Servo-control of the current at the start of an electrical

machine
May 9th, 2011 | Posted in Others
Tags: blog, electrical engineering, forum

This article has been proposed by a member of the community, its mostly a theoretical article
about control systems for industrial control and automatism, thus not so close to our usual
topics. A good lightweight subject to relax!
I am a young engineering student in France. I study automatic principles that can allow the
servo-control of industrial processes. Ive lately worked on electrical machines servo-control,
such as brushed DC electric motor, synchronous and asynchronous electric motor, widely used
nowadays in the industry. The purpose is to use correctors such as PI (Proportional Integrator) to
adjust the servo-control of brushed DC electric motor. To do this, we often try to reduce the
response time of the controller so that it can be neglected to the system mechanical dynamics,
and so, can be assimilated to a gain, and not to a transfer function anymore, to simplify our
studies.
I am wondering if those theoretical principles, effective in simulation (for example in
Simulink or Matlab), are currently functioning nowadays in the industry?
Take the case of a brushed DC electric motor (BDCEM) that supplies a mechanical system.
BDCEM used to be the most widespread electromechanical actuator for many applications like
electric motor drive or applications for variable speed (high performances servomechanism of
machine
tools
and
robots).
Since a few years, BDCEM has been abandoned in many fields because of its high
manufacturing cost, its significant maintenance (with the collectors) and the appearance of
alternative
moto-variator
groups,
said
to
be
more
efficient.
In your opinion, could it be possible, with an adaptive servo-control, to come back to BDCEM
(that keeps an important place in industrial applications which need good positioning and
precision)?
Without servo-control, we have obtained:

Indeed it was a high current in the motor when starting. On a long term perspective, the frequent
power-on/power-off were very bad for the motor, and could lead to its wear or even to its
destruction.
Thanks to the equations of BDCEM, we can draw the following block diagram:

Replacing the diagram in a closed-loop controller of the current, we obtain:

In this example, the electric constant time is L/R = 3ms and the mechanical one is J/F = 65ms.
The electric constant time is smaller than the mechanical one. So, we can consider that during
machines making out current, the system linking the applied voltage to the current is a first
order system. Current deformation (due to mechanical constant time) can be assimilated to a
perturbation during the making-out time of the current.

For the current closed-loop controller study, motors mechanical constant time can be neglected
during the first instants. We obtain a first order system that can be adjusted with the traditional
method of PI corrector (Ti and Kpi). So that, we obtain in simulation:
NB : In order to correctly visualize the different variables on the same graph, it has been
necessary to put a gain of 1/10 for the voltage.

A high voltage is observed at the machines starting up, but it does not last. That is because that
current is equal to zero at the start of the machine while system has the instruction of a current
with a not null value. So that, the system reacts increasing the voltage. Finally we obtain a good
curve of the current, without overflow.
So, if this type of system is working in simulation, what really happens in reality?
And if it is a success, why dont we come back to those old brushed DC electric motor?