Professional Documents
Culture Documents
60% do texto so compostos das 250 palavras mais comuns da lngua inglesa.
2- ESTRATGIAS DE LEITURA
Nesta unidade, voc aprender as primeiras estratgias que o(a) ajudaro a extrair
informaes de um texto. Ns aprenderemos as seguintes estratgias: Background
knowledge, Context, Non-linear information, Skimming, Scannig e palavras cognatas e o
uso do dicionrio.
tentaram impedir o plano. Bravamente, ele persistiu. Ento, trs irms fortes partiram
em busca da prova. Elas avanavam ao longo de vales e montanhas. Os dias
transformavam-se em semanas. Fofoqueiros invejosos espalhavam boatos terrveis a
respeito dos objetivos finais do nosso heri. Ento, surgiram criaturas de penas
saudando-o, parecia que ele obtivera o sucesso esperado.
FONTE- Dooling and Lachman 1971
Traduo -DIAS, Renildes 1996.
2.2- CONTEXT
USING CONTEXT (Usando o contexto): Com est estratgia voc aprender o significado
de palavras desconhecidas, fazendo o uso de um elemento vital: o contexto. Ao depararmos
como uma palavra que no sabemos o significado deve levantar hipteses a respeito do
possvel significado da palavra, usando o contexto como guia.
Tarefa 2 - Leia o texto abaixo e encontre o significado das nonsense words.
Texto 2- Problema na Clamba
Naquele dia, depois de plomar, fui ver dro o Z queria ir comigo l na clamba. Pensei
melhor grulhar-lhe. Mas, na hora de grulhar o celular vi-o passando na golipesta. Ento, me
dei conta de que ele j tinha outro programa.
Tomei, ento, a deciso de ir clamba. At chegar l, tudo bem. Estacionei o zulpinho, pus
a chave no bolso e desci correndo para aproveitar ao chinta aquele sol gostoso e o mar pli
sulapente.
No parecia haver glapo na clamba. Tirei as gripes, pus a bangoula. Estava pli quieto ali que
at me saltipou. Mas, esqueci-me logo todas saltipaes no prazer de ficar ali, inclusive tirei
a bangoula para ficar mais vontade. No sei quanto tempo fiquei nadando, siltando e
corristando.
Foi na hora de voltar da clamba que me dei conta de que nem as gripes nem a bangoula
estavam mais onde eu tinha deixado Que fazer?.....
FONTE-SCOTT, 1983 (Dias Renildes, 1996- Reading Critically in English, 3 edio
* crafuxo - ________________________________________________________
* donguetes - _____________________________________________________
* borombo - ___________________________________________________
* canesso -_______________________________________________________
* cajapondra - ____________________________________________________
* psitacumbo - ____________________________________________________
* barrigatos ______________________________________________________
* metaxineutos ___________________________________________
Se os bales estourassem o som no poderia ser ouvido, uma vez que tudo
estaria extremamente distante do andar certo. Uma janela fechada tambm impediria o som
de ser ouvido, uma vez que os prdios modernos tendem a isolar o barulho externo. Uma
vez que toda operao depender de uma corrente contnua de eletricidade, uma quebra no
fio tambm poderia causar problemas. obvio que a pessoa poderia gritar, mas a voz
humana no suficientemente forte (potente) para se propagar quela distncia. Alm do
mais, se uma corda do instrumento partisse, no haveria acompanhamento musical
mensagem. claro que uma distncia menor diminuiria sensivelmente os possveis
problemas: em um contato face a face um menor nmero de coisas poderia dar errado.
FONTE- Bradsford , Johnson, 1979.
Traduo DIAS, Renildes 1996-Reading Critically in English, UFMG, 2002
Qual a relao entre o estouro dos bales e o som que no podia ser ouvido e a
Est sendo possvel construir uma interpretao para esse texto? O problema para a
dificuldade est no grande nmero de palavras para as quais voc no sabe o significado?
Ou a estrutura do texto?
2.7 FALSOS COGNATOS = Palavras de mesma raiz em Ingls e Portugus, mas com
sentidos diferentes.
muito comum uma mesma palavra aparecer com funo
diferente conforme a posio que ocupar na frase; de modo geral, porm, a idia
transmitida em uma funo est tambm na(s) outra(s). Exemplos:
*support: sustentar, apoiar (verbo)
7
2.8- Tarefa 6-De acordo com as estratgias de leitura. Leia o texto abaixo e faa
correspondncia das figuras com a sua explicao.
Text 1- Test and Repair Instruments
10
The following instruments are commonly used for the test and repair of electronic circuits.
( ) Multimeter-This instrument can be used to measure a number of different electrical
quantities, such as voltage, current, and resistance, i.e. It is a combined voltmeter, ammeter,
and ohmmeter. Multimeters can have analogue or digital displays and can be switched to
different measuring ranges.
( ) Logic probe-This instrument is used for measuring voltage levels and pulses in digital
logic circuits. When the probe is placed on the pin of a logic IC, small colored LEDs light up
to indicate if a pulse is detected or whether the pin is at high or a low logic level.
( ) Oscilloscope-This instrument is used to measure fast-moving signals. It shows how a
signal varies with time or relative to another signal. It uses a cathode ray tube to display the
waveform of the measured signal on a screen.
( ) Function generator- This instrument contains a triangular wave oscillator which can be
switched to produce triangular, square, or sine waves over a range of frequencies. It is used
to test and adjust a variety of electronic equipment such as audio amplifiers. The function
generator provides a known signal which can be injected into a circuit. Often it is used with
an oscilloscope so that a visual display of the waveform can be seen.
Vocabulrio: Ohmmeter: Ohmmetro
Ammeter: Ampermetro
Voltmeter: Voltmetro
Probe: sonda, teste, prova Logic probe: ponta de prova
2- Leia as frases abaixo e escreva qual instrumento voc usaria para a seguinte atividade.
Escreva o nome de cada um deles em ingls.
1- To check a fuse.................................................
2- To determine the frequency response of an audio amplifier ...
3- To test for the presence of a control signal on the output pin of a computer
chip.
4- To determine the value of the current through a transformer
5- To measure the frequency of an oscillator..
6-
11
___________________
c) __________________ ___________________
d) __________________ ___________________
e) __________________ ___________________
f) __________________
___________________
g) __________________ ___________________
h) __________________ ___________________
i) __________________ ___________________
j) __________________ ___________________
12
pop:
m:
bot:
________________________________________________________________________
5- Robert grew peaches in his garden, and now hes canning them.
________________________________________________________________________
6- Lee drank the can of juice very quickly.
_______________________________________________________________________
7- I dont know what happened, but he was canned from his job yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________
15
c)Clues
5. Ecologia
6. Msica
7. Sade Pblica
8. Cinema
17
3-REFERNCIA CONTEXTUAL
PRONOME DO
POSSESSIVO
SUJEITO
OBJETO
PRONOME
Adjetivo
Pronome
Reflexivo
me
my
mine
myself
You
you
your
yours
yourself
He
him
his
his
himself
She
her
her
hers
herself
It
It
Its
its
Itself
We
us
our
ours
ourselves
You
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
Examples:
John loves Mary but She doesnt love him .
Kate and Paul are my neighbors, they have lived near me for a long time
Shakespeare and Goethe were both great poets; the former was an Englishman, the
latter a German.
Which shoes do you like most? These or those
There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the mainframe, the
minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in common.
18
Tarefa 1:Leia as frases abaixo e escolha a alternativa correta para cada uma.
PLURAL
Pronomes Relativos
That; que, o qual, a qual, os quais, as quais
Who: que, o qual, a qual, os quais, as quais
Which: que, o qual, a qual, os quais, as quais
Where: onde
When: quando
Whose: cujo, cuja, cujos, cujas
Relative Pronoun
I met a woman. She can speak six languages.
I met a woman who can speak six languages.
Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him.
Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him.
or
Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him.
19
Pronome Interrogativos
What: o que, qual, quais
Who: quem
Which: qual, quais
Where: onde
When: quando
Whose: de quem
How: Como
How often: com que freqncia, quantas vezes
Why: por qu?
How long: quanto tempo
How much: quanto, quanta
How many: quantos, quantas
R EFERNCIA CONTEXTUAL
Exemplo:
A computer like any other machine is used because it does certain jobs better and more
efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster than any
human. The speed at which a computer works means it can replace weeks or even months
of pencil-and-paper work. Therefore computers are used when the time saved offsets their
cost which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in business industry and
research.
It linha1 = computer
their linha 4 = computers
It linha2 = computer which linha 4= the time saved their cost
It linha 2=Information
they linha 5= computers
* a palavra information tanto no plural quanto no singular ter a escrita da mesma
forma.
Tarefa 1- Observe os referentes em negrito e escreva o que se refere cada um deles
Computers are electronic machines that process information. They are capable of
communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and of making
three kinds of decisions. However, they are incapable of thinking, they accept data and
instructions as input, and after processing the information they output the results.
20
When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered. The
former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the programs which
control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while processing the data.
The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has evolved a great
deal. There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the mainframe, the
minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in common: They operate
quickly and accurately in solving problems.
They (linha 1) =
_________________________________
They=( linha 3)
_________________________________
They (linha 4) =
_________________________________
_________________________________
The latter(linha 6 )=
_________________________________
These(linha 10) =
_________________________________
_________________________________
TOMRA designs and operates cost effective systems that make it attractive for people
to return used beverage containers for reuse or recycling. These systems consist of a
wide range of products and services which complement our principal product group,
reverse vending machine.
05
Reverse vending machines, or RVMs for short, are automated machines that utilize
advanced technology to identify, sort. Collect and process used beverage containers.
In most cases, they are used in markets that have deposits on beverages containers,
offering an efficient and convenient method of identifying the deposit amount of each
container returned and providing a refund to the customer.
09
Currently TOMRA has over 50,000 RVMs installed in 40 countries on four continents.
In pursuing its mission of helping the world recycle, TOMRA maintains a strong
commitment throughout the organization to ensuring that its activities contribute
positively to society and the environment. This commitment is reflected by the fact that
TOMRA is listed on all major sustainability rating and indexes, including Dow Jones
and FTSE4Good.
16
produced by our in- house team of core technology specialists. Final product
configuration and assembly are carried out at our production facilities in Norway
(TOMRA production AS).
22 TOMRAs integrated network of suppliers is committed to delivering fault-free
components in accordance with our strict quality and environmental standards, and we
reward this commitment through a successful program recognizing impeccable
performance,(www.tomra.com)
Vocabulrio:
Cost-effective econmico, custo benefcio
Beverage- bebida
Sort- separar
Core- essencial, bsica, interna
Reverse: reversa
Offering: oferecer
Refund:reembbolsar
Carried out: realizado
strict: severo, rigido
Committed comprometido
Strict- severos, rgidos
suppliers: fornecedores
reward: recompensa
Vending Machines : mquina de vender
make it: torna-se
fault free: livre de falha
customer: cliente
enviroment: meio ambiente
assembly, unidade, montagem,
goods: mercadoria
carried out: realizada
1)De acordo com o texto acima, observe os referentes em negritos e escreva o que se
refere cada um deles.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
that (linha 1)
these (linha 2)
that (linha 5)
they ( linha 7)
its (linha 11)
its (linha 12)
which (linha 18)
22
Text 3-
Diode Any electronic device that has two electrodes. There are several different types of
diodes, their voltage characteristics determining their application. Diodes are most commonly
used as rectifiers; those used for other purposes have an especial name, as with the Gunn
diode.
Diodes are basically a one-way valve for electrical current. They let it flow in one direction
(from positive to negative) and not in the other direction. Most diodes are similar in
appearance to a resistor and will have a painted line on end showing the direction or flow
(white side is negative).If the negative side on the negative end of the circuit, current will flow.
If the negative is on the positive side of the circuit no current will flow.
( ) faixa
( ) fora
( ) fluxo
23
1)De acordo com o vocabulrio dado no texto associe as palavras com a sua definio.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
v)
Lead
Tin
Cast
steel
retain
shape
rubber
quite
all
girders
brittle
roll
draw
copper
wire
stretches
glass
so
gold
iron
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
cobre
forma
fundido
frgil, quebradio
reter
todo(a)
ento
fio
conductor
rolo, cilindro
ao
vigas
ouro
estanho
bastante
estirar, desenhar, puxar
borracha
vidro
extenso, dilatao, alcance
ferro
24
25
4-OS NUMERAIS
CARDINAIS
ORDINAIS
1234567891011121314151617181920212223243031405060708090-
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
thirty
thirty-one
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
twenty-fourth
thirtieth
thirty-first
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
1st
nd
2
3rd
th
4
th
5
th
6
7th
th
8
9th
10th
11th
th
12
13th
14th
15th
16th
th
17
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
39th
31st
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
1001,0001,000,000-
one hundred
one thousand
one million
one hundredth
one thousandth
one millionth
100th
1,000th
1,000,000th
26
Substantivos similares so usados para dizer a idade de pessoas ou coisas. Note que neles
a palavra relativa ao tempo vai estar sempre no singular.
Exemplo: The girl is twenty years old. She is a twenty-years-old girl.
Datas
Quando nos referimos a certos eventos pelo ano em que aconteceram, ou a carros pelo ano
em que foram fabricados, ou outro objeto qualquer que tenha sido feito num ano em
particular, as datas podem ser usadas da seguinte forma:
Exemplo: The car was made in 1968. It is a 1968 car.
Medidas comprimento
12 inches
3 feet
1 760 yards
Sistema Americano
1 inch (in).
1 foot (ft.)
1 yard (yd.)
1 mile
Sistema Mtrico
= 25.4 millimeters (mm)
= 30.48 centimeters (cm)
= 0.914 meter (m)
= 1.609 kilometers (km)
Sistema Americano
1 square inch ( sq in.)
= 1 square foot (sq ft.)
= 1 square yard (sq yd.)
= 1 acre
= 1 square mile
Sistema Mtrico
= 6.452 square centimeters
=929.03square centimeters
= 0.836 square meter
= 0.405 hectare
= 2.59 square kilometers/
259 hectares
Expresses matemticas
+ plus
- minus
x times ou multipled by
divided by
= equal
% percent
3 three squared
5 Five cubed
10
DIGIT IT
REPRESENTS
MULTIPLIER
BLACK
X1
BROWN
X10
RED
X100
ORANGE
X1,000 OR 1K
YELLOW
X10,000 OR 10K
GREEN
X100,000 OR 100K
BLUE
VIOLET
GRAY
X1,000,000 OR 1M
SILVER IS DIVIDE BY
100
GOLD IS DIVIDE BY
10
TOLERANCES
GOLD= 5%
SILVER= 10%
NONE=20%
WHITE
9
28
For example, 180,000 ohms is coded with the first digit brown, then gray and finally yellow.
The fourth band indicates the tolerance that the value has with respect to the stated value.
For example, silver indicates 10% tolerance, meaning that the 180,000 ohms could vary
between 180,000 18,000, i.e. 162,000 to 198,000.
These tolerances may seem to reflect poor manufacture but in most circuit they are, in fact,
quite satisfactory. Relaxing the tolerance enables the maker to sell them more
cheaply.(Oxford English for Electronics-1997)
Tarefa 2 De acordo com o vocabulrio dado no texto associe as palavras com a sua
definio.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
Coded
Named
Bands
Marking
Ease
Shown
Then
Meaning
May
Most
quite
enables
maker
n) sell
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
) fabricante
) ento
) vender
) nomeado
) permitir, possibilitar
) diminuir, reduzir
) pode
) bastante
) codificado
) faixas
) marca
) significado
) maioria
) mostrado
a)
b)
c)
d)
x 10,000
10%
29
First digit
Second digit
Numbers of zeros following
Tolerance
Red
2%
Gold 5%
Silver 10%
No band 20%
5. Estados Unidos nos lembra que usamos the antes de nomes de pases no plural. No
usamos antes de Brasil, por exemplo, porque singular.
Exemplo: the U.S.A., the United Kindom
6. Violo nos lembra que usamos the antes de instrumentos musicais.
Exemplo: The guitar, the pianno
7. Primeiro um numeral ordinal e antes deles temos que usar the.
Exemplo: Is this the second floor?
8. Rolls Royce um nome de um carro e nos lembra que temos que usar o artigo definido
the antes de nomes de carros, navios, avies, etc.
30
A dog is an animal
The teacher left an hour ago.
EXERCCIO:
1) Traduza:
a) a conductor:
b) the ceiling:
c) a radio:
d) an outlet:
e) an inversion:
f) The dynamo
eye(olho) :eyes
hand(mo): hands
meeting(reunio): meetings
coat(casaco): coats
Outros Casos
Os substantivos terminados em: ch, o, sh, ss, x e z fazem o plural com es.
Exemplo:
Watch(relgio de pulso): watches
Brush(escova): brushes
Fox( raposa): foxes
Potato(batata): potatoes
Kiss(beijo) kisses
Buzz(zumbido): buzzes
31
Exemplo:
Dynamo(dnamo): dynamos
Photo(foto): photos
children
dice
feet
lice
geese
man(homem)
woman(mulher)
mouse(rato)
tooth(dente)
men
women
mice
teeth
Advice (conselho)
Baggage( bagagem)
Bread(po)
Butter(manteiga)
Cheese(queijo)
Hair(cabelo)
Luck (sorte)
Milk( leite)
Money(dinheiro)
Music(msica)
News(notcia)
Rain(chuva)
Coffee(caf)
Equipament(equipamento)
Experience(experincia)
Furniture(moblia)
Fear(medo)
Information(informao)
Work( trabalho)
Water (gua)
Time(tempo)
Tea(ch)
Sugar (aucar)
Salt (sal)
7- COMPOUNDS (compostos)
Em ingls muito comum usarmos adjetivos para qualificar um substantivo. O que
veremos aqui como esses adjetivos so ordenados e como, s vezes, se agrupam para
formar novas palavras.
Observe os exemplos:
Menina bonita
Uma casa grande e confortvel
Naes Unidas
Fundo Monetrio Internacional
Beautiful girl
A big and comfortable house
United Nations
International Monetary fund
(ADJETIVO)
fast
deserved
big
(OUTRAS PALAVRAS)
Tennis
Afternoon
9-year-old
Stand-up
(SUBSTANTIVO)
car
promotion
house
(SUBSTANTIVO)
courts
Sun
boy
meal
(TRADUO)
carro realmente veloz
promoo bem merecida
casa muito grande
(TRADUO)
quadra de tnis
sol da tarde
garoto de 9 anos
refeio feita em p
33
Gas-lit
Breathtaking
street
view
(GENITIVO)
Peoples
Students
Students
Johns
rua iluminada a gs
vista de tirar o flego
(SUBSTANTIVO)
identities
book
homework
research
(TRADUO)
identidades das pessoas
livro do aluno
dever de casa dos alunos
pesquisa de John
importante observar que, nos textos com os quais voc lida, possivelmente
encontrar somente um, dois ou trs adjetivos sendo usados ao mesmo tempo com um
substantivo. Quando se deparar com tais expresses, tente l-las do final para o incio: voc
ver como ficaro mais fceis de serem entendidas!
1
2
3
1
3
2
Ex: a low-risk investiment = um investimento de baixo risco
1
2
3
4
1
4
3
2
A single-dose beautiful treatment = um tratamento de beleza de dose nica.
Nessa estreita relao entre as palavras, um substantivo pode aparecer exercendo
uma funo atributiva, isto , trazendo algum tipo de qualidade a outro substantivo que o
segue.
Ex: drug troubles
Substantivo agindo como adjetivo
Nessas combinaes, sempre a Segunda palavra que concentra o foco de ateno,
sendo a mais importante para o entendimento de toda expresso.
Ex:
A bird house
(a house for birds)
Ncleo
A house bird
(a bird that lives in a house)
modificador
b) code-named:
c) a cigarette machine:
d) a hospital nurse:
e) television news:
f) night work:
g) a function selector switch:
h) a soldering iron:
i) an electrical shock
j) long sleeves:
k) poisons materials:
l) seawater:
m) salt water
n) tool box:
o) light emitting diode
p) cathode ray tube
q) digital communication system
r) data control unit
s) energy level
t) emitter semiconductor
u) band selector
v) battery eliminator
w) black-light flux
x) capacitor voltage
35
36
8- FORMAO DE PALAVRAS
AFFIXES
PREFIXES
unhappy
STEAM
Happy
SUFFIXES
Happiness
Tarefa 1- Leia estas tabelas abaixo e encontre o significado para cada exemplo.
Prefixos Negativos, Positivos, de Tamanho e Localizao
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
unmagnetized incomplete
unimpossible
innot (no)
illegal
imirregular
ilirrelevant
irnonPrefixo
negativo
mismaldis-
Prefixo de
Tamanho
Prefixo de
Localizao
Prefixo de
tempo e
ordem
opposite feeling
(oposto ao sentimento)
opposite action
(oposto a ao)
against (contra)
reduce, reverse
(reduzir, reverter)
too little (bem pouco)
do again (fazer outra vez)
too much (demais)
equal (igual)
small(pequeno)
very small (muito pequeno)
large, great (amplo, grande)
non-programmable
misdirect
malfunction
disagree
disconnect
supertrans-
over (acima)
across(atravs)
exextrasubinfra
periAnte
Pre
Prime
Post
retro
out(fora)
beyond(alm)
under (embaixo)
below (abaixo)
around(ao redor)
Before (antes)
antiglare
demagnetize,
decode
underestimated
reorganize
overload
equidistant
minicomputer
microcomputer
macroeconomics
megabyte
interface,
interactive
supersonic
transmit,
transfer
exclude
extraordinary
subschema
infra-red
peripheral
Antecedent
First (primeiro)
After (depois)
Backward (de volta)
Primary, primitive
Postdated
Retroactive
antide-
Positivo
underreoverequiminimicromacromegainter-
37
Prefixos de
nmeros
Semi
Mono
Bi
Tri
Quad
Penta
Hex
Sept
Oct
Dec
multi
Half (metade)
One(um)
Two (dois)
Three(trs)
Four( quatro)
Five( cinco)
Six (seis)
Seven (sete)
Eight (oito)
Ten(dez)
Many (muitos)
Semicircle
Monochromatic
Binary
Triangle
Quadruple
Pentagon
Hexadecimal
September
Octal
Decimal
Multiplexor
Sufixo
Nouns
Verbs
-ance
-ence
-or
-er
-ist
-ness
-ize
-ate
-ty
-en
-ity
Adjectives
-able
-ible
-less
-ic
-ical
-ish
-ive
Adverbs
-ly
Tarefa 2- Leia estas tabelas abaixo e encontre o significado para cada exemplo.
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
state (estado)
Performance
-ance
qualit of (qualidade de)
Independence
-ence
-ist, yst
-ian
pertaining to (pertence a)
-er, -or
Electrician
Compilation
Readiness
Conversion
Multiplexing
Measurement
-ment
state,action (estado, ao)
-ity
-ism
-Dom
-ship
Electricity
state,quality(estado e qualidade) complexity
Magnetism
condition/state(condio/
estado)
Freedom
domain/condition
(domnio/ condio)
Relationship
condition/ state
Partnership
(condio/ estado)
38
-ize/ ise
-ify
Sufixos
-ate
formadores de
-en
verbos
to make(fazer)
Sufixos
-ly
formadores de
advrbios
-al
-ar
-ic
-ical
-able
-ible
Sufixos
-ous
formadores de
adjetivos
-ful
In the manner of
(na maneira de)
-less
-ish
-ed
-ive
optimize
simplify
automate,
activate,
calculate harden, widen
Logically
Helpfully
Comparably
having the quality of (tendo a Computational
qualidade de)
Circular
Magnetic
Electrical
capable of being (capaz de ser) Comparable
Divisible
Dangerous
like, full of (como, cheio de )
Helpful
characterized by (caracterizado
por)
without (sem)
Careless
like(como)
Yellowish
having the quality of
Computed
(tendo a qualidade de)
Interactive
Tarefa 3- Observando a lista de palavras abaixo, faa a traduo de cada uma delas:
a) or, ar, er - designam atividade, profisso
Verbo
To work= trabalhar
To drive=
To read=
To research=
To teach=
To use=
To transmit=
To operate=
Substantivo
worker= trabalhador
driver=
reader=
researcher=
teacher=
user=
transmitter=
operator=
Substantivo
action= ao
selection=
recognition
relation=
definition
39
Substantivo
development=
arrangement=
improvement=
resistance=
attendance=
ignorance=
interference=
reference=
occurrence=
Substantivo
removal
reversal=
approval=
refusal=
marriage=
passage=
drainage=
Substantivo
blindness=
happiness=
sadness=
deafness=
darkness
usefulness=
joblessness=
relativity=
probability=
Adjetivo
Heathy=
fatty=
sandy=
faulty=
drowsy=
40
Adjetivo
convertible
Adjetivo
careful=
Substantivo
Job=
Breath=
Adjetivo
jobless=
breathless
useful=
Adjetivo
AIDS-Like
flu-like
Adjetivo
troublesome=
tiresome=
Adjetivo
incomparable=
unbelievable=
unhappy=
inexpensive=
Adjetivo
misdirect=
misunderstand=
misinterpret=
disobey=
dishonest=
disloyal=
41
Verbos
overestimated=
overload=
Texto 7- SUPERCONDUCTORS
Common Metal Conductors
Regular electric wire is made of metal, in which the atoms are arranged in net-like structures.
When the electrons conducting electricity pass through these structures, they collide against
them. The collision delays the flow of electrons and causes loss of energy.
42
Tarefa 1 De acordo com o vocabulrio dado no texto associe as palavras com a sua
definio.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
Wire
Made
Arranged
Conducting
Through
Against
Collide
Collision
loss
allow
cooled
below
pushes
overheating
forward
pairs
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
) pares
) feito
) fio
) arrumado, organizado
) contra
) colidir
) perda
) para frente
) permitir, dar, conceder
) coliso
) abaixo
) esfriado, refrigerado
) superaquecimento
) empurrar, forar
) conduo
) atravs
b) falha
d) afluente
e)fluente
c)liga
__________________ ___________________
b) ________________
__________________ ___________________
c) ________________
__________________
d) ________________
__________________
e) ________________
__________________
43
Presente Simples -
To BE (ser, estar)
Am
Is
I am
you are
sou/ estou
/ est
we are
somos/ estamos
Are
He is
She is
It is
/ est
They are
so/ esto
Passado SimplesWas
Were
To BE (era , estava)
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
Futuro simplesWill be
era/ estava
era/ estava
we were
they were
ramos/ estvamos
eram/ estavam
era /estava
To Be (serei, estarei)
I will be
you will be
He will be
serei/ estarei
ser/ estar
She will be
It will be
we will be
they will be
seremos/ estaremos
sero/ estaro
BEING (sendo)
I am being
you are being
he is being
She is being
It is being
We are being
You are being
They are being
I was being
you were being
estou sendo
est sendo
estamos sendo
esto sendo
esto sendo
being (sendo)
estava sendo
we were being
they were being
estvamos
estavam
he was being
she was being
it was being
Futuro Perfeitowill have been
ter sido/estado
ter sido/estado
ter sido/estado
teremos sido/estado
tereis sido/estado
tero sido/estado
45
tenho sido/estado
tem sido/estado
tem sido/ estado
tem sido/ estado
tem sido/ estado
temos sido / estado
tem sido / estado
tm sido/estado
teria sido/estado
terias sido/estado
teria sido/estado
teria sido/estado
teria sido/estado
teramos sido/ estado
tereis sido/estado
teriam sido/estado
47
48
Oil
Diameter
On board:
Loops
Pipeline
Lines up
Shore
Tankers
Off-loading:
Ball:valves:
Slop:
Spargers:
Partnerships
Barrels:
concern
Updates
Offshore
Renewal
Shut down
procurement:
Shuttle
Alter
)leo, petrleo
)renovao
)obteno. compra
) preocupao
)tubulao, gasoduto
) transporte, transportar
)Tambor
)dimetro
)alterar, modificar
)parceria
)engrenagem de dentes
)esfera de vlvula
)desembarcar, descarregar
) costa
)petroleiro
)fazer fileiras
)voltas
)transbordar, derramar
)atualizar
)perto da praia
)a bordo de
) paralizao
b) A converso incorpora inovaes desenvolvidas pela petrobrs ou pelo projetos com muitas
parcerias._______________________
c) A preocupao com o meio ambiente est sempre presente em todo o projeto da petrobrs.
_______________________
d)Para cobrir uma grande distncia o gs precisa ser pressurizado por alta capacidade e compressores de alta
presso. _______________________
49
Tarefa 3-SCANNING
RESPONDA AS PERGUNTAS EM PORTUGUS DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO ACIMA.
a) Qual o procedimento que se d depois que o petrleo tratado e armazenado em tanques?
b) Quais so os diferentes sistemas de produo da P-35?
c) Qual o processo que feito pela P-35 para minimizar os riscos ao meio ambiente?
d) Em que ano foi descoberto petrleo na Bacia de Campos?
e) Qual a tecnologia que a Petrobrs utiliza para superar os desafios?
50
11-COMPARATIVOS E SUPERLATIVOS
1. Comparativo de Superioridade
A forma comparativa :
Ex:
heavy - heavier
more modern
more expensive
2. Comparativo de Inferioridade
Formao : LESS + Adjetivo + than (menos .. que)
Ex: This subject is less important than the previous one.
51
Esta regra serve para fazer o comparativo de inferioridade de qualquer adjetivo, sem
exceo.
3. Comparativo de Igualdade
Formao: As + adjetivo + As ( To... Quanto )
EX: Some tool steels are not as strong as some hard steels.
Esta regra serve para fazer o comparativo de igualdade de qualquer adjetivo, sem
exceo.
4. Superlativo
A forma do superlativo THE est (o mais) ou THE MOST...... (o mais)
Substantivo de (1 slaba) Adjetivos monosslabos terminados em uma consoante
precedida de um s vogal dobram a consoante para o acrscimo da forma
superlativa.
Old
Big
the oldest
the biggest
hard
hot
the hardest
the hottest
the easiest
heavy
the heaviest
interesting
52
Mild steel
Medium
Carbon
steel
Hard steel
Spring steel
Tool steel
Tensile strength
hardnes
s
0.15
0.25
0.65
% CARBON
0.85
1.05
In engineering, it is important to know the tensile strength and the hardness of different
alloys. The table above compares the tensile strength, the hardness and the carbon content
of some common steels.
Hardness: This is the ability to withstand abrasion.
Low carbon steel is not very hard. It is the softest of the steels. Mild steel is harder than low
carbon steel. Medium carbon steel is even harder. The high carbon steels are the hardest.
Hard steel is not as hard as spring steel. Tool steel is the hardest. Among these common
steels, hardness is in proportion to their carbon content. The greater their carbon content, the
greater their hardness.
Tensile strength: This is the ability to withstand tension.
Low carbon steel is not very strong. It is the weakest of the
steels. Mild steel is stronger than low carbon steel. Medium
carbon steel is even stronger. The high carbon steels are the
strongest. However, their strength is not always in proportion
to their carbon content. Some tool steels are not as strong as
some hard steels. Below 0.85% carbon, the greater their
carbon content, the stronger they are. Above 0.85% carbon,
the greater their carbon content, the weaker they are.
( ) alto
b) Hardest
( ) ferramenta
c) Steel
( ) dureza
d) Spring
( ) duro
e) Tool
( ) mais duro
53
f) Weakest
( ) forte, resistente
g) Strong
( ) baixo
h) High
( ) mais fraco
i) Low
( ) mola
j) Hard
( ) ao
4)Traduza os compostos:
a) spring steel: _________________________________________
b) low carbon steel: _________________________________________
c) Tensile strength : _________________________________________
d) The high carbon steels: _________________________________________
54
Wrought iron
Low carbon steels
Medium carbon steels
High carbon steels
Cast iron
Good
Quite good
Not very good
Poor
Very poor
Elasticity
Good
Quite good
Not very good
Poor
Very poor
0.05%
0.08-0.25%
0.25-0.65%
0.65-1.50%
2%-5%
This is a table of ferrous metals. It compares their malleability with their carbon content. It
also compares their elasticity with their carbon content.
Cast iron is the least malleable of these metals. High carbon steels are not very malleable
either. However, with less carbon in them, steels become more malleable. Medium carbon
steels are more malleable than high carbon steels. Low carbon steels have even more
malleability. Wrought iron is the most malleable of these ferrous metals.
Wrought iron is also the most elastic of these metals. Low carbon steels are less elastic
because they have more carbon in them. Medium carbon steels are less elastic than low
carbon steels. High carbon steels have even less elasticity because they contain even more
carbon. Cast iron has the most carbon in it. Therefore, it is the least elastic.
The more carbon these metals contain, the less malleable they are. The more carbon they
contain, the less elastic they are. Wrought iron contains the least carbon and it is the most
elastic. Cast iron contains the most carbon and it has the least elasticity. The steels have a
medium carbon content and medium elasticity.
2) RESPONDA AS PERGUNTAS ABAIXO DE ACORDO COM O TEXTO.
a) Qual metal tem mais carbono nele?
b) Qual metal contm menos carbono?
c) Qual o metal menos malevel?
d) Qual metal tem mais elasticidade?
e) Quais aos contm aproximadamente 0.65 -1.50% de carbono?
f) Quais aos so mais maleveis: os aos de mdio teor de carbono ou alto teor de
carbono?
g) Quais aos tm menos elasticidade, aos de alto ou baixo carbono?
55
13-PREPOSITIONS (Preposies)
O uso das preposies questo idiomtica. No h, portanto uma correlao exata entre
as preposies usadas em uma lngua e em outra.
O recurso mais eficiente para aprender o seu emprego associ-las s palavras que elas
regem (substantivos, verbos, adjetivos e pronomes) e memoriz-las.
AS PREPOSIES MAIS USADAS EM INGLS
ABOUT
ABOVE
acima
NEAR prximo
ACROSS atravs de
AFTER
OF de
AGAINST contra
OFF fora de
AMONG
entre
ON em, sobre
AT
em, a
OUT fora
BEFORE antes
BEHIND atrs de
TO para , a
TOWARDS em direo a
THROUGH atravs de
UNDER embaixo de
BY por , pelo
UP acima
WITH com
FOR
WITHOUT sem
para , por
em
IN FRONT OF em frente de
INSIDE dentro de
Time (Tempo)
At (a, em)
at two oclock
at Christmas
at half past nine
at noon
In (em)
in November
in the morning
in 2004
in the winter
On (em)
on Sunday
on November 6th
on Easter Sunday
IN (em)
in the library
in Rio
in a car
56
at the hotel
in Europe
ON (em, sobre)
On the farm
On the mountains
On the street
On the table
Tarefa 1- Traduza as frases abaixo de acordo com as preposies estudadas.
a) Our house is between the woods, the river and the village.
b) His house is hidden among the trees.
c) They have classes in the evening and get back home at midnight.
d) She lives at 243, Texas Street, in Brooklyn.
e) She comes from Paris.
f) He lives across the street.
Vocabulary:
Days of the week
Sunday
January
Spring
Monday
February
Summer
Tuesday
March
Fall / Autum
Wednesday
April
Winter
Thrusday
May
Friday
June
Saturday
July
August
September
October
November
December
Infinitivo
Gerndio
Passado Perfeito
work = trabalhar
working= trabalhando
worked= trabalhou
go= ir
going= indo (vai)
went= foi
58
2. ADVERBS (Advrbios)
O advrbio uma palavra que acrescentamos ao verbo para modific-lo, ou expandir o
seu significado. Os advrbios tambm podem modificar adjetivos ou outros advrbios.
Os advrbios podem ser de tempo, lugar, modo ou grau. Eles sempre respondem a uma
destas perguntas: Quando, Onde? Como? De que maneira? Em que grau?
a.Adverbs of frequency: (advrbio de freqncia): Eles so usados geralmente antes
do verbo principal. Com o verbo to be aparecem depois.
Repeatedly=repetidamente
usually= usualmente
Always= sempre
never= nunca
rarely= raramente
Generally= geralmente
often=frequentemente
sometimes= s vezes
Seldom= raramente
Exemplos:
a) He always studies his lesson.
b) They have never seen him before.
c) You are often tired.
b. Adverbs of time(advrbios de tempo)
Afterwards= depois
Still= ainda
Then= ento
Soon= em breve
Today= hoje
Now= agora
Tomorrow= amanh
Yesterday= ontem
Early= cedo
At once= imediatamente
Before= antes
Enough= suficiente
Almost= quase
Nearly = aproximadamente
Very= muito
d. Adverbs of manner (Advrbio de modo) A maioria formada com acrscimo de - ly
ao adjetivo.
59
Careful
Carefully= cuidadosamente
Quiet
Quietly= tranquilamente
Slow
Slowly= vagarosamente
Quick
Quickly= rapidamente
Active
Actively= ativamenente
Bold
Boldly (corajosamente)
immediately (imediatamente)
sincerely (sinceramente)
Mas
True
Whole
truly (verdadeiramente)
wholly (interamente)
comfortably (comfortavelmente)
sensibly (sensatamente)
B-Passado
Refere-se a uma ao que comeou e acabou num tempo determinado no passado.
O Passado Simples tem como auxiliar no DID nas negativas e interrogativas para todas as
pessoas. Observe que nas afirmativas o verbo principal ganha um ed, que o sufixo dos
60
verbos regulares no passado simples em ingls. Se o verbo for irregular, sua forma ser
outra e dever ser conhecida do leitor.
Afirm: I worked in a company.
He worked in a company.
Int:
in 2001
2 days ago
three years ago
four minutes ago
C-Futuro
Refere-se a uma ao que vai com certeza acontecer no futuro. Tem como auxiliar o Will
para todas as pessoas. Ele aparece, mas afirmativas nas interrogativas e negativas.
Afirm: I will work in a company
He will work in a company.
Int:
Int:
2.1- Traduza as frases abaixo de acordo com o tempo verbal estudado (modo simples).
a) I watched television last night. (to watch)
b) I will go to the U.S. next year. ( to go)
c) I never watch television at night.
d) Would you fix her car? ( to fix)
e) The rectifier converts the AC voltage to a DC voltage. ( to convert)
f) Did it produce the electricity? (to produce)
g) The generator produces a maximum voltage of 100v.
h) Diesel engines dont have spark plugs. They have fuel injectors. (to have)
i) The amount of oil in the engine will need changing regularly. ( to need)
j) Steam pressure became mechanical power in this simple way. (to become)
62
If an appliance as a light or heater stops working. It is probably because the fuse has
blown. There are three main types of fuse in use today: cartridge, rewirable and the most
modern type, miniature circuit breakers. Some appliances have their own fuses (usually in
the plug), so this should be checked first. Otherwise, check whether the main fuse has gone.
The main fuses are normally in a switch box or fuse box at the point where the mains
electricity supply cable enters the building, usually near the front door. Before checking these
fuses, turn off the main switch. Remove and examine the fuses one by one. With the
cartridge fuses the simplest thing to do is to take out the old fuse and try a substitute fuse- of
the correct amp rating, of course. Then test the appliance.
With rewirable fuses look for wire breaks or scorch marks on the fuse carriers.
Remove the old wire, fit new wire round the retaining screws and tighten the screws. Replace
the fuse carrier and see if the appliance works.
If a fuse continues to blow, DO NOT fit another fuse, but get an electrician to check the
appliance ant the circuit for possible faults. Never attempt to use a fuse of a higher rating.
1)De acordo com o texto acima associe as palavras a suas definies:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
Heater
Blown
Blow
Fuse
Cartridge
Rewirable
Circuit breakers
Have/has
Should
Wire
Main
Check
Supply
Switch
Scorch
Screws
Faults
Rating
Appliance
replace
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
) cartucho
) deveria
) falha, defeito
) queimar
) verificar
) aquecedor
) parafuso
) chamuscar
) potncia indicada
) queimado
) ter
) aparelho, dispositivo
) fusvel
) disjuntor
) principal
) substituir
) renovvel
) chave , interruptor
) suprimento, fornecimento
) fio
63
3-Retire do texto 3 palavras que receberam prefixos e 2 palavras que receberam sufixos:
The first stage consists of a transformer which steps down the voltage of the AC mains (see
Fig 2).
The charger is switched on and off by a double-pole switch connected in series with the
mains input. A neon lamp, connected across the primary of the transformer, shows when the
charger is on. A fuse is connected in the live side of the supply to protect the transformer.The
second stage is a bridge rectifier which converts the AC voltage to a DC voltage ( see Fig. 3)
64
This can be made from discrete components but more usually consists of four diodes
contained in one package. It is mounted on an aluminium heatsink to keep the diodes from
overheating.The third stage is a smoothing circuit. It removes the fluctuations in the DC
output of the rectifier. It consists of a larger electrolytic capacitor connected in parallel with
the rectifier as shown in Fig 4.
The final stage is a stabilizing circuit consisting of a transistors biased by two resistors and a
zener diode. This prevents the output from changing when the load varies. NiCad batteries
have such a small internal resistance that the charger must produce a constant current
output (see Fig 5).
8-stabilizing circuit
h- (
66
According to ...
Principalmente ...
Em meio a ...
As a rule ...
Sem dvida
Portanto, ...
As long as
Desde que
Since
Whereas
However,
Apesar de ...
Otherwise
Seno ...
Unless ...
A no ser que...
study = estudar
studying = estudando
studied = estudei
B-Passado Contnuo
Indica uma ao que estava acontecendo no passado. Indica uma ao que estava
acontecendo no passado quando outra ocorreu.
He was studying his lesson when I arrived.
Afirm
Neg.
Int.
C-Futuro Contnuo
Indica uma ao que estar ocorrendo no futuro.
He Will be studying English when we arrive there.
Afirm.
Neg,
Int.
D-Condicional Contnuo
Tem como auxiliar o verbo to be conjugado no condicional simples (would be). O would
aparecer nas trs formas.
Afirm:I would be studying English
Neg: I would not be working.
Int. Would you be working?
Tarefa 1. Traduza as frases abaixo para o portugus de acordo com o tempo verbal acima.
a) The speedometer is indicating zero kph. ( to indicate)
c) The engine is turning at minimum speed (approximately 750 rpm). (to turn)
69
g) The engine is turning at 2500 rpm and so the alternator is turning quite fast.( to turn)
h) The alternator is supplying current to the battery and to the engine. ( to supply)
70
2. Passado Perfeito
Usado para expressar uma ao que tinha acontecido no passado antes do
acontecimento de outra ao tambm no passado. Tem como auxiliar o Had que aparece
nas trs formas de frases.
I had already studied my lesson when He phoned me.
Afirm:
Neg.
4. O Condicional Perfeito
Tem como auxiliar o Would have que aparece nas trs formas de frases.
Afirm:I would have studied English.
Neg. I would not have studied English.
Int.
Would you have studied English?
Tarefa 2. Traduza as frases abaixo para o portugus de acordo com o tempo verbal
acima.
a She has never felt better.
b They have been in Europe.
c
The film will have already started by the time we get to the cinema.
72
PASSADO
FUTURO
CONDICIONAL
MODO
SIMPLES
DO/
DOES/DID
WIIL/
WOULD
CONTNUO
TO BE +
GERNDIO
PERFEITO
TO HAVE /
HAS +
Help = ajudo,
ajuda, ajudamos,
ajudam
Helped =
Will help =
Would help =
ajudava,Ajudvamo ajudarei,Ajudar, ajudaria,Ajudaramo
s, ajudavam
ajudaremos,
s, ajudariam
(did) help
am helping =
estou ajudando
was helping =
estava Ajudando
is helpinge = est
ajudando
were helping =
estvamos
are helping = est ajudando,
ajudando,estamos estavam ajudando
ajudando, esto
ajudando
Have helped =
tenho ajudado,
temos
ajudado,tm
ajudado
ajudaro
will be helping =
estarei ajudando,
estar ajudando,
estaremos
ajudando,estava
m ajudando
Would behelping=
estaria ajudando,
estaramosajudando
estariam ajudando
PARTICPIO
PASSADO
Have been helping Had been helping =
=vm ajudando,
Vinha ajudando,
viemos ajudando
PERFEITO
Vinhamos
CONTNUO has been helping=
ajudando,
HAVE BEEN
vem ajudando
vinham ajudando
73
To obtain these pulsed signals, electrical pulses are first generated at a frequency in the
upper audio range by the audio oscillator in the transmitter. They are then amplified by the
buffer amplifier to enable them to drive the light-emitting diode (LED). Finally, the electrical
pulses are converted by the LED into pulsed infra-red radiation which is directed at the
receiver. Almost no visible light is emitted from the LED.
The circuit diagram of a remote control transmitter is shown in Fig. 2.
In this circuit, both the oscillator and amplifier are combined in a single chip integrated
circuit(IC1). The frequency of the oscillator is set by the external timing components R1, R2,
and C2. The current output of the amplifier is controlled by the resistor R3 which is
connected in series with the LED. Decoupling of the DC supply from the pulsed output of the
IC is provided by the electrolytic capacitor C1.
IC1
R1,R2 and C2
R3
C1
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
decoupling of DC supply
frequency control
oscillator and amplifier
current output control
4- Traduza os compostos.
a) Light-emittingdiode:____________________________________________________
b) The electrical pulses: __________________________________________________
c) Audio oscillator: _______________________________________________________
d) A simple remote control system: __________________________________________
e) The Integrated circuit:___________________________________________________
5-Traduza as frases abaixo para o portugus.
a) The microchip sends a series of on-off electrical pulses to a LED.
b) These pulses switch on the LED
c) The remote control unit contains keys and electronic components similar to those of a
calculator.
Switch on:ligar
75
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
SHOULD
OUGHT TO
MUST
MUST NOT
Pode
Posso
Habilidade
Permisso
Informal
Possibilidade
Podia
Capacidade ( no passado)
Pudesse
Poder
Permisso
Pode
Posso
Probabilidade
Possibilidade
Podia
Probabilidade
Pode
Permisso
Deve
Recomendao
Deveria
Conselho
Deveria
Conselho
Deve
Obrigao moral
Dever
Obrigao
Deve
Forte necessidade
Concluso lgica
No deve
Proibio
MUSTNT
You should wear long sleeves so that you do not burn your hands
You should wear thick shoes so that you will not burn your feet
Allow the sparks to fall into a metal container so that they dont burn the floor
There must be fire extinguishers in the workshop so that any fires can be extinguished immediately.
After welding, turn off all valves so that no gases can escape.
ARC WELDING
A face must be used or your face and eyes will not be protected
The workshop floor should be dry and clean so that it cannot conduct electricity.
The floor should be made of concrete so that it cannot be burnt.
Your clothes should be dry and clean so that they cannot conduct electricity.
Overalls with long sleeves should be worn.
Thick shoes should be worn to protect your feet.
Welding gloves should be worn so that your hands are protected from sparks.
Allow the sparks to fall into a metal container so that they dont burn the floor.
CO2 fire extinguishers should be provided in the workshop so that any electrical fires can be
immediately extinguished.
After welding, all switches must be turned off to prevent accidents.
77
voz passiva
Observe: que na voz ativa o sujeito da sentena Carol e o objeto milk, mas na voz
passiva acontece o contrrio:
Carol passa a ser agente da passiva e milk passa a ser sujeito.
Note tambm que o verbo TO BE (is, was, will be) nas sentenas A, B, e C respectivamente
est no sentido no mesmo tempo SELLS (sentena A), sold (sentena B) e WILL BE
( sentena C).
Obs: Quando o sujeito da voz ativa for someone, somebody, etc., no o usamos como
agente da passiva:
Ex: Someone took my book. My book was taken.
PARTES DA VOZ PASSIVA
1. O objeto da ativa torna-se sujeito
2. O verbo auxiliar TO BE vai para o mesmo tempo do verbo principal da voz ativa.
3. O verbo principal usado sempre no particpio passado.
4. O sujeito da voz ativa torna-se agente da passiva.
Observe a tabela abaixo
TEMPO
VOZ ATIVA
VOZ PASSIVA
Presente
speak
Is
spoken
speaks
Are
spoken
Passado
spoke
Was
Were
Futuro
will speak
Will be spoken
Condicional
Would speak
Would be spoken
Presente contnuo
am
is
are
am
is
are
speaking
spoken
spoken
being spoken
Passado contnuo
was speaking
were
Presente perfeito
have
has
Passado perfeito
had spoken
Condicional perfeito
spoken
78
Infinitivo
To speak
(to ) be spoken
Verbos Modais
Can repair
Should see
Must cut
May use
Can be repaired
Should be seen
Must be cut
May be used
a
b
c
d
e
Presente continuo
Nothing is being done now. (do;does)
The play is being performed. (perform)
Futuro simples
Your message will be sent immediately.(send)
The customers will be treated like kings.(treat)
Passado continuo
The computer was being used when the lights went off. (use)
A lovely home was being decorated by a famous designer. (decorate)
Passado Simples
Toms car was found in another town. (find)
This watch was bought in Europe. ( buy)
Modal
The grass must be cut immediately.(cut)
This chair can be repaired. (repair)
79
Presente perfeito
The walls have been painted. (paint)
The shelf has been organised. (organise)
Wear Analysis-While most, IF not all oil analysis programs include at least some means of
detecting active machine wear, all too often problems can be missed or misdiagnosed due to
a basic lack of understanding of the strengths and weakness of the test method used. In this
edition of Oil Analysis 101, we look at some of the more common test methods used for
monitoring and analyzing wear.
Monitoring and controlling problems that lead to active machine wear are critical to an
effective oil analysis strategy. For this reason, educated oil analysis users focus their
attention on contamination monitoring and control, and on ensuring that the physical and
chemical properties of the oil are in good condition.
Nevertheless, no matter how effective a proactive lubrication management program might be,
at sometime or another, a component will start to show signs of wear. This is where wear
analysis comes into play.
with which test is appropriate for specific situations, enabling the selection of the most
appropriate test for routine and exception sample analysis.
The most common tests for routine and exception testing are elemental analysis, ferrous
density, particle counting, X-ray fluorescence, analytical ferrography and LaserNet Fines TM,
the new technique that shows great promise for the future of wear particle analysis.
Elemental Analysis
Elemental analysis, sometimes referred to as spectrochemical analysis or atomic emission
spectroscopy, is one of the most basic oil analysis tests. The test measures the
concentrations of 15 to 25 atomic elements, including wear metals such as iron, copper, lead
and tin; contaminants such as silicon, sodium and potassium; and oil additive element such
as phosphorus, zinc and calcium. Elemental analysis is fundamental to routine oil analysis
and was covered in the first Oil Analysis 101 article in the January-February edition of
practicing Oil Analysis magazine.
It is important to understand that both commonly used atomic emission spectrometers,
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE) instruments, suffer
from an inability to detect wear debris in excess of 3 to 8 microns in size, depending on
instrumentation, and are reliable only for particles smaller than 1. While this is not a major
limitation in detecting slow, incipient wear, and system prone to severe sliding wear, adhesive
wear or contact fatigue-type problems, such as gears and large rolling element bearing, is
likely to generate particles in excess of 10 microns should a wear problem occur. This may
result in poor detection sensitivity, or problems going unidentified if elemental analysis is
relied upon as the sole source of wear particle detection. For this reason, it is advisable to
include additional tests capable of detecting these larger particles when setting up routine
test slates for heavily loaded components where fatigue and adhesive wear is possible.
Ferrous Density
The term ferrous density describes a number of instruments capable of detecting the
presence of large (>5micron) iron or steel particles in an oil sample. While the operation of
each type of instrument is beyond the scope of this article, all instruments generally rely on
magnetism to either trap ferrous particles or to detect particles directly using the magnetic
Hall Effect.
81
Figure 2 illustrates one such test method, referred to as Direct Reading (DR) Ferrography. In
this apparatus, the test sample is pumped through a precipitator tube, held on an incline
across a magnet. As the sample flows through the tube, large ferrous particles fall out of
suspension at one end of the tube and are trapped by the magnet, while smaller ferrous
particles remain in suspension until they too precipitate out farther down the tube. Thus, the
quantity of debris in two size ranges, approximately equivalent particles greater-than or lessthan 5 microns, can be determined to provide an early warming of an active wear problem. In
addition, by looking at the ratio of large (that is ferrous particles> 5 micron) to small particles
(<5 micron), the severity of an active wear problem can also be gauged and trended over
time.
While ferrous density testing should be considered routine for large gearboxes and other
components prone to wear mechanisms that produce large quantities of ferrous particles, the
test is limited to magnetic particles and may not indicate problems with nonferrous
components. Similarly, oxidizes ferrous particles (for example, rust), can also be
nonmagnetic while still indicative of wear in progress.
http://www.practicingoilanalysis.com/article_detail.asp?articleid=382&relatedbookgroup=WearDebris
82
c) O teste da densidade do ferro deve ser considerado uma rotina para a caixa de
engrenagens e outros componentes predisposto ao desgaste de mquina que produz
uma grande quantidade de partculas ferrosas.______________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
84
INGLS TCNICO
19-LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
INFINITIVO
TRADUO
PASSADO
PARTICPIO
Be
Beat
Become
Begin
Bend
Bite
Blow
Break
Bring
Broadcast
Build
Burn
Burst
Bust
Buy
Cast
Catch
Choose
Come
Cost
Creep
Cut
Deal
Dig
Do
Draw
Dream
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Feed
Feel
Fight
Find
Flee
Fling
Fly
Forbid
Forecast
Forget
Forgive
Freeze
Get
Give
Go
Grind
Grow
Hang
Have
Hear
Hide
Hit
Hold
Hurt
Keep
Know
Lay
ser, estar
bater
tornar-se
comear/ iniciar
curvar-se
morder
soprar
quebrar
trazer
irradiar, transmitir
construir
queimar
estourar, rebentar
explodir, fracassar
comprar
lanar, espalhar
pegar, capturar
escolher
vir
custar
rastejar
cortar
negociar, tratar
cavar
fazer
desenhar, esboar
sonhar
beber
dirigir
comer
cair
alimentar
sentir
lutar
encontrar
fugir, escapar
arremessar
voar, pilotar
proibir
prognosticar, prever
esquecer
perdoar
congelar, paralizar
obter
dar
ir
roer
crescer, cultivar
pendurar
ter, beber, comer
ouvir
esconder
bater
segurar
machucar, ferir
guardar, manter
saber, conhecer
pr,deitar,estender
was/were
beat
became
began
bent
bit
blew
broke
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
burst
busted/bust
bought
cast
caught
chose
came
cost/costed
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flew
forbade
forecasted/forecast
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bitten
blown
broken
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
burst
busted/bust
bought
cast
caught
chose
come
cost/costed
crept
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecasted/forecast
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
85
Lead
liderar
led
led
Lean
inclinar-se, desviar-se leaned/leant
leaned/leant
Leap
pular, saltar
leaped/leapt
leaped/leapt
Learn
aprender,verificar
learned/learnt learned/learnt
Leave
sair, partir
left
left
Lend
emprestar, dar
lent
lent
Let
deixar, alugar
let
let
Lie
por, colocar
lay
lain
Light
iluminar, ascender
lighted/ lit
lighted/lit
Lose
perder, extraviar
lost
lost
Make
fazer, fabricar
made
made
Mean
significar, querer dizer meant
meant
Meet
encontrar, conhecer
met
met
Mistake
enganar-se
mistook
mistaken
Misunderstand
entender mal
misunderstood
misunderstood
Overcome
superar, conquistar
overcame
overcome
Pay
pagar
paid
paid
Put
colocar
put
put
Quit
abandonar
quit/quitted
quit/quitted
Read
ler
read
read
Ride
andar(veculo)
rode
ridden
Ring
tocar (campainha)
rang
rung
Rise
subir, erguer-se
rose
risen
Run
correr
ran
run
Say
dizer
said
said
See
ver
saw
seen
Sell
vender
sold
sold
Send
mandar, enviar
sent
sent
Set
colocar, embutir, dispor set
set
Shake
sacudir, tremer
shook
shaken
Shine
brilhar
shone
shone
Show
mostrar/exibir
showed
shown/ showed
Shrink
encolher
shrank/shrunk
shrunk
Shut
fechar
shut
shut
Sing
cantar
sang
sunk
Sit
sentar
sat
sat
Sleep
dormir
slept
slept
Slide
deslizar, escorregar
slid
slid
Slit
arremessar
slit
slit
Smell
cheirar, perceber
smelled/smelt
smelled/smelt
Speak
falar
spoke
spoken
Speed
apressar-se
sped /speeded sped/speeded
Spell
soletrar
spelled
spelled
Spend
gastar, passar
spent
spent
Spoil
arruinar, estragar
spoiled/spoilt
spoiled/spoilt
Spread
espalhar/estender
spread
spread
Spring
saltar,pular
sprang
sprung
Stand
estar em p
stood
stood
Steal
roubar
stole
stolen
Swear
jurar, prestar
swore
sworn
Sweep
varrer
swept
swept
Swim
nadar
swam
swum
Take
pegar, tomar, levar
took
taken
Teach
ensinar
taught
taught
Tell
contar, dizer
told
told
Think
pensar
thought
thought
Throw
atirar, arremessar
threw
thrown
Thrust
empurrar, empelir
thrust
thrust
Wake
acordar
woke
woken
Wear
usar, vestir
wore
worn
Weave
tecer
wove /weaved
woven/weaved
Weep
lastimar, lamentar
wept
wept
Win
vencer
won
won
Write
escrever
wrote
written
86
Simple Past
Past Participle
Traduo
Abhor
Abhorred
Abhorred
Accept
Accepted
Accepted
Aceitar
Add
Added
Added
Acrescentar, somar
Adore
Adored
Adored
Adorar
Agree
Agreed
Agreed
Concordar
Amuse
Amused
Amused
Divertir
Answer
Answered
Answered
Responder
Appear
Appeared
Appeared
Aparecer
Applaud
Applauded
Applauded
Aplaudir
Apply
Applied
Applied
Aplicar
Argue
Argued
Argued
Arrest
Arrested
Arrested
Prender
Arrive
Arrived
Arrived
Chegar
Ask
Asked
Asked
Perguntar, pedir
Attach
Attached
Attached
Attend
Attended
Attended
Comparecer, assistir
Bang
Banged
Banged
Bater ( porta)
Bar
Bared
Bared
Bark
Barked
Barked
Latir
Bathe
Bathed
Bathed
Banhar
Behave
Behaved
Behaved
Comportar-se, proceder
Believe
Believed
Believed
Acreditar, crer
Belong
Belonged
Belonged
Pertencer
Blame
Blamed
Blamed
Culpar, censurar
Borrow
Borrowed
Borrowed
Brush
Brushed
Brushed
Escovar
Call
Called
Called
Chamar, telefonar
Carry
Carried
Carried
Carregar
Carve
Carved
Carved
Esculpir
Catch a cold
Catched a cold
Catched a cold
Pegar um resfriado
Change
Changed
Changed
Mudar, trocar
Charge
Charged
Charged
Carregar, enfardar
Circle
Circled
Circled
Circular
Circulate
Circulated
Circulated
Circular
Clean
Cleaned
Cleaned
Limpar
Climb
Climbed
Climbed
Subir
Close
Closed
Closed
Fechar
Collect
Collected
Collected
Recolher, coletar
Comb
Combed
Combed
Pentear
Complete
Completed
Completed
Completar
Confine
Confined
Confined
Confinar
Consider
Considered
Considered
Considerar
Cook
Cooked
Cooked
Cozinhar
Copy
Copied
Copied
Copiar
87
Correct
Corrected
Corrected
Corrigir
Count
Counted
Counted
Contar
Cover
Covered
Covered
Cobrir
Cross
Crossed
Crossed
Dance
Danced
Danced
Danar
Darken
Darkened
Darkened
Decide
Decided
Decided
Decidir
Defy
Defied
Defied
Desafiar
Delay
Delayed
Delayed
Atrasar,demorar
Deny
Denied
Denied
Negar
Describe
Described
Described
Despise
Despised
Despised
Displease
Displeased
Displeased
Desagradar
Destroy
Destroyed
Destroyed
Determine
Determined
Determined
Determinar
Develop
Developed
Developed
Desenvolver
Die
Died
Died
Morrer
Differ
Differed
Differed
Diferenciar
Dine
Dined
Dined
Jantar
Disappear
Disappeared
Disappeared
Desaparecer, ausentar-se
Discuss
Discussed
Discussed
Discutir
Disturb
Disturbed
Disturbed
Perturbar
Dress
Dressed
Dressed
Vestir-se
Drop
Dropped
Dropped
Cair
Dust
Dusted
Dusted
Espanar
Earn
Earned
Earned
Ouvir
Employ
Employed
Employed
Empregar
End
Ended
Ended
Terminar
Enjoy
Enjoyed
Enjoyed
Enjoyed
Enjoyed
Divertir-se
Enter
Entered
Entered
Entrar
Exclaim
Exclaimed
Exclaimed
Exclamar
Excuse
Excused
Excused
Desculpar-se
Explain
Explained
Explained
Explicar-se
Extinguish
Extinguished
Extinguished
Faint
Fainted
Fainted
Desmaiar
Fasten
Fastened
Fastened
Fear
Feared
Feared
Temer, recear
Fill
Filled
Filled
Preencher, encher
Finish
Finished
Finished
Terminar, acabar
Fix
Fixed
Fixed
Consertar
Follow
Followed
Followed
Seguir
Force
Forced
Forced
Forar
Form
Formed
Formed
Formar
Gather
Gathered
Gathered
Juntar, reunir
Grab
Grabbed
Grabbed
Agarrar
88
Guess
Guessed
Guessed
Happen
Happened
Happened
Acontecer
Hate
Hated
Hated
Odiar
Help
Helped
Helped
Ajudar, socorrer
Hole
Holed
Holed
Furar
Hope
Hoped
Hoped
Hurry
Hurried
Hurried
Apressar-se
Imply
Implied
Implied
Implicar
Increase
Increased
Increased
Aumentar
Inherit
Inherited
Inherited
Herdar
Injure
Injured
Injured
Ferir
Inquire
Inquired
Inquired
Inquirir, perguntar
Intend
Intended
Intended
Pretender
Interrupt
Interrupted
Interrupted
Interromper
Introduce
Introduced
Introduced
Apresentar
Invite
Invited
Invited
Convidar
Iron
Ironed
Ironed
Passar a ferro
Judge
Judged
Judged
Julgar
Jump
Jumped
Jumped
Pular, saltar
Kill
Killed
Killed
Matar
Kiss
Kissed
Kissed
Beijar
Land
Landed
Landed
Aterrissar
Laugh
Laughed
Laughed
Rir, gargalhar
Knock
Knocked
Knocked
Bater
Knock
Knocked
Knocked
Bater
Leap
Leaped
Leaped
Saltar, pular
Learn
Learned
Learned
Aprender
Lie
Lied
Lied
Mentir
Like
Liked
Liked
Gostar de
Listen
Listened
Listened
Live
Lived
Lived
Viver, morar
Lock
Locked
Locked
Fechar, trancar
Look
Looked
Looked
Olhar
Look for
Looked for
Looked for
Procurar
Love
Loved
Loved
Amar
Marry
Married
Married
Casar se com
Mention
Mentioned
Mentioned
Mencionar
Miss
Missed
Missed
Mix
Mixed
Mixed
Misturar
Mount
Mounted
Mounted
Move
Moved
Moved
Mount
Mounted
Mounted
Mencionar
Need
Needed
Needed
Precisar, necessitar
Notice
Noticed
Noticed
Notar
Obey
Obeyed
Obeyed
Obedecer
Oblige
Obliged
Obliged
Obrigar
89
Observe
Observed
Observed
Observar
Obtain
Obtained
Obtained
Obter
Occupy
Occupied
Occupied
Ocupar
Offer
Offered
Offered
Oferecer
Open
Opened
Opened
Abrir
Order
Ordered
Ordered
Ordenar
Orvertake
Orvertaken
Orvertaken
Ultrapassar
Owe
Owed
Owed
Dever
Own
Owned
Owned
Possuir
Paint
Painted
Painted
Pintar
Park
Parked
Parked
Estacionar
Pass
Passed
Passed
Passar
Perceive
Perceived
Perceived
Perceber
Pick
Picked
Picked
Podar, cortar
Pick up
Picked up
Picked up
Apanhar, pegar
Place
Placed
Placed
Por, colocar
Place
Placed
Placed
Por, colocar
Plan
Planed
Planed
Planejar
Play
Played
Played
Play a trick
Played a trick
Played a trick
Play games
Played games
Played games
Please
Pleased
Pleased
Agradar
Point
Pointed
Pointed
Apontar, indicar
Polish
Polished
Polished
Polir, encerar
Possess
Possessed
Possessed
Possuir
Pray
Prayed
Prayed
Orar, rezar
Prefer
Preferred
Preferred
Preferir
Prepare
Prepared
Prepared
Preparar
Printed
Printed
Imprimir
Produce
Produced
Produced
Produzir
Promise
Promised
Promised
Prometer
Propose
Proposed
Proposed
Propor
Publish
Published
Published
Publicar
Pull
Pulled
Pulled
Puxar, tirar
Punish
Punished
Punished
Punir
Push
Pushed
Pushed
Empurrar
Put on
Put on
Put on
Vestir
Quarrel
Quarreled
Quarreled
Quarrell
Quarrelled
Quarrelled
Rain
Rained
Rained
Chover
Reach
Reached
Reached
React
Reacted
Reacted
reagir
Realize
Realized
Realized
Perceber
Receive
Received
Received
Receber
Reckon
Reckoned
Reckoned
Medir
Refuse
Refused
Refused
Recusar
90
Regret
Regretted
Regretted
Arrepender-se
Rehearse
Rehearsed
Rehearsed
Ensaiar
Relax
Relaxed
Relaxed
Remain
Remained
Remained
Ficar, permanecer
Remember
Remembered
Remembered
Lembrar-se
Rent
Rented
Rented
Alugar
Repair
Repaired
Repaired
Consertar
Reply
Replied
Replied
Responder
Rest
Rested
Rested
Descansar
Return
Returned
Returned
Review
Reviewed
Reviewed
Revolve
Revolved
Revolved
Girar
Rob
Robbed
Robbed
Roubar, assaltar
Salute
Saluted
Saluted
Satisfy
Satisfied
Satisfied
Satisfazer
Save
Saved
Saved
Economizar, salvar
Scratch
Scratched
Scratched
Arranhar
Seem
Seem
Seem
Parecer, assemelhar-se
Seize
Seized
Seized
Agarrar
Separate
Separated
Separated
Separar
Settle
Settled
Settled
Colonizar
Shave
Shaved
Shaved
Barbear-se
Shield
Shielded
Shielded
Proteger
Shout
Shouted
Shouted
Gritar
Sign
Signed
Signed
Assinar
Skate
Skated
Skated
Patinar
Ski
Skied
Skied
Esquiar
Smile
Smiled
Smiled
Sorrir
Smoke
Smoked
Smoked
Fumar
Snow
Snowed
Snowed
Nevar
Solve
Solved
Solved
Resolver
Sow
Sowed
Sowed
Plantar, semear
Spot
Spotted
Spotted
Localizar
Stare
Stared
Stared
Olhar, encarar
Start
Started
Started
Comear
Stay
Stayed
Stayed
Ficar, permanecer
Step
Stepped
Stepped
Pisar
Stop
Stopped
Stopped
Parar
Study
Studied
Studied
Estudar
Substitute
Substituted
Substituted
Substituir
Suffer
Suffered
Suffered
Sofrer
Supply
Supplied
Supplied
Suprir
Support
Supported
Supported
Apoiar, sustentar
Suppose
Supposed
Supposed
Suspect
Suspected
Suspected
Suspeitar
Swallow
Swallowed
Swallowed
Talk
Talked
Talked
Falar, conversar
Taste
Tasted
Tasted
Provar (sabor)
Telephone
Telephoned
Telephoned
Telefonar
Test
Tested
Tested
Testar, examinar
Thank
Thanked
Thanked
Agradecer
Tie
Tied
Tied
Touch
Touched
Touched
Tocar, encostar
Translate
Translated
Translated
Traduzir
Travel
Traveled
Traveled
Travell
Travelled
Travelled
Treat
Treated
Treated
Tratar
Tremble
Trembled
Trembled
Tremer
Trust
Trusted
Trusted
Confiar
Try
Tried
Tried
Experimentar, tentar
Turn
Turned
Turned
Virar, tornar
Turn deaf
Turned deaf
Turned deaf
Ficar surdo
Turn in
Turned in
Turned in
Entregar
Turn into
Turned into
Turned into
Transformar-se em
Type
Typed
Typed
Datilografar
Undress
Undressed
Undressed
Despir-se
Unwrap
Unwrapped
Unwrapped
Desembrulhar
Upset
Upsetted
Upsetted
Aborrecer
Use
Used
Used
Usar
Visit
Visited
Visited
Visitar
Wait
Waited
Waited
Esperar
Sow
Sowed
Sowed
Plantar, semear
Walk
Walked
Walked
Caminhar, andar
Want
Wanted
Wanted
Querer, procurar
Warn
Warned
Warned
Wash
Washed
Washed
Lavar
Waste
Wasted
Wasted
Watch
Watched
Watched
Water
Watered
Watered
Molhar, regar
Wave
Waved
Waved
Acenar
Wax
Waxed
Waxed
Encerar, engraxar
Weigh
Weighed
Weighed
Pesar
Whisper
Whispered
Whispered
Wipe
Wiped
Wiped
Wish
Wished
Wished
Desejar
Work
Worked
Worked
Trabalhar
Worry
Worried
Worried
Preocupar-se
Worship
Worshiped
Worshiped
Idolatrar
Yearn
Yearned
Yearned
92
Traduo
A
Abraded
Abrading
Abrasion
Abrasion resistance
Abrasive
Absence
Absorption
Absorption Bulb
Acceptability
Accepting
Accreditation
Accessibility
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetone wash
Acetylene
Acid pickling
Acid pickling treatment
Acid solution
Accoustic emission
Actual
Actual size
Actual throat
Addenda/ Addendum
Adjacent turns
Admixture
Advertising
Advisory
After bend
After testing
After welding
Aged
Age-hardened
Aging
Aging heat treatment
Agreement
Agricultural
Agricultural machinery
Ahead
Airborne
Air-cool
Air-cooled
Air cooling
Aircraft
Aircraft engine
Air firing
Air-hardening
Air-hardening steel
Air leakage
Air quench
Air Supplied Respirator
Air toughening
AISI (American Iron And Steel Institute)
AISI check tolerance
Alcohol
Alcohol wash
Alignment
Alkall
Alkaline earth material
Alkaline earth metal silicate
Alkaline wash
All know refractories
Allowable
Allowable interstitial content
Allowance
Alloy
Alloy Addition
Alloy Casting
Alloy Element
Alloy steel
All- position
All -position work
All-weld-metal
All-weld-metal tension specimen
All-weld-metal tension test
Alpha alloy
Alpha-Beta Alloy
Alpha Brass
Alpha Crystal
Apha Phase
Apha structure
Aplha-type alloy
Alternating current
Alumina
Aluminum
Aluminum alloy
Aluminum alloy base metal
Aluminum bronze
Aluminum oxide
Aluminum oxide abrasive
Aluminum silicate
Ambient temperature
Amount
Amount of airborne concentration of substances
Amperage
Amperage range
Analytical method
Anchored
Angle
Angular
Angular quartz particle
Anhydrous
Anhydrous magnesium
perchiorato drying tower
Annealed
Annealing
Annealing cycle
Annealing heat treatment
Annoying
Anodizing
Anodizing treatment
Apparatur
Apparent loss
Appearance
Appended
Appendix
ARC
ARC action
ARC blow
ARC column
ARC end
Architectural
Architectural application
ARC length
Lavagem alcalina
Todos os refratrios conhecidos
Admissvel
Teor admissvel de elementos intersticiais
Margem
Liga
Adio de liga
Fundido de liga
Elemento de liga
Ao-liga
Todas as posies
Trabalho em todas posies
Metal de soda depositado
Corpo de prova para trao de metal de solda
depositar
Teste de trao de Metal de solda depositado
Liga alfa
Liga alfa-beta
Lato Alfa
Cristal alfa
Fase alfa
Estrutura de alfa
Liga tipo alfa
Corrente alternada
Alumina
Alumnio
Liga de alumnio
Metal base em liga de alumnio
Bronze-alumnio
xido de alumnio
Abrasivo dexido de alumnio
Silicato de alumnio
Temperatura ambiente
Quantidade, montante, grau
Grau de concetrao de substncias carregada
Amperagem
Faixa de amperagem
Mtodo analtico
Ancorado, fixado
ngulo
Angular
Partcula de quartzo angular
Anidro
Torre de secagem de perciorato anidro de
magnsio
Recozido
Recozimento
Ciclo de recozimento
Tratamento trmico de recozimento
Incmodo
Anodizao
Tratamento de anodizao
Aparelhagem
Perda aparente
Aparncia
Apenso; acrescentado, incorporado
Apndice
Arco Eltrico
Ao do arco
Sopro do arco
Coluna do arco
Ponta do arco
Arquitetnico
Aplicao arquitetnica
Comprimento do arco
94
ARC power
ARC stability
ARC stabilization
ARC start
ARC starting
ARC transfer
ARC wandering
ARC weld deposit
ARC welding
Argon Argnico
Argon-Oxygen Shielding gas
Armor
As
Asbostos
As cast
As extruded
As manufactured
As received
As required
Assembly
Asset
Assorted
Assorted porosity
Assurance
As Welded
Asymptotic
Atmospheric
Atmospheric corrosion
Atmospheric moisture
Atom
Atomic
Atomic Hydrogen
Atomic weight
Attainable
Attempt
Austenite
Austenite transformation
Austenitic
Austenitic Chromium iron
Austenitic-forming element
Austenetic mangenese steel
Austenitic matrix
Austenitic stainless weld metal
Automatic
Automatic Equipment
Automatic feeder
Automatic torch
Automatic torch brazing process
Available
Available current
Available fixture
Average
Average ARC current
Average value
Avoid (to)
Avoid breathing
Axial
Axial spray transfer
Axis
Axis of weld horizontal
Axis of weld vertical
95
B
Back
Backed
Background
Backhand
Backhand welding
Backing
Backing bar
Backing strip
Backing thickness
Back side
Baffle
Baking
Balance
Balance case
Balance dish
Balanced wave
Balled end
Ball peen hammer
Band
Band
Band instrument
Bar
Bare
Bare electrode
Bare filler metal
Bare metal wire
Bare portion
Bare rod
Bared solid filler metal
Bare steel rod
Barrel
Base Metal
Base metal composition
Base plate
Basic flux
Basic group
Bastard
Bastard file
Bath
Battered
Battered down casting
Battering
Bead
Bead Appearance
Bead cracking
Bead size
Beaker
Bearing
Bearing
Bearing service
Bearing surface
Behavior
Bench
Bend
Bend ductility
Bending
Bending jig
Bending operation
Bend radius
Bend test
Bent
Bent portion
Beta alloy
Beta matrix
Beta stabilizing alloy content
Beta stabilizing element
Bevel
Bevel angle
Beveled joint edges
Binary
Binary alloy
Binary system
Binder
Black
Black particle
Black speks
Blade
Blank
Blank determination
Blanket
Blank value
Blasting
Blistering
Block
Blow
Boat
Body
Boiling
Boiling water
Bold block type
Boldface
Boldface number
Bombardment
Bond
Bonded
Bonded flux
Bonding
Bonding metal
Borax Brax
Borax-boric acid flux
Borax coating
Boric Acid
Boron
Bottle
Bottom
Bottom edge
Bottom side
Boundary
Box
Boxed
Brackish
Brand
Brass
Brass pipe fitting
Braze (to)
Brazed
Brazed joint
Brazed part
Brazement
Braze welded bond
Brazing
Brazing filler metal
Brazing precipation-hardening
Brazing procedure
Brazing property
Brazing rod
Brazing sheet
Brazing sheet cladding alloy
Brazing technique
Brazing temperature
Brazing temperature range
Break (to)
Breaking
Breathing
Breathing zone
Brick
Brick making machinery
Bridge
Bridge (to)
Bridging
Bridging large gap
Bright
Bright metalic blue
Bright surface
Brimell hardness
Brittle
Brittleness
Brittle plate
Brittle sigma phase
Broach
Broad
Broaden (to)
Broader
Broader melting range
Broad solidification range
Broken
Bronze
Building
Building
Building fillet
Build-up
Build-up worn manganese steel part
Built-up
Bulk
Bulk pre-heat
Bumping
Bumping wear situation
Bundle
Buried ARC
Burn (to)
Burn off
Burn off rate
Bursting
Burts
Buttered
Buttering
Butt joint
Bult weld
vareta de brasagem
lmina de brasagem
Liga para brasagem cladeada em chapa fina
tcnica de brasagem
Temperatura de brasagem
Faixa de temperatura de brasagem
Romper, fraturar, quebrar
Ruptura, rompimento, fratura
Respirao, respiro
Zona de respirao
Tijolo
Equipamentos para fabricao de tijolos
Ponte
Cobrir, ligar
Cobrindo-se
Cobertura de grande espao, (de junta)
Brilhante
Azul metlico brilhante
Superfcie brilhante
Dureza brimell
Frgil, quebradio
Fragilidade
Chapa frgil
Fase sigma frgil
Brocha
Amplo, largo, vasto
Alargar, ampliar
Mais amplo, mais largo
Faixa mais ampla de fuso
Faixa ampla de solidificao
Rompido, fraturado, quebrado
Bronze
Edifcio, prdio, construo
Execuo, confeco
Execuo de filete
Reconstituio, restaurao
Reconstituio de pea de ao-mangans desgastada
Executado, efetuado, feito, construdo
Massa
Pr aquecimento da massa
Amortecimento de choques
Situao de desgaste por amortecimento de choques
Feixe
Arco enterrado
Queimar
Deposio
Taxa de deposio
Arrebentamento
Erupes, fendas
Revestido preliminarmente
Revestimento preliminar
Junta de topo
Solda de topo
C
Cadmium
Cadmium-containing
Cadmium-containing brazing rod
Cadmium-containing filler metal
Cadmium-containing solder
Cadmium oxide fumes
Calcium
Calcium compound
Cdmio
Com teor de cdmio
Vareta de brasagem com teor de cdmio
Metal de adio com teor de cdmio
Material de solda com teor de cdmio
Fumos de xido de cdmio
Cdmio
Composto de clcio
98
Calculated value
Calibration procedure
Cam
Capability
Capped steel
Cappilary
Cappilary attraction
Cappilary joint
Carbide
Carbide Precipitation
Carbide tip brazing
Carbon Arc process
Carbon content
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide shielding gas
Carbon limit
Carbon pick-up
Carbon range
Carbon steel
Carbon steel casting
Carbon steel covered arc welding electrode
Carbon steel forging
Carbon steel tube
Carburization
Carton
Cast
Cast
Cast alloy
Cast form
Cast iron
Cast rod
Cathode
Caustic
Caustic media
Caution
Cautionary
Cautionary label
Caution label
Cavitation
Ceiling
Cellulose
Cement
Cement pump screw
Center burst
Centerless ground
Center line
Certification
Chamber
Change
Channel
Charpy impact specimen charpy
Chart
Check crack
Checking
Chemical analysis
Chemical bath
Chemical cleaning
Chemical composition
Chemical composition requirement
Chemical limit
Chemically basic
Chemical range
Valor calculado
Procedimento de calibrao
Excntrico, ressaltado
Capacidade
Ao capeado
Capilar
Atrao capilar
Junta capilar
Carboneto
Precipitao de carboneto
Brasagem de pastilha de carboneto
Processo a arco de carbono
Teor de carbono
Dixido de carbono
Proteo gasosa de dixido de carbono
Limite de carbono
Carbono adquirido, carbono apreendido
Faixa de carbono
Ao-carbono
Fundido de ao-carbono
Eletrodo de ao-carbono, revestido para soldagem a
arco
Forjado de ao-carbono
tubo de ao-carbono
carburizao
Caixa de papelo
Forma, formato
Fundido
Liga fundida
Forma fundida
Ferro fundido
Vareta fundida
Ctodo, catdio
Custico
Meios custicos
Cuidado, ateno, aviso
Precauo
Etiqueta de precauo
Etiqueta de aviso, etiqueta de advertncia
Cavitao
Teto
Celulose
Cimento
Parafuso de bomba de cimento
Fenda Central
Retificado
Linha de centro
Certificao
Cmara
Mudana, modificao
Viga U, canaleta, canal, calha
Corpo de prova para teste de impacto
Grfico, tabela
Trinca superficial
Pequenas fissuras num revestimento que, devido a
tenses diferenciais na prpria camada, no penetram
at a superfcie de metal base.
Anlise qumica
Banho qumico
Limpeza qumica
Composio qumica
Requisito de composio qumica
Limite qumico, limite de composio qumica
Quimicamente bsico
Faixa de composio qumica
99
Chemical reaction
Chemistry
Chemistry limit
Chest
Chest palm
Chief
Chief variable
Chills
Chilly weather
Chip
Chipped
Chipping
Chlorinated
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
Chromium
Chromium boride
Chromium carbide
Chromium-molybdenum
Chromium-molybdenum steel electrode
Chromium-molybdenum steel welding rod
Chromium-nickel steel
Chute
Citric acid
City gas
Clad
Cladding
Clad restoration
Clad side
Clad steel
Clamped
Clamping
Clamping finger
Class fit
Clay
Clay boat
Clean
Cleaned
Clean finish
Cleaning
Cleanliness
Cleanser
Cleansing
Clearance
Closed tolerance
Closed vessel
Close joint tolerance
Closely fitted surfaces
Closely wound
Closest size
Cluster
Coalescence
Coarse
Coarse grain
Coarse grain structure
Coating
Cobalt
Cobalt-base metal
Cobalt base weld deposit
Coded
Coding
Coefficient of expansion
Coil
Coke
Coke chute
Cold
Reao qumica
Qumica
Limite qumico, limite de composio qumica
Peito, trax
Dor no peito
Principal
Constituinte principal
Resfriadores
Tempo frio, tempo gelado
Cavaco, lasca
Lascado, desbastado
Desbastamento
Clorado
Hidrocarboneto clorado
Cromo
Borato de cromo
Carboneto de cromo
Cromo-Molibdnio
Eletrodo de ao cromo-molidnio
Vareta de solda de ao cromo-molibdnio
Ao cromo-nquel
Calha de descarga
cido ctrico
Gs encanado
Cladeado
Cladeamento
Restaurao de cladeamento
lado
Ao cladeado
Fixado, retido, preso
Aperto, reteno
Garra de aperto
Classe de ajuste
Argila
Cuba de argila
Limpo
Limpo
Acabamento limpo
Limpeza
Limpeza, arrumao
Limpador, purificador
Limpeza, purificao
Folga
Tolerncia restrita
Vaso fechado
Tolerncia estreita de junta
Superfcie ajustada em contato
Enrolado compactamente
Tamanho mais prximo
Agrupar-se
Coalescncia
Grosseiro, grosso
Gro grosso
Estrutura de gro grosso
Revestimento
Cobalto
Metal base de cobalto
Depsito de solda base de cobalto
Codificado
Codificao
Coeficiente de expanso
Bobina, rolo, serpentina
Coque
Calha de descarga de coque
Frio
100
Cold drawn
Cold ductility
Cold worked
Collector
Collect
Color code
Color coded
Color coding
Color of solution
Columbium
Columbium-bearing steel
Columbium stabilized alloy
Columbium-stabilized electrode
Combusted
Combusted city gas
Combustible gas
Combustion
Combustion engine
Combustion product
Combustion tube
Commercial flux
Commercially pure nickel
Commercial practice
Common practice
Compact-tension test
Completion
Complex
Complex double carbide
Complex eutectiferous structure
Complex nickel eutectic matrix
Compliance
Composite
Composite metal cored electrode
Composite stranded electrode
Composite surfacing welding rod
Compound
Compression
Compression property
Compressive
Compressive deformation
Compressive strength
Compressive stress
Concave
Concave bead
Concave fillet
Concave profile
Concentrated commercial nitric acid
Concentric
Concentricity
Condensation
Condenser
Condenser head
Condenser tube plate
Conditioning
Conductive
Conductive slag
Conductivity
Conformance
Constituent
Consumable
Consumable electrode
Consumable guide
Consumable guide method
Consumable insert
Consumer
Consumption
Contacting faces
Contact surfaces
Contact tip
Contact tube
Contact tube-to-work distance
Container
Containment
Contaminant
Contaminated
Contaminated splice
Continuous winding
Contour
Contraction
Contraction stress
Controlled atmosphere
Controlled atmosphere furnace brazing
Conversely
Conversion
Conversion factor
Conversion unit
Convex
Convex contour
Convex fillet
Convexity
Convex ripple
Cool(to)
Coolant
Cooled
Cooled product
Cooling
Cooling period
Cooling rate
Cope(to)
Copper
Cooper alloy
Copper alloy covered electrode
Copper aluminum
Copper backing
Copper bar
Copper-base alloy filler metal
Copper clad
Copper clad vessel
Copper coated
Copper color
Copper-containing material
Copper mold
Copper-nickel
Copper nickel alloy
Copper-nickel clad steel
Copper oxide
Copper shoe
Copper-silicon
Copper tee fitting
Copper-tin
Copper welding rod
Core
Core consistency
Core Ingredient
Core-plus covering dimension
Core wire
Core wire diameter
Corner
Corner joint
Corner radius
Consumo
Superfcies em contato
Superfcie de contato
Ponta de contato
Tubo de contato
Distncia entre tubo de contato e a pea de trabalho
Recipiente
Conteno
Contaminante
Contaminado
Junta contnua
Enrolamento contnuo
Contorno
Contrao
Tenso de contrao
Atmosfera controlada
Brasagem em forno em atmosfera controlada
reciprocamente, de forma reciproca
Converso
fator de converso
Unidade de converso
Convexo
Contorno convexo
Filete convexo
Convexidade
Ondulao convexa, ondulao
Resfriar
Resfriador
Resfriado, refrigerado
produto resfriado
Resfriamento
Perodo de resfriamento
Taxa de resfriamento
Cobrir, sobrepor-se
Cobre
Liga de cobre
Eletrodo coberto de cobre com revestimento
Cobre-alumnio
Cobrejunta de cobre
Barra de cobre
Metal de adio de liga base de cobre
Cladeado com cobre
Vaso cladeado com cobre
Revestido com cobre
Cor de cobre
Material com teor de cobre
Molde de cobre
Cobre-nquel, cupro nquel
Liga de cobre-nquel, liga de cupro nquel
Ao cladeado com cobre nquel
xido de cobre
Sapata de cobre
cobre-silcio
Conexo T de cobre
Cobre-Estanho
vareta de solda de cobre
Ncleo, parte central , alma
Consistncia da alma
Ingrediente da alma
Dimenso da alma mais um revestimento
Arame da alma
Dimetro do arame
Canto
Junta de canto
Raio de canto
102
Correction
Corrodant
Corrosion
Corrosion property
Corrosion rate
Corrosion resistance
Corrosion resistant
Corrosion resistant bearing surface
Corrosion resistant casting
Corrosion resisting
Corrosion test
Corrosive
Corrosive media
Cough
Coupling
Coupling box
Coupon
Covered copper alloy arc welding electrode
Covered copper arc welding electrode
Covered electrode
Covered welding electrode
Covered wire
Covering
Covering composition
Crack
Cracking
Crack sensitivity
Crated
Crater
Crater cracking
Crater end
Creep
Creep resistance
Crevice
Crevice corrosion
Critical current level
Critical stress intensity factor
Crossing
Cross section
Cross-sectional configuration
Cross-section dimensions
Crucible
Crushed
Crusher
Crushing
Cryogenic
Cryogenic application
Cryogenic service
Crystal
Crystalline structure
Cup
Cupric acid
Current
Current-carrying capacity
Current density
Customary
Customary unit
Customer
Cut length
Cut out
Cut saw
Cutting
Correo
Corrosivo
Corroso
propriedade de resistncia a corroso
taxa de corroso
Resistncia corroso
Resistente a corroso
Superfcie do suporte resistente corroso
Taxa de corroso
Resistente a corroso
Teste de corroso
Corrosivo
Meios corrosivos
Tosse
Acoplamento
caixa de acoplamento
Material para teste, corpo de prova
Eletrodo de liga de cobre com revestimento para
soldagem a arco
Eletrodo de cobre com revestimento para soldagem a
arco
Eletrodo revestido
Eletrodo revestido
Arame revestido
Revestimento
Composio do revestimento
Trinca, fissura
Trincamento, rachadura
Sensibilidade trinca
Engradado
Cratera
Fissuramento da cratera
Extremidade da cratera
Fluncia
Resistncia a fluncia
Fenda, fissura, fresta
Corroso por concentrao diferencial, corroso sob
contato, corroso intersticial
Nvel crtico de corrente
fator de intensidade crtica de tenso
Cruzamento
Seo transversal
Configurao de seo transversal
Dimenses da seo transversal
Cadinho
Triturado, modo
Britador
Esmagamento, triturao, moagem, britagem
Criognico
Aplicao criognica
Servio criognico
Cristal
Estrutura cristalina
Cratera, bacia
cido cprico
Corrente(eltrica)
Capacidade portadora de corrente
Densidade de corrente
Usual
Unidade usual
Consumidor
Comprimento definido, comprimento especificado
Remover por corte
Corte de serra
Corte
103
Cutting teeth
Cutting tool
Cycle
Dentes de corte
Ferramenta de corte
Ciclo
D
Dagger
Dairy
Dairy industry
Damage
Darker
Darker colored beta matriz
Data
Decarburization
Decarburize
Deceptively
Decrease
DCRP (direct current reverse
polarity-electrode positive)
Deep
Deep arc cup produced
Deeper cut
Deep groove
Deep groove slag removal
Deeply penetration
Degreasing
Degreasing solution
Deleted
Deleterious
Deleterious effect
Deletion
Delta ferrite
Dendritic
Dendritic grain structure
Dendritic segregation
Densed slag
Dense Polycrystalline Alumina crucible
Deoxidation
Deoxidized
Deoxidized
copper
Deoxidized
steel
Deoxidizer
Departure
Deplete(to)
Depleted
Deposited metal
Deposited weld metal
Depression
Depth
Desiccant
Desiccator
Designer
Desulfurize (to)
Detachability
Detrimental
Development
Device
Devitrification
Devitrification point
Devitrify
Dew point
Dexterity
Diamond grinding wheel
Diamond pyramid hardness
Die
Sinal grfico
Lacticnio
Indstria de laticnio
Danos, avaria
Mais escuro
Matriz beta de cor mais escura
dados, informaes
Descarburizao
Descarburizar
Enganador, enganoso
Decrscimo, diminuio
CCPR (corrente contnua polaridade reversa
eletrodo positivo
Profundo
Cratera profunda produzida pelo arco
Corte mais profundo
Chanfo profundo, sulco profundo
Remoo de escria em sulco profundo
Penetrao profunda
Desengraxamento
Soluo desengraxante
Cancelado, anulado
Deletrio, prejudicial
Efeito deletrio, efeito prejudicial
Anulao, cancelamento
Derrita delta
Dendrtico
Estrutura de gro dandrtico
Segregao dendrtica
Escria densa
Cadinho de alumina policristalina densa
Desoxidao
Desoxidado
Cobre desoxidado
Ao desoxidado
Desoxidante, desoxidador
Afastamento, distanciamento
Esgotar, exaurir
Esgotado, esvaziado
Metal depositado
Metal de solda depositado
Depresso, concavidade
Profundidade
Secante, sedativo
Secador
Projetista
Dessulfurar, reduzir o enxofre, dessulfurizar
Separao, remoo
Prejudicial, detrimento
Desenvolvimento
Dispositivo
Desvitrificao
Ponto de desvitrificao
Desvitrificar
Ponto de orvalho
Desvitrificar
Roda de esmeril de diamante, rebole de diamante
Dureza com pirmide de diamante
Morrer, estinguir-se, apagar, diminuir
104
Die member
Diesel engine
Difficult to reduce oxide
Difficult to-weld steel
Diffusion
Diffusion brazing procedure
Digging
Digging Equipment
Digit
Dilute solution
Dilution
Dilution effect
Dimple
Dimpled
Dimpling
Dip
Dip brazing process
Dipped
Direct current
Direction of blading
Direction of welding
Dirt
Dirty surface
Discard
Discarded
Discoloration
Discontinuity
Displayed
Disregarded
Dissimilar
Dissimilar joint
Dissimilar metal
Dissociated amonia
Dissociated amonia atmosphere
Dissolving action
Distortion
Dolomite
Doped fuel
Dots
Double temper
Double V-groove
Downhill
Downward
Drafts
Drag
Drag technique
Draw filed
Draw filing
Drawing lubricant
Drawing stock
Drawn
Drawn
Drawn rod
Drawn wire
Drilling
Dripping
Drop (to)
Droplet
Droplet form
Droplet transfer
Drug
Drum
Dry
Dry atmosphere
Dry forceps
Dry hydrogen
Drying
Drying tower
Drying tube
Dry place
Dry quartz sand erosion factor
Dry storage
Dry tool
Ductile
Ductility
Dull
Dust
Dust-free
Dust-free location
Dust trap
Dwell
Dye
Dye penetrant
Dynamic compression stress
Hidrognio seco
Secagem
Torre de secagem
Tubo de secagem
Local seco
Fator de eroso de areia seca de quartzo
Estocagem em local seco, estocagem em condies
secas
Ferramenta seca
Dctil
Ductilidade
Fosco, opaco
Poeira, p
Isento de poeira, isento de p
Local livre de poeira
Coletor de p
Pausa, demora
Corante, tintura
liquido penetrante
Tenso de compreenso dinmica
E
Ear
Earlier
Earth
Earth material
Earth moving
Earth moving equipment
Eddy-current
Edge
Edge-holding
Effectiveness
Elastic
Elastic deformation
Elastic limit
Elastic property
Electrical conductivity
Electrical contact
Electrical energy
Electrically insulate
Electrical part
Electrical resistance heating
Electrical stickout
Electric arc
Electric industry
Electric shock
Electric switch
Electrode
Electrode characteristic
Electrode conditioning
Electrode feed rate
Electrode holder
Electrode identification
Electrode manufacturer
Electrode negative
Electrode positive
Electrode producer
Electrode size
Electrode speed
Electrode stickout
Electrogas welding
Electrolytic
Ouvido, orelha
Edio anterior
Terra, solo
Material terroso
Terraplanagem, movimento de terra
Equipamento para terraplanagem, equipamento para
movimentao de terra
Corrente parasita
Borda
Conservao do gume
Eficcia, eficincia
Elstico
Deformao elstica
Limite elstico
Propriedade elstica
Condutividade eltrica
Contato eltrico
Energia eltrica
Isolar eletricamente
Componente eltrico, parte eltrica
Aquecimento por resistncia eltrica
Parte de eletrodo em contato eltrico
Arco eltrico
Indstria eltrica
Choque eltrico
Chave eltrica
Eletrodo
Caracterstica do eletrodo
Acondicionamento do eletrodo
Taxa de alimentao do eletrodo
Porta-eletrodo
Identificao do eletrodo
Fabricante do eletrodo
Eletrodo negativo
Eletrodo positivo
Produtor de eletrodo
Dimetro de eletrodo
Velocidade de avano do eletrodo
Extenso do eletrodo
Soldagem por eletrogs
Eletroltico
106
Electrolytic plating
Electrolytic tough pitch copper
Electron device
Electron emission
Electron tube
Electroslag welding (ESW)
Element recovery characteristic
Elevated temperature
Elliptical
Elongation
Embrittled
Embrittlement
Embritting
Emitter
Enamel
Enameling steel
Encompassing
End
End gripping
End of joint
End section
Energy input
Energy level
Engine
Engineering
Engineering purpose
Entire electrode
Entire length
Entrance
Entrapment
Entrapped
Entrapped dirt
Entrapped zinc vapor
Envelope
Environment
Eroded
Erosion
Erratic
Established pattern
Etch
Ecthant
Etched
Etched surface
Etching
Eutectic
Eutectic composition
Eutectiferous
Evaluated
Evaluating
Evaluation
Evaluation standard
Even ripple
Examination
Excessive moisture
Exhaust
Exhaust valve
Exhaust ventilator
Exit end
Exothermic
Exothermic atmosphere
Expansion
Expended
Expense
s expensas so comprador
Exposto
Partes descobertas da alma
Extensmetro
Meio de proteo externa
Fonte externa
Carbono extrabaixo
Extrudado
Vareta extrudada
Arame extrudado
F
Fabrication
Fabrication code
Face bend
Face bend specimen
Facing
Failure
Fair
Fall
Farm
Fast
Fastened
Faster
Faster colling
Fatigue
Fatigue-precracked bend test
Feather
Feather-to-cone reducing flame
Feature
Fed
Fed by hand
Feeder
Feeding
Feeding mechanism
Feed rate
Feldspar
Female
Ferric
Ferric Choride
Ferric nitrate
Ferrite
Ferrite level
Ferrite number
Ferrite stringers
Ferromanganese
Ferrous
Ferrous alloy
Ferrous metal
Fever
Fictitiously
Field
Field test
File
Filed
Filing
Filler bar
Filler metal
Fillet
Fillet legs
Fillet root penetration
Fillet weld
Fillet weld fracture
Fillet weld profile
Fabricao
Cdigo de fabricao
Dobramento de face
Corpo de prova para dobramento de face
Falha, defeito, ruptura
Falha, defeito, ruptura
Razovel, satisfatrio
Cair, diminuir
Fazenda
Rpido
Fixado, preso
Mais rpido
Resfriamento mais rpido
Fadiga
Teste de dobramento para pr-trincamento por fadiga
Penacho, pena.
Chama redutora
Aspecto, caracterstica.
Alimentado
Alimentado manualmente
Alimentador
Alimentao, avano
Mecanismo de alimentao
Taxa de alimentao
Feldspato
Fmea
Frrico
Cloreto frrico
Nitrato frrico
Ferrita
Nvel de ferrita
Ferrita nmero, ferrita n FN
Estrias longas de ferrita
Ferro-Mangans
Ferroso
Liga ferrosa
Metal ferroso
Febre
Ficticiamente
Campo
Teste de campo
Lima
Limado
Limagem
Barra de enchimento
Metal de adio
Filete(de solda)
Pernas (catetos) da seo da solda em ngulo elstico
Penetrao de raiz de solda em ngulo
Solda em ngulo
Fratura da solda em ngulo
Perfil da solda em ngulo
108
Food
Food industry
Footnote
Forceful
Forceps
Forehand
Forehand welding
Foreign
Foreign matter
Form
Formed shapes
Formic Acid
Forming
Forming die
Forming fillet
Fracture
Fractured surface
Fracture section
Fracture toughness
Fracturing
Fracturing force
Frame
Free ferrite
Free flowing
Free moisture
Free of defects
Free of oxide inclusion
Free of slag
Freezing
Freezing rate
Fresh water
Friable
Friction
Frog
Fuel
Full
Full cross section
Full length
Full penetration
Full section
Full weave
Fully Austentic
Fully austentic weld metal
Fume(to)
Fume collector
Fumes
Fuming
Furnace
Furnace brazing
Furnace brazing process
Furnace-cooled
Further discussion
Fused
Fused flux
Fused silica
Fused silica combustion tube
Fused silica combustion tube muffle
Fusibility
Fusible
Fusible mineral compound
Fusion
Fusion at the root
Fusion welded
Alimento
Indstria Alimentcia
Nota ao p da pgina
Potente
Torqus
frente
Soldagem frente, soldagem na direo da chama
Material Estranho
Matria estranha
Forma, formato
Formas laminadas
cido frmico
Conformao
Estampo, matriz
Formao de filete
Fratura
Superfcie fraturada
Seo da fratura
Tenacidade fratura
Rompimento
Fora de rompimento, fora fratura
Armao, carcaa
Ferrita livre
Alto indicie de fluidez
Umidade livre
Isento de defeitos
Inseto de incluso de xido
isento de escria
Congelao, solidificao
Taxa de solidificao
gua doce, gua
Frivel
Atrito, frico
Jacar (via frrea)
Combustvel
Total, pleno
Seo transversal total
Comprimento total
Penetrao total
Seo integral, seo total
Tranagem total(abragendo a alargura total do cordo)
Inteiramente austentico
Metal de solda inteiramente austentico
Emitir fumos, fumegar
Coletor de fumos, coletor de exalaes
Fumos exalaes
Fumegao, emisso de fumos
Forno
Brasagem em forno
Processo de brasagem em forno
Resfriado no forno
Discusso mais ampla
Fundido
Fluxo fundido
Slica fundida
Tubo de combusto de slica fundida
Mufla com tubo de combusto de slica fundida
Fusibilidade
Fusvel
Composto mineral fundido
Fuso
Fuso de raiz
Soldado por fuso
G
110
Gage length
Gain
Gain in weight
Gall
Galling
Gavalnized
Galvanized plate
Gap
Gas atmosphere
Gaseous
Gaseaous protection
Gas flame
Gas flow
Gas metal-arc process
Gas metal-arc welding (Gmaw)
Gas metal-arc welding electrogras
Gas metal-arc welding process
Gas mixture
Gas Nozzle
Gas-sealing bottle
Gas shield
Gas shielded arc process
Gas shielded welding process
Gas tungsten arc
Gas tungsten arc process
Gas tungsten-Arc welding (GTAW)
Gas turbine
Gas turbine engine
Gas weld
Gas weld deposit
Gas welding
Gear
General fabrication
Genral purpose
General requirement
General trend
Geometry
Geometry of the joint
Getter
Glacial Acetec acid
Glass
Glass wool
Globular
Globular transfer
Globular type transfer
Globular white island
Globule
GMAW-Gas metal-arc welding
Gold
Gold discoloration
Government
Government agency
Grain
Grain boundary
Grained
Granular
Granular metal powder
Granular state
Hfnio
Halide, halgeno composto
Sal halideo
Halgeno
Sal halgeno
Martelo
Desvantagem
Manusear, manejar
Manuseado
Manuseio
Ferramenta manual
Duro
Abrasivo duro
Carboneto duro
Encruado por estiramento a frio, encruado por terfilao
a frio
Endurecibilidade, temperabilidade
Endurecido
112
Hardened roller
Hardening
Hardening transfomation
Harde granule
Hardeness
Hardeness indentation
Hardeness property
Harm
Harmuful
Harmuful
Harmuful segregation
Hazard
Hazardus
Hazardus to health
Health protection
Heat
Heat affected zone
Heated
Heated building
Heater
Heat exchanger
Heating
Heating cycle
Heating element
Heat input
Heat number
Heat ray
Heat-resisting
Heat-resisting property
Heat-treated
Heat-treated condition
Heavy
Heavy bead
Heavy impact
Heavy machine base
Heavy member
Heavy oxide film
Heavy plate
Heavy-selection weldment
Heavy tool shank
Heavy welding current
Height
Helix
Helix of wire wound
Helpful
Hexagonal
H-fillet
High abrasion resistance
High alloy
High alloy heat resistance casting
High alloy iron
High amperage
High brazing temperature
High cellolose potassium
High cellolose potassium type
High cellolose sodium
High cellolose sodium type
High chromium iron
High-conductivity copper
High current
High current pulse
High droplet rate
High end of the range
Higher columbium-plus-tantalum content
Higher deposition rate
Roleta endurecido
Endurecimento
Transformao de endurecimento
Grnulo duro
Dureza
Mossa, impresso (para a medio de dureza)
Propriedade de dureza
Dano, prejuzo, avaria
Prejudicial, nociso, grave (defeito)
Segregao prejudicial
Segregao prejudicial
Perigo, risco
Perigoso, danoso, nocivo
Perigo sade, nociso saude
Proteo saude
Calor, corrida, formada
Zona afetada pelo calor, zona termicamente afetada
Aquecido
Edifcio aquecido, compartimento aquecido
Aquecedor
Trocador de calor
Aquecimento
Ciclo de aquecimento
Elemento de aquecimento
Calor fornecido
Nmero de aquecimento
Radiao trmica
Resistente ao calor
Propriedade de resistncia ao calor
Trmicamente tratvel
Condio de tratado trmicamente
Pesado, severo
Cordo espesso
Impacto forte
Base de mquina pesada
Pea pesada
Pelcula espessa de xido
Chapa grossa, chapa pesada
Pea soldada de grande seo
Ferramental pesado
Alta corrente de soldagem
Altura
Espira, espiral, hlice
Espira de arame hlice
Proveitoso, vantajoso
Hexagonal, sextavado
Solda em ngulo horizontal
Alta resistncia abraso
Alta liga
Fundido de alta liga resistente ao calor
Ferro de alta liga
Alta amperagem
Temperatura elevada de brasagem
Potssio com alto teor de celulose
Tipo de potssio com alto teor de celulose
Sdio com alto teor de celulose
Tipo de sdio com alto teor de celulose
Ferro com alto teor de cromo
Cobre com alta conutividade
Corrente elevada
Pulso de corrente elevada
Taxa elevada de gotejamento
Limite supeiror de faixa
Teor maior de nibio (coimbio)-mais tntalo
Maior taxa de deposito
113
Higher strength
Higher yield
Highest value
High frequency
High frequency current
High frequency power
High-heat input
High iron oxide
High level
Highly stressed
Highly stressed component
Highly stressed sheet metal structure
High melting constituent
High pressure
High purity
High purity atmosphere
High purity inert-gas atmosphere
High quality
High quality atmosphere
High quality weld
High spatter loss
High side of carbon range
High speed
High speed steel filler metal
High speed tool steel
High-speed work
High strength
High strength cooper-zinc alloy
High strength low alloy steel
High stress grinding abrasion
High-sulfur
High-sulfur atmosphere
High temperature
High-temperature ceramic-type
combustion tube
High temperature flux
High-temperature piping system
High-temperature rupture strength
High-temperature service
High- temperature service application
High-temperature strength
High titania potassium
High titania sodium
High travel speed
High vapor pressure
Hold-down
Hold-down bar
Holding oven
Holding time
Hole
Hollow
Hollow configuration
Home
Honeycomb
Honeycomb brazement
Honeycombed
Honeycombed structure
Horizontal fillet weld
Horizontal lap
Horizontal position
Hot abrasion
Hot abrasion resistant
Maior resistncia
Maior limite de escoamento
O maior valor
Alta frequncia
Corrente de alta frequncia
Potncia de alta frequncia
Considervel fornecimento de calor
Alto teor de xido de ferro
Alto nvel
Fortemente tensionado
Componente fortemente tensionado
Estrutura em chapa metlica fina, fortemente
tensionada
Constituinte com ponto de fuso elevado
Alta presso
Pureza elevada
Atmosfera de pureza elevada
Atmosfera de gs inete de pureza elevada
Alta qualidade
Atmosfera de alta qualidade
Solda de alta qualidade
Perda elevadapor salpicos
Limite superior de faixa de carbono
Alta velocidade
Metal de adio de ao rpido
Ao rpido para ferramenta
Trabalho alta velocidade
Alta resitncia
Liga de cobre-zinco de alta resistncia
Aos de baixa liga e alta resistncia
Abraso por esmerilhamento sob tenso elevada
Alto teor de enxofre
Atmosfera com alto teor de enxofre
Temperatura elevada
Tubo de combusto do tipo cermico para alta
temperatura
Fluxo para alta temperatura
Tubulao para alta temperatura
Resistncia ruptura em temperatura elevada
Servio alta temperatura, servio temperatura
elevada
Aplicao em servio sujeito em alta temperatura
Resistncia alta temperatura
Tipo sdio com alto
Tipo potssio com alto teor de xido de titnio
Grande velocidade de avano
Elevada presso de vapor
Fixao
Barra de fixao barra de reteno, barra de
travemente
Estufa
Tempo de permanncia
Furo
Oco, vazado
Configurao vazada
Domiclio, residncia
Alveocular
Junta brasada do tipo alveolar
Alveolado (tipo colmia)
Estrutura alveolar
Solda em ngulo horizontal
Sopreposio horizontal
Posio horizontal
Abraso a quente
Resistente abrso a quente
114
Hot cracking
Hot ductily
Hot ductily property
Hot hardeness
Hot metal
Hot molten slag
Hot peening
Hot plasticity
Hot-short
Hot-shortness
Hot-short temperature range
Hot testing
Hot wear
Hot working
Hot zone
Housekeeping
Hydrochioric acid
Hydrofluoric-nitric acid mixture
Hydrogen
Hydrogen flow
Hydrogen-induced cracking
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen pickup
Trincamente a quente
Ductilidade a quente
Propriedade de ductilidade a aquente
Dureza a quente
Metal quente
Escria em estado de fuso
Martelamento a quente
Plasticidade a quente
Fragilao a quente, frgil a quente
Fragilidade a quente
Falha de temperatura de fragilao a quente
Teste a quente
Desgaste a quente
Trabalho a quente
Zona quente
Arrumao
cido clordico
Mistura de cidos fluordrico e ntrico
Hidrognio
Fluxo de hidrognio
Trincamento induzido por hidrognio
Perxido de hidrognio
Hidrognio adquirido
I
Ignition
Ignition period
Immersion
Immune
Impact energy
Impact property
Impact requirement
Impact resistance
Impact specimen
Impact test
Impact test specimen
Imparted
Imparting
Impel (to)
Imprint
Impurity
Innaccuracy
Incidental
Incipient fusion
Inclined arm
Inclusion
Inclusion standart
Incomplete fusion
Increase
Indentation
Index
Indicating crayon
Induction
Induction process
Industrial application
Inert gas
Inert gas shielding
Infringement
Ingot
Ingot iron
Ingot tongs
Inhalation
Inherent
Inherent value
Ignio
Perodo de ignio
Imerso
Imune
Energia de impacto
Propriedade de impacto
Requesito de impacto
Resistncia ao impacto
Corpo de prova para impacto
Teste de impacto
Corpo de prova para teste de impacto
Proporcionado
Aplicao de
Impelir, instigar, induzir
Impresso
Impureza
Inexatido, impreciso
Eventual
Fuso inicipiente
Brao inclinado
Incluso
Padro de incluso
Fuso incompleta
Acrscimo, aumento
Massa, impresso
Indcio, indicador
Lpis indicador de temperatura
Induo eltrica
Processo por induo
Aplicao industrial
Gs inerte
Proteo com gs inerte
Infrigimento, infrao
Ligote
Ferro em lingote, lingote de ferro
Tenaz para lingote
Inalao
Inerente
Valor inerente
115
Ink
In keeping
Inlay
In line
Inner
Inner cone
Insert
Insertion
Inside
Inside diameter
Inside end
Instrument callibration
Insulated
Insulating medium
Intended
Intended use
Interaction
Interchangeable
Interface
Interface corrosion
Intergranular
Intergranular attack
Intergranular corrosion
Intermediate tensile strength
Internal combustion engine
Internal core
Interpass temperature
Interstitial
Interstitial content
Interwoven record
Intimate contact
Intrinsic
Inverted T shaped
Investigator
Iodide
Iodide-titanium base alloy
Ionizing
Ionizing element
Iron
Iron-base metal
Iron bearing
Iron-bearing sluminium bronze
Iron-carbon system
Iron content
Iron-free
Iron gas welding rod
Iron oxide
Iron powder
Irregularly shaped joint
Isosceles
Isothermally annealed
Issuance
Tinta
Em conformidade
Enchimento
Em linha, alinhado
Internor, interior
Cone interno
Inserto
Insero
Interno
Dimetro interno
Extremidade interna
Calibrao de instrumento
Isolado
Meio isolante
Pretendido, desejo
Uso pretendido, uso desejado
Interao
Intercambivel
Interface
Corroso intergranular
Intergranular
Ataque intergranular
Corroso intergranular
Resistncia moderada trao
Motor de combusto interna
Ncleo interno
Temperatura de interpasse, temperature entre passes
sucessivos
Intersticial, elemento intersticial
Teor de elementos intersticial
Intenso trabalho conjunto
Ajustado sem folga
Intrnseco
Perfil T invertido
Investigador, pesquisador
iodeto
Liga base de iodeto de titnio
Ionizante
Elemento ionizante
Ferro
Metal base de ferro
Adio de ferro
Bronze-alumnio com adio de ferro
Sistema ferro-carbono
Teor de ferro
Isento de ferro
Vareta de ferro para soldagem a gs
xido de ferro
P de ferro
Junta preparada irregularmente
Isscele
Recozido, isotermicamente
Publicao, impresso
J
Jagged
Jagged end
Jaw
Jaw crusher
Jet
Jet engine
Jet engine part
Jig
Jig shoulders
Irregular
Ponta irregular, extremidade irregular
Garra, mandbula
Britador de mandbula
Jato
Motor a jato
Componente de motor a jato
Dispositivo, gabarito
Montante do dispositivo
116
Job
Job performance
Joining
Joint
Joint clearance
Joint design
Joint edges
Joint geometry
Joint surface
Joint tolerance
K
Keyhole
Keyhole notch
Keyhole notch test specimen
Killed steel
Killed agent
Kink
Buraco de fechadura
Entalho do tipo buraco de fechadura
Corpo de prova para teste com entalhe do tipo buraco
de fechadura
Ao acalmado
Agente acalmado, agente desoxidante
Torcedura, ruga (de laminao)
L
Label
Labeled
Labelling practice
Laboratory test
Lack
Lack of fusion
Lactic acid
Lading
Laid on
Lamp
Land
Lap joint
Laps
Large gap
Large porosity
Larger
Larger amount
Larger diameter
Last pass
Last right-hand place of figures
Later revision
Latest edition
Layer
Layout
Lead
Lead compound
Leaded bronze
Leak
Leakproof
Leakproof joint
Leak rate
Least change
Leg
Legible
Legs of fillet weld
Length
Lengthwise
Less dilution
Lesser recovery
Less penetration
Less stringent
Letter patent
Rtulo, etiqueta
Rotulado, etiquetado
Prtica de rotulagem, prtica de etiquetagem
Teste de loboratrio
Falta
Falta de fuso
cido ltico
Carga
Estendido, deitado
Lmpada, lanterna, farol
Terra
Junta sobreposta
Dobras
Grande abertura
Porosidade de grandes dimenses
Maior
Quantidade maior
Dimetro maior
ltimo passe
ltimo algarismo direita
ltima reviso
ltima edio
Camada
Arranjo, disposio
Chumbo
Composto de chumbo
Bronze com adio de chumbo
Vazamento
prova de vazamento
Junta prova de vazamento
ndice de vazamento, taxa de vazamento
A menor mudana
Perna, aba (de cantoneira)
Legvel
Pernas (catetos) do cordo de solda em ngulo
Comprimento
No sentido do comprimento longitudinal
Diluio menor, meno diluio
Recuperao menor
Penetrao menor
Menos severo
Patente, carta-patente
117
Level
Level of inspection
Liability
Liberated
Liberated water
Lifeless
Lifeless spark
Light
Light blue gamma particle
Light coating
Light colored alpha crystal
Lighter thckiness
Light etch
Light fed
Light gray
Light load
Light sheet metal work
Light smokiness
Lightweight
Lime
Lime-fluorida base slag
Limestone
Lime type
Limiting element
Limiting value
Liner
Liquate
Liquid corrosion
Liquid flow
Liquid penetrant
Liquid sodium silicate
Liquidus point
Lithium
Lithium content
Little clearance
Live electrical part
Load
Loading
Locomotive journal box
Loop
Long axis
Longitudinal axis
Longitudinal bend test
Longitudinal guided bend test
Longitudinal weld axis
Loss
Lot
Low alloy
Low-alloy base metal
Low-alloy high-strength steel
Low alloy steel
Low amperage
Low carbon alloy
Low carbon content
Low carbon nickel-chromiummolibdenum alloy
Low coeficient
Low coeficiente of friction
Lower end of the indicating range
Lower energy input
Lower hardeness
Lowering
Lowering of hardeness
Lower melting constituent
Lower melting point
Nvel
Nvel de inspeo
Responsabilizado
Liberado
gua liberada
Sem vida, pequena durao
Fasca sem vida, fasca de pequena durao
Leve
Partcula gama levemente azulada
Revestimento leve
Cristal alfa levemente colorido
Pequena espessura
Ligeiro ataque qumico
Avano leve
Cinza claro
Carga leve
Trabalho em chapa fina de metal
Fuligem leve
Leve, peso leve
Cal
Escria base de fluoreto de calcio
Calcreo
Tipo ccio, tipo bsico
Elemento limitante
Valor limitante
Camisa cilndrica, tubo, camisa tubular
Liquidao
Corroso por lquido
Passagem de lquido, fluxo de lquido
Liquido penetrante
Silicato de sdio lquido
Ponto de nicio de solidificao
Ltio
Teor de ltio
Pequena abertura
Componente eltrico carregado
Carga (s), carregar(v)
Carregamento, carga
Caixa de mancal de locomotiva
Lao, laada
Eixo longo
Eixo longitudinal
Teste de dobramento longitudinal
Teste de dobramento longitudinal guiado
Eixo longitudinal da solda
Perda
Lote
Baixa liga
Metal base de baixa liga
Ao de baixa liga e alta resistncia
Ao de baixa liga
Baixa amperagem
Liga de baixo carbono
Baixo teor de carbono
Liga de nquel-cromo-molibdnio com baixo
carbono
Baixo coeficiente
Baixo coeficiente de atrito
Limite inferior da faixa indicada
Menor insumo de energia
Dureza mais baixa, dureza,menor
Reduo, diminuio, abaixamento
Reduo de dureza
Constituinte com ponto de fuso mais baixo
Ponto mais baixo de fuso
118
M
Machinability
Machined
Machinery
Machine shop use
Machine variable
Machining
Machining mark
Machinists ball peen hammer
Macrosectiion
Magnesium perchiorate
Magnesium silicate
Magnet
Magnetic
Magnetic arc blow
Magnetic instrument
Magnetic permeability
Magnetizing force
Magnification
Magnitude
Maintenance
Maintenance work
Major
Major characteristic
Major diameter
Male
Male and female
Usinabilidade
Usinado
Mquinas, maquinaria
Uso em oficina mecnica
Varivel da mquina
Usinagem
Marca de usinagem
Martelo de bola de mecnico
Macroseo, corpo de prova macrogrfico
Perciorato de magnsio
Silicato de magnsio
Magneto, im
Magntico
Sopro magntico do arco
Instrumento magntico
Permeabilidade magntica
Fora magnetizante
Ampliao, aumento
Magnitude, grandeza
Manuteno
Trabalho de manuteno
Maior, principal
Caracterstica principal
Dimetro maior, dimetro principal
Macho
Macho e fmea
119
Mandatory
Mandrel
Maganese
Maganese-bronze
Magnese-iron carbide
Manganese-molybdenum steel electrode
Magnese-nickel-aluminum bronze
Magnese-silicion ratio
Manual covered arc welding electrode
Manual dexterity
Manual feeding
Manual shielded arc welding process
Manual torch brazing process
Manufacture
Manufacturer
Manufactures instructions
Marginal atmosphere
Marine
Marine media
Marking
Marking pencil
Martensite
Martensite microstructure
Martensitic
Martensitic hardening
Martensitic iron
Mask (to)
Mass
Match
Matching
Matching composition
Matching type
Mating alloy
Mating metal
Mating surface
Matrix
Matter
Maximum arc voltage
Maximum depth of notch
Maximum residue
Maximum restraint
Mean dimension
Meaningful
Measure (to)
Measurement
Measuring
Mechanically bonded overlay
Mechanically fed
Mechanically
mixed flux
Mechanical means
Mechanical property
Mechanical reliability
Mechanical test
Mechanical testing
Machanized welding
Media
Medium high alloy
Medium penetration
Medium porosity
Medium spaced resinoid bond
Melt (to)
Meted
Melted drop
Melting
Melting characteristic
Obrigatrio
Mandril
Mangans
Bronze-mangans
Carboneto de ferro-mangans
Eletrodo de ao-mangans-molibdnio
Bronze-mangans-niquel-alumnio
Relao mangans-silcio
Eletrodo revestido para soldagem manual a arco
Destreza manual
Alimentao manual
Processo de soldagem manual a arco protegido
Processo de brasagem com maarico manual
Fabricao
Fabricante
Instruoes do fabricante
Atmosfera marginal
Marinho, marinhos.
Ambiente marinhos
Marcao
Lpis de marcao
Martensita
Microestrutura martenstica
Martensita
Endurecimento martenstica
Ferro martenstico
Mascarar
Massa
Corresponder, encontrar
Mesmo correspondente, igual
Mesma composio, composio similar
Mesmo tipo, tipo igual
Liga de base
Metal de base
Superfcie superior
Matriz
Matria, substncia
Mxima voltagem de arco
Profundida mxima do entalhe
Mximo resduo
Mxima restrio, mxima limitao
Dimenso mdia
Significante, expressivo
Medir
Medio, medida
Medio
Revestimento ligado mecanicamente
Alimentado mecanicamente
Fluxo misturado mecanicamente
Processos mecnicos
Propriedade mecnica
Confiabilidade mecnica
Teste mecnico
Testes mecnico
Soldagem mecanizada
Meios, ambiente
Liga medianamente alta
Penetrao mdia, penetrao moderada
Porosidade mdia, porosidade moderada
Aglutinado com resinide e com espaamento mdio
Fundir, derreter
Derretido, em estadode fuso
Gota em estado de fuso
Fuso, derretimento
Caracterstica de fuso
120
Melting point
Melting process
Melting range
Melting test
Merge(to)
Mesh
Mesh size
Metal bearing
Metal bearing ore
Metal cored electrode
Metalic adition
Metalic element
Metalic deoxidizer
Metalic impurity
Metalic silicate glass
Metalizing
Metalliagraphy
Metallurgical bond
Mettallurgical property
Mettallurgical use
Metal oxide
Metal powder
Metal silver
Metal structure
Metal-to-metal wear
Metal transfer
Metal tube
Methylethylketone
Microhardeness
Midpoint
Midspan
Mild alkali
Mild etch
Mildy reducing environment
Mild steel
Mild steel base metal
Mild steel filler metal
Military specification
Mill bastard filler
Milling
Mill limitation
Mill-scaled
Mineral covering
Mineral flux
Mingle(to)
Minimum amount of dilution
Minimum height
Minimum V-notch impact requirement
Mining
Mining equipment
Minor amount
Minor diameter
Minor difference
Misalignment
Misleading
Mixing
Mixture
Mixture of particles
Mode
Mode of metal transfer
Modulus
Modulus of elasticity
Moist
Moist air
Moisture
Ponto de fuso
Processo de fuso
Faixa de fuso
Teste de fuso
Confundir-se
Malha, teia
Tamanho da malha, tamanho da teia
Metalfero
Mineral metalfero
Eletrodo metlico tubular
Adio metlica, adio de metal
Elemento metlico
Dioxidante metlico
Impureza metlica
Silicato metlico vitreo
Metalizao
Metalografia
Unio metalrgica, ligao metarlrgica
Propriedade metalrgica
Uso metallrgico, aplicao metalrgica
xido metlico
P metlico
Lasca de metal
Estrutura de metal
Desgaste de metal contra metal
Transferncia de metal
Tubo de metal
Metilleticetona
Microdureza
Ponto central
Parte central do vo
cali brando
Decapanato moderado
Ambiente moderamente redutor
Ao doce
Metal base do ao doce
Metal de adio de ao doce
Especificao militar
Lima bastarda
Frosagem
Limitao de usina
Carepa de laminao
Revestimento mineral
Fluxo mineral
Misturar-se
Mnimo grau de diluio
Altura mnina
Requesito mnimo de impacto com entalha V
Minerao
Equipamento para minerao
Quantidade mnima, teor mnimo
Dimetro menor, dimetro secundrio
Pequena diferena
Desalinhamento
Falha
Mistura
Mistura
Mistura de partculas
Mtodo, tcnica, modo
Modo de transferncia de metal
Mdulo
Mdulo de elasticidade
mido
Ar mido
Umidade
121
Moisture absorption
Moisture condition
Moisture level
Moisture limit
Moisture protection
Moisture test
Moisture test apparatus
Mold
Molding shoe
Molten
Molten flux
Molten salt-bath
Molten slag
Molten weld metal
Molybdenum
Molybdenum-bearing stainless steel
Molybdenum-containing austenitic stainless
steel
More fluid
More fluid slag
Motion
Moving part
Muffle
Multi-electrode
Multi-electrode procedure
Multilayered
Multiple layers
Multiple pass
Multi-power
Multi-power procedure
Absoro de umidade
Condio de umidade
Nvel de umidade
Limite de umidade
Proteo contra umidade
Teste de umidade
Aparelho para teste de umidade
Molde, matriz
Sapata de moldagem
Derretido , em estado de fuso
Fluxo derretido
Banho de sal derretido
Escria derretida
Metal de solda derretido
Molibdnio
Ao inoxidvel com adio de molibdnio
Ao inoxidvel austentco com molibdnio
Mais fluido
Escria mais fluida
Movimento
Parte mvel
Mufla
Eletrodos mltiplos
Procedimento com eletrodod mltiplos
Em vrias camadas
Vrias camadas
Passes mltiplos
Mltiplas fontes de energia
Procedimento com mltiplas fontes de energia
N
Naked eye
Nameplate
Narrow
Narrower
Narrow limits
Narrow weld pass
National standard coarse thread
Naval brass
Nearest
Nearest unit
Needle
Needle valve
Neighborhood
Net
Net effect
Net weight
Network
Neutral
Neutral flame
Neutron radiation
Neutron radiation-induced embritlement
Newly polished silver
Nickel
Nickel alloy
Nickel-base alloy
Nickel boat
Nickel bronze
Nickel channel
Nickel-chromium-iron alloy
Nickel- chromium-molybdenum alloy
Nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum alloy
Olho n
Placa de identificao
Estreito
Mais estreito
Limites estreitos
Passe estreito de solda
Padro Americano de rosca grossa
Lato naval
O mais prximo
Unidade mais prxima
Agulha
Vvula de agulha
Vizinhana, proximidade
Liquido
Efeito lquido
Peso lquido
Rede, articulao
Neutro
Chama neutra
Radiao de neutrons
Fragilazao causada por radiao induzida de
neutrons
Prata com plomento recente
Nquel
Liga de metal
Liga base de nquel
Cuba de nquel (de laboratrio)
Bronze-nquel
Canaleta de nquel, calha de nquel
Liga de nquel cromo ferro
Liga de nquel cromo-molibdnio
Liga de nquel-ferro-cromo-molibdnio-cobre
122
Liga de nquel-cobre
Liga de nquel-molibdnio
Prata alem
Eletrodo de ao-nquel
Vareta de solda de ao nquel
cido ntrico
Nitrognio adquirido, nitrognio apreendido, nitrognio
retido
No mais prximo que
Pontos negros no discretos
Composio nominal
Tamanho nominal, dimenses nominais, bitola nominal
Peso nominal
Nomograma, baco
Dados do nomograma
No axial
No consumvel
Eletrodo no consumvel
No destrutivo
Mtodo no destrutivo
No magntico
Compostamento no magntico
Elemento no metlico
Ingredient no metlico
No oxidante
Atmosfera no oxidante
Atmosfera de forno no oxidante
No faiscante
Ferramenta no faiscante
Grau no respingante
No turbulento
Cobertura no turbulenta
Grau no apropriado para servios a vcuo
No lavvel em gua
No mais rugoso que
Entalhe
Entalhado
Entalhamento, entalhe
Resistncia ao impacto
No requerido, no exigido
No antes de
No isento de respingo
No mais largo que
Bocal
Aplicao nuclear
Grau nuclear
Eletrodo de grau nuclear
Combustvel nuclear usado
O
Objectionable
Objectionable defect
Off-hand
Off-hand high-speed work
Off-hand low speed work
Officer
Offset
Offset of web
Offset[yield strength
Ofw- Oxifuel Gas welding
Oil
Oiled
Oil hardening alloy
Oil quench
Open-air
Censurvel, repreensvel
Defeito censurvel, defeito repreensvel
Rude, grosseiro, bruto
Trabalho rude alta velocidade
Trabalho rude baixa velicodade
Dirigente, membro executivo
Desvio, afastamento, fora de posio, deslocamento
Deslocamento da rede
Resistncia deformao permanente
SGOC-Soldagem a gs oxicombustvel
leo
Oleado
liga endurecvel em leo
Tmpera em leo
Ar livre
123
Open-air welding
Open arc
Open arc techinique
Open butt joint
Open circuit
Open circuit voltage
Open defect
Opening
Open lap joint
Operating characteristic
Operating performance
Opposite end
Ore
Organic
Organic material
Organic vehicle
Oscillating
Oscillating motion
Oscillator
Outdoors
Outer roll
Outer wrapping
Out-of-position
Out-of-position welding
Out-of-roundness
Outside
Outside diameter
Outside end
Outstanding
Outstanding feature
Oven
Overall lenght
Overcome(to)
Over gap
Overhead
Overhead fillet weld
Overhead position
Overheating
Overlaping
Overlay
Overpackage
Overpacking
Oxidation
Oxidation rate
Oxidation resistance
Oxide
Oxide film
Oxizable
Oxidizable element
Oxidized (to)
Oxidized
Oxidizing
Oxidizing atmosphere
Oxidizing condition
Oxyacetylene
Oxyacetylene flame
Oxyacetylene process
Oxyacetylene welding
Oxy-fuel gas
Oxy-fuel gas flame
Oxy-fuel gas tungsten arc welding
Oxy-fuel gas welding
Oxy-fuel welding process
Oxygen-cut
Oxygen flow
Soldagem ao ar livre
Arco aberto
Tcnica de arco aberto
Junta de topo aberta
Circuito aberto
Voltagem de circuito aberto
Defeito visvel
Abertura
Junta sobreposta aberta
Caracterstica de operao
Performance em operao
Extremidade oposta
Minrio
Orgnico
Material orgnico
Meio orgnico
Oscilante
Movimento oscillante
Oscilador
Ao ar livre
Rolete externo
Involtrio externo
Fora de posio
Soldagem fora de posio
Ovalizao
Externo
Dimetro externo
Extremidade externa
Notvel, timo, principal, proeminente
Caracterstica principal
Forno, estufa
Comprimento total
Superar
Abertura excessiva
Sobrecabea
Solda de enchimento sobrecabea
Posio sobrecabea
Superaquecimento
Sobreposio
Revestimento
Invlcro externo
Embalagem
Oxidao
Taxa de oxidao
Resistente oxidao
xido
Filme de xido, pelcula de xido
Oxidvel
Elemento oxidvel
Oxidar
Oxidado
Oxidante
Atmosfera oxidante
Condio oxidante
Oxiacetileno
Chama oxiacetilnica
Processo oxiacetilnico
Soldagem oxiacetilnica
Gs oxicombustvel
Chama de gs oxicombustvel
Soldagem a gs oxicombustvel a arco tungstnio
Soldagem a gs oxicombustvel (SGOC)
Processo de soldagem a gs oxicombustvel
Corte a maarico, coratdo a maarico
Fluxo de oxignio
124
Oxygen-free
Oxygen-free high-conductivity copper
Oxygen purifying train
Oxy-hydrogen
Isento de oxignio
Cobre de alta condutividade isento de oxignio
Dispositivo purificador de oxignio
Oxi-hidrognio
P
Package
Packaged
Packaging
Pad
Pad size
Pain
Paint
Partially combusted
Partial pressure
Particle size
Particular job
Pass
Pass sequency
Paste
Paste flux
Patent right
Pattern
Patterned
Paw-Plasma ARC welding
Pearlite
Pearlite formotion
Peen(to)
Peening
Penalty
Penetrant
Percent Elongation
Percent Ferrite
Perfom
Performance
Permeability
Permissible
Permissible variation
Peroxide
Pertaining
Phosphate
Phosphor bronze
Phosphorus
Photometric method
Physician
Picked up
Pickling
Pickling bath
Pick-up (to)
Pinion
Pipe
Pipes
Piping
Piping
Plain carbon steel deposit
Plaine-strain fracture toughness
Plant
Plant view
Plasma Arc welding process (PAW)
Plastic deformation
Plastic flow
Pascticity
Plate
Plate size
Embalagem, acondicionamento
Embalado, acondicionado, empacotado
Embalagem, acomdicionamento
Coxim, almofada, enchimento
Dimenses de enchimento
Dor
Tinta
Parcialmente combusto, parcialmente queimado
Presso parcial
Tamanho da partcula
Servio especfico, trabalho especfico
Passe(de solda)
Sequncia de passes
Pasta
Fluxo em pasta , fundente em pasta
Direito de patente
Modelo
Padronizado
SPL- Soldagem a plasma
Perlita
Formao de perlita
Martelar
Martelamneto (da solda)
Penalidade, punio
Penetrante
Alongamento percentual
Percentual de ferrita
Desempenhar, operar, executar
Desempenho, cumprimento
Permeabilidade
Permissvel
Variao permissvel
Perxido
Apropriado, pertencente
Fosfato
Bronze fosforo
Fsforo
Mtodo fotomtrico
Mdico
Adquirido, apreendido
Decapagem
Banho de decapagem
Apreender, adquirir
Pinho
Tubo de conduo
Vazios de contrao
Tubulao
Vazios de contrao
Depsito de ao-carbono comum
Resistncia fratura em deformao plena
Planta, fabrica , instalao, usina
Planta, vista em planta
Processo de soldagem a plasma (SPL)
Deformao plstica
Escoamento pldtico, deformao permanente
Plasticidade
Chapa, chapa grossa
Dimenses da chapa
125
Plate thickness
Plating
Plentiful
Plot
Plowshare
Plug
Plunger
Plumger member
Pneumatic
Pneumatic hammer
Pocket
Ponit of temperature measurement
Poisoned
Poisoned fume
Polarity
Polish
Polished
Polished surface
Polishing
Polycrystaline
Pool
Poor
Poor fit-up
Poorly prepared joint
Poor radiographic soundeness
Pore
Pore diameter
Porosity
Porosity acceptance standard
Porosity level
Porosity standard
Porous
Porous deposit
Porous weld
Positioning
Position of welding
Postflow
Post heat treatment
Potassium salt
Potassium silicate
Potossium sillicate binder
Potential fume hazard
Pounding
Powder
Powdered brazing filler metal
Powder form
Power
Powerful
Powerful tool
Power plant
Power shovel
Power shovel part
Power source
Pebraze
Pebraze cleaning
Preceding
Precious
Precious metal
Precipitation hardened
Precipitation-hardening heat-treatment
Precipitation-hardening stainless steel
Precrack
Precrack charpy impact specimen
Espessura da chapa
Chapeamento
Abudante
Grfico
Relha de arado
Bujo
Cutelo de dobramento
Cutelo de dobramento
Pneumtico
Martelo pneumtico
Cavidade, bolso, bolso
Ponto de medio de temperatura
Venenoso
Fumo venenoso
Polaridade
Polimento
Polido
Superfcie polida
Polimento
Policristalina
Poa(de solda) piscina
Deficiente, pobre
Preparao deficiente
Junta deficiente preparada
Baixa qualidade radiogrfica
Poro
Dimetro do poro
Porosidade
Padro de aceitao de porosidade
Nvel de porosidade
padro de porosidade
Poroso
Depsito poroso
Solda poroso
Posicionamento
Posio de soldagem
Vazo posterior
Tratamento twermico posterior
Sal de potssio
Silicato de potssio
Agloramento de silicato de potssio
Risco potencial de fumos, risco potencial de triturao
Triturao
P
Metal de adio, em p, para brasagem
Forma pulverizada
Fora (matriz)
Potente, poderoso, forte
Instrumento poderoso
Usina de fora
Escavadeira
Componente de Escavadeira
Fonte de energia
Antes da brasagem
Limpeza antes de brasagem
Precedente, anterior
Precioso
Metal precioso
Endurecido por precipitao
Tratamento trmico para endurecimento por
precipitao
Ao inoxidvel com endurecimento por precipitao
Pr-trincado
Corpo de prova pr-trincado para teste do impacto
charpy
126
Predicable
Preface
Prefix
Performed
Performed ring
Pre-heat
Pre-heated
Pre-heat temperature
Pre-heat treatment
Preinserted
Preinserted ring
Preplaced ring
Preplacing
Preset
Pressure
Pressure sensitive
Pressure-sensitive label
Pressure vessel
Previous designation
Primare use
Primary welding position
Prime importance
Printing
Procedure
Procedure qualification
Process piping
Product control
Production practice
Productin quality control test
Production use
Production weld
Production work
Profile
Prominence
Prominent position
Prone
Prospective
Prospective user
Protective atmosphere
Protective oxide coating
Protrude (to)
Pseudohexagonal
Pseudohaxagonal crystal
Pudding
Pull out (to)
Pulse
Pulsed spray transfer
Pulsing
Pump
Pump shaft
Purchaser
Purged
Purging
Putiry
Pusher rod
Pyrometer
Previsvel
Prefcio
Prefixo
Pr-formado
Anel pr-formado
Pr-aquecimento
Pr-aquecido
Temperatura de pr-aquecimento
Tratamento de pr-aquecimento
Previamente inserido
Anel previamente inserido
Anel previamente colocado
Colocao prvia
Pr-ajustado
Presso
Sensvel presso
Rtulo adesivo sensvel presso
Pressura vessel
Designio prvia
Aplicao principal
Posio primria de soldagem
Importncia capital
Impresso
Procedimento
Qualificao do procedimento
Tubulao de processo
Controle de produto
Prtica de produo
Teste de controle da qualidade de produo
Uso em produo
Solda em produo
Trabalho de produo
Perfil
Destaque
Posio destacada
Propenso
Cauteloso, cuidadoso
Usurio cauteloso
Atmosfera protetora
Revestimento protetor de xido
Projetar-se para fora
Pseudo-Eexagonal
Cristal pseudo-hexagonal
Pudiagem(fuso de metal de adio com metal base)
Desprender-se
Pulso, pulsao
Transferncia do tipo goticular em arco pulsante
Pulsao
Bomba
Eixo da bomba
Comprador
Purgado
Purga
Pureza
Vareta de propulso, vareta propulsora
Pirmetro
Q
Quality control
Quality control test
Quality level
Quarrying
Quarrying equipment
Quartz
Quartz abrasion
Controle de qualidade
Teste de controle da qualidade
Nvel de qualidade
Pedreira
Equipamento para pedreira
Quartzo
Abraso por quartzo
127
Quench
Quenching rate
Quenching
Quiet
Quiet arc
Quiter
Quite tightly
R
Radiation
Radiation induced embrittlement
Radiation-induced strenghthening
Radiograph
Radiographic contrast
Radiographic examination
Radiographic inspection
Radiographic quality
Radiographic quality weld
Radiographic requirement
Radiographic soudnedd
Radiographic standard
Radiographic test
Radius
Railway
Railway crossing
Railway frog
Railway switch
Range (s)
Range (to)
Range to temperature
Rapid pulsing
Rate
Rate of movement
Raw of material
Reaction
Ready
Readily
Readiness
Readable
Reading
Reamer
Rebake condition
Rebaking
Rebuit
Recorded
Recovery
Rectangular
Rectangular cross section
Rectangular shaped
Red Heat
Red spark
Reduded section
Reducing atmosphere
Reducing flame
Referee
Referee method
Refine the grain (to)
Refractory
Regained
Rehardening
Reheating
Reinforcement
Reinforcement welding
Relative abrasion reistance
Relative humidity
Radiao
Fragilizao por radiao induzida
Resistncia radiao induzida
Radiografia
Contraste radiogrfico
Exame radiogrfico
Inspeo radiogrfica
Qualidade radiogrfica
Solda de qualidade radiogrfica
Requesito radiogrfico
Sanidade radiogrfica
Padro radiogrfico
Teste radiogrfico, exame radiogrfico
Raio
Ferrovia, estrada de ferro
Cruzamento ferrovirio
Jacar de linha frrea
Chave de linha frrea
Faixa, extenso
Estender, abranger
Faixa de temperatura
Pulsao rpida
Taxa, ndice, velocidade
Velocidade de deslocamento
Matria prima
Reao
Pronto, preparado
Prontamente
Prontido
Legvel
Leitura, observao
Alargador
Condio de ressecagem
Ressecagem em estufa
Reconstrudo
Registrado
Recuperao
Retangular
Seo transversal retangular
Perfil retangular, com perfil retangular
Aquecido ao vermelho
Fasca vermelha
Seo reduzida
Atmosfera redutora
Chama redutora
Julgamento, arbitramento
Mtodo de julgamento, mtodo do arbitramento
Refinar o gro
Refratrio
Recobrado, readquirido
Reendurecimento
Reaquecimento
Reforo
Solda de reforo
Resistncia relativa abraso
Umidade relativa
128
Reliability
Relief
Remainder
Reliability
Relief
Remainder
Remaining half
Remaining value
Remelted
Remelting
Remelting process
Remelt temperature
Removal
Replaced
Replacement
Replenish
Replenish flux
Reported
Reproducible
Reproduced data
Required
Requirement
Research
Residue
Resinbonded
Resinbonded wheel
Resinoid
Resistance brazing application
Resistance heating
Respirator
Restored
Restrained
Restraint
Resulting current
Retention of hardness
Retest
Reverse
Reverse polarity (electrode positive)
Reserse side
Rewelded
Rib
Rib offset
Rib surface
Right-hand
Right triangule
Rigid
Rigidity
Rimmed steel
Ring
Ring diameter
Ring insert
Rinsed
Ripple
Rippled surface
Rise (to)
RMS
Rock
Rock drill bit
Rocky soil
Rod
Red feeding device
Role
Roll
Roiled
Roller
Confiabilidade
Relevo
Confiabilidade
Relevo
Restante, remanescente
Metada remanescente
Valor remanescente
Refundido
Refuso
Processo de refuso
Temperatura de refuso
Remoo, retirada
Substitudo
Substituio, reposio
Rebastecemento
Rebastecimento de fluxo
Relatado
Reproduzvel
Dados reproduzveis, informaes reproduzveis
Teste requerido
Requesito, exigncia
Pesquisa
Resduo
Aglomerado com resina
Disco abrasivo, aglomerado com resina
Resinide
Aplicao em brasagem por resistncia eltrica
Aquecimento por resistncia eltrica
Respirador, aparelho de respirao
Restaurado, recuperado
Fixado, imobilizado, travado, limitado
Restrio, limitao
Corrente resultante
Reteno de dureza
Reteste
Reverso
Polaridade reversa(eletrodo positivo)
Lado reverso
Ressoldado
Nervura, costela
Deslocamento da nervura, desvio da nervura
Superfcie da nervura
direita, mo direita
Tringulo retngulo
Rgido
Rigidez
Ao efervescente
Anel
Dimetro de anel
Inserto em forma de anel, anel inserto
Lavado em gua
Ondulao, ruga, prega
Superfcie ondulada
Subir, crescer
RMS( Unidade indicativa do acabemento superficial)
Rocha, pedra
Pequena broca para perfurao de rocha
Solo rochoso, solo pedregoso
Barra redonda, vareta
Dispositivo de alimentao de vareta
Funo, parte, papel
Rolo, cilindro
Laminado
Rolete, rolo
129
S
Schematic
Scrap
Scraping
Scratches
Scratch hardness
Scratching
Scratch starting
Screened
Screw conveyor
Scribed
Scribed line
Seal
Sealing
Seal ring
Seam
Second side
Segregation
Self-fluxing
Self-fluxing property
Self-shleided electrode
Semiautomatic
Semiautomatic equipment
Semikilled
Semikilled steel
Sensitivity
Esquemtico
Sucata
Raspagem
Aranhes, riscos
Dureza ao risco
Raspagem
Partida com arranhaduras
Separado, distinguido
Transportador de rosca
Traado
Linha traada
Selo
Selagem
Anel de selagem, anel de vedao
Fenda, costura
Lado oposto, outro lado
Segregao
Autofundente
Propriedade de autofundente
Eletrodo autoprotegido
Semi-automtico
Equipamento aemi-automtico
Semi-acalmado
Ao semi- acalmado
Sensibilidade
130
Service factor
Service life
Service performance
Service temperature
Severe corrosion condition
Severe media
Shaft
Shank
Shape
Sharp angular fint fragment
Sharp bends
Sharpened point
Shear
Shear blade
Shearing die
Shear strength
Sheat
Sheave
Sheet
Sheet form
Sheet lining
Sheet metal
Sheet piling
Shielded arc
Shielded arc welding
Shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW)
Shielded metal-arc weld metal
Shielding
Shielding gs
Shielding gs cup
Shielding gs mixture
Shielding mdium
Ship(to)
Ship building
Shipment
Ships piping
Shop
Shop atmosphere
Short
Short arc
Short circuit
Short circuiting
Short circuiting type transfer
Short joint
Shorteness
Shot blasting
Shovel
Shoudered
Shouting off
Side bend
Sleve
Sieve analysis
Sieve teste
Sigma embrittlement
Sioma phase
Slica
Slica metal oxide
Silicate
Silicious
Silicious material
Silicon
Silicon bronze
Silicion electric steel
Sillicon killed
Fator de servio
Vida til
Desempenho em servio
Temperatura de servio
Condies de corroso severa
Ambientes severos, ambientes agressivos
Eixo
Haste, corpo
Perfi, formato
Fragmento de silex de formato angular
Dobras agudas
Ponta aguada
Cisalhamento
Lmina para faca de tesoura
Estampo de corte
Resistncia ao cisalhamento
Revestimento, involtrio, estojo
Roldona
Chapa fina (com espessura entre 0,15 mm e 4,8mm)
Forma de lmina
Recobrimento com chapa fina
Chapa metlica fina
Estaca do tipo prancha
Arco protegido
Soldagem a arco protegido
Soldagem a arco metlico com eletrodo protegido
Metal de solda para soldagem a arco metlico
protegido
Proteo, blindagem
Gs de proteo
Involtrio de gs de proteo
Mistura de gs de proteo
Meio de proteo , meio protetor
Despachar, entregar
Contruo naval
Expedio, embarque , despacho
Tubulaes martimas
Fabrica, oficina
Ambiente de oficina, ambiente de fbrica
Curto
Arco curto
Curto-circuito
Curto-circuito
Transferncia de metal por curto-circuito
Junta curta
Fragilidade (de metal)
Jateamento com gramalha
Escavadeira
Ressaltado, com ressalto
Desligar, cortar.
Dobramento lateral
Peneira
Anlise de peneira
Teste de peneira, medio por peneira
Fragilizao sigma
Fase sigma
Slica
xido metlico de slica
Silicato
Silicioso
Material silicioso
Silcio
Bronze-silcio
Ao-silcio de forno eltrico
Acalmado com silcio
131
Silver
Silver base alloy
Silver-cooper binary system
Silvery
Similar composition
Single heat
Single layer
Single melt
Single pass
Single pass fillet weld
Single-pass method
Single-pass welding
Single v-groove
Sintered
Sintered carbide tool
SI units
Six-sided crystal
Size
Size of porosity
Size of weld
Skill
Skilled
Skilled welder
Skip
Skull
Slag
Slag bath
Slag inclusion
Slag layer
Slag-metal reaction
Slag removal
Slag system
Sleeve
Slide (to)
Slight
Slight Change
Slight decrease
Slight Excess
Slight loss
Slightly
Slightly convex
Slightly decarburize
Slightly oxidizing flame
Slightly reducing
Slight oxidation
Slight radius
Sliver
Slow cooling
Slower solidification
Slow yielding
Slug
Sluggish
Sluggish manner
Sluggishly
Small clearance
Small diameter
Smaller diameter
SMAM (shielded metal-arc welding)
Smeared
Smokiness
Smooth
Smooth draw filling stroke
Smoother arc transfer
Smooth even ripple
Prata
Liga base de prata
Sistema binrio prata-cobre
Prateado
Composio similar
Uma nica corrida
Camada nica
nico ponto de fuso
Passe nico
Solda em ngulo de um nico passe
Mtodo de passe nico
Soldagem em um nico passe
Chanfro em simple V
Sinterizado
Ferramenta de carboneto sinterizado
Unidades SI (sistema internacional)
Cristal sextavado
Dimenses, tamanhos, bitola
Tamanho dos poros, tamanho da porosidade
Dimenses da solda, tamanho da solda
Habilidade, proficincia, competncia
Eficiente, hbil, competente
Soldador hbil, soldador competente
Intermitente
Crosta grossa, casco
Escria
Banho de escria
Incluso de escria
Camada de escria
Reao entre escria e metal
Remoo de escria
Sistema de escria
Luva
Deslizar
Leve, pequena
pequena mudana, pequna alterao
Pequena reduo, pequena diminiuo
Pequeno excesso, ligeiro excesso
Perda pequena, perda ligeira
Levemente, ligeiramente
Levemente convexo
Descarburizar levemente
Chama levemente oxidante
Levemente redutora
Oxidao leve, oxidao ligeira
Raio pequeno
Lasca, farpa, estilha
Resfriamento lento
Solidificao mais lenta
Escoamento lento
Cpsula
Lento, vagaroso
Lentamente, de maneira lenta
Lentamente
Pequena folga
Pequeno dimetro
Dimetro menor
SAMR (soldagem a arco metlico com eletrodo
revestido)
Engordurado, oleoso
Fuligem
Liso
Movimento suave de lima
Transferncia de arco mais suave
Ondulao suave e uniforme
132
Smooth finish
Smoothness
Sodium hydroxide
Soft
Soft conversion
Softer alloy
Softer matrix
Softer supporting matrix
Soft rock
Soft rock crushing operation
Soft-to-medim vitriifield silicion carbide wheel
Solid
Solid bare arc welding eletrode
Solid cooper shoe
Solidification
Solidification range
Solidification rate
Solidified flux
Solid ring
Solid ring insert
Solid solution
Solidus point
Solid welding rod
Solid wire
Soluble matter
Solution
Solution annealing
Solution treated
Solution treated condition
Sound fusion
Sound fusion of weld
Sound metal
Soundeness
Soudness test
Source
Source of contamination
Source of information
Source of porosity
Spalled metal
Spalling
Spark
Spark test
Spatter
Spatter free
Spattering
Spatter loss
Specific analysis
Specimen
Specks
Spectrographically
Spindle
Spindle hole
Spine
Spine-like crystal
Splice
Split
Split weave
Sponge
Sponge-titanium base alloy
Sponsor
Spool
Spooled
Spot
Acabamento liso
Suavidade
Hidrxido de sdio
Macio
Converso simples
Lima mais mole
Matriz mais mole, matriz mais malevel
Matriz suportante mais malevel
Rocha mole, pedra mole
Operao de britagem de rochas moles
Rebolo de carboneto de silcio vitrificado do mole e
semiduro
Maico, slido, compacto
Eletrodo maico sem revestimento para soldagem a a
arco
Sapata de cobre maico
Solidificao
Faixa de solidificao
Taxa de solidificao
Fluxo solidificado
Anel maico
Inserto em forma de anel maio
Soluo slida
Ponto de nicio de fuso
Vareta macia para soldagem
Arame macio
Matria solvel, substncia solvel
Soluo, dissoluo
Recozimento para soluo de carbonetos
Tratado para solubilizao de carbonetos
Condio de tratado para solubilizao de carbonetos
Fuso correta
Fuso correta de metal de solda
Metal sem defeito
Sanidade, de boa qualidade, sem defeitos.
Exame de sanidade
Fonte
Fonte de contaminao
Fonte de informao
Fonte de porosidade
Metal lascado
formao em lascas
Fasca, centelha.
Teste de fasca, teste de faiscao.
Respingo, salpico.
Isento de respingos
Respingamento, salpicamento.
Perda por respingo
Anlise especfica
Corpo de prova
Pontos, manchas.
Espectrograficamente
Haste, eixo.
Furo para posicionamento do eixo
Salincia aguda
Cristal, acicular.
Emenda, juno.
Dividido
Tranagem dividida
Esponja
liga base de titnio-esponja
Patricionador, promotor, entidade promotora.
Carretel, bobina
Enrolado em carretel, bobinado
Parcall, localizado
133
Spots
Spot test
Spray form
Spraying
Spray mode
Sprat trap
Spray type arc
Spray type transfer
Spring
Spring back
Sputtering
Square
Square end
Square groove weld
Square machined edge
Squeezed off
Stabilization
Stabilizer
Stabilizing element
Stable
Stainless
Stainless steel
Stainless steel castling
Stainless steel vane
Stamping
Standard
Standard callibrabion
Standard from
Standard lenght
Standard package
Standard practice
Standard requirement
Standard sieve analysis
Standing member(web)
Start
Starting end
Starting point
Starting tab
Statement
Steam
Steam engine
Steel
Steel backing
Steel gas welding gas
Steel grit blasting
Steel member
Steel mill
Steel mill coupling box
Steel wool
Step Brazing
Step brazing application
Step-by-step
Sterling silver
Stickout
Stiff
Still air
Stop
Stoppered
Stoppered vial
Storage
Storage tank
Store room
Straight
Straightened
Straight lenght
Pontos
Teste especfico, teste localizado
Forma de gotculas, sob forma pulverizada
Pulverizao, asperso sob presso
Mtodod de gotculas
Coletor de gotculas
Arco do tipo formador de gotculas
Transferncia de metal de adio por gotculas
Mola
Reao elstica
Respingo, salpico, espirro
Barra quadrada, quadrado
Extremidade em esquadro, extremidade reta
Solda em chanfro
Borda usinada em chanfro
Empurrado, expelido
Estabilizao
Estabilizador
Elemento estabilizante
Estvel
Inoxidvel, sem mancha
Ao inoxidvel
Fundido de ao inoxidvel
Aleta de turbina em ao inoxidvel
Estampagem
Padro
Calibrao, padro
Forma, padro, forma normal
Comprimento padro
Embalagem padro
Prtica normal, prtica usual
Requisito, padro, exigncia padro
Anlise de peneira padronizada
Componente vertical (rede)
Partida, incio
Ponta inicial, ponta de incio
Ponto inicial, ponto de partida
Apndice para o incio, extenso para o incio
Declarao
Vapor, vapor de gua
Mquina a vapor
Ao
Cobrejunta de ao
Vareta de ao para soldagem a gs
Jateamento com granalha de ao
Compontente de ao, membro de ao
Usina de ao
Caixa de embreagem de laminador de ao
palha de ao, l de ao
Brasagem por etapas
Aplicao em brasagem por etapas
Passo a passo, etapa por etapa
Prata de lei
Extenso(da vareta ou eletrodo)
Rgido
Ar parado, ar calmo
Interrupo, parada
Arrolhado, tapado
Frasco com rolha, frasco arrolhado
Armazanamento, estocagem
Tanque de armazenagem
Almoxarifado
Reto, direito, retilneo
Endireitado
Comprimento reto
134
Straingtness
Straight polarity(electrode negative)
Strained
Stranded
Stranded electrode
Stranded wire
Straw
Straw color
Streak
Stream
Stream of sparks
Strenght
Strenght range
Stress
Stress condition
Stress corrosion
Stress corrosion cracking
Stressed
Stressed edge
Stress relief
Stress relief temperature
Stress relief time
Stress relieved condition
Stress relievede inmpact property
Stress-relieved propert
Strictly
Strictly avoided
Stricking of the arc
Stringent
Stringer bead
Stringers
Strip
Strive (to)
Stroke
Strong
Strongly deoxidized
Strongly oxidizing
Structural
Structural part
Structural steel
Stub
Stub length
Style
Subdividing
Subfreezing
Subfeezing temperature
Submerged arc flux
Submerged arc welding (saw)
Subsurface
Subsurface porosity
Subzero temperature
Sudden
Suitable
Suitability
Sulfur
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid gas-sealing bottle
Sulfuric acid wash bottle
Sulfurous acid
Sulfurous atmosphere
Summary
Supplementary test
Supplier
Suppliers responsability
Surface appearance
Retilinidade
Polaridade direta(eletrodo negativo)
Esticado
Tranado
Eletrodo tranado
Arame tranado
Palha
Cor de palha
Estria, risco, trao
Corrente, sucesso
Sucesso de fascas, corrente de fascas
Resistncia
Faixa de resistncia
Tenso
Condio de tenso
Corroso sob tenso
Trinca por corroso sob tenso
Tensionado
Borda tensionada
Alvio de tenses
Temperatura de alvio de tenses
Tempo para alvio de tenses
Condio aps alvio de tenses
Propriedade de impacto aps o alvio de tenses
Propriedade aps o alvio de tenses
Rigorosamente, estritamente
Rigorosamente evitado
Abertura do arco
Severo, exigente
Cordo reto de solda
Estraias longas
Tira, lmina, fita
Empenhar-se, esforar-se
Golpe, pancada
Forte, resitente
Fortemente desoxidado
Fortemente oxidante
Estrutural
Parte estrutural , componente estrutural
Ao estrutural
Ponta para descarte (toco)
Comprimento da ponta para descarte
Estilo, modelo
Subdividindo-se
Subcongelamento
Temperatura de subcongelamento
Fluxo para soldagem a arco submerso
Soldagem a arco submerso (SAS)
Subsuperficial
Porosidade superficial
Temperatura abaixo de zero
Sbito, repentino
Adequado
Adequadamente
Enxofre
cido sulflrico
Garrafa de cido sulfrico com vedao a gs
Garrafa de lavagem com cido sulfrico
cido sulfuroso
Atmosfra sulfurosa
Sumrio, resumo
Teste suplementar
Fornecedor
Responsabilidade do fornecedor
Aparncia da superficie
135
Surface condition
Surface film contaminant
Surface finish
Surface impurity
Surface inclusion
Surface irregularity
Surface porosity
Surface scale
Surfacing
Surfacing electrode
Surface layer
Surfacing steel
Surfacing steel application
Surfacing wear bearing surface
Surfacing weld bend test
Surfacing welding rod
Survelliance
Survey
Susceptibility
Susceptibility to intergranular attack
Suspension
Sustained loading
Swaged
Swaging
Swaging operation
Sweat (to)
Swelling
Switch (railway)
T
Tab
Tack wold
Tack wedede
Tack welding
Tag
Tagged
Tail
Tallored
Tape
Tapped hole
Task
Temper
Temperature measurement
Temperature of testing
Temperature range
Tempering
Tempering cycle
Tensile
Tensile specimen
Tensile strength
Tensile stress
Tension
Tension specimen
Tension test
Test
Test assembly
Testing machine
Testing machine holders
Testing procedure
Test plate
Test procedure
Test requirement
Test sample
Condio da superficie
Contaminante da pelicula superficial
Acabamento da superficie
Impureza superficial
Incluso superficial
Irregularidade superficial
Porosidade superficial
Carepa superficial
Revestimento superficial
Eletrodo para revestimento superficial
Camada de revestimento superficial
Revestimento superficial de ao-carbono
Aplicao no revestimento superficial de aos
Superficie de sustentao com revestimento resistente
ao desgaste
Teste de dobramento da solda de revestimento
superficial
Vareta de solda para revestimento
Observao, verificao.
Inspeo, vistoria, exame.
Susceptibilidade
Susceptibilidade corroso intergranular
Suspenso
Carga constante
Forjado em estampo
Estampagem, recalcamento
Operao de estampagem
Fazer suar
Empolamento, inchao
Agulha, chave de linha (ferrovia)
Test specimen
Test specimen radiograph
Test temperature
Test weld
Tetragonal
Tetragonal martensile
Theoretical throat
Thermal
Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion
Thermal fatigue
Thermal history
Thermal instability
Thermal shock
Thermal treatment
Thicker section
Thick material
Thickness
Tight slag
Thin
Thin friable slag
Thin section
Thin slag
Thin stream of sparks
Thin-walled tube
Thoria
Thoriated
Thoriated tungsten
Thorium
Thread
Thread stud
Threating compound
Throat
Tied
Tied securely
Tightly-adherent
Tightly-adherent proctective scale
Tightly butted square groove weld
Tightness
Tin
Tinning
Tip
Tip size
Tip-to-work distance
Titania
Titania type
Titanium alloy bare welding rod
Titanium-bearing material
Titanium dioxide
Titanium-vanadium alloy
T joint
Tool
Too Tip
Top
Top surface
Torch
Torch flame
Tough
Toughness
Tough pitch copper
Tough structure
Toward
Tower
Trace
Traceable
Track
Track work
Trade designation
Trade name
Trailing
Trailing shield
Tramp
Tramp element
Transfer tape
Transmition current
Transmition temperature
Transition zone
Tranverse face bond
Transverse guided bend test
Transverse guided root bend test
Transverse guided side-bend
Transverse tension test
Trapped
Trapped slag
Travel speed
Trichloracetic acid
Trchlorethylene-vapor degreasing
Trim
Trisodium phosphate
Truck
Truck engine
T-shapped
Tube
Tube furnace
Tube plate
Tubing joint
Tubular wire
Tungsten
Tungsten carbide
Tungsten carbride tool tip
Turbine blade
Turbine runner
Turn
Turned over
Turned toward
Twice
Two-phase weld deposit
Two-run technique
Type of covering
Type of current
Typical joint
Linha frrea
Trabalho em linha frrea
Designao de marca
Nome registrado
Mvel, rebocvel
Protetor mvel
Residual
Elemento residual
Fita de transferncia
Corrente de transmisso
Temperatura de transio
Zona de transio
Dobramento transversal de face
Teste de dobramento transversal guiado
Teste de dobramento transversal guiado de raiz
Dobramento transversal lateral guiado
Teste de trao transversal
Retido, apreendido
Escria, retida
Velocidade de avano
cido tricloroactico
Desengraxamento com vapor de tricloretileno
Interno(de vlvula)
Fosfato trisdio
Caminho
Motor de caminho
Perfil T, em forma de T, com formato T
Tubo
Forno tubular
Espelho, placa tubular
Arame tubular, arame oco
Tungstnio
Tumgstnio
Carboneto de tungstnio
Pastilha de carboneto de tungstnio para ferramenta de
corte ou de usinagem
P de turbina
Rotor de turbina
Espira, giro, volta
Girado sobre si mesmo, virado
Voltado em direo a
Duas vezes, duplo
Depsito de solda em duas fases, duas fases no
deposito de solda
Tcnica de soldagem com dois passes contrapostos
Tipo de revestimento
Tipo de corrente
Junta tpica
U
U-groove
Ultimate tensile strength
Unaffected base metal
Unaided eye
Unbalanced
Unbalanced wave
Unbonded
Unburned
Unburned acetylene
Unchanged
Underbead crack
Underbead cracking
Undercut
Underload
Chanfro em U
Limite de resistncia trao
metal base no afetado
Olho nu
No equilibrado, no balanceado
Onda no equilibrada, onda no balanceada
No ligado, no unido
No queimado, incombusto
Acetileno no queimado
Inalterado, sem mudana
Trinca sob cordo
Trincamento sob cordo
Mordedura
Sob carga
138
Undermine(to)
Underside
Undertake research
Undiluted
Undiluted fused filler metal
Undiluted pad
Undiscolored
Undiscolored silvery appearance
Undissolved complex carbide
Unfired
Unfired pressure vessel
Unfused
Unfused flux
Unheated
Unheated building
Uniformity
Uniform performance
Uniform quality
Unit package
Unmachinable
Unmelted skult
Unopened
Unpainted
Unrestrained
Unrestrained circle
Unsound
Unsold weld
Untempered
Untempered martensite
Unwind (to)
Unwiding
Upgrade(to)
Upper end
Upper thickness limit
Upward
Usability
Usability test
Usable life
Usefulness
User
U-shape
Utensil
U-tube
V
Vacuum
Vacuum aluminium brazing
Vacuum apparatus
Vacuum atmosphere
Vacuum brazing
Vacuum brazing process
Vacuum device
Vacuum grade
Vacuum grade brazing filler metal
Vacuum tube
Validity
Valve
Valve part
Valve seat
Valve trim
Vane
Vapor blasting
Vaporization
Vaporized
Vcuo
Brasagem de aluminio a vcuo
Aparelho a vcuo
Atmosferade vcuo
Brasagem vcuo
Processo de brasagem a vcuo
Dispositivo a vcuo
Grau vcuo, grau apropriado para servios a vcuo
Metal de adio para brasagem a vcuo
Vvula eletrnica
Validade
Vlvula
Componente de vlvula
Sede de vlvula
Interno de vlvula
Aleta( de turbina), p, palheta
Jateamento com vapor
Vaporizao
Vaporizado
139
Vapor pressure
V-down
Vertical down
Vertical down position
Vertical down welding
Vertical fillet weld
Vertical separation
Vertical travel
Vertical-up fillet
Very fluid
Very high welding speed
V-groove
Vial
Vickers microhardnosa
Vickers pyramid number (VPN)
Virgin metal
Visibility
Visual examination
Visual inspection
Vitrified
V-notch
Void
Volatile
Volatile medium
Volatilization
Volatilization loss
Voltage
Voltage range
Voltage sensitive
Voltage setting
Presso de vapor
V-descedente (vertical descendente)
Vertical descendente
Posio vertical descendente
Soldagem vertical descendente
Solda em ngulo vertical
Separao vertical
Percurso vertical
Solda de enchimento na vertical ascendente
Muito fluido
Velocidade de soldagem muita alta
Chanfro em V
Frasco, frasquinho (de laboratrio)
Microdureza vickers
pirmide vickers nmero (pvn)
Metal virgem, metal primrio
Visibilidade
Exame visual
Inspeo visual
Vitrificao
Entalhe V
Vazio, cavidade
Voltil
Meio voltil
Volatilizao
Perda por volatizao
Voltagem
Faixa de voltagem
Sensivel voltagem
Ajuste de voltagem
W
Warning label
Warp (to)
Warpage
Warped
Warping
Warrant (to)
Warranty
Wartime
Wartime research in welding
Wash
Washing action
Wash up
Waste
Water absortion train
Water-cooled
Water-cooled copper mold
Water cooling
Water hardening alloy
Water quenching
Wave
Weakest
Wear
Wearing condition
Wear plate
Wear resistance
Wear resiatance surface
Weather
Weathering surface
Weave
Weave bead
Web
Wedging
Weight absortion U-tube
Weight
Weld
Weldable
Weld appearance
Weld axis
Weld bead
Weld bead test
Weld buildup
Weld centerlime
Weld chipped out
Weld chipped out to sound metal
Weld composition
Weld deposit
Welded
Welded joint
Welded vessel
Weld embrittlement
Welder
Welder skill
Weld face
Weld fuzion zone
Welding bench
Welding characteristic
Welding condition
Welding current
Welding equipment
Welding fixture
Welding gun
Welding head
Welding operator
Welding parameter
Welding position
Welding practice
Welding procedure
Welding rod
Welding sequence
Welding shoes
Welding speed
Welding technique
Weldment
Weld metal
Weld metal deposited
Weld metal impact test
Weld pad
Weld pool
Weld porosity
Weld property
Weld quality
Weld reinforcement
Weld ripple
Weld size
Weld surface
Weld surface countour
Weld test
Wellfare
Wet quartz sand abrasion factor
Wettability
Wetting
Wetting ability
Wetting action
Wetting behavior
Wheel
White brass
White color
Whitish
Wid Melting
Widespread
Widest
Widest portion
Wide temperature range
Width
Width of flange
Width of wound electrode
Winding
Widing requirement
Wire
Wire-brushing
Wire-cloth
Wire-cloth sieve
Wire-drawing operation
Wire-feed mechanism
Wire surface
Woof
Worken harden
Work-hardening
Work hardening quality
Workmanship
Workpiece
Work surface
World practice
Worn
Worn manganese steel
Worn metal
Wound
Wound on liner
Wrapped
Wrong
Wrought
Wrought core wire electrode
Wrought form
Wrought iron
Wrought material
Wrought nickel-aluminium bronze material
Wrought rod
Facilidade de umedecimento
Ao de umedecimento
Comportamento de umedecimento
Roda
Lato branco
Cor branca
Esbranquiado
Fuso ampla
Difundido
Mais largo, mais amplo
A parte mais larga, a parte mais ampla
Faixa entensa de temperatura
Largura
Largura da aba (flange)
Largura do enrolamento de eletrodo
Enrolamento
Requesito de enrolamento
Arame, fio
limpeza com escova de arame
Tela metlica
Peneira de tela metlica
Operao de trefilao do arame
Mecanismo de alimentao de arame
Superficie de arame
L
Encruar
Endurecimento por trabalho a frio, encruamento
Qualidade de endurecimento por trabalho a frio
Fabricao, execuo
Pea de trabalho
Superfcie de trabalho
Prtica mundial
`Gasto, degastado
Ao-mangans desgastado
mestal gasto, metal degastado
Enrolado
Enrolado em um suporte
Embrulhado, envolto
Errado, incorreto
Trabalhado
Eletrodo com alma de arame trabalhado
Forma trabalhada
Ferro trabalhado
Material trabalhado
Material trabalhado de bronze-niquel-aluminio
Vareta trabalhada
X
x- ray
x-ray test
Raio-x
Exame por raio-x, exame radiogrfico
Y
Yellow of brasses
Yellow scale
Yield (to)
Yielding
Yield strength
Y-shapped
Z
142
Zinc vapor
Zirconia
Zirconiated
Zirconlated tungsten
Zirconium
Zirconium alloy
Zirconium alloy welding rod
Zirconium sillicate
Zirconium sillicate combustin tube
Vapor de zinco
xido de zircnio
Zirconlado
Tungstnio zirconiado
Zircnio
Liga de zircnio
Vareta de solda de liga de zircnio
Silicato de zircnio
Tubo de combusto de silicato de zircnio
143
22. REFERNCIAS:
1. GLENDINNING. Erick H. & McEWAN John. (1997)Oxford English for Electronics.
2. DIAS, RENILDES- Reading Critical English. Ed.UFMG 2002-.3 edio.
3. FORREST M. MIMS ( 1980) Engineers notebook A handbook of Integrated
Circuit applications.
4.BEARDWOOD, Lynette, TEMPLETON, Hugh, WEBBER, Martin- A first Course in
Technical English.
5.TRADUTORES Seco II E. 1980- Glossrio de termos Tcnicos.
6.SWAM, Michael & WALTER, Catherine How English Works- A Grammar Practice
Book. Ed. Oxford.
144