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CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Introduction
Objective - Analysis and design of beams
Beams - structural members supporting loads at
various points along the member
Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads

Analysis and Design

of Beams for Bending

Applied loads result in internal forces consisting

of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)
Normal stress is often the critical design criteria
x =My
I

m =

Mc M
=
I
S

Requires determination of the location and

magnitude of largest bending moment
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2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

5-3

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports

Introduction
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Sample Problem 5.1
Sample Problem 5.2
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Sample Problem 5.3
Sample Problem 5.5
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending
Sample Problem 5.8

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:

Determination of maximum normal and

shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.

Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine

the reaction forces
from Fy =0 =M B : RB =40 kN

Shear force and bending couple at a point are

determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on
the beam portions on either side of the section.

RD =14 kN

Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses

on resulting free-bodies
Fy =0

M1 =0
Fy =0

Sign conventions for shear forces V and V

and bending couples M and M

M 2 =0

20 kN V1 =0

(20 kN )(0 m )+M1 =0

20 kN V2 =0

V1 =20 kN
M1 =0

(20 kN )(2.5m )+M 2 =0

V2 =20 kN
M 2 =50 kN m

V3 =+26 kN M 3 =50 kN m
V4 =+26 kN M 4 =+28 kN m
V5 =14 kN M 5 =+28 kN m
V6 =14 kN
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SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces
Section the beam at points near
supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples

Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm =26 kN M m = M B =50 kN m

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S = 1 b h 2 = 1 (0.080m )(0.250 m )2
6

=833.33106 m3

Identify the maximum shear and

bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.

5-6

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.1

m =

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
Edition

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.1

For the timber beam and loading

shown, draw the shear and bendmoment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to
bending.

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5-5

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

M 6 =0

3
MB
= 5010 N m
S
833.3310 6 m3

m =60.0106 Pa

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.2

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
SOLUTION:

Sample Problem 5.2

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.

Replace the 10 kip load with an

equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.

The structure shown is constructed of a

W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a) Draw
the shear and bending-moment diagrams
for the beam and the given loading. (b)
determine normal stress in sections just
to the right and left of point D.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled

steel shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X axis.

Section the beam at points near the

support and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples.

m =

To the left of D :
M 2016 kip in
=
S
126in 3

m =16.0 ksi

To the right of D :
M 1776kip in
=
S
126in 3

m =14.1ksi

m =

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the maximum normal
stress to the left and right of point D.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
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Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

5 - 11

Relationship between load and shear:

Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent forcecouple system at D. Find reactions at B.

Fy =0 : V (V +V )wx =0
V =w x

Section the beam and apply equilibrium

analyses on resulting free-bodies.
From A to C :
Fy =0 3x V =0
M1 =0

(3x )(1 x )+M

2

From C to D :
Fy =0 24 V =0

dV
=w
dx
xD

VD VC = w dx

V =3x kips

xC

=0 M =1.5x 2 kip ft

Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
M C =0 :

V =24 kips

(M +M )M V x +wx x =0
M =V x 1 w (x )2

M 2 =0 24(x 4 )+M =0 M =(96 24x )kip ft

From D to B :
V =34 kips

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

dM
=0
dx

M =(226 34x )kip ft

xD

M D M C = V dx
xC

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.3

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
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Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Sample Problem 5.3

Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.

SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.

dM
=V
dx

Apply the relationship between shear and

load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

dM =V dx

- bending moment at A and E is zero

- bending moment variation between A, B,
C and D is linear

Apply the relationship between bending

moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.

- bending moment variation between D

and E is quadratic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across
the beam should be zero

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.3

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the

reactions at A and D.

Taking the entire beam as a free body,

determine the reactions at C.

M A =0
0 =D(24ft )(20 kips )(6ft )(12 kips )(14ft )(12 kips )(28ft )

Apply the relationship between shear

and load to develop the shear diagram.

D =26 kips
Fy =0

0 =Ay 20 kips 12 kips +26 kips 12 kips

Ay =18kips

Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV
=w
dx

5 - 15

Draw the shear and bending moment

diagrams for the beam and loading
shown.

Apply the relationship between

bending moment and shear to develop
the bending moment diagram.

dV =w dx

- zero slope between concentrated loads

- linear variation over uniform load segment
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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.5

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
SOLUTION:

m =

RC = 12 w0 a

a
L
M C =0 = 1 w0 a

+M C
2
3

a
M C =1 w0a
L

2
3

max

max

m all

Apply the relationship between shear and load

to develop the shear diagram.

S min =

a
x2

VB V A =w 0
1 dx= w

0x

2a
0
a

M max

all

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.

VB =21 w0 a =(area under load curve)

- No change in shear between B and C.

- Compatible with free body analysis

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.5

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be

less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.

Results from integration of the load and shear

distributions should be equivalent.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.

Taking the entire beam as a free body,

determine the reactions at C.
Fy =0 =21 w0 a +RC

SOLUTION:

(2

A simply supported steel beam is to

carry the distributed and concentrated
loads shown. Knowing that the
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select
the wide-flange shape that should be
used.

M B M C = 1 w0 a dx = 1 w0 a (L
2

a
a)
a w0 a
M C = 1 w0 a (3L a )
L

6
3
2
=

Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Considering the entire beam as a freebody, determine the reactions at A and

D.

a
a

x 2 x3

x2
dx =

M B M A = w0 x
w0
2a
2 6a

M B =31 w0 a 2

5 - 19

Sample Problem 5.8

Apply the relationship between bending moment

and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Develop the shear diagram for the

beam and load distribution. From the
diagram, determine the maximum
bending moment.
Determine the minimum acceptable
beam section modulus. Choose the
best standard section which meets this
criteria.

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4/11/2013

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.8

Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.

M A =0 =D(5 m ) (60 kN )(1.5m ) (50 kN )(4 m )

D =58.0kN
Fy =0 =Ay +58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay =52.0 kN

Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A =Ay =52.0kN

VB V A =(area under load curve)=60 kN

VB =8kN

Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max =(area under shear curve, Ato E )
=67.6 kN
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Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.8

Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
S min =

max=

all

67.6kN m
160 MPa

=422.510 6 m3 =422.5103
mm3

Choose the best standard section which meets

this criteria.
Shape

S, mm3

W410 38.8

637

W36032.9

474

W31038.7

549

W250 44.8

535

W200 46.1

448

W 360 32.9

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