Professional Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283323123
CITATIONS
READS
140
2 authors:
Ovidiu Furdui
Huizeng Qin
85 PUBLICATIONS 55 CITATIONS
30 PUBLICATIONS 39 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
Open Mathematics
Open Access
Research Article
Huizeng Qin and Ovidiu Furdui*
Abstract: In this paper we solve three open problems and a conjecture related to the calculations of some classes of
Sk D
n1 ;:::;nk D1
Sk D . 1/
kC1
ln
1
2 C kLikC1
2
k
X
. 1/k
lD1
where Lik is the polylogarithm function defined, for jzj 1, by Lik .z/ D
P
1
function defined by .s/ D 1
nD1 ns , <s > 1.
.l C 1/ lnk
.k l/
zn
nD1 nk
P1
Proof. We use the following formula for the nth harmonic number (see [2, p.176])
Z1
1 tn
dt D Hn ;
1 t
n 1:
Huizeng Qin: School of Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255049, China, E-mail: qinhz_000@163.com
*Corresponding Author: Ovidiu Furdui: Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului
Nr. 28, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, E-mail: Ovidiu.Furdui@math.utcluj.ro, ofurdui@yahoo.com
2015 Qin and Furdui, published by De Gruyter Open.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
730
H. Qin, O. Furdui
We have
1
X
Sk D
n1 ; ;nk D1
Z1
D
1
1
n1 ; ;nk D1
D . 1/
Z1
1
1
t n1 Cn2 CCnk
dt
1 t
0
1
X
n1 Cn2 CCnk
t
k
1
X
Z1
. 1/
n1 n2 nk
lnk 2
n1 ; ;nk D1
k 1
ln .1 C t / dt D . 1/
Z1
k
Z1
lnk
lnk
1
. t /n1 Cn2 CCnk A
dt
n1 n2 nk
.1 C t / ln.1
1Ct
t/
(1)
dt:
.1 C t / ln.1
1Ct
Z1
lnkC1 2
k
t/
Z1
dt D
lnk
.2u/ ln.2.1
u
u//
du
1=2
lnk
.2u/
Li1 .u/
du
u
1=2
lnkC1 2
D
k
k 1
.2/ ln
Z1
2 C .k
1/
k 2
ln
(2)
Li2 .u/
.2u/
du
u
1=2
D
lnkC1 2
C .k
k
1/
k
X
. 1/l .l C 1/ lnk
.k l/
C . 1/k
.k
1/LikC1
lD1
1
:
2
Tk D
n1 ; ;nk D1
We give only a partial result to this problem which we record in the next theorem.
Theorem 1.2. Let k 2 be an integer. The following equality holds
k
Z1
1
dt
Tk D
Li2 . t / C ln2 .1 C t /
:
2
t
0
Proof. We have
1
X
Tk D
n1 ;:::;nk D1
Z1
D
0
n1 CCnk
. 1/
Z1
t n1 CCnk
dt
0
1
Z
1
1
1
X
1 X . t /n1 Hn1 X . t /n2 Hn2
. t /nk Hnk
1
dt D
t
n1
n2
nk
t
n1 D1
n2 D1
nk D1
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
1
X
. t /n Hn
n
nD1
!k
dt:
731
nD1
nD1
1
X
. t /n
1
D ln2 .1 C t / C Li2 . t/ ;
2
n2
t 2 . 1; 1;
nD1
1
Li2 . t / C ln2 .1 C t /
2
2
dt
33
5
D
.5/ C .2/.3/
t
32
8
1
2 ln 2Li4
2
1
2Li5
2
1
1 5
ln 2 C .2/ ln3 2
15
3
7
.3/ ln2 2:
8
However, the next integral is (in the data mine basis [3])
3
Z1
1
213
dt
Li2 . t / C ln2 .1 C t /
D
.2/.5/
2
t
17
3
30009 2
.2/.1; 1; 3/ C
.2/.3/
2
2720
247695
.7/
4352
555
186
.1; 1; 5/ C
.1; 3; 3/
17
17
(3)
9.1; 1; 1; 1; 3/;
0<k1 <<kd
k1jn1 j kdjnd j
Note that the last three sums in (3) are assumed to be linearly independent over Q, also modulo zeta values and any
products of sums of lower weight. Hence, since on this basis,
1
159
1
1
Li7
D
.7/ C .1; 1; 5/
.1; 1; 1; 1; 3/ C products
2
128
4
2
does not even involve .1; 3; 3/ at all, it is impossible to rewrite (3) as a polynomial in ln 2 and single zetas .n/
and the values Lis .1=2/. True (non-products), nested multiple (alternating) sums are required here.
The next theorem is about calculating, in closed form, a multiple series that resembles the harmonic sum Tk .
Theorem 1.4. Let k 1 be an integer. The following equality holds
Uk D
1
X
n1 ; ;nk D1
ln2kC1 2
.2k/
D k
C k
.2k C 1/
2 .2k C 1/
2
2kC1
X
lD1
ln2kC1
.2k C 1
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
2
Lil
l/
!
1
;
2
732
H. Qin, O. Furdui
Proof. We have
1
X
Uk D
n1 ; ;nk D1
Z1
D
1
1 X . t /n1 Hn1
t
n1
Z1
D
Z1
t n1 Cn2 CCnk
dt
n1 D1
1
X
. t /nk Hnk
nk
dt
(4)
nk D1
!k
1
X
. t /n Hn
n
1
t
Hnk
1
X
. t /n2 Hn2
n2
n1 D1
dt:
nD1
Since
1
X
. t /n Hn
n
nD1
1 2
ln .1 C t /;
2
t 2 . 1; 1;
Uk D
1
2k
Z1
2k
ln
2kC1
2kC1
X
.1 C t /
ln
2
.2k/
dt D k
C k @.2k C 1/
t
2 .2k C 1/
2
j D1
1
2
1 A
Lij
;
j /
2
2kC1 j
ln
.2k C 1
lnk .1 C t /
lnkC1 2
dt D
C k.k C 1/
t
kC1
kC1
X
j D1
lnkC1
.k C 1
2
Lij
j /
1
;
2
(5)
where k 1 is an integer.
Formula (5) can be proved either by direct computation or it can be seen it follows from the identity [4, equations
(7.48) and (7.49), p.178]
n
X1
kD0
lnk .1=z/
Lin
k
Zz
lnn 1 u
du;
1 u
1:
lnk .1 C t /
dt D
t
. 1/n 1
k .z/ D .n/ C
.n 1/
Z1
1=2
lnk .1=z/
lnkC1 2
dz D
C . 1/k
z.1 z/
kC1
Z1=2
lnk z
dz:
1 z
nDk
. 1/n
nCk
s.n; k/
D . 1/k .k C 1/:
n n
The third problem we solve is about calculating, in closed form, a multiple alternating Hardy series.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
733
Ak D
:
ln.n1 C n2 C C nk /
n1 ; ;nk D1
A1 D
. 1/n .Hn
/ D
ln n
ln
2
nD1
A2 D
. 1/nCm .HnCm
ln.n C m/
/ D
3 ln A C
nD1 mD1
1
7
ln 2 C ln
12
2
;
4
where A denotes the GlaisherKinkelin constant, can be found in [1, Problem 3.106, p.157]. Thus, the problem was
open only for the case when k 3.
Theorem 1.6 (A multiple alternating Hardy series). The following equality holds
2
Ak D . 1/
k 42
2k
k
X
ln 2
1
Hk
C k Ck
n2n
2
nD1
Z1 y k
1
y
ln ln
dy 5 :
.1 C y/kC1
Proof. First we observe that, if k 0 is an integer, then using summation by parts we have
1
X
. 1/n .HnCk
ln.n C k/
/ D
nD1
1
X
1
C ln 1
2n C k
nD1
1
2n C k
:
(6)
It follows that,
Ak D
1
X
1
X
1
X
1
X
mD2
1
X
mD2
Z1
D . 1/
1
n1 C C nk
1
X
mD2
1
m2m
Z1
tm
kC1
2 t
ln.n1 C n2 C C nk /
1
m2m
1
m
.e t
t .1
Z1
0
tm
.1
tm
.1
e
1
Z1
n1 Cn2 CCnk
2
tm
t / .1
Cn
. 1/n1
n1 1
2 t
1
X
nk
1 D1
t
2
k 1
dt
.t ! 2t /
.kC1/t
t / .1
Ce
t /k
C 2n
m
dt
kC1
2 t
Ce
1
X
1
n1 C C nk
n1 Cn2 CCnk 1 C2
t
2
n1 D1
Z1
C 2n
C ln 1
1
m2m
1
m2m
1 X
1
X
nD1 mD2
. 1/n1 CCnk
mD2
D . 1/k
nD1
1 D1
n1 ; ;nk
D . 1/k
1
X
. 1/n1 CCnk
1
X
D . 1/k
n1 CCnk
1 D1
n1 ; ;nk
. 1/
1
X
nk D1
1 D1
n1 ; ;nk
1
X
1 D1
n1 ; ;nk
(6)
. 1/n1 CCnk
dt
1 t /e .kC1/t
dt:
e t / .1 C e t /k
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
. 1/nk
nk 1
2
dt
734
H. Qin, O. Furdui
ln 1
e
t
1
,
.e t C1/k
f 0 .t / D
ke t
,
.e t C1/kC1
g 0 .t / D
et t 1
,
t.e t 1/
, and we have
Z1
et
t .e t
Z1
1 t
dt D
1/ .1 C e t /k
k
0
Z1
Dk
0
Z1
D
0
Z1
D
0
et
et 1
ln
dt
t et
.e t C 1/kC1
Z1
t et
dt
t
.e C 1/kC1
k
0
Z1
1
dt
.1 C e t /k
.e t
Z1
dt
.1 C e t /k
k
0
et
et 1
ln
dt
kC1
t
C 1/
(7)
ln e t 1
ln t
dt
.1 C e t /kC1
ln u
du C k
.2 C u/kC1
Z1
0
e t ln t
dt:
.1 C e t /kC1
dt
D ln 2
.1 C e t /k
k
X1
nD1
1
n2n
Z1
and
0
ln u
ln 2
1
du D k C 2 k
kC1
.2 C u/
k2
k 2
Hk
:
k2k
(8)
et
t
.e t
2k 1
1 t
dt D
ln 2
t
k
1/ .1 C e /
2k
D
2k 1
ln 2
2k
Z1
Q.y/ ln ln
k
X
nD1
k
X
nD1
Hk
1
C k Ck
n
n2
2
1
Hk
C k Ck
n2n
2
Z1
e t ln t
dt
.1 C e t /kC1
0
Z1 y k 1 ln ln 1
y
0
.1 C y/kC1
dy:
1
dy, where Q is a rational function, have been calculated
y
n1 n2 nk
:
.n1 C n2 C C nk /
n1 n2 nk
D ak e;
.n1 C n2 C C nk /
where ak is a rational number. We have that a1 D 1, a2 D 2=3, and a3 D 31=120 (see Problems 3.114 and 3.118
in [1]). If the conjecture holds true, an open problem would be to study the properties of the sequence .ak /k2N .
In the next theorem we solve this problem and show the conjecture holds true. We also give the formula for the
sequence .ak /k2N as a rational linear combination of binomial coefficients.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
735
fk;l .z/ D
n1 ; ;nk D1
and let
n1 n2 nl z n1 Cn2 CCnk
;
.n1 C n2 C C nk /
1
X
fk;0 .z/ D
n1 ; ;nk D1
z 2 C;
z n1 Cn2 CCnk
;
.n1 C n2 C C nk /
(9)
z 2 C:
(10)
Theorem 1.7 (A multiple factorial sum). Let k; l be integers such that k 1 and l D 1; : : : ; k, let fk;l be as in (9)
and fk;0 be as in (10). The following equalities hold
fk;0 .z/ D e z
k
X1
lD0
. 1/k 1
l
l l
C . 1/k
and
fk;l .z/ D e
lX
1
1
i
iD0
z kCi
:
.k C i /
Thus,
1
X
fk;k .1/ D
n1 ; ;nk D1
!
k
X1 k 1
n1 n2 nk
1
De
.n1 C n2 C C nk /
i
.k C i /
iD0
and hence
ak D
k
X1
i D0
1
:
.k C i /
In particular,
f2;2 .1/ D
2e
;
3
f3;3 .1/ D
31e
;
120
f4;4 .1/ D
179e
;
2520
f5;5 .1/ D
787e
;
51840
f6;6 .1/ D
6631e
:
2494800
n1 n2 nl z n1 Cn2 CCnk D
n1 ;n2 ;:::;nk D1
zk
;
.1 z/kCl
jzj < 1:
N Cl
n1 n2 nl D
kCl
! l 1
!
!
X
1
N
l 1
D
:
1
kCi
i
i D0
Thus (note that we can sum N from zero, because the binomial coefficient vanishes for N < k):
!
! 1
!
1
1
lX
1
X
X
X
l 1
zN
l 1 z kCi
zN N C l 1
z
fk;l .z/ D
D
De
:
N k C l 1
i
.N k i /.k C i /
i
.k C i /
N D0
i D0
N DkCi
iD0
For calculating fk;0 .z/ we apply the same technique as above. We have
1
X
zN N
fk;0 .z/ D
N k
N Dk
!
1
X
1
D
1
N.N
N Dk
zN
k/.k
1/
Zz
1
.k
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM
1/
0
e u uk
du
736
H. Qin, O. Furdui
Remark 1.8. We proved the conjecture that fk;k .1/ 2 eQ is a rational multiple of e. However, the problem holds
much more generally. Namely, for any polynomial P 2 Qn1 ; n2 ; : : : ; nk in k variables the associated series
1
X
A.k; P / D
n1 ;n2 ;:::;nk D1
P .n1 ; : : : ; nk /
2 eQ
.n1 C C nk /
is a rational multiple of e. Theorem 1.7 is a special case when P D n1 n2 nk . This follows from
1
X
F .z1 ; z2 ; : : : ; zk / D
n1 ;n2 ;:::;nk D1
k
X
z1n1 zknk
e zi 1
Q
D
.n1 C C nk /
j i .zi =zj
iD1
1/
(11)
because we can build up the numerator P in the summand via derivatives. We end up with some rational (in the zi )
linear combination of the e zi . Taking limits as zi ! 1, it is clear that we get rational multiples of e:
A.k; P / D lim lim P .z1 @z1 ; : : : ; zk @zk /F .z1 ; : : : ; zk / 2 eQ:
z1 !1
zk !1
1
z1 =z2
n1 n2
n1 Cn2 Dn z1 z2
1
D
1 via
F .z1 ; z3 ; z4 ; : : : ; zk / C
z1n
z1 =z2
z2n
z2 =z1
1
z2 =z1
F .z2 ; z3 ; z4 ; : : : ; zk /;
Acknowledgement: The authors thank one of the referees for several comments that led to the improvement of the
presentation of this paper, for the simplification of the proof of Theorem 1.7 and for pointing out the ideas in Remark
1.8. We mention that problem 3.137 has also been solved by professor Ulrich Abel who used a technique based on
divided differences and derivatives of exponential functions [9]. The first author is supported by National Natural
Science Foundation of China grant number 61379009.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Furdui O., Limits, Series and Fractional Part Integrals. Problems in Mathematical Analysis, Springer, New York, 2013
Boros G., Moll V.H., Irresistible Integrals, Symbolics, Analysis and Experiments in the Evaluation of Integrals, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 2004
Blmlein J., Broadhurst D.J., Vermaseren J.A.M., The multiple zeta value data mine, Comput. Phys. Commun., 2010, 181,
582625
Lewin L., Polylogarithms and Associated Functions, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981
Srivastava H.M., Choi J., Series Associated with the Zeta and Related Functions, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001
Li-Chien S., Remarks on some integrals and series involving the Stirling numbers and .n/, Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 1995,
347 (4), 13911399
Bromwich T.J.IA., An Introduction to the Theory of Infinite Series, 3rd ed., AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, Rhode Island,
1991
Medina L.A., Moll V.H., A class of logarithmic integrals, Ramanujan J., 2009, 20, 91126
U. Abel, A solution to Open Problem 3.137 by O. Furdui on multiple factorial series [arXiv:1508.04315]
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 10/31/15 5:10 AM