leaves, and the corners of the rectangular frame are filled with halfleaf patterns. The diamond pattern alternates with a square containing a hexagonal
rosette set into a circle. The diamond to the right is incomplete. A fragment of a
templon epistyle from Afyon Karahisar of a tenth- or eleventh-centurydate bears a
similar but slightly more complex pattern, and a comparable piece was also found
at Selqikler."3Epistyle reliefs from Izmir have similar rosettes, and these have been
dated to the end of the eleventh or twelfth century.114
b. Relief (P1. XXXVII c). The second panel measures 51 x 14 cm. and is
decorated with a pattern of interlocking circles, alternating large and small, formed
by a weave of three cords. The pattern terminates at the right end and is broken at
the left. Such a torsade was extremely common in the middle Byzantine period,
with the pattern formed by either two or three cords. It appears, for example, as a
border on an archivolt from Selqikler,and on a templon architrave from Afyon.'15
The same is found on a number of fragments from Ohrid.l16
c. Monastery of Ag. I6akeim kai Anne. Located in a triangular ravine below
the village are the remains of the monastery. The site was visited by PapadopoulosKerame6s, and it appears on the British Ordnance Survey map as the monastery of
St. Anni (Fig. 7).1'17Virtually inaccessible from the road above, the site is better
reached by boat. The monastery had been attached to the metropolis of Ganos and
Chora, and inscriptions indicated that the site was occupied in Byzantine times.'18
The church was constructed in 1842 on the site of a Byzantine church discovered 20
years earlier. Unfortunately, what the locals euphemistically refer to as "excavations" occurred recently. Several buildings of rough rubble construction survive
near the harbor, and these are now used for farming. Further up the ravine are the
remains of the church. We were told that several column bases and other marbles
survive, but the site was completely overgrown during the summer.
d. Siit Limani. In another coastal ravine about halfway between Barbaros
and Ag. Ioakeim kai Anne are the ruins of a church, also inaccessible to us due to
the summer's overgrowth. The site is now known as Siit Limani or Siitliman. It
may correspond with the monastery of Ag. Nikolaos, visited by PapadopoulosKerame6s.l19
ABBREVIATIONS
(In additionto those listed for AS)
ABME
AMY
ArtB
Art Bulletin.
ByzFor
CorsiRav
Byzantinische Forschungen.
Corsi di cultura sull'arte ravennate e bizantina.
Diltion t~s Christianikes Archeologikis Etaireias.
DChAE
149
Edirne,YildinmCamii.
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PLATE XXVII
Edirne, Bayezid II Camii. HiinkairMahfili.
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PLA TE XXVIII
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