CHAPTER - 2

LOAD FLOW METHOD FOR RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The modern power distribution network is constantly being faced with an evergrowing load demand. Distribution networks experience distinct change from a low to high
load level every day. In order to evaluate the performance of a power distribution system and
to examine the effectiveness of proposed modifications to a system in the planning stage, it is
essential that a load flow analysis of the system is to be repeatedly carried-out. It basically
gives the steady state operating condition of a distribution system corresponding to a
specified load on the system. Certain applications, particularly in the distribution automation
(i.e., VAR planning, state estimation, etc.) and optimization of power system require repeated
load flow solutions.
Load flow studies are the back bone of power system analysis and design. It gives the
steady state solution of a power system network for normal operating condition which helps
in continuous monitoring of the current state of the system. It is also employed for planning,
optimization and stability studies. Hence an efficient and fast load flow method is required.
Generally distribution networks have high R/X ratio. Due to this reason, popularly
used Newton Raphson [2] and Fast Decoupled load flow algorithms [3] may provide
inaccurate results and may not be converge. Hence, conventional load flow methods cannot
be directly applied to obtain the load flow solution of radial distribution systems.
Kersting and Mendive [6] and Kersting [11] have developed load flow techniques
based on ladder theory. Baran and Wu [18] and Chiang [21] have developed a load flow
solution of distribution system based on the Newton Raphson method. They have computed
system Jacobian matrix using chain rule in their method. Chiang [21] has also proposed three
different algorithms for solving radial distribution network based on the method of

Baran

and Wu. He has proposed decoupled, fast decoupled and very fast decoupled distribution load
flow algorithms. The first two methods are similar to the method proposed by Baran and Wu.
The very fast decoupled distribution load flow method is very attractive, since it does not
require any Jacobian matrix construction and factorization but more computations are
involved because it solves three fundamental equations. representing real power, reactive
power and voltage magnitudes.
Many researchers [38, 52, 74] have proposed different methods to analyze the radial
distribution system based on forward and backward sweep current injection methods.
Venkatesh and Ranjan [72] have proposed a method using data structures to find the load
flow solution of radial distribution system.
In this chapter, a simple method of load flow technique for radial distribution system
is proposed. The proposed method involves the solution of simple algebraic equation in
receiving end voltages. The mathematical formulation of the proposed method is explained in
Section 2.2. In this Section, derivation of voltage, angle, real and reactive power losses from
phasor diagram of single line diagram of distribution system is discussed. The bus
identification using data structure of distribution system is described in Section 2.3. The steps
of load flow algorithm are presented in Section 2.4. Also the effectiveness of the proposed
method is tested with different examples of distribution system and the results are compared
with the existing methods. In Section 2.5, conclusions of the proposed method are presented.

2.2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

Assumptions:
Radial distribution networks are balanced and can be represented by their
equivalent single line diagram.

 Half line charging susceptances of distribution lines are negligible and these
distribution lines are represented as short lines.
Shunt capacitor banks are treated as loads.
Consider a branch connected between buses 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 2.1.
1

V10

V2-2

R1+jX1
P2+jQ2
Fig. 2.1 Electrical equivalent of a typical branch 1
In Fig. 2.1, V10 and V2-2 are the voltage magnitudes and phase angles of two
buses 1 and 2. Let the current flowing through branch 1 is I. The substation voltage is
assumed to be 1+j0 p.u. Let power factor angle of load P2+jQ2 be 2. Let R1 and X1 be the
resistance and reactance of the branch 1 respectively. The phasor diagram of Fig. 2.1 is
shown in Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2 Phasor diagram of a branch 1 connected between buses 1 and 2

From Fig. 2.2, the Eqns. are

V1 V2 VR VX
2

(2.1)

V1 V2 IR1 cos 2 IX1 sin 2 IX1 cos 2 IR1 sin 2

2

(2.2)

To eliminate I in Eqn. (2.2)

I cos 2

P2
V2

I sin 2

Q2
V2

where
P2 = Total active power load of all buses beyond bus 2 including local load and
active power losses beyond bus 2
Q2 = Total reactive power load of all buses beyond bus 2 including local load and
reactive power losses beyond bus 2
The Eqn. (2.2) becomes

P R Q 2 X1 P2 X1 Q 2 R 1
V2 2 1

V2
V2

P
R

Q
X
2 1 2 1
2
V 2 2P2 R 1 Q 2 X1
2

V2

P
X

Q
R
2 1
2 1

2

V2

V1

V1

V1 V2 V2 P2R1 Q2X1 2 V2 P2R1 Q2X1 P2X1 Q2R1

2

2
2
2
2
V2 2 V2 P2R1 Q2X1 P2 Q2 R1 X1 V1 V2 0
4

V1

P22 Q22 R12 X12 0

V2 2 V2 P 2R1 Q2X1

V2 b V2 c 0
4

(2.3)
(2.4)

where

b V1 2 P2 R1 2 Q2 X1

(2.5)

c P22 Q22 R12 X12

(2.6)

where
| |

= substation voltage (taken as 1.0 p.u.)

R1

= resistance of branch 1

X1

= reactance of branch 1

The four possible solutions for the voltage, V 2 from Eqn. (2.4) are

1
b b 4c
2
1
b b 4c
2
1
b b 4c
2
1/ 2
1
b b2 4c
2

i)
ii)
iii)

1/ 2

1/ 2

iv)

1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

It is found for realistic systems, when P2, Q2, R1, X1 and V are expressed in p.u., b is
always positive because the term (2

+2

is extremely small as compared to. V1

In addition the term 4c is negligible compared to b2. Therefore, {b2 4c}1/2 is nearly equal
to b and hence the first two solutions of V2 are nearly equal to zero and third solution is
negative and hence not feasible. The fourth solution of V2 is positive and hence it is only
the possible feasible solution. Therefore, the possible feasible solution of Eqn. (2.4) is

V2

1/ 2
1
b b2 4c
2

In general, the solution for Vi1 is

Vi 1

bi Vi 2 Pi 1 R k 2 Qi 1 Xk
2

ci Pi1 Qi 1 R k Xk
where
2

1/ 2
1
1/ 2
2

4
bi bi
ci
2

where

1/ 2

i =1, 2nbus.
k =1, 2, 3..nbus-1
nbus = total number of buses.

(2.7)

(2.8)

The real and reactive power loss of branch k is given by

Ploss k

Vi 1

Qloss k

R k Pi 1 Qi 1

Xk Pi1 Qi1
2

(2.9)

(2.10)

Vi1
The Total Active and Reactive Power Losses (TPL, TQL) are given by
TPL

nbus1

P k
k 1

TQL

loss

(2.11)

nbus1

Q k
k 1

loss

(2.12)

The phase angle (2) of voltage V2 can be calculated as follows

From Fig. 2.2,
tan 2

VX
V2 VR

tan 2

I X1 cos 2 I R1 sin 2
V2 I R1 cos 2 I X1 sin 2

(2.13)

On simplification we will get

P2 X1 Q R1

1
2
2 tan
2

P2 R1 Q2 X1 V2

(2.14)

In general
Pi1 Xk Q R k

1
i 1

i1 tan
2

Pi1 R k Qi1 Xk Vi1

(2.15)

Usually, the substation voltage V1 is known and is taken as 1.0 00p.u. Initially,
Ploss[k] and Qloss[k] are set to zero for all k. Then the initial estimate of Pi+1 and Qi+1 will be
the sum of the loads of all the buses beyond bus i' plus the local load of bus i' plus the losses
beyond bus i' Compute Vi+1,Ploss[k], Qloss[k], i+1using Eqns. (2.8), (2.9), (2.10) and (2.15).
This will complete one iteration of the solution. Update the loads P(i+1) and Q(i+1) (by
including losses) and repeat the same procedure until the voltage mismatch reach a tolerance
level of 0.0001 p.u. in successive iterations.

2.3 BUS IDENTIFICATION USING DATA STRUCTURES

In this section, the data structure is used to identify the inter connection of buses and
branches of radial distribution system, which avoids the conventional method of unique
lateral bus and branch numbering process. An algorithm is developed and the methodology of
identifying the buses and branches connected to a particular bus in detail, which will help in
finding the exact load feeding through that particular bus, is presented in this section.
The proposed method initially forms the Bus Incidence Matrix (BIM) of the radial
distribution system and then can be processed to create a Data structure. This method can
handle the system data with any random bus and line numbering scheme except the slack bus
being numbered as 1. Also this algorithm provides dynamically declared and alterable Data
structure. The illustration of the algorithm is given in Section 2.3.4.
2.3.1 Formation of Bus Incidence Matrix
Consider the radial distribution system with multiple laterals, branches and buses. The
bus numbers have been marked in a random order with substation as bus number 1.The
elements of BIM are considered as follows:
BIM is of size m x n, where m is number of lines and n is the number of buses.
If ith and jth buses are connected through a branch, k then
BIMij = 1
Otherwise

BIMij = 0

2.3.2 Formation of Data structure

After forming the BIM, then the Data structure can be created as follows.
First select a bus, identify the paths emanating from it and each path is represented by
a contour. Form the data structure which gives the information about bus numbers, real and
reactive powers at those buses and the respective branch numbers corresponding to each

contour. It also gives the number of contours emanating from the end bus and their respective
index numbers of the contours.
2.3.3 Algorithm steps for bus identification
Step 1 : Read system branch data.
Step 2 : Form the Bus incidence matrix (BIM)
Step 3 : Create the Data structure using BIM
Step 4 :Stop
2.3.4 Illustration
Consider the single line diagram of 15 bus radial distribution system shown in Fig 2.3.
Consider bus 1 as the reference bus. The Bus Incidence Matrix for this system is as shown in
Table 2.1.

VII

10
X

II

I
5

14

IV
13

S/S
10

14

11

15

11

VI
VII

12

IX

12
8
13

Fig. 2.3 Single line diagram of 15 bus radial distribution system

1, 2, 3 ,.. represent bus numbers
,

,.represent branch numbers

, . represent contour numbers

I
I

Table 2.1 The Bus Incidence Matrix of the 15 bus radial distribution system
Bus No.
Branch No.

10

11

12 13

14

1
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
3
0
0
0
1
1
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0
0
0 0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 1
0
0 0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
1
1 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0 1
0 0
0
0 0
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
1
0 0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
1
1 0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
1 1
0
12
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
1
13
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
14
Consider a contour with several buses and several connections emanating from its

15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

terminal bus, and then a generic data structure would look like the illustration below in Fig.
2.4.
As an example, the data structure for the system is

c.no

b.n

b.n

b.n

o.o

o.o

o.o

Br.

Br.

Br.

no.

no.

no.

P
i

P
i

Q
i

Q
i

.
D.n
o.
D.n

P
i

o.

Q
i

D.n
o.

Fig. 2.4 The general data structure of the system

In Fig. 2.4, b.no. stands for bus number, br.no. stands for branch number, Pj, Qj
stands for real and reactive power at that buses, c.no. stands for number of contours present
adjacent to that bus i, D.no. stands for data structure corresponding to the emanating contours
(i.e., adjacent contours to the bus, i).
For 15 bus system 11 contours are identified and are shown in Fig. 2.3 with dotted lines. The
data structure of contour 1 is as shown below.
bus

: [1 2] (bus no.s are 1 and 2)

c.no.

: 3 (no. of contours emanating from the end bus of this contour

or adjacent contours of the bus, 2)

Index number of that contours: [II V VIII]

Branch

:1

Real power

: [0

Reactive power

: [0

(numbers of adjacent contours of bus, 2)

(branch connected between buses 1 and 2)

44.1] (Real power load at buses 1and 2)
44.99] (Reactive power load at buses 1and 2)

Resistance of branch 1: 0.8523 p.u. (resistance of branch 1 connected between 1and 2)

Reactance of branch 1: 0.8336 p.u. (reactance of branch 1 connected between 1and 2)
The data structure of the entire system is shown in Table 2.2
Table 2.2 Data Structure of all contours of 15 bus Radial Distribution System

Contour I

Contour II

b.no.
br. no.
real power
reac. Power
b.no.
br. no.
real power
reac. Power

1
P1
Q1

P2
Q2

3
2

P2
Q2

P3
Q3

II, V, VIII
2

III, IX

Contour III

Contour IV

Contour V

b.no.
3
4
br. no.
3
real power
P3 P 4
reac. Power Q3 Q4

Contour VI

Contour VII

b.no.
br. no.
real power
reac. Power

Contour IX

Contour X

Contour XI

IV, X, XI

b.no.
4
5
br. no.
4
real power
P4
P5
reac. Power Q4
Q5
b.no.
2
6
br. no.
7
real power
P2
P6
reac. Power
Q2
Q6
b.no.
br. no.
real power
reac. Power

Contour VIII

0
2
VI, VII

7
8

P6
Q6
6

P7
Q7

P8
Q8

8
9
P6
Q6

b.no.
2
9
10
br. no.
5
6
real power P2 P9
P10
reac. Power Q2 Q9
Q10
b.no. 3
11
12
br. no.
10
11
real power P3 P11 P12
reac. Power Q3 Q11 Q12

13
12
P13
Q13

b.no.
4
14
br. no.
13
real power P4 P14
reac. Power Q4 Q14
b.no.
4
15
br. no.
14
real power P4 P15
reac. Power
Q4 Q15

2.4 LOAD FLOW CALCULATION

Once all the buses and branches are identified, it is very easy to calculate the effective
load at each bus including losses and then solve for the bus voltage magnitudes and angles

using the Eqns. (2.8) and (2.15). Then compute the real and reactive power losses in each
branch using Eqns. (2.9) and (2.10). The convergence criterion of the proposed algorithm is
that if change in the magnitude of the two bus voltages in successive iterations is less than
0.0001 p.u., the solution is said to be converged and the total real and reactive power losses
are computed using Eqns. (2.11) and (2.12).
2.4.1 Algorithm for Load flow calculation:
Step 1 : Read line and load data of radial distribution system. Initialize TPL, TQL
to zero. Assume bus voltages 1 p.u., set convergence Criterion V
Step 2 : Start iteration count=1.
Step 3 : Build BIM and Data Structure of the system.
Step 4 : Calculate effective load at each bus starting from the last bus.
Step 5 : Initialize real power loss and reactive power loss to zero.
Step 6 : Find effective losses at each bus.
Step 7 : Calculate load at each bus including losses.
Step 8 : Calculate bus voltages (magnitude and angles), real and reactive power
loss of each branch using Eqns. (2.8), (2.15), (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.
Step 9 : Calculate the value of change in bus voltages i.e. V in successive
iterations. If V go to step 11 otherwise go to step 10.
Step 10: Increment iteration number and go to step 6.
Step 11: Calculate TPL and TQL using Eqns. (2.8) and (2.9).
Step 12: Print voltages at each bus, TPL, TQL and number of iterations.
Step 13: Stop.

2.4.2 Flow Chart for the proposed method

Start

Read Distribution System data

Assume bus voltages Vi=1+j0, for i=1,2,.nbus
Set iteration count (IC) =1, convergence criterion () =0.0001,
Initialize total real and total reactive power losses to zero

Build Bus Incidence matrix (BIM)

Build Data Structure of the system using BIM

Calculate effective load at each bus including losses

Compute bus voltages (magnitude and angle) using Eqns.

(2.8) & (2.15)
Calculate real and reactive power loss of
each branch using Eqns. (2.9) & (2.10)

IC=IC+1

Fig. 2.5 Flow chart of load flow method

2.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method three different examples
consisting of 15, 33 and 69 bus radial distribution systems are considered.
2.5.1 Example 1
The single line diagram of 15 bus, 11 kV radial distribution system is shown in Fig.
2.3. The line and load data of this system are given in Appendix A (Table A1). The voltage
profile of the system is given in Table 2.3. The line flows of 15 bus system are given in Table
2.4. The total real and reactive power losses are 61.7933 kW and 57.2967 kVAr. The
minimum voltage of this system is 0.9445 p.u. occurred at bus 13 and voltage regulation is
5.55%. The number of iterations taken for this system is 3. The CPU time taken for the
solution is 0.14 sec. The solution obtained by proposed method is compared with the existing
method [104] and voltages are approximately matching both in magnitude and phase angles.

Table 2.3 Voltage profile of 15 bus radial distribution system

Bus No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Proposed method
Voltage
Angle
Magnitude (p.u.)
(deg.)
1.0000
0.0000
0.9713
0.0320
0.9567
0.0493
0.9509
0.0565
0.9499
0.0687
0.9582
0.1894
0.9560
0.2166
0.9570
0.2050
0.9680
0.0720
0.9669
0.0850
0.9500
0.1315
0.9458
0.1824
0.9445
0.1987
0.9486
0.0848
0.9484
0.0869

Existing method [104]

Voltage
Angle (deg.)
Magnitude (p.u.)
1.0000
0.0000
0.9712
0.0320
0.9547
0.0493
0.9489
0.0565
0.9478
0.0687
0.9582
0.1894
0.9560
0.2166
0.9569
0.2050
0.9679
0.0720
0.9669
0.0850
0.9477
0.1317
0.9437
0.1824
0.9424
0.1987
0.9466
0.0849
0.9464
0.0869

Table 2.4 Line flows of 15 bus radial distribution system

Branch
No.

From
(i)

To
(j)

Pij
(kW)

Qij
(kVAr)

Pji
(kW)

Qji
(kVAr)

Ploss
(kW)

Qloss
(kVAr)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

1
2
3
4
2
9
2
6
6
3
11
12
4
4

2
3
4
5
9
10
6
7
8
11
12
13
14
15

1250.49
724.19
394.80
44.10
114.16
44.10
350.51
140.00
70.00
254.78
114.17
44.10
70.00
140.00

1271.34
737.35
402.45
44.98
116.42
44.98
357.34
142.80
71.40
259.64
116.43
44.98
71.40
142.80

1212.8
712.9
392.36
44.04
113.69
44.04
344.56
139.61
69.89
252.6
113.57
44.03
69.8
139.56

1234.47
726.31
400.06
44.94
116.1
44.94
353.45
142.53
71.32
258.17
116.02
44.93
71.26
142.5

37.69
11.29
2.44
0.06
0.47
0.06
5.95
0.39
0.11
2.18
0.60
0.07
0.20
0.44

36.87
11.04
2.39
0.04
0.32
0.04
3.89
0.27
0.08
1.47
0.41
0.05
0.14
0.30

2.5.2 Example 2
The 33 - bus, 12.66 kV radial distribution system [19] is shown in Fig. 2.6. The line
and load data of this system is given in Appendix A (Table A2). The voltage profile of the
system is given in Table 2.5. The line flows of 33 bus system are given in Table 2.6. The total

real and reactive power losses are 202.5022 kW and 135.1286 kVAr. The minimum voltage
of this system is 0.9131p.u. at bus 18 and voltage regulation is 8.69%. The number of
iterations taken for this system is 3. The CPU time has taken to obtain the solution is 0.12
sec. The computational efficiency of the proposed method is given in Table 2.7 and is
compared with other known methods [11, 18]. The results obtained by the proposed method
and the existing methods [71, 104] are matching both in voltage magnitude and phase angle.

Fig. 2.6 Single line diagram of 33 bus radial distribution system

Table 2.5 Voltage profile of 33 bus radial distribution system
Bus
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Proposed method
Voltage
Magnitude (p.u.)
1.0000
0.9970
0.9829
0.9755
0.9681
0.9497
0.9462
0.9413
0.9351
0.9293
0.9284
0.9269
0.9207
0.9185
0.9171
0.9157

Angle
(deg.)
0.0000
0.0132
0.0929
0.1585
0.2252
0.1307
-0.0996
-0.0635
-0.1366
-0.1992
-0.1919
-0.1804
-0.2707
-0.3494
-0.3871
-0.4103

Existing method
[71]
Voltage
Magnitude (p.u.)
1.00000
0.99703
0.98289
0.97538
0.96796
0.94948
0.94595
0.93230
0.92597
0.92009
0.91922
0.91771
0.91153
0.90924
0.90782
0.90643

Existing method [104]

Voltage
Magnitude (p .u.)
1.0000
0.9970
0.9828
0.9753
0.9680
0.9495
0.9461
0.9412
0.9349
0.9291
0.9283
0.9266
0.9207
0.9182
0.9171
0.9157

Angle
(deg.)
0.0000
0.0141
0.0939
0.1595
0.2261
0.1317
-0.0986
-0.0625
-0.1356
-0.1981
-0.1909
-0.1794
-0.2707
-0.3494
-0.3871
-0.4103

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

0.9137
0.9131
0.9965
0.9929
0.9922
0.9916
0.9794
0.9727
0.9694
0.9477
0.9452
0.9337
0.9255
0.9220
0.9178
0.9169
0.9166

-0.4876
-0.4972
0.0023
-0.0646
-0.0840
-0.1043
0.0603
-0.0284
-0.0721
0.1702
0.2263
0.3093
0.3870
0.4925
0.4080
0.3850
0.3773

0.90439
0.90377
0.99650
0.99292
0.99221
0.99158
0.97931
0.97264
0.96931
0.94755
0.94499
0.93354
0.92532
0.92177
0.91760
0.91669
0.91640

0.9137
0.9130
0.9965
0.9929
0.9922
0.9915
0.9792
0.9726
0.9692
0.9476
0.9452
0.9337
0.9255
0.9218
0.9178
0.9169
0.92

-0.4876
-0.4971
0.0033
-0.0637
-0.0830
-0.1034
0.0613
-0.0274
-0.0711
0.1712
0.2273
0.3103
0.3882
0.4934
0.4090
0.3859
0.38

Table 2.6 Line flows of 33 bus radial distribution system

Branch
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

From
(i)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
19
20
21
3
23

To
(j)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Pij
(kW)
3905.25
3392.47
2342.98
2204.29
2106.04
1093.35
888.51
684.33
620.77
560.22
514.34
451.67
390.94
270.59
210.30
150.05
90.00
360.98
270.14
180.04
90.00
936.43
841.29

Qij
(kVAr)
2418.80
2171.41
1674.06
1584.53
1521.52
521.56
419.96
316.96
294.43
274.25
243.96
206.56
170.90
90.58
80.38
60.04
40.00
160.93
120.18
80.06
40.00
445.07
401.01

Pji
(kW)
3893.04
3340.82
2323.08
2185.59
2067.80
1091.44
883.67
680.15
670.21
559.67
513.46
449.00
390.21
270.53
210.02
149.80
89.95
360.82
269.31
179.94
89.96
933.28
836.15

Qji
(kVAr)
2412.5
8
2145.5
0
1663.9
3
1575.0
1
1488.5
1
515.23
418.36
313.96
291.91
274.07
243.67
204.76
169.94
90.26
80.17
59.7
39.96
160.78
119.43
79.94
39.94
442.91
396.95

Ploss
(kW)
12.21
51.65
19.90
18.70
38.24
1.91
4.84
4.18
3.56
0.55
0.88
2.67
0.73
0.36
0.28
0.25
0.05
0.16
0.83
0.10
0.04
3.15`
5.14

Qloss
(kVAr)
6.22
26.31
10.13
9.52
33.01
6.33
1.60
3.00
2.52
0.18
0.29
2.10
0.96
0.32
0.21
0.34
0.04
0.15
0.75
0.12
`0.06
2.16
4.06

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

24
6
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

420.00
948.18
864.85
813.55
745.71
621.82
420.23
270.01
60.00

200.00
972.31
945.61
910.65
883.83
811.84
210.27
140.02
40.00

418.71
945.58
881.52
802.95
737.88
617.92
418.64
269.80
59.99

198.99
970.99
943.92
900.69
877.01
809.86
208.87
139.77
39.98

1.29
2.60
3.33
11.30
7.83
3.90
1.59
0.21
0.01

1.01
1.32
1.69
9.96
6.82
1.98
1.57
0.25
0.02

Table 2.7 Comparison of computational efficiency of proposed method with other

methods
Method

System Execution time, (sec.)

No. of iterations

Proposed method

0.12

Kersting Method [11]

0.14

Baran and Wu [18]

0.13

2.5.3 Example 3
The 69 bus, 11 kV radial distribution system [76] is shown in Fig. 2.7. The line and
load data of this system is given in Appendix A (Table A3). The voltage profile of the system
is given in Table 2.8. The line flows of 69 bus system are given in Table 2.9. The total real
and reactive power losses are 224.9457 kW and 102.1397 kVAr. The minimum voltage of
this system is 0.9092 p.u. at bus 65 and voltage regulation is 9.082%. The number of
iterations taken for this system is 3. The CPU time has taken to obtain the solution is 0.13
sec. The performance in terms of computational efficiency of the proposed method is given in
Table 2.10 and is compared with other known methods [11, 18]. The solution obtained by
proposed method is compared with the existing methods [71, 104] and results are found to be
approximately matching both in voltage magnitude and phase angles.

Fig. 2.7 Single line diagram of 69 bus radial distribution system

Table 2.8 Voltage profile of 69 bus radial distribution system
Proposed method
Bus
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Voltage
Magnitude
(p.u.)
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9998
0.9990
0.9901
0.9808
0.9786
0.9774
0.9724
0.9713
0.9682
0.9653
0.9624
0.9595
0.9590
0.9581
0.9581
0.9576
0.9573
0.9568
0.9568
0.9568
0.9566

Angle
(deg.)
0.0000
-0.0012
-0.0024
-0.0059
-0.0185
0.0493
0.1210
0.1382
0.1471
0.2317
0.2505
0.3033
0.3496
0.3958
0.4418
0.4504
0.4645
0.4647
0.4732
0.4788
0.4877
0.4878
0.4891
0.4920

Existing method
[71]
Voltage
Magnitude
(p.u.)
1.00000
0.99997
0.99993
0.99984
0.99902
0.99009
0.98079
0.97858
0.97745
0.97245
0.97135
0.96819
0.96526
0.96237
0.95950
0.95897
0.95809
0.95808
0.95761
0.95732
0.95683
0.95683
0.95676
0.95660

Existing method [104]

Voltage
Magnitude
(p.u.)
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9990
0.9901
0.9808
0.9786
0.9774
0.9725
0.9713
0.9682
0.9653
0.9624
0.9595
0.9589
0.9581
0.9581
0.9576
0.9573
0.9568
0.9568
0.9567
0.9566

Angle
(deg.)
0.0000
-0.0012
-0.0025
-0.0059
-0.0185
0.0492
0.1210
0.1382
0.1470
0.2316
0.2504
0.3032
0.3495
0.3957
0.4417
0.4503
0.4645
0.4646
0.4731
0.4787
0.4876
0.4877
0.4890
0.4919

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

0.9564
0.9564
0.9563
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9997
0.9997
0.9995
0.9992
0.9992
0.9999
0.9997
0.9996
0.9995
0.9995
0.9988
0.9986
0.9985
0.9985
0.9984
0.9984
0.9998
0.9985
0.9947
0.9942
0.9785
0.9785
0.9747
0.9714
0.9669
0.9626
0.9401
0.9290
0.9248
0.9197
0.9123
0.9121
0.9117
0.9098
0.9092
0.9713
0.9713
0.9679
0.9679

0.4952
0.4965
0.4968
-0.0027
-0.0047
-0.0021
-0.0016
0.0006
0.0061
0.0140
0.0150
-0.0030
-0.0094
-0.0118
-0.0125
-0.0125
-0.0235
-0.0282
-0.0288
-0.0289
-0.0307
-0.0307
-0.0077
-0.0525
-0.1916
-0.2114
0.1385
0.1387
0.1690
0.1946
0.2302
0.2651
0.6617
0.8643
0.9452
1.0497
1.1188
1.1215
1.1252
1.1430
1.1484
0.2517
0.2517
0.3093
0.3093

0.95643
0.95636
0.95634
0.99993
0.99973
0.99985
0.99971
0.99961
0.99935
0.99901
0.99895
0.99992
0.99975
0.99959
0.99954
0.99884
0.99884
0.99855
0.99850
0.99850
0.99841
0.99840
0.99979
0.99854
0.99470
0.99415
0.97854
0.97853
0.97466
0.97142
0.96694
0.96257
0.94010
0.92904
0.92476
0.91974
0.91234
0.91205
0.91166
0.90976
0.90919
0.97129
0.97129
0.96786
0.96786

0.9564
0.9564
0.9563
0.9999
0.9998
0.9997
0.9997
0.9996
0.9993
0.9990
0.9989
0.9999
0.9997
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995
0.9988
0.9985
0.9985
0.9985
0.9984
0.9984
0.9997
0.9985
0.9947
0.9941
0.9785
0.9785
0.9746
0.9714
0.9669
0.9625
0.9401
0.9290
0.9248
0.9197
0.9123
0.9120
0.9117
0.9098
0.9092
0.9713
0.9713
0.9678
0.9678

0.4951
0.4964
0.4967
-0.0027
-0.0053
-0.0032
-0.0028
0.0009
0.0035
0.0940
0.0104
-0.0030
-0.0094
-0.0118
-0.0125
-0.0125
-0.0235
-0.0282
-0.0288
-0.0289
-0.0307
-0.0307
-0.0077
-0.0525
-0.1916
-0.2114
0.1385
0.1386
0.1689
0.1945
0.2300
0.2650
0.6615
0.8641
0.9451
1.0495
1.1186
1.1213
1.1250
1.1428
1.1482
0.2516
0.2516
0.3092
0.3092

Table 2.9 Line flows of 69 bus radial distribution system

Branch
No.

From
(i)

To
(j)

Pij
(kW)

Qij
(kVAr)

Pji
(kW)

Qji
(kVAr)

Ploss
(kW)

Qloss
(kVAr)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
3
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
3
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

4016.32
4016.32
3748.77
2896.08
2867.94
2836.1
2788.83
2666.37
774.79
745.78
562.59
360.29
351.05
341.85
341.63
296.31
236.3
176.2
176.13
175.03
61.03
56.02
56.01
28
28
14
81.53
55.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.51
15.5
6
185.76
159.74
133.72
133.72
109.72
85.67
84.45
84.45
78.45
78.44
39.22

2785.2
2785.2
2591.38
1977.96
1963.63
1946.53
1913.03
1826.32
521.67
511.34
380.62
236.19
230.78
224.88
224.81
194.7
159.7
124.67
124.64
124.01
43.01
40.01
40
20
20
10
64.01
46.01
28.01
28.01
28.01
28
18
4
129.16
110.57
92
91.99
74.99
57.93
56.91
56.91
52.61
52.6
26.3

4016.25
4016.25
3748.58
2894.15
2839.8
2806.86
2781.96
2663.01
770.08
744.77
560.41
359.01
349.81
340.65
341.41
295.99
236.3
176.1
176.06
174.92
61.05
56.01
56
27.99
28
14
81.53
55.52
29.52
29.52
29.52
29.5
15.49
6
185.76
159.72
133.7
133.71
109.72
85.62
84.43
84.45
78.45
78.43
39.22

2785.02
2785.02
2590.91
1975.7
1949.3
1931.64
1909.53
1824.61
520.11
511.01
379.9
235.77
230.37
224.48
224.74
194.59
159.7
124.64
124.62
123.97
43.01
40.01
40
20
20
10
64.01
66
28.01
28.01
28.01
28
18
4
129.16
110.53
91.98
91.98
74.99
57.87
56.89
56.91
52.61
52.59
26.3

0.07
0.07
0.19
1.93
28.14
29.24
6.87
3.36
4.71
1.01
2.18
1.28
1.24
1.2
0.22
0.32
0
0.1
0.07
0.11
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
0.02
0.02
0.01
0
0.05
0.02
0
0
0.01
0

0.18
0.18
0.47
2.26
14.33
14.89
3.5
1.71
1.56
0.33
0.72
0.42
0.41
0.4
0.07
0.11
0
0.03
0.02
0.04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
0.02
0.01
0
0.06
0.02
0
0
0.01
0

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

4
47
48
49
8
51
9
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
11
66
12
68

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

850.73
850.15
769.52
384.7
44.1
3.6
1851.08
1840.02
1804.49
1771.3
1721.63
1697.14
1687.64
1576.97
1562.95
318.84
286.7
286.04
59
36
18
56
28

611.11
609.68
549.28
274.5
31
2.7
1278.14
1271.22
1247.57
1225.9
1209.22
1201.01
1197.86
1122.63
1115.48
227.43
204.36
204.02
42
26
13
40
20

850.71
849.57
767.89
384.58
44.1
3.6
1845.3
1833.31
1795.36
1762.51
1671.96
1672.66
1678.14
1566.3
1548.93
318.32
286.57
285.38
58.96
36
18
55.98
28

611.05
608.25
545.28
274.22
31
2.7
1275.2
1268.8
1242.92
1221.42
1192.55
1192.79
1194.72
1119.39
1108.34
227.37
204.29
203.68
41.98
26
13
39.99
20

0.02
0.58
1.63
0.12
0
0
5.78
6.71
9.13
8.79
49.67
24.48
9.5
10.67
14.02
0.52
0.13
0.66
0.04
0
0
0.02
0

0.06
1.43
4
0.28
0
0
2.94
2.42
4.65
4.48
16.67
8.22
3.14
3.24
7.14
0.06
0.07
0.34
0.02
0
0
0.01
0

Table 2.10 Comparison of computational efficiency of proposed method with other

methods

2.6

Method
Proposed method

System Execution time (sec.)

0.13

No. of iterations
3

Kersting Method [11]

0.37

Baran and Wu [18]

0.29

CONCLUSIONS
A simple method for the load flow solution of radial distribution network has been

proposed. This method involves the concept of data structure to specify the configuration of
the system instead of commonly used a unique branch and bus numbering scheme to calculate
the cumulative loads of the system. This method is very simple and gives direct solution of the
radial distribution network based on the solution of a simple algebraic equation obtained from
the phasor diagram of the system. The effectiveness of the system is tested with15, 33 and 69

bus radial distribution systems. It is found that the solution obtained by this method matches
with the solution obtained by existing methods.