The Pennsylvania State University

The Graduate School

Department of Architectural Engineering

PARTICULATE MATTER AND OZONE IN MEDIUM OFFICE BUILDINGS OF MEGAMILLION CITIES: SIMULATIONS USING CONTAM

A Thesis in
Architectural Engineering
by
Shiyu Rao
2016 Shiyu Rao
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Master of Science

August 2016

The thesis of Shiyu Rao was reviewed and approved* by the following

Donghyun Rim
Assistant Professor of Architectural Engineering

James Freihaut
Professor of Architectural Engineering

William Bahnfleth
Professor of Architectural Engineering

Chinemelu Anumba
Department head and Professor of Architectural Engineering

*Signatures are on file in the Graduate School

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ABSTRACT
Ambient particulate matter (PM) and ozone are critical to human health and well-being given
their association with increased mortalities of the respiratory and cardiovascular system. For
office buildings in the urban area, uses of economizer have been dramatically increased recently
for purposes of achieving energy saving and ventilations. The goals of this paper are to explore
transports of ambient ozone and PM2.5 into urban office buildings considering outdoor air
pollution, weather, and ventilation operating modes as well as estimate energy consumption of
ventilation and filtration. This study employs multi-zone contaminant transport model
(CONTAM) for the prediction of outdoor-indoor pollutant dynamics in three cities: Los Angeles,
Beijing, and London. The model simulates infiltration of ambient ozone and PM2.5 into a
Department of Energy reference building (medium office) considering outdoor climate condition,
ventilation rates, and filtration efficiencies. Seasonal variations are one of the possible reasons to
capture the influences of high contaminants levels in LA and elevate particle concentrations in
Beijing and London. The study results show that outdoor-indoor pollutant transport varies
significantly according to the ambient concentration, outdoor weather, season, and ventilation
conditions. The indoor concentrations of ozone and particles in three cities are often higher than
US EPA and WHO standards, implying that buildings are a critical domain of air pollution
control in the major cities for reduction of human exposure to ambient air pollutants. The results
suggest that flow rate and filtration efficiencies have significant influences on particulate matter
transport and indoor concentrations. Pressure drops in air filtration process and ventilation of
building are two major energy consumers of HVAC system. Comparisons between
representative cities provide insights into particle enter into building under various weather and
operation scenarios and strategies to maintain good indoor air quality and reduce energy use in
cities.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 4
2.1 PM2.5 and its negative influences ........................................................................................... 4
2.2 Ozone and its Negative Effects............................................................................................... 5
2.3 Building HVAC system and indoor air quality .................................................................... 6
2.4 Review of I/O ratio .................................................................................................................. 7
2.5 Review of Energy uses with ventilation and filtration ......................................................... 7
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 9
3.1 CONTAM introduction .......................................................................................................... 9
3.2 CONTAM model descriptions ............................................................................................. 10
3.3 Simulations of indoor spaces based on various ventilation rates ..................................... 12
3.4 Simulation of indoor space based on varied filter type ..................................................... 12
3.5 Energy Calculation ............................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 16
4.1 Ambient Concentration of Three Cities .............................................................................. 16
4.2 Comparisons of indoor outdoor concentrations in summer ........................................... 21
4.3 I/O ratio and Indoor Concentration of Open Office Area ................................................ 25
4.4 Effects of filtration types (MERV selection) ....................................................................... 32

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4.5 Effects of ventilation strategies on I/O Ratio ...................................................................... 36

4.6 Investigations in Beijing ....................................................................................................... 43
4.7 Energy Analysis..................................................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................. 51
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 52
APPENDIX A OUTDOOR CONCENTRATION OF PM2.5 AND OZONE ........................ 61
APPENDIX B INDOOR CONCENTRATION AND I/O RATIOS ..................................... 67
APPENDIX C INFLUENCES OF VENTILATION AND FILTRATION .......................... 85

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 CONTAM model of medium office building ................................................................. 10
Figure 2. Outdoor PM2.5 Concentrations of (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles ......... 17
Figure 3. Outdoor ozone levels of (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles ....................... 19
Figure 4. PM2.5 concentration of Beijing in Jan, Mar, and July.................................................... 21
Figure 5. Summary of PM2.5 and Ozone of Beijing, London, and Los Angeles .......................... 21
Figure 6. Indoor PM2.5 concentration of (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles ............. 24
Figure 7. Indoor Concentration of Ozone in (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles ........ 25
Figure 8. I/O ratio and Concentration of PM2.5 in (1) Beijing (2) London and (3) Los Angeles .. 28
Figure 9. I/O ratio of Ozone Level in (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles .................. 31
Figure 10. Indoor Concentration of PM2.5 in Aug with different filters (1) Beijing, (2) London,
and (3) LA ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 11. Indoor ozone level in Aug with different filters (1) Beijing, (2) London (3) LA ....... 36
Figure 12. Combined effects of varying ventilation types and filter selections of PM 2.5 (a) Beijing,
(b) London, and (c) Los Angeles .................................................................................................. 36
Figure 13. Combined effects of varying ventilation types and filter selections of ozone (a)
Beijing, (b) London, and (c) Los Angeles .................................................................................... 38
Figure 14. Comparisons among outdoor, no filter and highest efficiency filter of PM2.5 (1)
Beijing, (2) London (3) Los Angeles ............................................................................................ 40
Figure 15. Comparisons among outdoor, no filter and highest efficiency filter of ozone (a)
Beijing, (b) London (c) Los Angeles ............................................................................................ 42
Figure 16. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations (w/ 10% outdoor air and 90% recirculated air) in the
DOE reference medium office building in Beijing: a) January b) March, and c) July ................. 44
Figure 17. Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations (w/30% outdoor air and 70% recirculated air) in the
DOE reference medium office building in Beijing: a) January b) March, and c) July ................. 45
Figure 18. Combined effects of ventilation rates and filter selection ........................................... 46
Figure 19. Comparisons of filter selection on recirculation air path ............................................ 47
Figure 20 Monthly energy consumption of ventilation (Btu/hr) .................................................. 48

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Modeled Building Characteristics ................................................................................... 12
Table 2 The Ambient Concentration of PM2.5 (Unit: g/m3) ...................................................... 19
Table 3 The Ambient Concentration of Ozone (Unit: ppb) .......................................................... 20
Table 4 Average Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Comparison Matrix (Units: g/m3) .................... 46
Table 5 Energy Use of Air Filtration (Units: W) .......................................................................... 49

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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Since people spend 90% of time staying indoor (Roberts and Nelson 1995), researchers found
more factors pose influences on humans perceptive comfort and productivities, such as indoor
air quality and operations of HVAC systems. Either long-term or short-term exposure to the
contaminants in the degraded indoor air threats humans cardiovascular and respiratory system
and causes sick building syndrome (Jones 1999). Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and ozone cause
acute artery vasoconstrictions proved by Brook (Brook et al. 2002). In a meantime, Michael
Jerrett (Jerrett et al. 2009) investigated potential influences of short-term exposure to ozone. And
he also found that a rise in mortalities caused by the respiratory system was associate with ozone
level of surrounding environment. Besides, the floating particulate matter is another key issue
that results in pathological changes in the respiratory system. Based on models created by Brook,
high concentrations of PM2.5 associated with an increase of stroke, respiratory and cardiovascular
system problems (Brook et al. 2002; Zanobetti and Schwartz 2009). Beijing Health Bureau
claimed the increased rates of respiratory problems related with the increased concentrations of
particulate matter in Beijing (Hu and Jiang 2014). Additionally, mortalities in European major
cities, which resulting from pathological changes in the respiratory system, increase when the
outdoor particulate matter accumulates (Pelucchi et al. 2009). Furthermore, operations of HVAC
system in occupied spaces performed as one source of the degraded indoor air quality and health
risks by introducing particulate matter and ozone (Yu et al. 2009). HVAC system formed air
paths that allow for fine and ultra-fine particles and ozone transport into office via infiltrations.
Building envelope and structure also introduced transports of contaminants from outdoor to
indoor (Long, Suh, and Koutrakis 2000; Morawska et al. 2003). In this study, Beijing, London,
1

and Los Angeles are selected to simulate multi-zone indoor concentrations of airborne
contaminants and airflows in the office building because of their base populations and the
deteriorate air quality in the urban area.
The Department of Energy (DOE) categorized 16 types of reference buildings based on sizes and
functions. In this study, the Medium office building, one of the reference buildings, was selected
because it occupied the largest portion of commercial buildings. Some studies have been done to
explore the airflow and air quality in an office building. Wang (Y. Wang et al. 2010) found that
the I/O ratios increased with the sizes of the particle, which reflected the conclusion made by Liu
(Liu et al. 2003). Hence, a CONTAM model is employed to investigate the concentrations and
dynamics of PM2.5 and ozone, and the transports between multi zones of a medium office
building.
Besides the investigations of the particulate matter, ozone and their impacts on indoor air quality,
the energy consumed by HVAC system was explored. According to existing data, building
industry consumed 40% of energy in United State(DOE 2010), and 37% in Europe(PrezLombard, Ortiz, and Pout 2008). In addition, 58% of building energy utilization was consumed
by HVAC system in U.S(Prez-Lombard, Ortiz, and Pout 2008). Reducing ventilation rates of
the building can achieve energy reduction goal, but insufficient air replacements will prompt
negative impacts on indoor air and human health. Meanwhile, pressure drops occur when airflow
passes through the air filtration that additional energy is demanded to deliver air inside air
handling units and distribution system (Stephens 2010). Thus, it is essential to analyze energy
use by ventilating and air filtration while maintaining indoor air quality.

Based on the background, the objectives of the project are: 1) to examine transports of ambient
ozone and PM2.5 into office buildings considering outdoor air pollution, weather, ventilation
operating modes; 2) to quantify the indoor concentration of ozone and PM2.5 depending on the
outdoor air intake and filtration modes; 3) to explore the ratio of indoor concentration to outdoor
concentration of ozone and PM2.5 based on ventilation rates and filtration efficiencies; 4) to
estimate energy use of HVAC system via applying mechanical ventilation and air filtration.

Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PM2.5 and its negative influences

Particulate matter is a term summarizes particles floating in the air, such as dust, pollen, and
liquid droplets. PM2.5 is the particle with the diameter smaller than 2.5 m, which is also referred
as a fine particle. People at all ages expose under high concentrations of PM2.5 had higher risks in
developing health problems of the respiratory and cardiovascular system (Brook et al. 2002;
Zanobetti and Schwartz 2009). Researchers from the UK found an increase of 10g/m3
increment of PM2.5 caused 1.04% increase of death in the UK. Also, increases of PM2.5
concentration associates with mortalities caused by both respiratory and cardiovascular system.
However, associations for respiratory system exceeds the cardiovascular system according to
their reviews of patients (Atkinson et al. 2014). A study investigated the relationship between
PM2.5 and the mortalities of lung cancer presented 10g/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration lead
15-27% increase in lung cancer mortality, even involving heterogenetic difference (Turner et al.
2011). Research conducted in Madrid, Spain reflected the findings claimed by UK group that
PM2.5 directly affected daily mortality of respiratory cause (Guaita et al. 2011). Furthermore,
stroke, or cerebrovascular accident, which is one leading cause of mortalities associates with
particulate matter (Leiva G et al. 2013) that risks of cerebrovascular accident rise in 1.29% by
increasing 10g/m3 of PM2.5 concentration.
Additionally, Hoek reviewed paper related to the long-term effects of air pollution and mortality,
claiming PM2.5 had larger effects on cardiovascular system than other all-cause mortalities when
exposing in a long-term period (Hoek et al. 2013). Studies from New Zealand (Hales, Blakely,
and Woodward 2012) and the UK (Hart et al. 2011)also supported his findings. A Nurse study
4

conducted in Northeastern and Midwestern United States and found the concentrations of PM2.5
correlates to fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) with Chronic fine particulate exposures (Puett et
al. 2009).
2.2 Ozone and its Negative Effects
Ground-level ozone formulated from the reactions between ultraviolet rays with pollutants, is
one of the gaseous contaminants that pose adverse effects on human health (Bell ML et al. 2004;
Levy, Chemerynski, and Sarnat 2005), such as asthma. According to previous studies, Krewski
found ozone had significant associations with mortalities of cardiopulmonary causes (Krewski et
al. 2009). Jerrett examined two models in his study, one was the single-pollutant, and the other
was a two-pollutant model. The single-pollutant model presented a significant association
between ozone and mortalities of cardiopulmonary causes (Jerrett et al. 2009).
Besides the cardiovascular mortalities, high concentrations of ozone also result in numerous
adverse effects on the human respiratory system, such as asthma of children(McConnell et al.
2002), young adult and the elderly(Medina-Ramn and Schwartz 2008; Stafoggia et al. 2010).
The two-pollutant model by Jerrett presented ozone was responsible for the risks of deaths from
respiratory causes (Jerrett et al. 2009). Based on research of hospital admissions, children with
exposure to ozone face raised risks of asthma (Lin et al. 2008). The ambient concentration is not
the only parameter in the mechanism of ozone-related mortalities, but also the temperature
modifies ozone mortalities of cardiovascular cause (Ren et al. 2008).

2.3 Building HVAC system and indoor air quality

As people spend 90% of the time indoor, indoor exposure to airborne contaminants such as
ozone from the outdoor origin have influences on human health and mortalities(Yu et al. 2009).
The design of building envelope and structure introduce transports of contaminants from outdoor
to indoor (Long, Suh, and Koutrakis 2000; Morawska et al. 2003). Construction of airtight
building increases the concentration of indoor particles and risks of suffering caused by asthma.
Moreover, the introduction of HVAC system is one the essential factors affecting indoor air
quality in an office building(Seppnen and Fisk 2002). Supply of outdoor air brings
contaminants and microorganism from ambient to the spaces, though the fresh air passes through
the filters in Air handling unit. Recirculation air from occupied spaces also spreads out the
contaminants produced by indoor sources, such as ink printers and office supplier(Destaillats et
al. 2008). Ventilation rates and air change rate (ACH) affect indoor particulate numbers(Guo et
al. 2008) that high ACH helps enhance the quality of indoor air. Previous studies found the
quality of indoor air associated with risks of developing illness of respiratory and cardiovascular
causes(Bell ML et al. 2004; Levy, Chemerynski, and Sarnat 2005; Leiva G et al. 2013; Guaita et
al. 2011; Turner et al. 2011). Mechanical ventilations, as well as clean practices, perform well in
reducing symptoms of asthma and airborne contaminants (Wu and Takaro 2007; Yang et al.
2009). The combined application of filters and ventilation promotes indoor air quality and
reduces exacerbation of asthma(Xu et al. 2010). Recently studies on ozone filtration efficiency of
residential and commercial buildings found 10% and 41% (Zhao, Siegel, and Corsi 2007)
effectiveness under the scenarios of the steady state. However, in the view of dynamics of the
filtration process, the removal efficiency of ozone is around 5%(Bek et al. 2006) after one hour.

Research conducted by Aldred claimed activated-carbon ozone filter with 60% removal
efficiency was the economic options in reducing indoor ozone level. (Aldred et al. 2016).
2.4 Review of I/O ratio
I/O ratio describes the transports of particles by mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation, and
infiltrations. Filter efficiency plays a critical role in determining the I/O ratio in mechanically
ventilated buildings (Partti-Pellinen1 et al. 2000) since the filter cannot removal all contaminants
originated from the outdoor air. In addition, the existences of indoor sources as well as the
outdoor environment influence the I/O ratio. The deposition rate of contaminant is one key
parameter that affect the I/O ratio except for ventilation types and indoor contaminant sources
(Chen and Zhao 2011). Also, studies of the property of indoor furnishing in office and residential
buildings demonstrated that the surfaces of indoor properties and airflow pattern could affect the
indoor particle deposition rates(Alvin C. K. Lai and Chen 2007; A. C. K. Lai and Nazaroff 2005),
and then further affect the I/O ratios of contaminants. Though there is no uniform conclusion
reached in the explorations of I/O ratio because of the vulnerability of influential
parameters(Chen and Zhao 2011), the ratio itself still reveal some relationship between indoor
and outdoor environment.
2.5 Review of Energy uses with ventilation and filtration
Energy consumption is an important indicator to evaluate building performance. The research
pointed out that the HVAC system is the largest energy consumer in both residential and
commercial buildings, which weighed 50% of energy end use of commercial buildings(PrezLombard, Ortiz, and Pout 2008). ventilation plays a significant role in evaluating energy

performances because it moves the ventilated air and makes up heat loss caused by ventilation.
(Dodoo, Gustavsson, and Sathre 2011)
As Zhou mentioned, ventilation principles cause concerns of the energy cost of air conditioning
in office buildings as well as indoor air quality(Zhou and Haghighat 2009). To save energy cost
of ventilation, some people reduce the ventilation rates of the HVAC system or use advanced
ventilation system by integrating flexible and responsive elements(Laverge et al. 2011; Zhou and
Haghighat 2009). Natural ventilation is a cost-effective strategy to ventilate buildings at low
energy cost. Furthermore, hybrid ventilation, which combines natural and mechanical ventilation,
achieves energy savings of HVAC system in warmer climates zones (Zhai, Johnson, and Krarti
2011)., Personalized ventilation system could accomplish the reduction of energy consumption
through reducing air flow rates and increasing the allowed room air temperature in the office
building. (Schiavon, Melikov, and Sekhar 2010) However, reduction of energy consumption is
not guaranteed if only reducing the airflow rates.
Air quality of indoor spaces and air filtrations of HVAC system is closely linked to energy
consumptions and savings as well as the types of ventilation of the building. (Prez-Lombard et
al. 2011) Since filtration process causes pressure drop, the selections of MERVs influence the
energy use in buildings(B. Stephens 2010; Chimack, n.d.). High pressure-drop in filter demands
additional energy to achieve air treatment and deliver the designed amount of air to the
destinations. (B. Stephens 2010; Prez-Lombard et al. 2011) Moreover, the researcher found 10%
-15% reduction of energy consumption at cold climate by reducing outdoor air ventilation and
using air filtration facility to maintain air quality of indoor spaces.(Z. Wang and Zhang 2011)
Therefore, ventilation and filtration are two important domains in energy analysis of buildings.

Chapter 3. METHODOLOGY
In this thesis project, a multi-zone contaminant transport model (CONTAM) is employed for
investigating contaminants dynamics of outdoor-indoor transports in three mega-million cities of
the world: Beijing, London, and Los Angeles because of the degraded air quality and health
threats on a large population. The medium office building, which categorized as one of reference
buildings by the Department of Energy (DOE), provides a basis for the CONTAM model to
predict indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone and infiltration through air paths of modeled
building. Additionally, the CONTAM model considers the variations of weather conditions,
filtration efficiency, and ventilations under different scenarios.
3.1 CONTAM introduction
CONTAM is a computer program that focuses on multizone indoor air quality and ventilation
analysis developed by National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST). The program
determines three basic aspects: airflows, contaminant concentrations, and personal exposure.
Driven by mechanical systems, wind pressure and the temperature difference between indooroutdoor, the indoor concentrations and rates of infiltrations and exfiltration can be verified
(Walton and Dols 2005; CONTAM Overview 2016). Parameters such as filtrations and
deposition rates cooperate to confirm airborne contaminants transports into indoor spaces. The
prediction of indoor concentrations and distribution of contaminant types will be used to evaluate
indoor air quality of new constructed and existed buildings in either steady states or transit
condition. Also, the CONTAM model assists in providing assessments of risks owing to airborne
contaminants and predicting human exposures to contaminants based on occupancy schedules.
Figure 1 presents the layout of the medium office building in CONTAM.
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Figure 1 CONTAM model of medium office building

3.2 CONTAM model descriptions

The CONTAM model is generated on a medium office building to predict indoor concentrations
of PM2.5 and ozone, considering factors of weather, filtration efficiency, and ventilation rates.
Described in NIST Technical Note (Ng et al. 2012a), the medium office building consists of
three floors and the total area of 4982 m2. However, restrooms and elevator lobbies in core area
are excluded from the simulation. The HVAC system is scheduled to work when the building is
occupied on weekdays (Ng et al. 2012b). Table 1 concludes the details of the reference building
modeled in CONTAM, which contains the footage, zones, and dynamic parameters of
contaminants. Mentioned in Ngs work(Ng et al. 2012b), the open office is simulated as large
opening with the discharge coefficient CD =0.6 and n = 0.5. The wind speed modifier in the
CONTAM model is at the value of 0.36 based on the terrain types of target cities in this study
(Walton and Dols 2005, Ng et al. 2012b). Additionally, ASHRAE 62.1 Standards offer the
10

guidance of the minimum outdoor ventilation rates for different kinds of buildings that the
CONTAM model use 90% of recirculation air to meet the building pressurization target (Ng et al.
2012b). Given the external sources of contaminants, the CONTAM simulation is assumed to not
having indoor sources to produce PM2.5 and ozone. Furthermore, the deposition rate of internal
furnishing is 0.5/hr of PM2.5 and 4.0/hr of ozone despite occupancy schedule (Ng et al. 2012b).
Concisely, the initial settings of outdoor ventilation rate follow the research completed by Lisa
Ng and ASHRAE standards.
The CONTAM simulates the indoor airflow and concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone considering
outdoor climate variations that typical meteorological year (TMY) weather data is applied to the
Los Angeles. In the meantime, the platform of EnergyPlus developed by the Department of
Energy (DOE) provides weather database for energy simulations. Thus, Chinese Standard
Weather Data (CSWD) and Test reference years and Design summer years developed by the
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) from EnergyPlus weather database
are utilized for simulations in Beijing and London, respectively (Weather Data Sources |
EnergyPlus 2016; NSRDB Update - TMY3 2016).
The primary contaminants investigated in this thesis project are PM2.5 and ozone. The PM2.5 is
modeled with particle diameter less than 0.3 m in order to not interrupt the deposition rates of
contaminants and filter efficiency(Ng et al. 2012a) (Ng et al. 2012b; American Society of
Heating, Engineers, and Council 2004).Yearly contaminants profiles of PM2.5 and ozone are
obtained from authentic and certified sources. California Environmental Protection Agency
provides data of ozone and PM2.5 either in an hourly or daily format for counties in California.
Meanwhile, ambient concentration of PM2.5 and ozone in London originates from London Air,
which is supported by Kings College London. U.S Embassy in Beijing and Tsinghua University
11

keep records of outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone of Beijing. Table 2 and Table 3 list
the maximum, minimum, daily average and standard deviation of contaminants of three cities.
Table 1 Modeled Building Characteristics
Characteristics
Inputs
Total Area
4982 m2
No. of CONTAM Zones
23
HVAC System
VAV for new construction
Air Tightness at 4 Pa
1.37 x 10 -4 m3/s/m2
Room Temperature Setting
20C
Outdoor Air Fraction
10% of initial
Filter
N/A at initial
Maximum Occupancy
52.39
Schedules
24/7
PM 2.5 Deposition Rate
0.5/hr.
Ozone Deposition Rate
4/hr

3.3 Simulations of indoor spaces based on various ventilation rates

CONTAM model simplifies the air handling unit in the real system that neglects the ducts and
equipment on each floor(Walton and Dols 2005). Thus, the simplified air handling unit of
CONTAM model employs 90% of recirculation air to achieve building pressurization,
corresponding to the minimum ventilations rates required by ASHRAE Standards 62.1(Ng et al.
2012b). To explore the influences of ventilation rates as well as outdoor-indoor transports by
infiltration, 30% of outdoor air intake is used for the predictions of indoor concentrations of
ozone and PM2.5.
3.4 Simulation of indoor space based on varied filter type
Mentioned in the previous sections, CONTAM offers a simplified air handling system (AHS),
which collaborates with the outdoor and recirculation air from zones without drawing ducts
through floors (Walton and Dols 2005). In addition, AHS is available for installing filters on

12

both outdoor and recirculation air ducts, suggesting the filters in the mixed air chamber of real
air handling unit. Thus, two identical filters mounted on both supply and return paths to simulate
filtration of PM2.5 and ozone in the mixed airflow. Regarding PM2.5, the initial filtration
efficiency of filter that removes particles less than 0.3m is 30%, corresponding to MERV 8
required by ASHRAE Standards 62.1 (ASHRAE 2010). Then the removal efficiency of PM2.5
increases to 60% and 90% separately, implying an increase of MERV selection used in office
buildings and accomplishment of meeting excessive requirements by ASHRAE Standards.

Along with PM2.5 filter, the removal efficiency of ozone in air handling unit is a key portion in
examining the indoor air quality of open office area. Aldred claims active fiber-carbon filter is
the most efficient and benefit-cost economic with the efficiency of 60% (Aldred et al. 2016).
Thus, ozone filters with constant efficiency of 60% are the principal type examined in this study.
However, Beko found the overall effectiveness of ozone filter fell to 5% after 1-hour use(Bek et
al. 2006). Research focuses on commercial buildings in California found the actual ozone
efficiency is around 41% according to the case studies(Zhao, Siegel, and Corsi 2007). Therefore,
ozone filters with removal efficiencies of 60%, 41%, and 5% will be added to CONTAM model
to investigate influences of installing filters and combined effects of altering ventilation rates and
filtration efficiencies.
3.5 Energy Calculation
Ventilation of HVAC system is the amount of outdoor air that introduced into the indoor spaces.
In CONTAM model, the medium office building is assumed to utilize mechanical ventilation to
meet the requirements of ASHRAE standards. Large number of works concentrated on the
energy use of ventilating and the effects on indoor air quality. Thus, this project explores energy
13

consumption of mechanical ventilation based on two occasions: 100% outdoor air system and 30%
outdoor air system. In calculation, one of the important factors that determine the energy use of
ventilation is the enthalpy of supply air. It is determined by daily average outdoor air temperature,
humidity ratio, and pressure, which obtained from the weather profiles used in CONTAM model.
Equation (1) (Primo 2012)below is used to estimate energy consumed by ventilation:
Eventilation = 4.5 cfm (ho hi ) (Btu/hr)

(1)

In order to predict the ventilation energy use and indoor air quality, the indoor spaces of medium
office model assume to remain at 20 degree Celsius and 50% relative humidity ratio.
Additionally, the air handling system of CONTAM model is the constant air system that the
airflow maintains at a constant rate.
The untreated ventilated outdoor air passes the filters installed on ducts of HVAC system cause
pressure losses in downstream, which is the main source of energy use in HVAC filtration
system. In order to estimate the energy consumed by air filtration of the reference building,
pressure losses through MERV filters are based on Table 12-1 from ASHRAE Standard 52.2.
Equation 2, based on Nassif and ASHRAE Standards, illustrates the relationship between
pressure drop and energy and is used to calculate energy use through air filtration system (Nassif
2012; ASHRAE 2004).
m3
Energy Use (W) = Average Pressure drop (Pa) Airflow ( )
s

(2)

Two different filter states are considered: clean filter and dirty filter. The corresponding pressure
drop limits are from ASHRAE standard 52.2 that the pressure loss at the initial state of the filter

14

is less than half of the final pressure loss. Hence, the initial state is assumed as a clean filter, and
the final one is treated as the very dirty filter.

15

Chapter 4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This section is divided into 7 parts: 1) ambient concentration of two examined contaminants in
Beijing, London, and Los Angeles; 2) comparisons of indoor outdoor concentrations in summer;
3) explorations of I/O ratios in core area of open office; 4) investigations of filtration efficiencies;
5) the combined effects of system ventilation rates and removal efficiency ; and (6)
Investigations of Beijing; (7) estimations of energy use of ventilation and filtration
4.1 Ambient Concentration of Three Cities
In this study, three metropolitan cities are selected to investigate outdoor-indoor concentrations
of contaminants and the transport dynamics. Figure2 and Figure 3 present the distribution of
PM2.5 and ozone.

(a) Outdoor PM2.5 concentration of Beijing

16

(b) Outdoor PM2.5 concentration of London

(c) Outdoor PM2.5 concentration of Los Angeles

Figure 2. Outdoor PM2.5 Concentrations of (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles

Figure1 demonstrates the monthly distribution of PM2.5 based on average daily records of
Beijing, London, and Los Angeles. The report released by the Environment Protection Agency
(EPA) announced that the base limit of the concentration of PM2.5 in surrounding environment is
35g/m3. The daily average of PM2.5 concentration in Beijing exceeds the EPA standards(US
EPA 2016) within the range between 58.74 g/m3 and 174.68g/m3. Conversely, London and
Los Angeles perform better in controlling emissions of PM2.5, where the daily average is 17.21
17

g/m3 of London and 9.45 g/m3 of Los Angeles. The peak value of the year appears in cold
seasons due to low temperatures that impede the mechanism of particles close to ground level.
The concentrations of PM2.5 have wider ranges in winter, especially in Beijing, implyingPM

2.5

concentration fluctuates in an unstable state because of the outdoor environment. Furthermore,

the distribution of PM2.5 concentration behaves in a convex curve that level of PM2.5 rises as the
outdoor temperature decreases in cold seasons and decreseas in warm seasons. Provided by the
authentic institute, trends of ozone level perform in contrast to the concentration of PM2.5 that
increased temperatures result in rises in ozone concentration shown in Figure 3. The range of
ozone level in Beijing is greater than London and Los Angeles, the maximum level reaches
145.17 ppb that is twice of the max values of London and Los Angeles. Based on the boxwhisker plots of PM2.5 and ozone, Table 2 and Table 3 summarize the values of maximum,
minimum, average, and standard deviation of ambient concentration of two contaminants. It is
obvious that Beijing is confronting serious and challenges in environmental problems because of
both contaminants far beyond the limits (US EPA 2016) revealed by two summary tables and
Figure 5.

(a) Outdoor ozone level of Beijing

18

(b) Outdoor ozone level of London

(c) Outdoor Ozone level of Los Angeles

Figure 3. Outdoor ozone levels of (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles

Table 2 The Ambient Concentration of PM2.5 (Unit: g/m3)

Filter/Outdoor Air
Average
Max
Min
Standard Deviation

Beijing
97.79
455.50
6.79
81.36

London
17.21
58.65
4.43
10.71

Los Angeles
9.46
51.90
0.14
5.82

19

Table 3 The Ambient Concentration of Ozone (Unit: ppb)

Filter/Outdoor Air
Average
Max
Min
Standard Deviation

Beijing
41.65
145.17
0
35.84

London
16.86
43.24
0.325
9.06

Los Angeles
33.45
69.41
4.51
11.50

Figure 4 below presents the outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration with seasonal
variations because of urgent environmental issues in Beijing. The selected months represent
three seasons of the year: spring, summer, and winter. In terms of collected outdoor data,
patterns of hourly PM2.5 concentrations in studied months are wave-shaped that increase and
decrease periodically. In addition, the concentration of PM2.5 in winter surpasses summer and
spring and reaches a peak value in the middle of January. It is low outdoor temperature in winter
impedes the mechanism, which drives movement and transportation of particulate matter to
dissipate and dilute. Furthermore, particle matter accumulates not only in winter but also in early
spring shown in Figure 4 that the peak value in March reaches 450g/m3. PM2.5 concentrations
in summer plotted in Figure 4 indicates a well-working mechanism that those fine particles
transports to surrounding areas that reduce accumulation of PM2.5 in the urban area of Beijing.
Therefore, controls of PM2.5 of winter and spring are an essential issue to maintain indoor air
quality of mechanically or naturally ventilated buildings.

20

Figure 4. PM2.5 concentration of Beijing in Jan, Mar, and July

Figure 5. Summary of PM 2.5 and Ozone of Beijing, London, and Los Angeles

4.2 Comparisons of indoor outdoor concentrations in summer

The CONTAM model of DOE reference building predicts indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and
ozone, involving variations of climate, filtration efficiencies, and ventilation rates. Therefore,
Figure 6 and 7 show the summer indoor concentration of PM2.5 and ozone of core area in an open
21

office building. The filtration efficiencies of PM2.5 and ozone follow the guidance of ASHRE
Standards 62.1 and works from previous research results (Zhao, Siegel, and Corsi 2007; Bek et
al. 2006; Aldred et al. 2016). Supply and return systems of CONTAM model adopt the daily
average concentrations of contaminants as the initial levels, and then stabilize the transports of
contaminants after 10-hr simulation. The average daily outdoor concentration of PM2.5 of Beijing
is 63 g/m3 of summer, exceeding the EPA limit of 35 g/m3.. However, CONTAM model
based on the minimum requirements of ASHRAE Standards shows the indoor concentrations of
PM2.5 comply with health limits. The average indoor concentration of PM2.5 turns out to be
17.68g/m3 when AHS uses 30% outdoor air and has two identical MERV 8 filters installed on
outdoor and recirculation air ducts. Respectively, the initial concentrations of contaminants of
the system are 17.21 g/m3 and 16.86 ppb of London, and 9.34g/m3 and 33.45 ppb of Los
Angeles. The average indoor concentrations of contaminants after the process of filtration and
stabilization are 5.67 g/m3 and 6.77 ppb of Los Angeles, exceeding 4.36 g/m3 and 2.82 ppb of
London.

Figure 6 and Figure 7 also imply that filters of particulate matter in the high latitude region have
better performances despite the seasonal variances. The indoor PM2.5 concentration is reduced to
28% of the outdoor level of Beijing, and 32% of London while about 40% reduction of Los
Angeles after particle removal process in air handling unit. Furthermore, the CONTAM model
uses the constant efficiency filters on both outdoor and recirculation air ducts to simulate PM2.5
particles capture inside air handling unit. The overall removal efficiency in CONTAM turns out
to be 70% in Beijing and London. However, the effectiveness of filtration under scenarios of Los
Angeles decreases to 40%. These results support the influences of building location and outdoor
temperature on particle removal efficiency. Figure 7 presents the indoor ozone level of core area
22

in August, where the AHS still utilizes two identical constant efficiency filters of 60% and
ventilation rates of 30% outdoor air. Despite variances of location and climate, the overall
removal efficiency of ozone filter is around 80% for three cities, proving 60% ozone filter a
benefit/cost economic choice in the selection of ozone filters(Aldred et al. 2016).

(1) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of Beijing in Aug

(2) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of London in Aug

23

(3) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of Los Angeles in Aug

Figure 6. Indoor PM2.5 concentration of (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles

(1) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of Beijing in Aug

24

(2) Indoor ozone concentration of London in Aug

(3) Indoor ozone concentration of Los Angeles in Aug

Figure 7. Indoor Concentration of Ozone in (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles

4.3 I/O ratio and Indoor Concentration of Open Office Area

The I/O ratio describes the relationships between the indoor and the outdoor concentration of a
contaminant(Chen and Zhao 2011). Low I/O ratio implies less high ventilation rates, less indoor
sources of contaminants, air-tightness of building envelope as well as ventilation mode of the
system. Both natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation affect the I/O ratio of a building
found by Zhao(Chen and Zhao 2011). Four essential parameters, including penetration factor,
25

deposition rates of contaminants, removal efficiency, and ventilation rates, pose an influence on
I/O ratio of spaces(Chen and Zhao 2011). Stated in a section of methodology, the deposition
rates are defined at 0.5/hr of PM2.5 and 4/hr of ozone. Thus, ventilation rates, filtration efficiency
and penetration factor are the only major parameters controlling the I/O ratio and indoor
concentrations of core areas. Figure 8 and Figure 9 illustrate the indoor concentrations and I/O
ratios of ozone and PM2.5 in winter and summer, where adopting 30% ventilation rates and
constant efficiency filters.

(1) PM2.5 concentration and I/O ratio of Beijing winter

(2) PM2.5 concentration of I/O ratio of Beijing Summer

26

(3) PM2.5 concentration and I/O ratio of London summer

(4) PM2.5 concentration and I/O ratio of London winter

(5) PM2.5 concentration and I/O ratio of Los Angeles-summer

27

(6) PM2.5 concentration and I/O ratio of Los Angeles-winter

Figure 8. I/O ratio and Concentration of PM2.5 in (1) Beijing (2) London and (3) Los Angeles

To investigate two variables of PM2.5, two filters with uniform efficiency of 30% in removing
contaminants are added to outdoor and recirculation air paths. The average I/O ratio of PM2.5 in
Beijing is 0.28 of summer and 0.4 of winter, and 0.31 of summer and 0.37 of winter in London.
Also, the ambient concentration of PM2.5 in winter weighs higher than summer. The
performances of the filter and efficiency decrease because of the extra working load in winter
that causes performance degradation of the filter and high I/O ratio. The indoor concentration of
PM2.5 reaches 106g/m3 in winter that particulate filter with efficiency greater than 30% is
recommended to use at the inlet of the outdoor air duct. MERV 8 with 30% efficiency is
sufficient for indoor spaces to meet EPA standards because of the summer average level is 17.7
g/m3. The I/O ratio in London is larger than Beijing, but the indoor concentrations of PM2.5 are
far less than Beijing case, which are 4.36 g/m3 of summer and 6.0 g/m3 of winter. Cities where
the ambient air is relatively clean, it is applicable to use natural ventilation or lower efficiency
filter to reduce energy used by the facilities supporting air filtration process. In a meantime, the
corresponding ratios in Los Angeles are 0.64 of summer, and 0.61 of winter. One of the possible

28

reasons causing the difference between these three cities is the outdoor-indoor temperature
difference of studied cities and filtration efficiencies in AHS. In addition, Los Angeles has the
lowest ambient concentration of PM2.5 among three cities that leads high I/O ratio in summer and
winter. Figure 8 (5) and (6) show the indoor PM2.5 concentrations in Los Angeles remain stable
at the level of 5.8 g/m3 regardless of seasonal variance. Hence, the I/O ratios of implies the
performance of the filter and acts as an indicator of the outdoor environment.

Presented in Figure 9, the I/O ratios of ozone in three cities drop when the outdoor temperature
and ozone levels in outdoor environment increase. The increases in ambient temperature
stimulate the reactions between ozone and the substances such as activated carbon inside the
filter. Unlike PM2.5, the indoor ozone levels and I/O ratio of all studied cases are steady and
slightly fluctuate. The variances in I/O ratios of ozone prove the temperature is a principal factor
to affect I/O ratio, corresponding to results of I/O ratios of PM2.5 in Figure 8. Two 60%
efficiency ozone filters added on both outdoor air and recirculation air path that the indoor
concentration of three cities is below 7.0 g/m3 and I/O ratios are less than 0.1. The low
concentration and ratio suggest that 60% efficiency filter might be over-qualified in reducing the
movement of ozone from outdoor to indoor. Explorations of filters with different efficiencies are
discussed in next section.

29

(1) Ozone level and I/O ratio of Beijing-summer

(2) Ozone level and I/O ratio of Beijing-winter

(3) Ozone level and I/O ratio of London summer

30

(4) Ozone level and I/O ratio of London- winter

(5) Ozone level and I/O ratio of Los Angeles summer

(6) Ozone level and I/O ratio of Los Angeles winter

Figure 9. I/O ratio of Ozone Level in (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) Los Angeles

31

4.4 Effects of filtration types (MERV selection)

The removal efficiency of the filter is an essential factor that influences I/O ratios and indoor
concentration of contaminants. Exposure to PM2.5 and ozone would result in increased risks of
mortalities of respiratory and cardiovascular causes(Guaita et al. 2011; Guaita et al. 2011; Turner
et al. 2011; McConnell et al. 2002; Jerrett et al. 2009). The model developed by Fisk
demonstrates that filtration of particles from outdoor ambient causes a reduction in mortality and
morbidity(Fisk 2013). ASHRAE 52.2 provides the guidelines for selections of MERV and filters
to reduce transports of contaminants through infiltration. The recommended filtration efficiency
is MERV 8, while MERV 11 or selection of higher ratings is acceptable, which shall be in
compliance with local regulations(ASHRAE 2010). This section illustrates the indoor
concentrations and I/O ratios of PM2.5 and ozone by investigating difference combinations of
PM2.5 and ozone filters.

(1) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of Beijing with different filters

32

(2) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of London with different filters

(3) Indoor PM2.5 concentration of Los Angeles with various filters

Figure 10. Indoor Concentration of PM2.5 in Aug with different filters (1) Beijing, (2) London, and (3) LA

The CONTAM model explores three types of MERV filters targeting at PM2.5: MERV 8 (30%),
MERV 11 (60%), and MERV 13 (90%). Figure 10 shows the indoor concentrations of PM2.5
when the air handling system uses 30% of outdoor air as part of supply air. Though the average
PM2.5 concentration in summer is 10 times of London, the average I/O ratio of each scenario of

33

Beijing is less than London that obtained from the figure 10. It is 0.28 of Beijing and 0.32 of
London if using MERV 8. The differences of I/O expands when the removal efficiency elevates,
revealing that selection of MERV shall consider the ambient concentrations as well as I/O ratios.
The selection of filter that changes from MERV 8 to MERV 11 indicates the filtration efficiency
doubled from 30% to 60%, resulting in the indoor concentration of PM2.5 decreases to the half of
the initial states. However, the level of particulate matter decreases to the 10% of the initial state
as the PM2.5 filter changed to MERV 13. Hence, higher the filtration efficiency, the more
significant decrease in contaminant concentration of indoor spaces.
Figure 11 demonstrates the changes of indoor ozone level. The removal efficiencies of ozone
filter in the investigation are 5%, 41%, and 60%. All three types of ozone filters result in similar
I/O ratios among three cities: 0.24 of 5% efficiency, 0.13 of 41% filter, and 0.08 of 60% filter on
average.

However, the indoor levels of ozone in three locations are differently shown in

Figure11. Additionally, some researchers found there were no significant differences in the I/O
ratios when considering the sizes of contaminants(Chen and Zhao 2011). The I/O ratios of ozone
in Figure 11 are smaller than the values of PM2.5 if the CONTAM model adopts same constant
efficiency filters for both PM2.5 and ozone. Also, EPA announced the revised national ambient
standards for ozone in 2015 that the primary and secondary limits of ozone are 0.07ppm (70ppb)
on the average time. The average ozone level of open office is 21ppb of Beijing, 4.5 ppb of
London, and 8.3ppb of Los Angeles in Figure 11. The indoor levels imply that the concentration
of ozone in the core area still meet the air quality requirement of EPA even using the 5%
efficiency ozone filter.. Both Figure 10 and Figure 11 reveal I/O ratios of contaminants are not
the only indexes to determine the selection of filter. Low-efficiency filter of ozone is allowable

34

to maintain the indoor air quality, while the selections of PM2.5 filter need to consider the
location and the ambient variances.

(1) Indoor ozone level of Beijing with different filters

(2) Indoor ozone level of London with different filters

35

(3) Indoor Ozone Level of Los Angeles with different filters

Figure 11. Indoor ozone level in Aug with different filters (1) Beijing, (2) London (3) LA

4.5 Effects of ventilation strategies on I/O Ratio

(a) Beijing

(b) London

(c) Los Angeles

Figure 12. Combined effects of varying ventilation types and filter selections of PM2.5 (a) Beijing, (b) London,
and (c) Los Angeles

36

Based on a review of Zhao, ventilation rates of HVAC system play an essential role in I/O ratio
and indoor concentration of contaminants. Lisa utilizes 10% of outdoor air and Aldred 25%
(Aldred et al. 2016) based on ASHRAE Standards 62.1 to explore filtration efficiencies, and then
evaluate indoor air quality of occupied space. The CONTAM model presents that the I/O ratio of
30% ventilation rate is as twice as 10% rates of three studied cities. Though the maximum PM2.5
concentration occurs in Beijing, the lowest I/O ratios also arise in the same city regardless of
ventilation rates in air handling units. The wind that drives particle transports can affect the
trends of I/O ratio except for temperature differences. According to weather profile, the average
wind is 1.93 m/s of Beijing, 2.85m/s of London, and 3.84m/s of Los Angeles. Thus, the
permutation of I/O ratio sorts in the same order of wind speed that smallest I/O ratio appears in
Beijing, and largest value occurs in Los Angeles.
Figure 13 compares the I/O ratio of ozone considering filtration efficiency and ventilation rates
that three studied cities present similar results if using same efficiency filters. Ventilation rates
pose influences on I/O ratios, while not as significant as increasing filtration efficiencies to
higher ratings. Figure 12 and Figure 13 demonstrate that I/O ratio rises as the HVAC system
increases the ventilation rates. Notwithstanding, the increase in I/O ratio is not proportional to
the changes in ventilation rates that 20% increases in ventilation rates bring about 45% increase
in I/O ratio of contaminants. Furthermore, the high outdoor concentration of contaminants might
cause high I/O ratio indoor according to conclusions made by Li (Li and Chen 2003).
Nevertheless, the CONTAM model proves that three cities have similar I/O ratio of PM2.5 and
ozone when using same ventilation rates and filters. In particular, same I/O ratio appears in
Beijing and London under the scenario, which combines 30% ventilation rates and any ozone

37

filter. Therefore, ventilation rates and outdoor concentration are not major parameters that have
significant impacts on determining I/O ratio of contaminants.

(a) Beijing

(b) London

(c) Los Angeles

Figure 13. Combined effects of varying ventilation types and filter selections of ozone (a) Beijing, (b) London,
and (c) Los Angeles

38

(a) Beijing

(2) London

39

(3) Los Angeles

Figure 14. Comparisons among outdoor, no filter and highest efficiency filter of PM2.5 (1) Beijing, (2) London
(3) Los Angeles

Figure 12 and Figure13 suggest that filtration efficiency is the distinct factor that affects I/O ratio,
comparisons between using highest efficiency filter and no filter installed at fixed ventilation
rates is shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15 The selection of highest filtration efficiency in
CONTAM model is MERV 13 of PM2.5 and 60% of ozone. Figure 14(a) demonstrates the indoor
concentrations of PM2.5 in Beijing considering filter installation at a fixed ventilation rates in
summer. The average outdoor PM2.5 concentration is 100g/m3 and exceeds the limit of 35
g/m3 set by EAP. In a meantime, the average indoor concentration of PM 2.5 particles of Beijing
is around 50g/m3, which is half of outdoor concentrations without placing PM2.5 filters in air
handling unit. The indoor PM2.5 level still above the 35g/m3 limits even if HVAC system
adopts 30% ventilation rate. In winter, the average outdoor PM2.5 concentration is 80.61 g/m3
of December, while the indoor PM2.5 concentration increases to 52.64g/m3 if same ventilation
rates and filters are used, which is 65% of the environment. Thus, it is observed that the indoor
concentrations of contaminants are not proportional to the ventilation rates used in HVAC

40

system. More particle matter floating near the ground level accumulate and transport indoor as
temperature decreases because low temperature impedes mechanism of particle movements. That
explains the indoor concentration of contaminants is not proportional to outdoor level when
ventilation rates varied with the schedule. Hence, it is urgent to place particle filters in the region
where high PM level occurs.
Unlike Beijing and London, hourly ambient PM2.5 data of Los Angeles distributes in a scattered
manner, and there is no obvious trend shown in Figure 14c. However, the indoor concentration
of PM2.5 distributes in a stable status that data fluctuates around 10g/m3 in the situation where
no filter installed. Hence, the temperature difference is not a distinct factor that affects transports
of particles in Los Angeles.

(a) Beijing

41

(b) London

(c) Los Angeles

Figure 15. Comparisons among outdoor, no filter and highest efficiency filter of ozone (a) Beijing, (b) London
(c) Los Angeles

Figure15 compares ozone level between outdoor and indoor environment. Similar to the
scenarios of PM2.5, the air handling system utilizes ventilation rates of 30% outdoor air, 60%
removal efficiency filter, and zero filters on air paths. In Figure14, the indoor concentration of
PM2.5 occupies 50% of the outdoor environment without placing filters in air handling units.
While, the indoor concentrations of ozone occupies 27.0% of the ambient level. Since short-term
and long-term exposures to ozone increase the mortalities of respiratory and cardiovascular
42

causes(Jerrett et al. 2009; Hoek et al. 2013; Bell ML et al. 2004), it is essential to place ozone
filter in HVAC system. The average indoor ozone level is 6.69ppb of Beijing, 1.45 ppb of
London, and 2.61 ppb of Los Angeles if 60% fiber carbon filters placed in HVAC system. The
results prove that low efficiency ozone filter is sufficient to control the transports of zone and
maintain the indoor concentration meet the health limit announced by NAQQS.
4.6 Investigations in Beijing
Beijing is selected as one of target cities to evaluate influences of AHU filter efficiency because
of high ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The previous section examined the outdoor concentration
of PM2.5 in the typical months. Therefore, particle concentrations of the indoor environment are
explored by varying AHS filter efficiencies, and fraction of outdoor air will be presented in this
section. Figure 16 and 17 show simulated indoor concentrations of ambient PM2.5 that transport
into reference building under three difference circumstances.
According to ASHRAE 52.2, MERV 8(30% to 35% efficiency) and 11(60% -65% efficiency)
are typical selection of filters for commercial buildings. The performance of MERV 11 in
capturing fine particles with a diameter range of 1 -10 micrometers surpassed MERV8. Hence,
two single pass and simply constant efficiency filters with efficiency of 30% and 60% are
created to assess impacts and importance of installing particulate filters for commercial
buildings. It is assumed that two filters are working in 24/7 schedules. Additionally, AHS
without filters can assist in reducing transports of PM2.5 by controlling the percentage of the
outdoor air intake. In this simulation, where the outdoor air schedule is designated to be 10%(Ng
et al. 2012b) and 30% separately, the level of indoor PM2.5 is dramatically lowered compared
with the original outdoor level. The consequences of altering the efficiency of the filter on
outdoor air intake side to 30% and 60% only present less than 30% reduction on average of
43

indoor particles concentration. In most cases, due to indoor particle deposition and filtration,
indoor concentrations are lower than the original outdoor concentrations. However, with regards
to heavy polluted cities, such as Beijing, small percentages of outside air intake is not sufficient
to ensure indoor air quality. In January, even with 10% outdoor air, indoor PM2.5 concentrations
are much higher than US EPA ambient PM2.5 standard (35g/m3). AHS operating with
additional filters would be required to control movements of particulate particles through
mechanical ventilations.

Figure 16. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations (w/ 10% outdoor air and 90% recirculated air) in the DOE reference
medium office building in Beijing: a) January b) March, and c) July

44

Figure 17. Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations (w/30% outdoor air and 70% recirculated air) in the DOE reference
medium office building in Beijing: a) January b) March, and c) July

Table4 lists the average PM2.5 concentrations of the whole scenarios simulated in CONTAM.
Though more fraction of outdoor air brings about some improvements, less outdoor air causes
lower indoor concentrations of PM2.5 in absolute value. That is, the least concentration of PM2.5
in core zone appears if only 10% outdoor air cooperates with 60% efficiency filter. Hence, the
overall air quality of indoor spaces can be improved by control of outdoor air intake and
selection of filters in different seasons.

45

Table 4 Average Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Comparison Matrix (Units: g/m3)

Filter/Outdoor Air
60%Efficiency/10%OA
30% Efficiency/10%OA
No Filter/10% OA
60% Efficiency/30%OA
30% Efficiency/30% OA
No Filter/30% OA
Outdoor Concentration

Jan
50.26
60.59
66.92
50.73
65.57
80.42
118.77

Mar
37.95
44.95
51.95
38.70
54.20
69.70
110.54

Jul
11.88
17.66
23.44
19.58
32.40
45.22
89.62

Based on Table 4, Figure 18 presents the selection of filter and ventilation rates in controlling the
particle matter in occupied spaces. Differ from the previous simulation of I/O ratio on filtration
efficiency; only the outdoor air inlet has filters mounted on the ducts because of the low air
fraction. Even use 10% of outdoor air and MERV 11 filter as the primary operation strategy, the
indoor concentration of PM2.5 still exceeds the EPA limits in cold seasons. However, the indoor
concentration of summer meets the standards of 35g/m3 regardless of filter application in
HVAC system. In the region of low concentration of particulate matter, it is feasible to install
low MERV rating filters while maintaining the indoor air quality to meet the health standards.

Figure 18. Combined effects of ventilation rates and filter selection

When it comes to considering air quality in heavily polluted cities, such as Beijing, Figure 19
46

provides a solution. Since the PM2.5 reaches the peak in winter, two filters are placed on outdoor
and recirculation air ducts to investigate an optimal selection of filters in HVAC system in case
of the worst scenario. Unlike the installing two identical filters on both air paths, the filter
selection is more flexible due to the aspect of energy and economic concerns. Filters with 30%
effectiveness on recirculation air duct are capable of keeping the indoor concentration of PM2.5 to
meet the health requirement. Therefore, selection of filter on returned air duct can have a lower
rating than the filter mounted on the side of outdoor air only if no particulate matter produced in
occupied space.

Figure 19. Comparisons of filter selection on recirculation air path

4.7 Energy Analysis

Figure 20 presents monthly energy consumption by ventilation of Beijing, London, and Los
Angeles. Because ventilation causes heat loss of building in winter time mentioned by Stephen
(B. Stephens 2010), the calculations of energy use consider the losses. The Beijing model
consumes the highest amount of energy throughout the year. In particular, the energy
consumption of July by ventilation is as twice as London that 180000Btu/hr of Beijing and
47

800000Btu/hr of London based on equation (1). Though Beijing and Los Angeles have similar
temperature profile in the summer, the CONTAM model reveals that office modeled in Beijing
consumes more energy than in Los Angeles if using same ventilation modes.

Figure 20 Monthly energy consumption of ventilation (Btu/hr)

The humidity ratio and atmosphere pressure result in the difference in energy use. The average
humidity ratio in July is 0.018 kg/kg of Beijing and 0.011 kg/kg of Los Angeles. Humid air
brings the challenges in humidity control of HVAC system and elevates the energy used to
achieve design target of conditioned space. Water vapor in air mixture increases the enthalpy of
water-air that consumes more energy than dry air to reach the design condition of space.
Despite energy used in summer, heat losses caused by ventilation are a big problem in Beijing.
The cold and dry climate in Beijing is the main reason that causes exceptional energy use. In
January, the HVAC system consumes 400000Btu/hr to compensate heat losses caused by
ventilation of the modeled building, which is 2.5 times of London. Additionally, humidity
control and increased sensible heat loads demand more energy to maintain the indoor spaces to

48

achieve the targets of 20-degree Celsius and 50% relative humidity ratio. Energy use by
ventilation elevates as the ambient temperature and humidity ratio increase that the buildings can
reduce the burden of humidity control and energy use for operating the control process by
introducing less outdoor air. It saves energy in the process of cooling the warm air from the
outdoor environment as well as decreasing the heat losses in winter. Regarding cold and dry
regions such as Beijing, a heat recovery and economizer are recommended to install at the inlet
of outdoor air supply duct to reduce the heat loss.
Stated in the methodology part, energy use of air filtration is estimated by the equation 2 and
ASHRAE standards 52.2. Table 5 illustrates the energy estimation and presumed pressure drops
through air filters that simulated in CONTAM model. When increasing the ratings of filters, an
Table 5 Energy Use of Air Filtration (Units: W)
Filter Selection
MERV 8
MERV 11
MERV 13

Pressure Drop (Pa)

Clean
Dirty
75
150
125
250
175
350

Energy Use (W)

Dirty
Clean
71.21
142.43
237.38
118.69
332.33
166.16

increase of pressure drop occurs as airflow passes through the air filter. Also, it is claimed that
the pressure drop is the leading cause of excessive energy consumption in air filter system(B.
Stephens 2010). Thus, selection of MERV filter greatly influences the energy consumption of the
HVAC system. In the CONTAM model, MERV 13 filter consumes the largest amount energy
according to Table 5, which is 166.16W of clean state, and 332.2W at very dirty state. Beijing is
confronting the severe PM2.5 problem in recent decades, high rating MERV is needed to ensure
indoor air quality and occupants health at the cost of increased energy consumption. It is
recommended to use high removal filter with low pressure-loss to reduce energy consumed in air
49

filter system. Cities like London and Los Angeles, low MERV rating filters are applicable, since
the outdoor PM concentration is not as high as in Beijing. Based on the indoor concentration of
PM2.5 in the core area of CONTAM model located in London and Los Angeles, MERV 8 is
allowable to maintain the indoor concentration of PM2.5 meet the requirements of WHO and EAP
Standards. Appropriate filter selections could guarantee the air quality of indoor spaces and
reduction of energy consumed by air filtration process.
However, pressure drop profile is based Table 12-1, ASHRAE Standard 52.2, that might not be
consistent with experimental values. Stephen and Nassif (Nassif 2012; Brent Stephens,
Novoselac, and Siegel 2010)found the pressure drop is around 50Pa and of MERV8 in the field
experiment, which are lower than recommended value of ASHRAE standards. Thus, a filter
experiment is considerable to investigate energy use and the correspondent pressure drop through
filters of DOE reference building.

50

Chapter 5. CONCLUSIONS
The study results indicate that outdoor-indoor pollutant transport varies significantly according
to ambient concentration, outdoor weather, season, ventilation and filtration of HVAC system.
The indoor concentrations of ozone and PM2.5 in Beijing, London, and Los Angeles suggest that
buildings are an essential domain of air pollution control. Effective controls contribute to the
reduction of human exposure to ambient air pollutants. Results of this study also imply that
characteristics of filters and ventilation of outdoor air have a significant influence on
contaminant transport and indoor concentrations. Also, the study provides an insight into the
selection of filtration and ventilation rates for an office building by concerning variance of
weather condition and I/O ratio. Furthermore, I/O ratio is an important variable to evaluate the
indoor air quality and performance of ventilation and filtration, however, it cannot reveal clear
transports and absolute level of contaminants indoor. The explorations of contaminant filters
reveal that the 5% efficiency ozone filter is sufficient and applicable in the area where the
outdoor ozone concentration is higher than 100 ppb. Cities have low ambient concentrations of
PM2.5 can utilize MERV 8 filter to clean the air and reduce the energy consumed by air filtration
process. The low pressure-drop filters are recommended in Beijing to achieve the goals of clean
indoor air and energy saving. However, the CONTAM model does not consider the indoor
contaminant sources and filter bypass in simulating transports of ozone and PM 2.5. Additionally,
the pressure-drops through filters are based on recommended limits from ASHRAE standards.
The future work can involve the indoor contaminant sources and complicated filters in
CONTAM model. Also, a field study or chamber experiment is desired to compare and verify
the results from CONTAM simulation and energy estimations.

51

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60

Appendix A Outdoor Concentration of PM2.5 and Ozone

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jan
Jan
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
May
May
Jun
Jun
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
Min
9.958337 9.958337 7.08333 7.08333 10.08333 10.08333 22.54167 22.54167 21.08334 21.08334 14.47827 14.47827 15.36842 15.36842 16.83334 16.83334 10.375 10.375 6.791664 6.791664 6.791669 6.791669 8.875002 8.875002
Q1
57.52084 47.5625 69.09373 62.0104 34.1875 24.10417 65.11458 42.57292 47.70834 26.625 34.43479 19.95652 31.18749 15.81907 28.97917 12.14583 38.54166 28.16667 50.97918 44.18752 38.17711 31.38544 19.54167 10.66667
Med
104.7083 47.18747 139.8959 70.80213 80.83336 46.64586 92.57335 27.45876 74.375 26.66665 51.66667 17.23188 76.08335 44.89586 57.33333 28.35416 65.1875 26.64584 122.125 71.14579 76.03612 37.85902 58.66666 39.12499
Q3
154.7708 50.06246 299.8292 159.9333 165.4167 84.58332 120.6979 28.12455 90.8125 16.4375 69.47327 17.8066 116.7084 40.62503 88.10415 30.77082 101.9121 36.72463 197.0344 74.90945 131.9896 55.95344 108.3542 49.68754
Max
433.3334 278.5626 455.5 155.6708 327.6667 162.25 229.3635 108.6656 133.2084 42.39588 142.125 72.65171 224.0416 107.3332 149.4167 61.31251 142.6667 40.75453 379.2082 182.1738 332.1667 200.1771 336.3466 227.9924
97.24993 -88.3541 300.6457
Daily Average Calculation
1/1
62.88002
2/1
153.5416
3/1
80.83336
4/1
127.7082
5/1
119.375
6/1
49.91667
7/1
100.4167
8/1
124.6251
9/1
110.4583
1/2
169.7084
2/2
63.25001
3/2
165.8334
4/2
103.6249
5/2
38.25
6/2
33.58332
7/2
73.83336
8/2
99.41667
9/2
23.83333
1/3
48.87501
2/3
7.08333
3/3
244.9167
4/3
22.54167
5/3
80.41669
6/3
41.25
7/3
224.0416
8/3
100.1666
9/3
14.91667
1/4
158.9168
2/4
33
3/4
39.08332
4/4
32.20833
5/4
49.20834
6/4
63.86957
7/4
194.25
8/4
29.25001
9/4
43.83334
1/5
99.04173
2/5
106.7917
3/5
24.91667
4/5
27.54166
5/5
45.54168
6/5
69.47826
7/5
122.75
8/5
23.625
9/5
100.0833
1/6
158
2/6
140.5417
3/6
22.83334
4/6
57.66667
5/6
104.4166
6/6
52.47826
7/6
188.2084
8/6
41.25
9/6
134.5
1/7
104.7083
2/7
103.25
3/7
64.58334
4/7
105.75
5/7
88.04163
6/7
14.47827
7/7
151.8333
8/7
56.875
9/7
135.0416
1/8
23.08333
2/8
52.58333
3/8
175.2083
4/8
165.6249
5/8
86.58337
6/8
34.73913
7/8
76.08335
8/8
60.79167
9/8
10.375
1/9
34.33334
2/9
13.41668
3/9
115.9583
4/9
148.2083
5/9
67.00001
6/9
33.73751
7/9
23.58333
8/9
75.87495
9/9
40.16667
1/10
83.79164
2/10
28.875
3/10
117.625
4/10
81.52176
5/10
54.29167
6/10
79.79166
7/10
32.37499
8/10
38.16667
9/10
69.79167
1/11
150.675
2/11
139.25
3/11
185.4584
4/11
62.04167
5/11
30.58332
6/11
41.25001
7/11
29.45832
8/11
22.08334
9/11
97.70829
1/12
34.45714
2/12
144.2916
3/12
19.45833
4/12
121.5417
5/12
47.20834
6/12
34.20834
7/12
15.36842
8/12
24.25
9/12
65.00001
1/13
131.375
2/13
212
3/13
22.29167
4/13
168.2917
5/13
58.45834
6/13
57.04165
7/13
23.125
8/13
27.25001
9/13
65.375
1/14
117.9167
2/14
315.7916
3/14
26.70833
4/14
229.3635
5/14
24.45833
6/14
50.95835
7/14
30
8/14
28.70834
9/14
43.58333
1/15
232.75
2/15
353.125
3/15
119.7917
4/15
65.83334
5/15
86.20832
6/15
116.3334
7/15
54.08333
8/15
45.24999
9/15
17.54167
1/16
433.3334
2/16
254.3749
3/16
120.3333
4/16
72.41667
5/16
74.375
6/16
142.125
7/16
109.2082
8/16
71.16667
9/16
47.22728
1/17
142.9167
2/17
71.04164
3/17
80.83334
4/17
119.7917
5/17
67.16666
6/17
69.45832
7/17
151.3333
8/17
43.16667
9/17
38
1/18
82.66665
2/18
74.08696
3/18
40.75
4/18
140.0418
5/18
104.7917
6/18
75.38094
7/18
110.6667
8/18
55.09093
9/18
69.20833
1/19
118.75
2/19
81.50003
3/19
57.75
4/19
64.875
5/19
116.75
6/19
121.2501
7/19
60.29167
8/19
77.625
9/19
102.5217
1/20
9.958337
2/20
281.5217
3/20
10.08333
4/20
67.625
5/20
79.77277
6/20
45.08334
7/20
61.08333
8/20
93.8
9/20
141.1666
1/21
52.5
2/21
329.7916
3/21
31.65216
4/21
50.79167
5/21
105.75
6/21
52.375
7/21
22.66668
8/21
114.375
9/21
84.58335
1/22
172.3636
2/22
331.2084
3/22
66.9583
4/22
77.04168
5/22
133.2084
6/22
34.33334
7/22
15.40908
8/22
62.24998
9/22
110.4166
1/23
287.0833
2/23
294.5084
3/23
165
4/23
121
5/23
81.66667
6/23
23.58333
7/23
26.20833
8/23
113.5833
9/23
60.5
1/24
141.6666
2/24
355.5418
3/24
247.8333
4/24
116.1666
5/24
90.25
6/24
54.50001
7/24
73.75
8/24
19.625
9/24
35.33334
1/25
32.70834
2/25
455.5
3/25
220.125
4/25
116.625
5/25
67.375
6/25
102.625
7/25
70.70831
8/25
16.83334
9/25
120.9583
1/26
62.54168
2/26
364.875
3/26
327.6667
4/26
40.00001
5/26
21.08334
6/26
110.4166
7/26
92.20836
8/26
24.58333
9/26
142.6667
1/27
91.70842
2/27
21.16667
3/27
245.625
4/27
67.16667
5/27
29.37499
6/27
16.83332
7/27
98.70832
8/27
57.33333
9/27
33.54167
1/28
49.20834
2/28
109.0833
3/28
154.2083
4/28
71.41667
5/28
32.45834
6/28
21.58334
7/28
102.3334
8/28
83.20835
9/28
66.70834
1/29
155.3332
3/29
32.08333
4/29
105.5833
5/29
48.20834
6/29
50.29167
7/29
106.125
8/29
87.20831
9/29
49.875
1/30
81.83332
3/30
36.29167
4/30
112.2084
5/30
91.37499
6/30
69.25001
7/30
143.0833
8/30
149.4167
9/30
31.00001
1/31
154.2084
3/31
157.5833
5/31
115.2084
7/31
178.0417
8/31
88.99998

10/1
10/2
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/17
10/18
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31

82.04167
69.33331
127.4583
84.20833
31.58333
38.58332
160.7084
312.1251
379.2082
317.25
171.8334
6.791664
18.41667
56.08336
43.95838
45.16667
122.125
220.2501
264.0001
203.6521
45.87501
97.74996
151.3334
273.4584
368.0833
56.08337
34.375
71.79168
140.125
190.4167
184.3751

11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
11/16
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
11/21
11/22
11/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30

35.70835
8.5
28.79166
138.875
60.625
17.13044
53.58333
82.00001
65.83335
85.25003
35.58334
6.791669
28.82608
51.58335
177.9168
100.3334
31.91666
95.95837
332.1667
320.5401
77.82221
52.125
141.2084
81.08333
192.0834
314.1249
45.58337
111.3333
303.2084
74.25004

12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/6
12/7
12/8
12/9
12/10
12/11
12/12
12/13
12/14
12/15
12/16
12/17
12/18
12/19
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/23
12/24
12/25
12/26
12/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31

12.62499
61.08334
15.83334
8.875002
51.40911
69.95837
45.16668
61.27773
336.3466
118.2917
23.87501
14.20834
58.66666
105.1667
71.58337
11.375
111.5417
176.6249
56.66667
9.466669
23.25001
103.375
89.4583
14.95834
33.04166
177.3333
256.2084
195.5417
140.3333
35.04166
10.43479

Appendix Figure 1 Daily Concentration of PM 2.5 (Beijing)

61

Min
Q1
Med
Q3
Max

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jan
Jan
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
May
May
Jun
Jun
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
0.833333 0.833333
0
0 3.681818 3.681818 13.75 13.75 9.333333 9.333333
0
0 1.304348 1.304348 27.20833 27.20833 1.458333 1.458333
0
0 2.272727 2.272727 1.875 1.875
2.861472 2.028139 5.5625 5.5625 32.41486 28.73304 38.0864 24.3364 54.10417 44.77083 39.04167 39.04167 32.22826 30.92391 52.44112 25.23279 28.95833
27.5 10.25725 10.25725 9.608696 7.335968 4.578478 2.703478
6.75 3.888528 10.625 5.0625 47.25 14.83514 55.77083 17.68443 70.25 16.14583 69.28409 30.24242 66.20833 33.98007 80.91304 28.47192 41.51136 12.55303 28.95833 18.70109 20.10909 10.5004 9.238095 4.659617
14.77652 8.026515 17.77536 7.150362 56.53674 9.286741 70.97173 15.20089 87.20833 16.95833 103.8125 34.52841 102.5625 36.35417 109.077 28.16395 62.51087 20.99951 38.22778 9.269444 29.91667 9.807576 13.26087 4.022774
42.69565 27.91914 56.86364 39.08827 77.25 20.71326 98.41667 27.44494 110.75 23.54167 138.125 34.3125 140.5417 37.97917 145.1667 36.08967 103.5417 41.0308 58.08333 19.85556 45.08333 15.16667 38.78261 25.52174

Daily average Calculation

1/1
11
1/2
6.75
1/3
22.70833
1/4
1
1/5
8.590909
1/6
2.086957
1/7
12.04762
1/8
29.54167
1/9
25.89474
1/10
2.5
1/11
2.083333
1/12
24.63636
1/13
2.904762
1/14
3.636364
1/15
3.913043
1/16
3.782609
1/17
1.454545
1/18
0.833333
1/19
12.47826
1/20
42.69565
1/21
16.41667
1/22
3.125
1/23
2.166667
1/24
3.375
1/25
23.54167
1/26
8.375
1/27
2.818182
1/28
13.13636
1/29
4.043478
1/30
33.20833
1/31
12.08696

2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19
2/20
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28

0.913043
35.73913
53.49565
36.52182
15.47826
13.21739
11.82609
24.66667
44.66667
31.3913
7.25
14
8.291667
6
5.75
9.916667
0
0
0
3.505882
4.356667
11.33333
13.04167
5.916667
5
9.125
56.86364
14.25882

3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
3/19
3/20
3/21
3/22
3/23
3/24
3/25
3/26
3/27
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31

15.84
27.94133
5.25
52.83164
54.98653
53.79167
31.91667
21.17391
41.83333
22.125
44.45833
66.34783
58.08696
50.43478
19.3913
58.83333
49.73913
69.09091
54.78261
69
54.79167
46
77.25
47.25
62.18182
46.52174
3.681818
32.91304
65.04167
42.26087
43.36364

4/1
4/2
4/3
4/4
4/5
4/6
4/7
4/8
4/9
4/10
4/11
4/12
4/13
4/14
4/15
4/16
4/17
4/18
4/19
4/20
4/21
4/22
4/23
4/24
4/25
4/26
4/27
4/28
4/29
4/30

80
54
37.36364
24.41667
34.65217
55.08333
37.72632
72.56522
89.16667
82.54545
47.05217
80.87158
39.616
60.73672
71.80952
98.41667
65.08333
62.04167
39.16667
47.875
27.52632
23.83333
13.75
36.66667
50.75
56.45833
83.375
68.45833
58.94118
57.33333

5/1
5/2
5/3
5/4
5/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
5/10
5/11
5/12
5/13
5/14
5/15
5/16
5/17
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
5/29
5/30
5/31

71.20833
65.125
102.0833
73
81.04167
100.8261
110.75
59
32.09091
43.42857
36.16667
51.20833
59.71429
78.45333
105.5444
83.83333
35.55758
97.95333
57
64.95833
63.81193
94.55482
70.25
73.49527
90.58333
38.16667
40.875
9.333333
60.70833
78.25
110.2083

6/1
6/2
6/3
6/4
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/16
6/17
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30

80.08333
84.29167
120.5833
68.06957
11.16667
5.291667
2
2
3.125
0
47.875
102
104.4167
138.125
114.375
32.25
77.33333
68.75
41.75
41.29167
74.16667
45.41667
115.4583
131.625
38.29167
110.5
128.0833
76.33333
44.20833
69.81818

7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/7
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31

15.95833
91
16.3913
80.125
101.4167
140.5417
104.0833
39.54167
6.125
8.458333
1.304348
64.08696
48.70833
53.95833
3.652174
32.95652
50.65217
67.6087
103.7083
112.625
92.47826
75.09524
104.25
66.20833
105.5833
31.5
18.54167
77.5
43.25
122.087
131.925

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

46.66154
104.125
130.6683
128.2083
109.4583
105.2273
63.81818
80.91304
112.8261
145.1667
67
75.45833
104.1667
117.9167
102.0833
51.70833
66.625
86.33333
72.71429
134.6957
85.97273
31.68182
44.7619
73.3913
120.3043
108.6957
45.5
27.20833
41
53.17391
42.5

9/1
9/2
9/3
9/4
9/5
9/6
9/7
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/12
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19
9/20
9/21
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/30

88.68182
96.54167
103.5417
70.45833
72.45833
51.21739
41.27273
27.2
55.20833
37.13636
82.91667
61.17391
17.43478
33.56522
42.36364
33.79167
1.458333
37.95
52.47059
43.17391
66.95652
8.041667
13.125
27.04167
31.45833
32.86957
62.95652
41.75
28.125
15.75

10/1
10/2
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/17
10/18
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31

2
44.125
40.25
44.08333
42.16667
19.66667
38.83333
48.6087
9.166667
40.08333
32.5
28.95833
30.54167
17.13043
37.62222
32.0775
24.18182
11.34783
29.70833
20.17391
23.33333
16.58333
30.95652
58.08333
30.72727
0.291667
0
0
0
0
0

11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
11/16
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
11/21
11/22
11/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30

0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.43478
-0.09091
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.272727
3.375
17.95833
29.91667
40.91304
45.08333
27.21739
9.608696
20.10909

12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/6
12/7
12/8
12/9
12/10
12/11
12/12
12/13
12/14
12/15
12/16
12/17
12/18
12/19
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/23
12/24
12/25
12/26
12/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31

6.964706
2
13.52174
4.07
13
3.318182
1.916667
3.75
26.04167
23.78261
20.20833
25.26087
7.125
9.291667
7.875
1.875
10.79167
9.238095
8
11.75
6.791667
2.583333
5.086957
2.125
17.33333
38.78261
12.21739
12.875
6.73913
11.08696
22.72727

Appendix Figure 2 Annual Daily Concentration of Ozone (Beijing)

62

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jan
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
May
May
Jun
Jun
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
1.05
1.05 2.233333 2.233333
0.55
0.55 8.395833 8.395833 13.04167 13.04167 6.5875 6.5875 9.441667 9.441667 1.908333 1.908333 1.791667 1.791667 2.726087 2.726087 0.325 0.325 0.329167 0.329167
4.675 3.625 7.438542 5.205208 7.879167 7.329167 20.38542 11.98958 19.41458 6.372917 15.91979 9.332292 14.24792 4.80625 15.51875 13.61042 6.458333 4.666667 6.585417 3.85933 3.040625 2.715625 8.708333 8.379167
8.991667 4.316667 14.3125 6.873958 16.65417 8.775 26.67083 6.285417 24.69583 5.28125 17.91875 1.998958 17.84091 3.592992 19.76667 4.247917 8.277083 1.81875 11.79792 5.2125 9.352083 6.311458 17.34167 8.633333
19.29375 10.30208 19.00521 4.692708 23.22708 6.572917 29.69896 3.028125 32.41875 7.722917 20.9625 3.04375 24.13125 6.290341 21.7875 2.020833 13.3625 5.085417 17.56458 5.766667 10.97813 1.626042 24.27708 6.935417
31.80833 12.51458 31.225 12.21979 35.79167 12.56458 43.2375 13.53854 41.10417 8.685417 26.87917 5.916667 31.27917 7.147917 25.94167 4.154167 22.85833 9.495833 28.76667 11.20208 22.61333 11.63521 31.52083 7.24375

Jan
Min
Q1
Med
Q3
Max

daily calculation
1/1
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1/6
1/7
1/8
1/9
1/10
1/11
1/12
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
1/26
1/27
1/28
1/29
1/30
1/31

24.58
11.63333
19.19167
23.15417
16.83333
11.72083
8.991667
11.96087
5.233333
1.054167
1.05
7.541667
8.804167
7.370833
5.504167
1.2125
1.470833
7.258333
8.6
14.87083
4.116667
3.147826
2.6625
3.666667
9.216667
19.39583
31.6
24.17917
24.03333
31.30833
31.80833

2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19
2/20
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28

14.1
19.60833
18.80417
31.225
30.81667
20.49167
13.56667
8.795833
7.554167
23.68333
6.541667
4.470833
9.783333
14.525
7.091667
7.066667
6.125
3.1375
2.233333
10.07917
16.24583
17.84583
20.4125
26.9875
18.69167
10.40833
15.31667
15.20833

3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
3/19
3/20
3/21
3/22
3/23
3/24
3/25
3/26
3/27
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31

16.8375
16.82917
11.475
5.833333
7.558333
1.483333
0.620833
0.55
5.041667
21.45
25.49167
26.30833
16.0125
11.4875
27.42083
35.79167
23.3
6.447619
6.816667
8.2
13.41667
14.85
16.65417
22.98333
23.15417
21.625
16.47083
18.89583
28.53333
25
23.33333

4/1
4/2
4/3
4/4
4/5
4/6
4/7
4/8
4/9
4/10
4/11
4/12
4/13
4/14
4/15
4/16
4/17
4/18
4/19
4/20
4/21
4/22
4/23
4/24
4/25
4/26
4/27
4/28
4/29
4/30

34.28333
29.30833
27.35417
26.83333
27.72083
23.52917
25.73333
19.67083
8.395833
13.25
14.05417
27.0625
27.65
38.59167
37.16667
33.61364
30.49583
43.2375
22.45417
17.25833
28.36667
29.82917
24.19583
10.14583
20.37917
20.40417
25.30417
26.50833
32.09048
19.09167

5/1
5/2
5/3
5/4
5/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
5/10
5/11
5/12
5/13
5/14
5/15
5/16
5/17
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
5/29
5/30
5/31

17.925
16
27.84167
36.61667
25.96667
20.03333
13.04167
22.62917
32.52083
37.2625
35.41667
29.9
39.50833
32.86667
29.08333
16.63333
22.65
24.6875
19.48333
19.34583
22.95833
24.69583
25.35833
17.14583
24.7875
34.65417
41.10417
16.84583
17.8625
22.65417
32.31667

6/1
6/2
6/3
6/4
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/16
6/17
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30

15.24583
24.67917
14.0125
18.34583
17.1
17.06667
14
19.29167
15.95417
17.28333
18.9625
15.90833
23.575
21.625
26.87917
20.97917
15.9
9.225
16.3625
16.76522
20.52917
24.42917
23.79583
18.7
14.1375
17.49167
20.9125
6.5875
24.14583
18.35833

7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/7
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31

22.88333
16.35417
9.758333
13.84167
13.99167
21.04167
26.95417
20.66667
12.675
15.275
20.59583
14.15417
17.84091
31.27917
23.27917
28.3875
27.4125
15.17917
14.5625
12.40833
24.98333
25.06522
30.62917
18.59167
14.34167
16.9875
16.44583
26.56667
22.5625
13.975
9.441667

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

25.5125
15.35417
23.95
25.01667
19.76667
16.07083
11.91304
21.71667
23.98333
25.94167
25.55833
21.14583
15.2125
12.78333
10.94583
8.4375
15.93333
21.0625
21.5125
16.72083
20.31667
1.908333
19.86957
16.49167
21.85833
22.48333
13.7625
15.68333
18.6875
15.825
20.9

9/1
9/2
9/3
9/4
9/5
9/6
9/7
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/12
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19
9/20
9/21
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/30

21.22917
13.8
6.4375
6.908333
20.27083
11.62917
20.19583
14.87917
2.895833
13.3625
9.925
4.854167
1.791667
11.375
15.42917
22.85833
10.76667
13.3625
8.516667
7.8625
7.1125
5.091667
2.225
2.4
6.520833
7.604167
5.383333
8.0375
11.1625
6.608333

10/1
10/2
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/17
10/18
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31

5.529167
6.004167
2.726087
14.7125
3.291667
10.15417
6.825
10.83333
17.55
22.1375
16.9125
8.641667
12.7625
6.779167
5.458333
13.2125
24.41176

21.18571
17.60833
28.76667

11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
11/16
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
11/21
11/22
11/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30

8.3125
22.61333
3.175
2.654167
0.916667
3.445833
9.541667
9.1625
10.05
11.0375
11.19583
15.14167
10.03333
2.995833
0.8375
0.325
12.38333
10.8

12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/6
12/7
12/8
12/9
12/10
12/11
12/12
12/13
12/14
12/15
12/16
12/17
12/18
12/19
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/23
12/24
12/25
12/26
12/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31

Appendix Figure 3 Annual Daily Concentration of Ozone (London)

63

0.983333
1.1375
6.570833
4.491667
22.13333
13.54167
13.25
24.53333
11.4625
1.979167
0.329167
0.866667
10.55833
22.84167
24.02083
17.34167
6.858333
20.9
18.65
19.37083
30.68333
29.625
31.52083
28.23333
17.6
12.30833
29.87083
14.82083
12.61667
28.3625
27.39565

Min
Q1
Med
Q3
Max

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jan
Jan
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
May
May
Jun
Jun
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
6.454167 6.454167 4.425 4.425 6.620833 6.620833 9.029167 9.029167 6.245833 6.245833
5.2375 5.2375 6.179167 6.179167 6.179167 6.179167 6.518182 6.518182 4.927273 4.927273 8.108696 8.108696 6.270833 6.270833
10.52292 4.06875 10.31979 5.894792 14.1375 7.516667 11.36979 2.340625 11.36563 5.119792 8.4527174 3.215217 10.22917
4.05 7.929167
1.75 9.034511 2.516329 8.570833 3.643561 10.38021 2.271513 8.764583 2.49375
16.99167 6.46875 16.94583 6.626042 25.54167 11.40417 13.90417 2.534375 14.92708 3.561458 11.185417 2.732699 13.74167 3.5125 10.8087 2.879529 12.59167 3.557156 12.06875 3.497917 12.92292 2.542708 11.075 2.310417
29.1625 12.17083 24.52604 7.580208 36.02917 10.4875 19.79896 5.894792 16.41354 1.486458 13.357292 2.171875 21.24167
7.5
16.6 5.791304 23.10313 10.51146 16.89583 4.827083 17.70729 4.784375 18.86875 7.79375
43.52917 14.36667 47.58333 23.05729 56.05 20.02083 54.0625 34.26354 29.0375 12.62396 41.366667 28.00938 33.60417 12.3625 43.275 26.675 58.65417 35.55104 32.82917 15.93333 33.00833 15.30104 50.59583 31.72708

Daily Average Calculation

1/1
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5
1/6
1/7
1/8
1/9
1/10
1/11
1/12
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
1/26
1/27
1/28
1/29
1/30
1/31

7.379167
9.966667
10.27917
10.76667
10.85
15.775
11.7375
13.54583
20.20833
29.26667
33.4125
20.7875
20.17917
16.13333
16.99167
34.7
43.52917
33.90417
27.925
19.475
29.58333
33.54118
41.725
29.05833
28.89583
12.0875
6.5
7.454167
6.875
6.454167
8.533333

2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19
2/20
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28

10.78333
8.366667
11.27083
8.704167
4.425
6.379167
7.645833
16.81667
20.65833
8.070833
22.5125
42.04167
47.58333
10.375
13.94167
22
42.1875
44.025
45.50833
28.16667
14.8375
10.15417
23.3125
11.64167
18.25833
42.925
18.475
17.075

3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
3/19
3/20
3/21
3/22
3/23
3/24
3/25
3/26
3/27
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31

13.83333
14.44167
26.67917
41.7875
45.6875
54.82083
56.05
39.65
31.45833
11.54583
6.620833
7.8625
11.99167
18.20833
10.44583
7.004167
8.054167
21.08
35.8125
39.59583
29.55
44.48333
36.24583
25.54167
24.86667
27.575
31.6875
30.2875
16.11667
20.06667
16.75833

4/1
4/2
4/3
4/4
4/5
4/6
4/7
4/8
4/9
4/10
4/11
4/12
4/13
4/14
4/15
4/16
4/17
4/18
4/19
4/20
4/21
4/22
4/23
4/24
4/25
4/26
4/27
4/28
4/29
4/30

22.4375
11.125
17.57917
20.10833
14.09167
17.12917
28.1125
35.01667
39.12083
54.0625
26.60417
9.029167
10.35417
9.758333
12.64583
13.27083
12.84167
9.979167
11.72083
15.12174
16.37083
13.725
14.08333
18.87083
23.44375
11.12917
11.3125
12.10417
9.85625
11.54167

5/1
5/2
5/3
5/4
5/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
5/10
5/11
5/12
5/13
5/14
5/15
5/16
5/17
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
5/29
5/30
5/31

14.65833
12.075
15.75417
7.015385

9.433333
7.491667
16.7625
14.20417
16.63333
29.0375
28.6875
15.54167
11.12917
6.245833
7.704167
15.05417
15.7375
13.94167
19.38333
14.8
15.4
20.21667

6/1
6/2
6/3
6/4
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/16
6/17
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30

12.42917
10.27083
11.44167
9.891667
13.01667
13.02083
13.4
10.51667
8.104167
11.625
15.225
6.654167
7.15
8.96087
7.554167
9.879167
14.875
24.4375
30.875
41.36667
14.52917
8.175
5.2375
7.125
13.22917
16.43333
11.41667
8.283333
9.408333
10.95417

7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/7
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31

10.00417
13.35833
6.179167
9.775
17.41667
26.62917
33.60417
19.03333
12.27917
13.74167
10.45417
13.03333
22.54
21.3625
16.42174
22.44167
21.9375
18.51667
13.95833
11.58333
25.82917
31.18571
21.12083
10.00417
11.65833
10.7375
17.65
8.45
8.883333
8.483333
7.883333

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

12.76667
10.8087
7.820833
7.654167
8.845455
10.1375
15.8125
17.3875
8.329167
7.620833
6.991667
6.179167
7.233333
11.7
9.6
11.0375
9.608333
6.3625
7.058333
12.88333
14.6375
17.625
43.275
39.7375
18.39167
19.625
19.7625
22.18333
15.625
8.0375
8.820833

9/1
9/2
9/3
9/4
9/5
9/6
9/7
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/12
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19
9/20
9/21
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/30

8.941667
7.891667
17.05417
34.70417
38.13333
15.175
7.133333
7.9125
12.79583
10.4
8.804167
10.92083
11.25
42.95417
10.70417
6.518182
9.313043
7.445833
8.370833
11.33333
17.02917
12.3875
20.3125
40.75714
58.65417
23.91667
20.6625
24.34583
19.2125
24.99167

10/1
10/2
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/17
10/18
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31

32.82917
29.34583
26.1375
11.7125
16.95833
23.88182

7.271429
12.7
18.01364
12.875
7.770833
9.808333
13.2
8.158333
16.70833
12.425
7.866667
10.01111
4.927273
7.158333
11.02917
10.225

11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
11/16
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
11/21
11/22
11/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30

13.12083
15.67083
8.108696
9.370833
10.34167
12.50417
10.59583
13.32917
16.9875
23.0375
10.15417
12.29167
17.25417
9.191667
18.7625
26.30417
28.92083
22.28333
8.65
9.647826
10.49583
8.979167
13.07917
12.76667
10.9375
17.85833
33.00833
30.94583
14.67917
12.34167

12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/6
12/7
12/8
12/9
12/10
12/11
12/12
12/13
12/14
12/15
12/16
12/17
12/18
12/19
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/23
12/24
12/25
12/26
12/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31

Appendix Figure 4 Annual Daily Concentration of PM2.5 (London)

64

22.88333
22.7625
19.4125
19.96667
8.558333
10.97222
14.70417
8.870833
16.75833
42.70833
43.02083
50.59583
23.40833
10.20417
8.658333
11.075
18.325
11.4
8.945833
9.829167
6.270833
6.6625
6.8
6.483333
10.325
14.28333
9.245833
11.9625
14.2
7.675
7.7

Jan
Min
Q1
Med
Q3
Max

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jan
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
May
May
Jun
Jun
Jul
0.85
0.85
0.79
0.79
0.83
0.83
0.14
0.14
0.40
0.40
4.61
4.61
2.88
2.03
4.99
4.21
3.60
2.77
0.80
0.66
1.97
1.57
7.94
3.33
8.04
5.17
8.70
3.70
6.61
3.01
3.84
3.05
4.01
2.03 10.35
2.41
16.49
8.45 14.30
5.61 10.07
3.47
7.30
3.46
6.79
2.78 12.60
2.26
27.17
10.67 23.08
8.78 20.33 10.25 11.55
4.25 11.96
5.17 17.01
4.41

Daily Average Calculation

1/1
11.648
1/2
0.847059
1/3
14.04348
1/4
19.86083
1/5
4.041667
1/6
1.458333
1/7
4.130435
1/8
16.45833
1/9
26.95125
1/10
23.11125
1/11
19.79167
1/12
27.16667
1/13
2.608696
1/14
2.695652
1/15
2.958333
1/16
10.15958
1/17
5.246522
1/18
8.041667
1/19
2.75
1/20
2.791667
1/21
2.47619
1/22
6.52381
1/23
16.465
1/24
4.75
1/25
5.208333
1/26
10.33333
1/27
12.95833
1/28
17
1/29
16.52381
1/30
24.79167
1/31
2.438095

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jul
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
4.00
4.00
6.35
6.35
2.97
2.97
4.88
4.88
5.26
5.26
5.83
5.83
7.02
3.02
7.37
1.03
6.53
3.56 13.03
8.16
8.10
2.84
7.75
1.92
9.00
1.98
8.88
1.50
7.59
1.07 14.59
1.56 10.19
2.09
9.98
2.23
12.46
3.46 10.52
1.64 10.20
2.61 17.57
2.98 13.56
3.37 13.22
3.24
19.18
6.72 17.52
7.00 13.17
2.97 24.33
6.76 27.29 13.73 20.71
7.49

data from la-annual box

2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19
2/20
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28

0.923077
2.3875
2.2
5.176471
7.304348
9.333333
4.45
8.083333
14.08333
10.95833
3.210526
8.642857
10
17.625
21.185
19.86083
8.913043
17.79167
23.08333
8.020833
6.2
8.75
10.70833
16.29875
14.95833
7.173913
0.785714
3.060833

3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
3/19
3/20
3/21
3/22
3/23
3/24
3/25
3/26
3/27
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31

2.157895
4.538462
5.909091
9.863636
13
10.13636
10.08333
2.25
1.802727
3.733333
6.26087
3.473684
8.166667
8.883913
7.916667
4
8.521739
10.125
6.608696
10.06522
13.91667
9.041667
13.33333
20.32625
14.95455
1.830769
2.736842
4.181818
5.595238
0.833333
1.4915

4/1
4/2
4/3
4/4
4/5
4/6
4/7
4/8
4/9
4/10
4/11
4/12
4/13
4/14
4/15
4/16
4/17
4/18
4/19
4/20
4/21
4/22
4/23
4/24
4/25
4/26
4/27
4/28
4/29
4/30

0.6
0.352941
1.222222
2.076923
2.125
1.714286
0.5
0.14
0.588462
4.131053
7.472083
8.380952
5.826087
4.396444
8.44487
11.54875
9.958333
6.782609
6.534583
8.95125
7.5
8.272727
6.409091
5.291667
3.558
0.416667
3.317647
1.634286
0.350316
0.656229

5/1
5/2
5/3
5/4
5/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
5/10
5/11
5/12
5/13
5/14
5/15
5/16
5/17
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
5/29
5/30
5/31

1.928571
1.928571
3.611111
5.36
4.009375
1.734375
4.397727
7.958333
4.565217
3.741304
2.518333
1.420769
0.890909
0.6275
0.468667
10.30618
11.95833
9.75
5.958333
0.4
2.020488
2.534711
3.095238
4.028571
3.02913
6.208333
8.030455
6.75381
9.409583
6.819167
8.666667

6/1
6/2
6/3
6/4
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/16
6/17
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30

9.4732
9.430417
5.916667
4.605263
7.909583
10.30435
10.375
12.11125
10.4375
10.31579
5.434783
7.883913
7.28
8.18
8.016
7.4032
10.21978
12.76375
11.875
16.66667
11.42375
12.05583
13.91667
17.01417
14.82625
13
7.791667
11.41667
13.25
14.13167

7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/7
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31

13
12.83334
14.75
19.18181
16.9375
10.54166
8.541663
13.41666
11.66666
9.000001
7.538463
4.000002
7.000002
4.5
8.285711
7.041668
6.083332
4.666667
7
8.608696
5.333334
4.791666
7.208338
7.749996
11.875
15.45833
12.08333
9.869565
10.83333
11.04348
12.9375

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

9.552969
13.1132
9.694583
6.458333
8.777917
7.430833
7.318182
10.25
12.86125
17.52083
15.75
10.04167
10.36792
10.66667
9.88875
6.571429
6.347826
7.472083
13.125
8.875
8.625
9.180417
7.166667
6.458333
6.604167
6.954545
8.039524
8
8.666667
10.33333
12.45833
11.12358

9/1
9/2
9/3
9/4
9/5
9/6
9/7
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/12
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19
9/20
9/21
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/30

9.896
11.04167
11.18042
10.21182
11.29167
10.60417
6.86125
10.79167
7.265
8.876957
7.217391
9.333333
10.16667
5.26087
6.963913
6.5
4.894737
4.272727
2.968333
6
6.608696
7.333333
7.854167
6.485833
3.333333
7.134762
10.77792
9.791667
13.16667
9.883333

10/1
10/2
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/17
10/18
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31

13.9932
8.083333
6.666667
4.875
12
14.04167
13.75
16.45455
19.625
21.16667
24.33333
21.88208
19.90292
23.5
10.79167
12.82625
15.30542
15.04167
14.5
17.98625
20.16667
17.1525
14.41667
8.333333
13.24292
10.61792
14.625
15.70833
13.96542
16.20833
14.59167

11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
11/16
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
11/21
11/22
11/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30

6.4
8.541667
11.22917
11.125
7.727273
8.681818
7.946818
10.04348
22.125
27.29167
11.91667
13.125
16.02083
17.08333
16.58333
14.25
6.130435
7.416667
10.33333
13.70833
11.125
12.41667
9.978261
7.597083
9.6
9.566667
5.26
7.826087
13.75
9.285

12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/6
12/7
12/8
12/9
12/10
12/11
12/12
12/13
12/14
12/15
12/16
12/17
12/18
12/19
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/23
12/24
12/25
12/26
12/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31

Appendix Figure 5 Annual Daily Concentration of PM2.5 (Los Angeles)

65

5.8332
6.125
7.625
11.65
16.70833
19.15958
8.51375
6.583333
9.208333
14.70125
16.58333
6.70125
7.708333
9.5
9.979167
12.25
7.375
10.16667
13.34708
20.70833
19.41667
10.375
9.130435
7.791667
8.782609
7.285714
8.784583
13.08333
15.04167
13.08333
10.53333

Min
Q1
Med
Q3
Max

Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Difference
Jan
Jan
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Apr
Apr
May
May
Jun
Jun
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
Dec
Dec
4.509091 4.509090909 14.39091 14.39090909 17.96364 17.96363636 30.1087 30.10869565 30.03182 30.03181818 30.58182 30.58181818
9.5
9.5 16.85294 16.8529412 19.73913 19.73913043 25.67727 25.67727273 19.67826 19.67826087 8.552174 8.55217391
12.00668 7.497593583 22.28478 7.893873518 30.81121 12.84757645 36.62006 6.511363636 38.19639 8.164572193 38.96025 8.378430265 26.58333 17.08333333 28.95909 12.1061497 29.37868 9.639549219 29.35 3.672727273 24.33794 4.659683794 18.27609 9.72391304
15.44545 3.438770053 28.17174 5.886956522 34.07826 3.267048055 39.18953 2.569466403 45.96522 7.768827017 42.16571 3.205463015 32.29167 5.708333333 34.16087 5.20177866 37.82565 8.446969697 36.26667 6.916666667 31.29417 6.956225296 23.36957 5.09347826
17.84704 2.401581028 33.3338 5.162065217 38.96789 4.889624506 45.85795 6.668428854 52.29565 6.330434783 44.17748 2.01177301 38.93182 6.640151515 40.34773 6.18685771 40.97174 3.14608978 41.41472 5.148056653 34.86067 3.566501976 26.43043 3.06086957
27.00435 9.157312253 48.27826 14.94445652 52.57391 13.60602767 57.52727 11.66931818 65.94783 13.65217391 57.0381 12.86061077 53.5625 14.63068182 55.02727 14.6795455 69.41364 28.44189723 61.66957
20.2548419 38.065 3.204328063 37.43333 11.0028986

Daily Average Calculation

1/1
18.16667
1/2
17.76364
1/3
8.136364
1/4
12.25455
1/5
23.15455
1/6
17.7
1/7
9.559091
1/8
4.509091
1/9
6.668182
1/10
9.386957
1/11
13.11739
1/12
15.18261
1/13
15.25652
1/14
15.44545
1/15
17.47826
1/16
17.93043
1/17
17.12174
1/18
16.90435
1/19
14.23478
1/20
12.26818
1/21
9.642
1/22
15.352
1/23
10.5808
1/24
11.75882
1/25
26.64167
1/26
27.00435
1/27
23
1/28
17.75909
1/29
16.24545
1/30
21.85909
1/31
24.86522

2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19
2/20
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28

33.32173913
33.97826087
28.06086957
29.09545455
28.2826087
22.13478261
19.46956522
20.06521739
19.46086957
14.39090909
24.91363636
26.26956522
22.33478261
23.96521739
28.88695652
28.72173913
25.8
16.34285714
18.34782609
34.2
37
41
48.27826087
38.42272727
31.54545455
30.41904762
26.835
33.37

3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
3/19
3/20
3/21
3/22
3/23
3/24
3/25
3/26
3/27
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31

34.77273
25.55909
17.96364
18.91364
25.81364
22.80952
22.23636
42.9
48.16087
42.97391
33.65
39.71304
33.2087
33.20435
46.5087
52.57391
42.26087
34.12273
38.04783
29.7913
34.91739
43.01739
37.0087
31.82609
33.75909
33.29412
30.67895
30.94348
34.07826
35.43913
38.22273

4/1
4/2
4/3
4/4
4/5
4/6
4/7
4/8
4/9
4/10
4/11
4/12
4/13
4/14
4/15
4/16
4/17
4/18
4/19
4/20
4/21
4/22
4/23
4/24
4/25
4/26
4/27
4/28
4/29
4/30

35.99444444
35.23809524
33.49130435
34.40434783
38.82173913
45.86363636
48.24761905
52.38636364
45.40869565
33.74347826
30.10869565
38.23043478
41.72727273
45.84090909
37.04545455
34.32272727
36.47826087
37.66086957
38.96086957
46.26521739
41.31363636
37.49090909
41.23913043
47.73478261
43.8173913
38.43478261
39.41818182
45.88636364
51.55454545
57.52727273

5/1
5/2
5/3
5/4
5/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
5/10
5/11
5/12
5/13
5/14
5/15
5/16
5/17
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
5/29
5/30
5/31

58.15909
59.17727
65.27391
52.95217
45.96522
34.05909
32.84783
38.28824
38.66522
37.19565
42.9087
48.25652
47.55294
54.39565
53.36522
65.94783
51.63913
45.33043
40.74545
34.15909
33.68636
30.03182
33.15
38.10455
46.49545
51.54091
50.68571
43.00952
39.7619
48.00476
53.28095

6/1
6/2
6/3
6/4
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/16
6/17
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30

57.0380952
40.6666667
42.8
43.9142857
43.0095238
35.547619
44.8904762
52.6142857
41.8666667
40.1428571
42.5809524
41.6904762
39.9095238
47.8761905
48.0095238
38.9714286
30.5818182
31.8478261
36.8
42.0227273
44.4590909
44.2652174
42.4238095
43.7318182
42.3086957
37.4869565
34.5652174
38.9565217
46.4333333
33.1304348

7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/7
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31

38.16667
41.79167
45.45833
37.41667
31.66667
28.91667
31.70833
39.08333
39.20833
38.86364
28.76923
9.5
12
11.5
18.64286
28.25
24.91667
24.45833
18.09091
29.26087
24.875
28.70833
34.58333
43.75
37.95833
39
41.91667
34.08696
32.29167
37.08696
53.5625

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

37.90434783
27.49565217
43.18636364
36.98636364
29.71818182
27.2
30.38695652
38.89130435
47.07826087
49.29090909
33.41363636
28.23636364
28.74545455
16.85294118
20.71363636
32.64782609
46.75909091
38.29090909
35.24090909
32.38695652
29.29545455
29.17272727
34.16086957
41
27.62272727
27.31818182
37.16818182
39.69545455
43.10952381
55.02727273
45.15909091

9/1
9/2
9/3
9/4
9/5
9/6
9/7
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/12
9/13
9/14
9/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19
9/20
9/21
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/30

46.47143
37.82857
39.26667
38.15238
39.54286
46.55714
49.92857
21.55714
28.05238
37.75238
42.66818
40.92609
56.60435
56.40435
40.98696
69.41364
40.32609
19.73913
22.6
25.65217
32.24545
34.94091
37.81818
29.06364
20.37273
24.70455
35.23182
37.82273
30.32381
40.49524

10/1
10/2
10/3
10/4
10/5
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/10
10/11
10/12
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/17
10/18
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31

36.26667
46.95238
57.99524
51.50455
61.66957
52.91304
45.34545
37.92174
35.9087
35.4087
37.9087
41.67727
30.95
26.13182
25.67727
27.81364
33.7
38.13913
40.73478
27.525
28.49091
40.94348
46.20435
38.59565
26.34783
29.76957
27.53913
35.67727
41.15217
28.93043
30.47391

11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/7
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/14
11/15
11/16
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
11/21
11/22
11/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30

31.16522
31.35652
31.87273
34.05455
35.12727
35.37059
36.3913
37.5913
34.06087
27.84348
31.23182
27.38182
22.08261
19.67826
24.86087
37.23478
32.76957
24.16364
23.71304
22.21739
23.96522
24.01304
33.69565
33.49565
30.85714
30.07889
38.065
37.04545
36.1087
22.92609

12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
12/5
12/6
12/7
12/8
12/9
12/10
12/11
12/12
12/13
12/14
12/15
12/16
12/17
12/18
12/19
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/23
12/24
12/25
12/26
12/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31

Appendix Figure 6 Annual Daily Concentration of Ozone (Los Angeles)

66

18.32174
22.38636
9.595455
12.05909
8.552174
15.8
25.67391
26.47826
24.22727
11.80909
23.76087
32.2
25.73913
28.05217
23.36957
15.28636
25.62609
21.78261
18.33478
13.68696
18.23043
18.60909
22.95
22.45217
37.43333
28.98333
28.9
26.38261
25.5913
27.05
33.71818

Appendix B Indoor Concentration and I/O Ratios

indoor

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

Outdoor
30%
35.45314
27.37097
28.47338
8.661117
6.44081
10.83827
16.59718
16.77625
21.67291
10.35412
6.400155
7.038274
7.562726
7.983389
12.40816
19.00306
12.72561
15.86118
21.87706
25.44025
32.73133
16.91852
32.58996
5.567958
4.629357
6.722229
15.77557
23.28068
24.12417
41.80023
24.9354

60%
17.06486
13.24402
13.53408
4.017886
3.065889
5.133948
7.717455
7.847619
10.07163
4.883135
2.944041
3.265362
3.54838
3.764511
5.849121
9.035473
5.923385
7.479025
10.19405
11.82712
15.28939
8.078133
15.31373
2.588501
2.178276
3.159866
7.400759
10.99947
11.45207
19.66419
11.68313

90%
3.944947
3.067257
3.015998
0.853134
0.672098
1.100539
1.642136
1.667818
2.143205
1.052036
0.625346
0.695221
0.762595
0.814659
1.260888
1.968955
1.263645
1.624128
2.191091
2.493767
3.287631
1.799826
3.348907
0.54742
0.471422
0.675976
1.581589
2.39324
2.514129
4.251594
2.488424

I/O Ratio

30%
8/1
124.6251
1
8/1
0.284478
8/2
99.41667
2
8/2
0.275316
8/3
100.1666
3
8/3
0.28426
8/4
29.25001
4
8/4
0.296107
8/5
23.625
5
8/5
0.272627
8/6
41.25
6
8/6
0.262746
8/7
56.875
7
8/7
0.291819
8/8
60.79167
8
8/8
0.275963
8/9
75.87495
9
8/9
0.28564
8/10 38.16667
10 8/10 0.271287
8/11 22.08334
11 8/11 0.289818
8/12 24.25
12 8/12 0.290238
8/13 27.25001
13 8/13 0.277531
8/14 28.70834
14 8/14 0.278086
8/15 45.24999
15 8/15 0.274213
8/16 71.16667
16 8/16 0.267022
8/17 43.16667
17 8/17 0.294802
8/18 55.09093
18 8/18 0.287909
8/19 77.625
19 8/19 0.28183
8/20 93.8
20 8/20 0.271218
8/21 114.375
21 8/21 0.286176
8/22 62.24998
22 8/22 0.271784
8/23 113.5833
23 8/23 0.286926
8/24 19.625
24 8/24 0.283718
8/25 16.83334
25 8/25 0.275011
8/26 24.58333
26 8/26 0.273447
8/27 57.33333
27 8/27 0.275155
8/28 83.20835
28 8/28 0.279788
8/29 87.20831
29 8/29 0.276627
8/30 149.4167
30 8/30 0.279756
8/31 88.99998
31 8/31 0.280173
Appendix Table 1 Beijing PM2.5 30% OA and Filter 30%, 60%, 90%

60%
0.13693
0.133217
0.135116
0.137364
0.129773
0.124459
0.135692
0.12909
0.13274
0.127942
0.133315
0.134654
0.130216
0.13113
0.129262
0.126962
0.137221
0.135758
0.131324
0.126089
0.133678
0.129769
0.134824
0.131898
0.129403
0.128537
0.129083
0.132192
0.131319
0.131606
0.131271

90%
0.031655
0.030853
0.03011
0.029167
0.028449
0.02668
0.028873
0.027435
0.028247
0.027564
0.028318
0.028669
0.027985
0.028377
0.027865
0.027667
0.029274
0.029481
0.028227
0.026586
0.028744
0.028913
0.029484
0.027894
0.028005
0.027497
0.027586
0.028762
0.028829
0.028455
0.02796

67

indoor

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

30%

60%

90%

30%

4.090225
3.235875
2.411529
2.368915
2.468244
3.31363
5.138228
5.458552
2.55343
2.473213
2.146323
1.89577
2.353712
3.59222
2.912969
3.362125
2.92411
1.852871
2.108458
3.804041
4.537868
5.602947
14.6497
12.55615
6.175577
6.330233
6.310162
7.480833
5.438455
2.708688
2.912661

1.98796
1.543158
1.137059
1.137012
1.173213
1.643376
2.515692
2.600285
1.200181
1.198216
1.003305
0.882698
1.1447
1.696079
1.36154
1.589378
1.386952
0.870738
0.991226
1.76613
2.160405
2.701993
7.290958
6.01599
3.035396
3.06037
3.015744
3.674255
2.777772
1.347766
1.41646

0.550007
8/1
12.76667
1
8/1
0.320383
0.39558
8/2
10.8087
2
8/2
0.299377
0.26659
8/3
7.820833
3
8/3
0.308347
0.294972
8/4
7.654167
4
8/4
0.309493
0.285388
8/5
8.845455
5
8/5
0.279041
0.498493
8/6
10.1375
6
8/6
0.326869
0.718235
8/7
15.8125
7
8/7
0.324947
0.661412
8/8
17.3875
8
8/8
0.313935
0.297471
8/9
8.329167
9
8/9
0.306565
0.323469
8/10
7.620833
10 8/10
0.324533
0.243432
8/11
6.991667
11 8/11
0.306983
0.204526
8/12
6.179167
12 8/12
0.3068
0.306265
8/13
7.233333
13 8/13
0.325398
0.405277
8/14
11.7
14 8/14
0.307027
0.321679
8/15
9.6
15 8/15
0.303434
0.375327
8/16
11.0375
16 8/16
0.304609
0.34132
8/17
9.608333
17 8/17
0.304331
0.196245
8/18
6.3625
18 8/18
0.291217
0.219713
8/19
7.058333
19 8/19
0.298719
0.395391
8/20
12.88333
20 8/20
0.295268
0.543213
8/21
14.6375
21 8/21
0.310017
0.719915
8/22
17.625
22 8/22
0.317898
2.201459
8/23
43.275
23 8/23
0.338526
1.658611
8/24
39.7375
24 8/24
0.315977
0.872749
8/25
18.39167
25 8/25
0.335781
0.837012
8/26
19.625
26 8/26
0.32256
0.787585
8/27
19.7625
27 8/27
0.3193
1.054727
8/28
22.18333
28 8/28
0.337228
0.945297
8/29
15.625
29 8/29
0.348061
0.417287
8/30
8.0375
30 8/30
0.337006
0.389722
8/31
8.820833
31 8/31
0.330202
Appendix Table 2 London PM2.5 30% OA and Filter 30%, 60%, 90%

60%

90%

0.155715
0.14277
0.145388
0.148548
0.132635
0.162109
0.159095
0.149549
0.144094
0.157229
0.1435
0.142851
0.158254
0.144964
0.141827
0.143998
0.144349
0.136855
0.140433
0.137086
0.147594
0.153305
0.16848
0.151393
0.165042
0.155942
0.152599
0.165631
0.177777
0.167685
0.160581

0.043081
0.036598
0.034087
0.038537
0.032264
0.049173
0.045422
0.03804
0.035714
0.042445
0.034817
0.033099
0.042341
0.034639
0.033508
0.034005
0.035523
0.030844
0.031128
0.03069
0.037111
0.040846
0.050871
0.041739
0.047454
0.04265
0.039853
0.047546
0.060499
0.051918
0.044182

68

indoor

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

Outdoor
30%
5.695227
5.585097
5.70239
5.743385
5.82319
5.724836
5.599963
5.563075
5.614526
5.725851
5.634282
5.625551
5.588181
5.656923
5.577232
5.602682
5.684632
5.855128
5.675167
5.70607
5.752313
5.640052
5.694091
5.640155
5.708493
5.652755
5.563813
5.702997
5.682542
5.646964
5.726091

60%
2.712374
2.621765
2.705354
2.738321
2.787295
2.702072
2.654971
2.638361
2.665963
2.714665
2.662169
2.684715
2.655041
2.697128
2.643715
2.67248
2.733425
2.847942
2.685342
2.713558
2.75306
2.661275
2.717164
2.682247
2.750435
2.692186
2.629074
2.723152
2.695252
2.671085
2.727562

I/O Ratio

90%
30%
0.669006
8/1
13.1132
1
8/1
0.434313
0.608702
8/2
9.694583
2
8/2
0.576105
0.663811
8/3
6.458333
3
8/3
0.882951
0.688163
8/4
8.777917
4
8/4
0.654299
0.722591
8/5
7.430833
5
8/5
0.783652
0.661493
8/6
7.318182
6
8/6
0.782276
0.628982
8/7
10.25
7
8/7
0.546338
0.609836
8/8
12.86125
8
8/8
0.432545
0.632761
8/9
17.52083
9
8/9
0.320449
0.668217
8/10 15.75
10 8/10 0.363546
0.629026
8/11 10.04167
11 8/11 0.56109
0.65455
8/12 10.36792
12 8/12 0.542592
0.634559
8/13 10.66667
13 8/13 0.523892
0.664151
8/14 9.88875
14 8/14 0.572056
0.623945
8/15 6.571429
15 8/15 0.848709
0.640353
8/16 6.347826
16 8/16 0.882614
0.683977
8/17 7.472083
17 8/17 0.760783
0.773953
8/18 13.125
18 8/18 0.446105
0.654019
8/19 8.875
19 8/19 0.639455
0.682237
8/20 8.625
20 8/20 0.661573
0.702876
8/21 9.180417
21 8/21 0.626585
0.637139
8/22 7.166667
22 8/22 0.786984
0.679223
8/23 6.458333
23 8/23 0.881666
0.653122
8/24 6.604167
24 8/24 0.85403
0.704233
8/25 6.954545
25 8/25 0.820829
0.660442
8/26 8.039524
26 8/26 0.703121
0.621225
8/27 8
27 8/27 0.695477
0.682751
8/28 8.666667
28 8/28 0.658038
0.662382
8/29 10.33333
29 8/29 0.549923
0.643692
8/30 12.45833
30 8/30 0.453268
0.680532
8/31 11.12358
31 8/31 0.51477
Appendix Table 3 Los Angeles PM2.5 30% OA and Filter 30%, 60%, 90%

60%
0.206843
0.270436
0.418893
0.311956
0.375099
0.369227
0.259022
0.20514
0.15216
0.17236
0.265112
0.258945
0.24891
0.272747
0.402304
0.421007
0.365818
0.216986
0.302574
0.314615
0.299884
0.371341
0.420722
0.406145
0.395487
0.334869
0.328634
0.31421
0.260831
0.214402
0.245205

90%
0.051018
0.062788
0.102784
0.078397
0.097242
0.09039
0.061364
0.047417
0.036115
0.042426
0.062642
0.063132
0.05949
0.067162
0.094948
0.100877
0.091538
0.058968
0.073692
0.0791
0.076563
0.088903
0.10517
0.098895
0.101262
0.082149
0.077653
0.078779
0.064101
0.051668
0.061179

69

indoor

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

Outdoor
60%
4.564604
9.08482
11.12516
10.92251
9.245064
8.123097
5.158002
5.780267
8.946601
11.41194
5.278584
5.717028
8.092959
9.413021
8.275929
4.512729
5.311635
6.81716
5.473248
9.686122
6.539566
2.731198
4.335658
5.630876
9.854564
8.363606
3.595933
2.352695
3.337438
4.288382
3.565817

41%
7.081197
14.15764
17.54138
17.29044
14.71676
12.88759
8.332351
9.401002
14.41715
18.28872
8.554013
9.190069
12.87656
15.10174
13.23428
7.21052
8.473919
10.90048
8.882623
15.72962
10.49061
4.387471
6.899086
9.079036
15.68659
13.4991
5.81296
3.758793
5.288706
6.880237
5.733444

I/O Ratio

5%
60%
13.40326
8/1
46.66154
1
8/1
0.097824
26.61193
8/2
104.125
2
8/2
0.087249
33.57269
8/3
130.6683
3
8/3
0.08514
33.29304
8/4
128.2083
4
8/4
0.085193
28.62394
8/5
109.4583
5
8/5
0.084462
24.86443
8/6
105.2273
6
8/6
0.077196
16.59803
8/7
63.81818
7
8/7
0.080823
18.80295
8/8
80.91304
8
8/8
0.071438
28.44493
8/9
112.8261
9
8/9
0.079296
35.83802
8/10
145.1667
10 8/10
0.078613
17.13533
8/11
67
11 8/11
0.078785
18.07379
8/12
75.45833
12 8/12
0.075764
24.94934
8/13
104.1667
13 8/13
0.077692
29.62632
8/14
117.9167
14 8/14
0.079828
25.83178
8/15
102.0833
15 8/15
0.08107
14.12295
8/16
51.70833
16 8/16
0.087273
16.44768
8/17
66.625
17 8/17
0.079724
21.23899
8/18
86.33333
18 8/18
0.078963
17.73591
8/19
72.71429
19 8/19
0.075271
31.37688
8/20
134.6957
20 8/20
0.071911
20.59502
8/21
85.97273
21 8/21
0.076066
8.659342
8/22
31.68182
22 8/22
0.086207
13.35189
8/23
44.7619
23 8/23
0.09686
17.88693
8/24
73.3913
24 8/24
0.076724
30.37153
8/25
120.3043
25 8/25
0.081914
26.71019
8/26
108.6957
26 8/26
0.076945
11.58805
8/27
45.5
27 8/27
0.079031
7.3627
8/28
27.20833
28 8/28
0.08647
10.18035
8/29
41
29 8/29
0.081401
13.51179
8/30
53.17391
30 8/30
0.080648
11.25946
8/31
42.5
31 8/31
0.083902
Appendix Table 4 Beijing Ozone 30%OA Filter of 5%, 41% and 60%

41%
0.151757
0.135968
0.134244
0.134862
0.134451
0.122474
0.130564
0.116186
0.127782
0.125984
0.127672
0.12179
0.123615
0.128071
0.129642
0.139446
0.127188
0.12626
0.122158
0.116779
0.122023
0.138485
0.154129
0.123707
0.130391
0.124192
0.127757
0.138149
0.128993
0.129391
0.134905

5%
0.287244
0.255577
0.256931
0.259679
0.261505
0.236293
0.260083
0.232385
0.252113
0.246875
0.255751
0.23952
0.239514
0.251248
0.253046
0.273127
0.24687
0.246011
0.243912
0.232946
0.239553
0.273322
0.298287
0.24372
0.252456
0.245734
0.254682
0.270605
0.248301
0.254106
0.264928

70

indoor

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

Outdoor
60%
2.011295
1.197416
1.781244
1.952042
1.533505
1.398732
1.025811
1.604504
1.829485
2.111286
1.898933
1.533588
1.331128
0.951676
0.776955
0.646438
1.147971
1.57953
1.652682
1.125069
1.53354
0.283272
1.647637
1.395593
1.80565
1.925162
1.125801
1.31549
1.759148
1.346369
1.684666

41%
3.164774
1.914791
2.873405
3.112498
2.46143
2.14452
1.613949
2.574804
2.927888
3.323966
3.061149
2.478627
2.069171
1.527996
1.262839
1.0417
1.852948
2.548323
2.66536
1.836556
2.458176
0.450326
2.54515
2.170902
2.818321
3.032986
1.801445
2.060278
2.660229
2.08223
2.656247

I/O Ratio

5%
60%
6.184164
8/1
25.5125
1
8/1
0.078836
3.82823
8/2
15.35417
2
8/2
0.077986
5.75429
8/3
23.95
3
8/3
0.074373
6.147659
8/4
25.01667
4
8/4
0.07803
4.891939
8/5
19.76667
5
8/5
0.07758
4.089026
8/6
16.07083
6
8/6
0.087035
3.155401
8/7
11.91304
7
8/7
0.086108
5.129268
8/8
21.71667
8
8/8
0.073884
5.864888
8/9
23.98333
9
8/9
0.076282
6.517488
8/10 25.94167
10 8/10 0.081386
6.182371
8/11 25.55833
11 8/11 0.074298
4.997137
8/12 21.14583
12 8/12 0.072524
3.990693
8/13 15.2125
13 8/13 0.087502
3.027415
8/14 12.78333
14 8/14 0.074447
2.566642
8/15 10.94583
15 8/15 0.070982
2.090604
8/16 8.4375
16 8/16 0.076615
3.682629
8/17 15.93333
17 8/17 0.072048
5.078476
8/18 21.0625
18 8/18 0.074993
5.309791
8/19 21.5125
19 8/19 0.076824
3.717792
8/20 16.72083
20 8/20 0.067285
4.890308
8/21 20.31667
21 8/21 0.075482
0.892217
8/22 1.908333
22 8/22 0.148439
4.878228
8/23 19.86957
23 8/23 0.082923
4.215377
8/24 16.49167
24 8/24 0.084624
5.49114
8/25 21.85833
25 8/25 0.082607
5.966195
8/26 22.48333
26 8/26 0.085626
3.602812
8/27 13.7625
27 8/27 0.081802
4.003207
8/28 15.68333
28 8/28 0.083878
4.993475
8/29 18.6875
29 8/29 0.094135
4.004451
8/30 15.825
30 8/30 0.085079
5.211738
8/31 20.9
31 8/31 0.080606
Appendix Table 5 London Ozone 30%OA Filter of 5%, 41% and 60%

41%
0.124048
0.124708
0.119975
0.124417
0.124524
0.133442
0.135477
0.118563
0.12208
0.128132
0.119771
0.117216
0.136018
0.11953
0.115372
0.123461
0.116294
0.120989
0.123898
0.109836
0.120993
0.235979
0.128093
0.131636
0.128936
0.134899
0.130895
0.131367
0.14
0.13
0.13

5%
0.242397
0.249328
0.240263
0.245743
0.247484
0.254438
0.264869
0.23619
0.24454
0.251236
0.241893
0.236318
0.26233
0.236825
0.234486
0.247775
0.231127
0.241115
0.246824
0.222345
0.240704
0.467537
0.245513
0.255606
0.251215
0.265361
0.261785
0.255252
0.267209
0.253046
0.249365

71

indoor

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
8/18
8/19
8/20
8/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
8/28
8/29
8/30
8/31

Outdoor
60%
3.014072
2.031956
3.198081
2.814208
2.286964
2.015413
2.454128
3.032306
3.646937
3.676199
2.467004
2.253977
2.167126
1.446889
1.650601
2.612355
3.766474
3.030462
2.604948
2.454424
2.307711
2.135965
2.758838
3.189557
2.284524
2.065194
2.7511
3.128303
3.186949
4.13803
3.469864

41%
4.725366
3.246512
5.064617
4.457403
3.571533
3.202334
3.871094
4.818891
5.79193
5.825908
3.930126
3.526476
3.424471
2.285302
2.596015
4.116594
5.894067
4.72011
4.15638
3.877628
3.604231
3.389024
4.325531
5.039618
3.548309
3.252035
4.386648
4.950095
5.021256
6.530413
5.463453

I/O Ratio

5%
60%
9.0866
8/1
37.90435
1
8/1
0.079518
6.40659
8/2
27.49565
2
8/2
0.073901
9.893954
8/3
43.18636
3
8/3
0.074053
8.731888
8/4
36.98636
4
8/4
0.076088
6.89611
8/5
29.71818
5
8/5
0.076955
6.318016
8/6
27.2
6
8/6
0.074096
7.488075
8/7
30.38696
7
8/7
0.080763
9.371526
8/8
38.8913
8
8/8
0.077969
11.29308
8/9
47.07826
9
8/9
0.077465
11.43268
8/10
49.29091
10 8/10
0.074582
7.700421
8/11
33.41364
11 8/11
0.073832
6.750259
8/12
28.23636
12 8/12
0.079825
6.627367
8/13
28.74545
13 8/13
0.07539
4.436147
8/14
16.85294
14 8/14
0.085854
4.982903
8/15
20.71364
15 8/15
0.079687
7.926867
8/16
32.64783
16 8/16
0.080016
11.2944
8/17
46.75909
17 8/17
0.080551
9.054899
8/18
38.29091
18 8/18
0.079143
8.22023
8/19
35.24091
19 8/19
0.073918
7.578621
8/20
32.38696
20 8/20
0.075784
6.933744
8/21
29.29545
21 8/21
0.078774
6.638264
8/22
29.17273
22 8/22
0.073218
8.344166
8/23
34.16087
23 8/23
0.08076
9.791651
8/24
41
24 8/24
0.077794
6.761128
8/25
27.62273
25 8/25
0.082705
6.292036
8/26
27.31818
26 8/26
0.075598
8.610465
8/27
37.16818
27 8/27
0.074018
9.675554
8/28
39.69545
28 8/28
0.078808
9.775465
8/29
43.10952
29 8/29
0.073927
12.69783
8/30
55.02727
30 8/30
0.0752
10.61351
8/31
45.15909
31 8/31
0.076836
Appendix Table 6 Los Angeles Ozone 30%OA Filter of 5%, 41% and 60%

41%
0.124666
0.118074
0.117274
0.120515
0.12018
0.117733
0.127393
0.123907
0.123028
0.118194
0.11762
0.124891
0.119131
0.135603
0.125329
0.126091
0.126052
0.12327
0.117942
0.119728
0.12303
0.116171
0.126622
0.122918
0.128456
0.119043
0.118022
0.124702
0.116477
0.118676
0.120982

5%
0.239724
0.233004
0.229099
0.236084
0.23205
0.23228
0.246424
0.240967
0.239879
0.231943
0.230457
0.239063
0.230554
0.263227
0.240561
0.242799
0.241544
0.236476
0.233258
0.234002
0.236683
0.22755
0.244261
0.238821
0.244767
0.230324
0.231662
0.243745
0.226759
0.230755
0.235025

72

indoor

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

8/1

35.45314

12/1

5.236371

8/1

124.6251

12/1

12.62499

8/1

0.284478

12/1

0.414762

8/2

27.37097

12/2

22.13026

8/2

99.41667

12/2

61.08334

8/2

0.275316

12/2

0.362296

8/3

28.47338

12/3

7.09494

8/3

100.1666

12/3

15.83334

8/3

0.28426

12/3

0.448101

8/4

8.661117

12/4

3.431691

8/4

29.25001

12/4

8.875002

8/4

0.296107

12/4

0.386669

8/5

6.44081

12/5

17.17718

8/5

23.625

12/5

51.40911

8/5

0.272627

12/5

0.334127

8/6

10.83827

12/6

27.20989

8/6

41.25

12/6

69.95837

8/6

0.262746

12/6

0.388944

8/7

16.59718

12/7

19.30225

8/7

56.875

12/7

45.16668

8/7

0.291819

12/7

0.427356

8/8

16.77625

12/8

28.31743

8/8

60.79167

12/8

61.27773

8/8

0.275963

12/8

0.462116

8/9

21.67291

12/9

105.8164

8/9

75.87495

12/9

336.3466

8/9

0.28564

12/9

0.314605

8/10

10.35412

12/10

45.06364

8/10

38.16667

12/10

118.2917

10

8/10

0.271287

12/10

0.380954

8/11

6.400155

12/11

9.40415

8/11

22.08334

12/11

23.87501

11

8/11

0.289818

12/11

0.393891

8/12

7.038274

12/12

5.370507

8/12

24.25

12/12

14.20834

12

8/12

0.290238

12/12

0.377983

8/13

7.562726

12/13

22.44741

8/13

27.25001

12/13

58.66666

13

8/13

0.277531

12/13

0.382626

8/14

7.983389

12/14

42.02858

8/14

28.70834

12/14

105.1667

14

8/14

0.278086

12/14

0.399638

8/15

12.40816

12/15

31.89602

8/15

45.24999

12/15

71.58337

15

8/15

0.274213

12/15

0.445579

8/16

19.00306

12/16

4.545999

8/16

71.16667

12/16

11.375

16

8/16

0.267022

12/16

0.399648

8/17

12.72561

12/17

42.93197

8/17

43.16667

12/17

111.5417

17

8/17

0.294802

12/17

0.384896

8/18

15.86118

12/18

72.83801

8/18

55.09093

12/18

176.6249

18

8/18

0.287909

12/18

0.412388

8/19

21.87706

12/19

26.59055

8/19

77.625

12/19

56.66667

19

8/19

0.28183

12/19

0.469245

8/20

25.44025

12/20

4.463347

8/20

93.8

12/20

9.466669

20

8/20

0.271218

12/20

0.47148

8/21

32.73133

12/21

9.097598

8/21

114.375

12/21

23.25001

21

8/21

0.286176

12/21

0.391294

8/22

16.91852

12/22

41.38146

8/22

62.24998

12/22

103.375

22

8/22

0.271784

12/22

0.400305

8/23

32.58996

12/23

35.7524

8/23

113.5833

12/23

89.4583

23

8/23

0.286926

12/23

0.399654

8/24

5.567958

12/24

5.658286

8/24

19.625

12/24

14.95834

24

8/24

0.283718

12/24

0.37827

8/25

4.629357

12/25

12.69417

8/25

16.83334

12/25

33.04166

25

8/25

0.275011

12/25

0.384187

8/26

6.722229

12/26

71.24793

8/26

24.58333

12/26

177.3333

26

8/26

0.273447

12/26

0.401774

8/27

15.77557

12/27

97.41488

8/27

57.33333

12/27

256.2084

27

8/27

0.275155

12/27

0.380217

8/28

23.28068

12/28

77.01262

8/28

83.20835

12/28

195.5417

28

8/28

0.279788

12/28

0.393842

73

8/29

24.12417

12/29

60.07109

8/29

87.20831

12/29

140.3333

29

8/29

0.276627

12/29

0.42806

8/30

41.80023

12/30

14.69461

8/30

149.4167

12/30

35.04166

30

8/30

0.279756

12/30

0.419347

8/31

24.9354

12/31

4.163727

8/31

88.99998

12/31

10.43479

31

8/31

0.280173

12/31

0.399024

Appendix Table 7 Beijing PM2.5 Season Variation

74

indoor

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

8/1

4.090225

12/1

8.879537

8/1

12.76667

12/1

22.88333

8/1

0.320383

12/1

0.388035

8/2

3.235875

12/2

8.958535

8/2

10.8087

12/2

22.7625

8/2

0.299377

12/2

0.393566

8/3

2.411529

12/3

7.684608

8/3

7.820833

12/3

19.4125

8/3

0.308347

12/3

0.395859

8/4

2.368915

12/4

7.989671

8/4

7.654167

12/4

19.96667

8/4

0.309493

12/4

0.40015

8/5

2.468244

12/5

3.230686

8/5

8.845455

12/5

8.558333

8/5

0.279041

12/5

0.37749

8/6

3.31363

12/6

3.292605

8/6

10.1375

12/6

10.97222

8/6

0.326869

12/6

0.300086

8/7

5.138228

12/7

5.892576

8/7

15.8125

12/7

14.70417

8/7

0.324947

12/7

0.400742

8/8

5.458552

12/8

3.243676

8/8

17.3875

12/8

8.870833

8/8

0.313935

12/8

0.365656

8/9

2.55343

12/9

6.947994

8/9

8.329167

12/9

16.75833

8/9

0.306565

12/9

0.414599

8/10

2.473213

12/10

16.74787

8/10

7.620833

12/10

42.70833

10

8/10

0.324533

12/10

0.392145

8/11

2.146323

12/11

17.5569

8/11

6.991667

12/11

43.02083

11

8/11

0.306983

12/11

0.408102

8/12

1.89577

12/12

19.83573

8/12

6.179167

12/12

50.59583

12

8/12

0.3068

12/12

0.392043

8/13

2.353712

12/13

8.990363

8/13

7.233333

12/13

23.40833

13

8/13

0.325398

12/13

0.384067

8/14

3.59222

12/14

3.826974

8/14

11.7

12/14

10.20417

14

8/14

0.307027

12/14

0.37504

8/15

2.912969

12/15

3.193059

8/15

9.6

12/15

8.658333

15

8/15

0.303434

12/15

0.368785

8/16

3.362125

12/16

4.09888

8/16

11.0375

12/16

11.075

16

8/16

0.304609

12/16

0.370102

8/17

2.92411

12/17

6.849586

8/17

9.608333

12/17

18.325

17

8/17

0.304331

12/17

0.373784

8/18

1.852871

12/18

4.027517

8/18

6.3625

12/18

11.4

18

8/18

0.291217

12/18

0.353291

8/19

2.108458

12/19

3.227434

8/19

7.058333

12/19

8.945833

19

8/19

0.298719

12/19

0.360775

8/20

3.804041

12/20

3.746354

8/20

12.88333

12/20

9.829167

20

8/20

0.295268

12/20

0.381147

8/21

4.537868

12/21

2.298045

8/21

14.6375

12/21

6.270833

21

8/21

0.310017

12/21

0.366466

8/22

5.602947

12/22

2.427852

8/22

17.625

12/22

6.6625

22

8/22

0.317898

12/22

0.364406

8/23

14.6497

12/23

2.353788

8/23

43.275

12/23

6.8

23

8/23

0.338526

12/23

0.346145

8/24

12.55615

12/24

2.424891

8/24

39.7375

12/24

6.483333

24

8/24

0.315977

12/24

0.374019

8/25

6.175577

12/25

3.838716

8/25

18.39167

12/25

10.325

25

8/25

0.335781

12/25

0.371788

8/26

6.330233

12/26

5.26742

8/26

19.625

12/26

14.28333

26

8/26

0.32256

12/26

0.368781

8/27

6.310162

12/27

3.389661

8/27

19.7625

12/27

9.245833

27

8/27

0.3193

12/27

0.366615

8/28

7.480833

12/28

4.415691

8/28

22.18333

12/28

11.9625

28

8/28

0.337228

12/28

0.369128

75

8/29

5.438455

12/29

5.012028

8/29

15.625

12/29

14.2

29

8/29

0.348061

12/29

0.35296

8/30

2.708688

12/30

2.923473

8/30

8.0375

12/30

7.675

30

8/30

0.337006

12/30

0.380909

8/31

2.912661

12/31

2.897747

8/31

8.820833

12/31

7.7

31

8/31

0.330202

12/31

0.376331

Appendix Table 8 London PM2.5 Season Variation

76

indoor

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

8/1

5.695227

12/1/2016

6.056748

8/1

13.1132

12/1

5.8332

8/1

0.434313

12/1

1.038323

8/2

5.585097

12/2/2016

6.189235

8/2

9.694583

12/2

6.125

8/2

0.576105

12/2

1.010487

8/3

5.70239

12/3/2016

5.829769

8/3

6.458333

12/3

7.625

8/3

0.882951

12/3

0.76456

8/4

5.743385

12/4/2016

5.904115

8/4

8.777917

12/4

11.65

8/4

0.654299

12/4

0.506791

8/5

5.82319

12/5/2016

5.852431

8/5

7.430833

12/5

16.70833

8/5

0.783652

12/5

0.35027

8/6

5.724836

12/6/2016

5.934143

8/6

7.318182

12/6

19.15958

8/6

0.782276

12/6

0.309722

8/7

5.599963

12/7/2016

5.948462

8/7

10.25

12/7

8.51375

8/7

0.546338

12/7

0.698689

8/8

5.563075

12/8/2016

6.312053

8/8

12.86125

12/8

6.583333

8/8

0.432545

12/8

0.958793

8/9

5.614526

12/9/2016

6.239187

8/9

17.52083

12/9

9.208333

8/9

0.320449

12/9

0.677559

8/10

5.725851

12/10/2016

6.398987

8/10

15.75

12/10

14.70125

10

8/10

0.363546

12/10

0.435268

8/11

5.634282

12/11/2016

6.427969

8/11

10.04167

12/11

16.58333

11

8/11

0.56109

12/11

0.387616

8/12

5.625551

12/12/2016

6.407506

8/12

10.36792

12/12

6.70125

12

8/12

0.542592

12/12

0.956166

8/13

5.588181

12/13/2016

6.302371

8/13

10.66667

12/13

7.708333

13

8/13

0.523892

12/13

0.817605

8/14

5.656923

12/14/2016

6.132175

8/14

9.88875

12/14

9.5

14

8/14

0.572056

12/14

0.645492

8/15

5.577232

12/15/2016

5.938114

8/15

6.571429

12/15

9.979167

15

8/15

0.848709

12/15

0.595051

8/16

5.602682

12/16/2016

5.642607

8/16

6.347826

12/16

12.25

16

8/16

0.882614

12/16

0.460621

8/17

5.684632

12/17/2016

5.670415

8/17

7.472083

12/17

7.375

17

8/17

0.760783

12/17

0.76887

8/18

5.855128

12/18/2016

5.695195

8/18

13.125

12/18

10.16667

18

8/18

0.446105

12/18

0.560183

8/19

5.675167

12/19/2016

5.601123

8/19

8.875

12/19

13.34708

19

8/19

0.639455

12/19

0.419651

8/20

5.70607

12/20/2016

5.635902

8/20

8.625

12/20

20.70833

20

8/20

0.661573

12/20

0.272156

8/21

5.752313

12/21/2016

5.734878

8/21

9.180417

12/21

19.41667

21

8/21

0.626585

12/21

0.295358

8/22

5.640052

12/22/2016

5.883108

8/22

7.166667

12/22

10.375

22

8/22

0.786984

12/22

0.567047

8/23

5.694091

12/23/2016

5.87568

8/23

6.458333

12/23

9.130435

23

8/23

0.881666

12/23

0.643527

8/24

5.640155

12/24/2016

5.854721

8/24

6.604167

12/24

7.791667

24

8/24

0.85403

12/24

0.751408

8/25

5.708493

12/25/2016

5.796468

8/25

6.954545

12/25

8.782609

25

8/25

0.820829

12/25

0.659994

8/26

5.652755

12/26/2016

6.098543

8/26

8.039524

12/26

7.285714

26

8/26

0.703121

12/26

0.837055

8/27

5.563813

12/27/2016

6.11909

8/27

12/27

8.784583

27

8/27

0.695477

12/27

0.696572

8/28

5.702997

12/28/2016

6.053012

8/28

8.666667

12/28

13.08333

28

8/28

0.658038

12/28

0.462651

8/29

5.682542

12/29/2016

5.613279

8/29

10.33333

12/29

15.04167

29

8/29

0.549923

12/29

0.373182

77

8/30

5.646964

12/30/2016

5.712309

8/30

12.45833

12/30

13.08333

30

8/30

0.453268

12/30

0.43661

8/31

5.726091

12/31/2016

5.81322

8/31

11.12358

12/31

10.53333

31

8/31

0.51477

12/31

0.551888

Appendix Table 9 Los Angeles PM2.5 Season Variation

78

indoor

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

8/1

4.564604

12/1

0.966956

8/1

46.66154

12/1

6.964706

8/1

0.097824

12/1

0.138837

8/2

9.08482

12/2

0.221303

8/2

104.125

12/2

8/2

0.087249

12/2

0.110651

8/3

11.12516

12/3

1.435846

8/3

130.6683

12/3

13.52174

8/3

0.08514

12/3

0.106188

8/4

10.92251

12/4

0.436306

8/4

128.2083

12/4

4.07

8/4

0.085193

12/4

0.107201

8/5

9.245064

12/5

1.867008

8/5

109.4583

12/5

13

8/5

0.084462

12/5

0.143616

8/6

8.123097

12/6

0.395482

8/6

105.2273

12/6

3.318182

8/6

0.077196

12/6

0.119186

8/7

5.158002

12/7

0.232126

8/7

63.81818

12/7

1.916667

8/7

0.080823

12/7

0.121109

8/8

5.780267

12/8

0.346369

8/8

80.91304

12/8

3.75

8/8

0.071438

12/8

0.092365

8/9

8.946601

12/9

2.775125

8/9

112.8261

12/9

26.04167

8/9

0.079296

12/9

0.106565

8/10

11.41194

12/10

2.281678

8/10

145.1667

12/10

23.78261

10

8/10

0.078613

12/10

0.095939

8/11

5.278584

12/11

2.399243

8/11

67

12/11

20.20833

11

8/11

0.078785

12/11

0.118725

8/12

5.717028

12/12

2.681199

8/12

75.45833

12/12

25.26087

12

8/12

0.075764

12/12

0.10614

8/13

8.092959

12/13

0.888449

8/13

104.1667

12/13

7.125

13

8/13

0.077692

12/13

0.124695

8/14

9.413021

12/14

1.087

8/14

117.9167

12/14

9.291667

14

8/14

0.079828

12/14

0.116987

8/15

8.275929

12/15

1.01811

8/15

102.0833

12/15

7.875

15

8/15

0.08107

12/15

0.129284

8/16

4.512729

12/16

0.217493

8/16

51.70833

12/16

1.875

16

8/16

0.087273

12/16

0.115996

8/17

5.311635

12/17

1.226405

8/17

66.625

12/17

10.79167

17

8/17

0.079724

12/17

0.113644

8/18

6.81716

12/18

1.42619

8/18

86.33333

12/18

9.238095

18

8/18

0.078963

12/18

0.154381

8/19

5.473248

12/19

1.085625

8/19

72.71429

12/19

19

8/19

0.075271

12/19

0.135703

8/20

9.686122

12/20

1.553339

8/20

134.6957

12/20

11.75

20

8/20

0.071911

12/20

0.132199

8/21

6.539566

12/21

0.901099

8/21

85.97273

12/21

6.791667

21

8/21

0.076066

12/21

0.132677

8/22

2.731198

12/22

0.310323

8/22

31.68182

12/22

2.583333

22

8/22

0.086207

12/22

0.120125

8/23

4.335658

12/23

0.61403

8/23

44.7619

12/23

5.086957

23

8/23

0.09686

12/23

0.120707

8/24

5.630876

12/24

0.237157

8/24

73.3913

12/24

2.125

24

8/24

0.076724

12/24

0.111604

8/25

9.854564

12/25

2.039884

8/25

120.3043

12/25

17.33333

25

8/25

0.081914

12/25

0.117686

8/26

8.363606

12/26

5.062776

8/26

108.6957

12/26

38.78261

26

8/26

0.076945

12/26

0.130542

8/27

3.595933

12/27

1.432533

8/27

45.5

12/27

12.21739

27

8/27

0.079031

12/27

0.117254

8/28

2.352695

12/28

1.467891

8/28

27.20833

12/28

12.875

28

8/28

0.08647

12/28

0.114011

79

8/29

3.337438

12/29

0.931321

8/29

41

12/29

6.73913

29

8/29

0.081401

12/29

0.138196

8/30

4.288382

12/30

1.241935

8/30

53.17391

12/30

11.08696

30

8/30

0.080648

12/30

0.112018

8/31

3.565817

12/31

2.631206

8/31

42.5

12/31

22.72727

31

8/31

0.083902

12/31

0.115773

Appendix Table 10 Beijing Ozone Season Variation

80

indoor

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

8/1

2.011295

12/1

0.110409

8/1

25.5125

12/1

0.983333

8/1

0.078836

12/1

0.11228

8/2

1.197416

12/2

0.132846

8/2

15.35417

12/2

1.1375

8/2

0.077986

12/2

0.116788

8/3

1.781244

12/3

0.75481

8/3

23.95

12/3

6.570833

8/3

0.074373

12/3

0.114873

8/4

1.952042

12/4

0.562264

8/4

25.01667

12/4

4.491667

8/4

0.07803

12/4

0.125179

8/5

1.533505

12/5

2.309225

8/5

19.76667

12/5

22.13333

8/5

0.07758

12/5

0.104332

8/6

1.398732

12/6

1.484539

8/6

16.07083

12/6

13.54167

8/6

0.087035

12/6

0.109627

8/7

1.025811

12/7

1.560972

8/7

11.91304

12/7

13.25

8/7

0.086108

12/7

0.117809

8/8

1.604504

12/8

2.57309

8/8

21.71667

12/8

24.53333

8/8

0.073884

12/8

0.104881

8/9

1.829485

12/9

1.397468

8/9

23.98333

12/9

11.4625

8/9

0.076282

12/9

0.121917

8/10

2.111286

12/10

0.224009

8/10

25.94167

12/10

1.979167

10

8/10

0.081386

12/10

0.113183

8/11

1.898933

12/11

0.040634

8/11

25.55833

12/11

0.329167

11

8/11

0.074298

12/11

0.123446

8/12

1.533588

12/12

0.098466

8/12

21.14583

12/12

0.866667

12

8/12

0.072524

12/12

0.113614

8/13

1.331128

12/13

1.120256

8/13

15.2125

12/13

10.55833

13

8/13

0.087502

12/13

0.106102

8/14

0.951676

12/14

2.419012

8/14

12.78333

12/14

22.84167

14

8/14

0.074447

12/14

0.105903

8/15

0.776955

12/15

2.447828

8/15

10.94583

12/15

24.02083

15

8/15

0.070982

12/15

0.101904

8/16

0.646438

12/16

1.845925

8/16

8.4375

12/16

17.34167

16

8/16

0.076615

12/16

0.106444

8/17

1.147971

12/17

0.718558

8/17

15.93333

12/17

6.858333

17

8/17

0.072048

12/17

0.104772

8/18

1.57953

12/18

2.137821

8/18

21.0625

12/18

20.9

18

8/18

0.074993

12/18

0.102288

8/19

1.652682

12/19

1.837773

8/19

21.5125

12/19

18.65

19

8/19

0.076824

12/19

0.09854

8/20

1.125069

12/20

2.101944

8/20

16.72083

12/20

19.37083

20

8/20

0.067285

12/20

0.108511

8/21

1.53354

12/21

3.138511

8/21

20.31667

12/21

30.68333

21

8/21

0.075482

12/21

0.102287

8/22

0.283272

12/22

2.987333

8/22

1.908333

12/22

29.625

22

8/22

0.148439

12/22

0.100838

8/23

1.647637

12/23

2.966325

8/23

19.86957

12/23

31.52083

23

8/23

0.082923

12/23

0.094107

8/24

1.395593

12/24

2.918658

8/24

16.49167

12/24

28.23333

24

8/24

0.084624

12/24

0.103376

8/25

1.80565

12/25

1.67305

8/25

21.85833

12/25

17.6

25

8/25

0.082607

12/25

0.09506

8/26

1.925162

12/26

1.300323

8/26

22.48333

12/26

12.30833

26

8/26

0.085626

12/26

0.105646

8/27

1.125801

12/27

2.99938

8/27

13.7625

12/27

29.87083

27

8/27

0.081802

12/27

0.100412

8/28

1.31549

12/28

1.411007

8/28

15.68333

12/28

14.82083

28

8/28

0.083878

12/28

0.095204

8/29

1.759148

12/29

1.240724

8/29

18.6875

12/29

12.61667

29

8/29

0.094135

12/29

0.09834

81

8/30

1.346369

12/30

2.970044

8/30

15.825

12/30

28.3625

30

8/30

0.085079

12/30

0.104717

8/31

1.684666

12/31

2.937393

8/31

20.9

12/31

27.39565

31

8/31

0.080606

12/31

0.107221

Appendix Table 11 London Ozone Season Variation

indoor

Outdoor

I/O Ratio

82

8/1

3.014072

12/1

1.432824

8/1

37.90435

12/1

18.32174

8/1

0.079518

12/1

0.078203

8/2

2.031956

12/2

1.896839

8/2

27.49565

12/2

22.38636

8/2

0.073901

12/2

0.084732

8/3

3.198081

12/3

0.741211

8/3

43.18636

12/3

9.595455

8/3

0.074053

12/3

0.077246

8/4

2.814208

12/4

0.829353

8/4

36.98636

12/4

12.05909

8/4

0.076088

12/4

0.068774

8/5

2.286964

12/5

0.672477

8/5

29.71818

12/5

8.552174

8/5

0.076955

12/5

0.078632

8/6

2.015413

12/6

1.150175

8/6

27.2

12/6

15.8

8/6

0.074096

12/6

0.072796

8/7

2.454128

12/7

2.006677

8/7

30.38696

12/7

25.67391

8/7

0.080763

12/7

0.07816

8/8

3.032306

12/8

2.309156

8/8

38.8913

12/8

26.47826

8/8

0.077969

12/8

0.08721

8/9

3.646937

12/9

2.067402

8/9

47.07826

12/9

24.22727

8/9

0.077465

12/9

0.085334

8/10

3.676199

12/10

1.203043

8/10

49.29091

12/10

11.80909

10

8/10

0.074582

12/10

0.101874

8/11

2.467004

12/11

1.987699

8/11

33.41364

12/11

23.76087

11

8/11

0.073832

12/11

0.083654

8/12

2.253977

12/12

2.976545

8/12

28.23636

12/12

32.2

12

8/12

0.079825

12/12

0.092439

8/13

2.167126

12/13

2.200253

8/13

28.74545

12/13

25.73913

13

8/13

0.07539

12/13

0.085483

8/14

1.446889

12/14

2.304421

8/14

16.85294

12/14

28.05217

14

8/14

0.085854

12/14

0.082148

8/15

1.650601

12/15

1.86963

8/15

20.71364

12/15

23.36957

15

8/15

0.079687

12/15

0.080003

8/16

2.612355

12/16

1.085755

8/16

32.64783

12/16

15.28636

16

8/16

0.080016

12/16

0.071028

8/17

3.766474

12/17

1.908028

8/17

46.75909

12/17

25.62609

17

8/17

0.080551

12/17

0.074456

8/18

3.030462

12/18

1.68131

8/18

38.29091

12/18

21.78261

18

8/18

0.079143

12/18

0.077186

8/19

2.604948

12/19

1.34191

8/19

35.24091

12/19

18.33478

19

8/19

0.073918

12/19

0.073189

8/20

2.454424

12/20

0.973919

8/20

32.38696

12/20

13.68696

20

8/20

0.075784

12/20

0.071157

8/21

2.307711

12/21

1.314973

8/21

29.29545

12/21

18.23043

21

8/21

0.078774

12/21

0.072131

8/22

2.135965

12/22

1.466881

8/22

29.17273

12/22

18.60909

22

8/22

0.073218

12/22

0.078826

8/23

2.758838

12/23

1.633562

8/23

34.16087

12/23

22.95

23

8/23

0.08076

12/23

0.071179

8/24

3.189557

12/24

1.736895

8/24

41

12/24

22.45217

24

8/24

0.077794

12/24

0.07736

8/25

2.284524

12/25

2.705268

8/25

27.62273

12/25

37.43333

25

8/25

0.082705

12/25

0.072269

8/26

2.065194

12/26

2.363936

8/26

27.31818

12/26

28.98333

26

8/26

0.075598

12/26

0.081562

8/27

2.7511

12/27

2.365764

8/27

37.16818

12/27

28.9

27

8/27

0.074018

12/27

0.08186

8/28

3.128303

12/28

2.105719

8/28

39.69545

12/28

26.38261

28

8/28

0.078808

12/28

0.079815

8/29

3.186949

12/29

1.837719

8/29

43.10952

12/29

25.5913

29

8/29

0.073927

12/29

0.07181

83

8/30

4.13803

12/30

1.88705

8/30

55.02727

12/30

27.05

30

8/30

0.0752

12/30

0.069762

8/31

3.469864

12/31

2.510388

8/31

45.15909

12/31

33.71818

31

8/31

0.076836

12/31

0.074452

Appendix Table 12 Los Angeles Ozone Season Variation

84

APPENDIX C Influences of Ventilation and Filtration

indoor

Outdoor

30pct

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6

I/O Ratio

10pct

30pct

30%

60%

90%

30%

60%

90%

35.453
14
27.370
97
28.473
38
8.6611
17
6.4408
1
10.838
27
16.597
18
16.776
25
21.672
91
10.354
12
6.4001
55
7.0382
74
7.5627
26
7.9833
89
12.408
16
19.003
06

17.064
86
13.244
02
13.534
08
4.0178
86
3.0658
89
5.1339
48
7.7174
55
7.8476
19
10.071
63
4.8831
35
2.9440
41
3.2653
62
3.5483
8
3.7645
11
5.8491
21
9.0354
73

3.9449
47
3.0672
57
3.0159
98
0.8531
34
0.6720
98
1.1005
39
1.6421
36
1.6678
18
2.1432
05
1.0520
36
0.6253
46
0.6952
21
0.7625
95
0.8146
59
1.2608
88
1.9689
55

16.863
05
12.845
46
13.116
59
3.8517
02
2.8579
15
4.5962
7
7.3002
32
7.1613
3
9.3723
02
4.4577
03
2.7625
65
3.0652
66
3.2750
1
3.5137
42
5.3832
73
8.2550
03

7.6362
35
5.8583
75
5.8000
73
1.6306
75
1.2639
18
2.0077
41
3.1080
05
3.0693
07
3.9832
44
1.9390
67
1.1538
28
1.3000
05
1.4134
97
1.5293
16
2.3402
56
3.6396
71

1.8471
64
1.4195
29
1.3054
17
0.3318
33
0.2734
42
0.4107
98
0.6355
38
0.6211
77
0.8149
4
0.4044
78
0.2369
47
0.2667
31
0.2942
98
0.3226
69
0.4890
15
0.7764
01

8/1

8/1

8/2

8/3

8/4

8/5

124.62
51
99.416
67
100.16
66
29.250
01
23.625

8/5

8/6

41.25

8/6

8/7

56.875

8/7

8/8

60.791
67
75.874
95
38.166
67
22.083
34
24.25

8/8

8/9

1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6

8/2
8/3
8/4

8/9
8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6

27.250
01
28.708
34
45.249
99
71.166
67

10pct

30%

60%

90%

30%

60%

90%

0.2844
78
0.2753
16
0.2842
6
0.2961
07
0.2726
27
0.2627
46
0.2918
19
0.2759
63
0.2856
4
0.2712
87
0.2898
18
0.2902
38
0.2775
31
0.2780
86
0.2742
13
0.2670
22

0.1369
3
0.1332
17
0.1351
16
0.1373
64
0.1297
73
0.1244
59
0.1356
92
0.1290
9
0.1327
4
0.1279
42
0.1333
15
0.1346
54
0.1302
16
0.1311
3
0.1292
62
0.1269
62

0.0316
55
0.0308
53
0.0301
1
0.0291
67
0.0284
49
0.0266
8
0.0288
73
0.0274
35
0.0282
47
0.0275
64
0.0283
18
0.0286
69
0.0279
85
0.0283
77
0.0278
65
0.0276
67

0.1353
1
0.1292
08
0.1309
48
0.1316
82
0.1209
7
0.1114
25
0.1283
56
0.1178
01
0.1235
23
0.1167
96
0.1250
97
0.1264
03
0.1201
84
0.1223
94
0.1189
67
0.1159
95

0.0612
74
0.0589
27
0.0579
04
0.0557
5
0.0534
99
0.0486
73
0.0546
46
0.0504
89
0.0524
97
0.0508
05
0.0522
49
0.0536
08
0.0518
71
0.0532
71
0.0517
18
0.0511
43

0.0148
22
0.0142
79
0.0130
32
0.0113
45
0.0115
74
0.0099
59
0.0111
74
0.0102
18
0.0107
41
0.0105
98
0.0107
3
0.0109
99
0.0108
0.0112
4
0.0108
07
0.0109
1

85

8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

12.725
61
15.861
18
21.877
06
25.440
25
32.731
33
16.918
52
32.589
96
5.5679
58
4.6293
57
6.7222
29
15.775
57
23.280
68
24.124
17
41.800
23
24.935
4

5.9233
85
7.4790
25
10.194
05
11.827
12
15.289
39
8.0781
33
15.313
73
2.5885
01
2.1782
76
3.1598
66
7.4007
59
10.999
47
11.452
07
19.664
19
11.683
13

1.2636
45
1.6241
28
2.1910
91
2.4937
67
3.2876
31
1.7998
26
3.3489
07
0.5474
2
0.4714
22
0.6759
76
1.5815
89
2.3932
4
2.5141
29
4.2515
94
2.4884
24

5.6487
77
7.0512
84
9.4331
15
10.690
29
14.438
89
7.5970
1
14.607
12
2.4359
36
2.0278
76
2.9004
29
6.7514
84
10.339
51
10.758
81
18.376
37
10.851
47

2.4087
09
3.0709
39
4.0277
8
4.5342
35
6.1988
26
3.3820
07
6.3357
56
1.0294
67
0.8784
72
1.2535
8
2.9102
83
4.5182
64
4.7386
87
7.9720
79
4.6623
87

0.4953
39
0.6537
09
0.8446
23
0.9028
61
1.2979
38
0.7597
43
1.3773
91
0.2061
36
0.1855
49
0.2571
7
0.5967
15
0.9650
08
1.0311
07
1.6821
33
0.9475
92

8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

43.166
67
55.090
93
77.625
93.8
114.37
5
62.249
98
113.58
33
19.625
16.833
34
24.583
33
57.333
33
83.208
35
87.208
31
149.41
67
88.999
98

1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1

8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

0.2948
02
0.2879
09
0.2818
3
0.2712
18
0.2861
76
0.2717
84
0.2869
26
0.2837
18
0.2750
11
0.2734
47
0.2751
55
0.2797
88
0.2766
27
0.2797
56
0.2801
73

0.1372
21
0.1357
58
0.1313
24
0.1260
89
0.1336
78
0.1297
69
0.1348
24
0.1318
98
0.1294
03
0.1285
37
0.1290
83
0.1321
92
0.1313
19
0.1316
06
0.1312
71

0.0292
74
0.0294
81
0.0282
27
0.0265
86
0.0287
44
0.0289
13
0.0294
84
0.0278
94
0.0280
05
0.0274
97
0.0275
86
0.0287
62
0.0288
29
0.0284
55
0.0279
6

0.1308
6
0.1279
94
0.1215
22
0.1139
69
0.1262
42
0.1220
4
0.1286
03
0.1241
24
0.1204
68
0.1179
84
0.1177
58
0.1242
6
0.1233
69
0.1229
87
0.1219
27

0.0558
0.0557
43
0.0518
88
0.0483
39
0.0541
97
0.0543
29
0.0557
81
0.0524
57
0.0521
86
0.0509
93
0.0507
61
0.0543
01
0.0543
38
0.0533
55
0.0523
86

0.0114
75
0.0118
66
0.0108
81
0.0096
25
0.0113
48
0.0122
05
0.0121
27
0.0105
04
0.0110
23
0.0104
61
0.0104
08
0.0115
97
0.0118
23
0.0112
58
0.0106
47

Appendix Table 13 Beijing PM2.5 Ventilation Rates vs Filtration

86

indoor

Outdoor

30pct

8/
1
8/
2
8/
3
8/
4
8/
5
8/
6
8/
7
8/
8
8/
9
8/
10
8/
11
8/
12
8/
13
8/
14
8/
15
8/
16

I/O Ratio

10pct

30pct

30%

60%

90%

30%

60%

90%

4.0902
25
3.2358
75
2.4115
29
2.3689
15
2.4682
44
3.3136
3
5.1382
28
5.4585
52
2.5534
3
2.4732
13
2.1463
23
1.8957
7
2.3537
12
3.5922
2
2.9129
69
3.3621
25

1.9879
6
1.5431
58
1.1370
59
1.1370
12
1.1732
13
1.6433
76
2.5156
92
2.6002
85
1.2001
81
1.1982
16
1.0033
05
0.8826
98
1.1447

0.5500
07
0.3955
8
0.2665
9
0.2949
72
0.2853
88
0.4984
93
0.7182
35
0.6614
12
0.2974
71
0.3234
69
0.2434
32
0.2045
26
0.3062
65
0.4052
77
0.3216
79
0.3753
27

2.2253
6
1.7428
09
1.2089
7
1.2603
73
1.2271
26
1.8516
7
2.7726
53
2.9455
29
1.3263
05
1.3236
33
1.1163
53
0.9723
51
1.2805
65
1.8626
25
1.4501
27
1.6584
27

1.0365
85
0.7830
63
0.5299
57
0.5733
79
0.5475
75
0.8995
83
1.3104
26
1.3181
73
0.5827
71
0.6131
95
0.4853
73
0.4175
28
0.5955
76
0.8190
34
0.6290
1
0.7321
85

0.3393
58
0.2277
11
0.1327
89
0.1702
73
0.1475
28
0.3336
99
0.4514
72
0.3781
29
0.1621
49
0.1938
93
0.1300
19
0.1024
71
0.1840
48
0.2118
86
0.1614
12
0.1866
03

1.6960
79
1.3615
4
1.5893
78

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6

12.766
67
10.808
7
7.8208
33
7.6541
67
8.8454
55
10.137
5
15.812
5
17.387
5
8.3291
67
7.6208
33
6.9916
67
6.1791
67
7.2333
33
11.7
9.6
11.037
5

8/1

8/2

8/3

8/4

8/5

8/6

8/7

8/8

8/9

1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6

10pct

30%

60%

90%

30%

60%

90%

0.3203
83
0.2993
77
0.3083
47
0.3094
93
0.2790
41
0.3268
69
0.3249
47
0.3139
35
0.3065
65
0.3245
33
0.3069
83
0.3068

0.1557
15
0.1427
7
0.1453
88
0.1485
48
0.1326
35
0.1621
09
0.1590
95
0.1495
49
0.1440
94
0.1572
29
0.1435

0.0430
81
0.0365
98
0.0340
87
0.0385
37
0.0322
64
0.0491
73
0.0454
22
0.0380
4
0.0357
14
0.0424
45
0.0348
17
0.0330
99
0.0423
41
0.0346
39
0.0335
08
0.0340
05

0.1743
1
0.1612
41
0.1545
83
0.1646
65
0.1387
3
0.1826
56
0.1753
46
0.1694
05
0.1592
36
0.1736
86
0.1596
69
0.1573
6
0.1770
37
0.1591
99
0.1510
55
0.1502
54

0.0811
95
0.0724
47
0.0677
62
0.0749
11
0.0619
05
0.0887
38
0.0828
73
0.0758
12
0.0699
68
0.0804
63
0.0694
22
0.0675
7
0.0823
38
0.0700
03
0.0655
22
0.0663
36

0.0265
82
0.0210
67
0.0169
79
0.0222
46
0.0166
78
0.0329
17
0.0285
52
0.0217
47
0.0194
68
0.0254
42
0.0185
96
0.0165
83
0.0254
44
0.0181
1
0.0168
14
0.0169
06

0.3253
98
0.3070
27
0.3034
34
0.3046
09

0.1428
51
0.1582
54
0.1449
64
0.1418
27
0.1439
98

87

8/
17
8/
18
8/
19
8/
20
8/
21
8/
22
8/
23
8/
24
8/
25
8/
26
8/
27
8/
28
8/
29
8/
30
8/
31

2.9241
1
1.8528
71
2.1084
58
3.8040
41
4.5378
68
5.6029
47
14.649
7
12.556
15
6.1755
77
6.3302
33
6.3101
62
7.4808
33
5.4384
55
2.7086
88
2.9126
61

1.3869
52
0.8707
38
0.9912
26
1.7661
3
2.1604
05
2.7019
93
7.2909
58
6.0159
9
3.0353
96
3.0603
7
3.0157
44
3.6742
55
2.7777
72
1.3477
66
1.4164
6

0.3413
2
0.1962
45
0.2197
13
0.3953
91
0.5432
13
0.7199
15
2.2014
59
1.6586
11
0.8727
49
0.8370
12
0.7875
85
1.0547
27
0.9452
97
0.4172
87
0.3897
22

1.5280
68
0.8755
83
0.9443
8
1.7667
81
2.3251
88
3.0535
84
8.3732
54
6.9995
68
3.4374
71
3.5650
38
3.4755
76
4.4637
52
3.4546
64
1.6387
72
1.6795
27

0.6794
61
0.3806
46
0.4104
96
0.7536
08
1.0440
75
1.4005
77
4.0611
51
3.1835
31
1.6316
44
1.6411
33
1.5696
58
2.1007
88
1.7336
97
0.7899
62
0.7794
04

0.1850
86
0.0884
79
0.0923
0.1748
26
0.2975
96
0.4313
55
1.4811
22
1.0347
1
0.5606
4
0.5220
5
0.4679
18
0.7020
41
0.7098
17
0.2923
52
0.2476
26

8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

9.6083
33
6.3625
7.0583
33
12.883
33
14.637
5
17.625
43.275
39.737
5
18.391
67
19.625
19.762
5
22.183
33
15.625
8.0375
8.8208
33

1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1

8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

0.3043
31
0.2912
17
0.2987
19
0.2952
68
0.3100
17
0.3178
98
0.3385
26
0.3159
77
0.3357
81
0.3225
6
0.3193
0.3372
28
0.3480
61
0.3370
06
0.3302
02

0.1443
49
0.1368
55
0.1404
33
0.1370
86
0.1475
94
0.1533
05
0.1684
8
0.1513
93
0.1650
42
0.1559
42
0.1525
99
0.1656
31
0.1777
77
0.1676
85
0.1605
81

0.0355
23
0.0308
44
0.0311
28
0.0306
9
0.0371
11
0.0408
46
0.0508
71
0.0417
39
0.0474
54
0.0426
5
0.0398
53
0.0475
46
0.0604
99
0.0519
18
0.0441
82

0.1590
36
0.1376
16
0.1337
96
0.1371
37
0.1588
51
0.1732
53
0.1934
89
0.1761
45
0.1869
04
0.1816
58
0.1758
67
0.2012
21
0.2210
99
0.2038
91
0.1904
05

0.0707
16
0.0598
26
0.0581
58
0.0584
95
0.0713
29
0.0794
65
0.0938
45
0.0801
14
0.0887
16
0.0836
25
0.0794
26
0.0947
01
0.1109
57
0.0982
85
0.0883
59

0.0192
63
0.0139
06
0.0130
77
0.0135
7
0.0203
31
0.0244
74
0.0342
26
0.0260
39
0.0304
83
0.0266
01
0.0236
77
0.0316
47
0.0454
28
0.0363
73
0.0280
73

Appendix Table 14 London PM2.5 Ventilation Rates vs Filtration

88

indoor

Outdoor

30pct
8/
1
8/
2
8/
3
8/
4
8/
5
8/
6
8/
7
8/
8
8/
9
8/
10
8/
11
8/
12
8/
13
8/
14
8/
15
8/
16
8/

I/O Ratio

10pct

30pct

30%

60%

90%

30%

60%

90%

5.6952
27
5.5850
97
5.7023
9
5.7433
85
5.8231
9
5.7248
36
5.5999
63
5.5630
75
5.6145
26
5.7258
51
5.6342
82
5.6255
51
5.5881
81
5.6569
23
5.5772
32
5.6026
82
5.6846

2.7123
74
2.6217
65
2.7053
54
2.7383
21
2.7872
95
2.7020
72
2.6549
71
2.6383
61
2.6659
63
2.7146
65
2.6621
69
2.6847
15
2.6550
41
2.6971
28
2.6437
15
2.6724
8
2.7334

0.6690
06
0.6087
02
0.6638
11
0.6881
63
0.7225
91
0.6614
93
0.6289
82
0.6098
36
0.6327
61
0.6682
17
0.6290
26
0.6545
5
0.6345
59
0.6641
51
0.6239
45
0.6403
53
0.6839

2.788

1.3222
59
1.2006
97
1.3059
78
1.3481
33
1.4053
48
1.2935
54
1.2571
53
1.2504
94
1.2744
36
1.3171
98
1.2617
49
1.2975
07
1.2587
56
1.3045
16
1.2435
78
1.2889
41
1.3646

0.3620
42
0.2966
77
0.3556
3
0.3814
6
0.4174
94
0.3520
49
0.3205
08
0.3023
2
0.3250
71
0.3603
46
0.3201
79
0.3477
33
0.3262
11
0.3566
77
0.3149
47
0.3338
04
0.3800

2.9485
93
2.7544
54
2.9277
07
2.9955
3
3.0987
63
2.9282
4
2.8304
74
2.8281
42
2.8663
5
2.9597
65
2.8619
33
2.8860
57
2.8250
32
2.9020
27
2.8027
98
2.8758

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6
8/1

13.113
2
9.6945
83
6.4583
33
8.7779
17
7.4308
33
7.3181
82
10.25

8/1

8/2

8/3

8/4

8/5

8/6

8/7

12.861
25
17.520
83
15.75

8/8

8/9

1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5
8/1
6
8/1

10.041
67
10.367
92
10.666
67
9.8887
5
6.5714
29
6.3478
26
7.4720

10pct

30%

60%

90%

30%

60%

90%

0.4343
13
0.5761
05
0.8829
51
0.6542
99
0.7836
52
0.7822
76
0.5463
38
0.4325
45
0.3204
49
0.3635
46
0.5610
9
0.5425
92
0.5238
92
0.5720
56
0.8487
09
0.8826
14
0.7607

0.2068
43
0.2704
36
0.4188
93
0.3119
56
0.3750
99
0.3692
27
0.2590
22
0.2051
4
0.1521
6
0.1723
6
0.2651
12
0.2589
45
0.2489
1
0.2727
47
0.4023
04
0.4210
07
0.3658

0.0510
18
0.0627
88
0.1027
84
0.0783
97
0.0972
42
0.0903
9
0.0613
64
0.0474
17
0.0361
15
0.0424
26
0.0626
42
0.0631
32
0.0594
9
0.0671
62
0.0949
48
0.1008
77
0.0915

0.2126
1
0.3041
48
0.4264
96
0.3335
31
0.4031
22
0.4234
33
0.2856
82
0.2200
78
0.1614
16
0.1819
9
0.2947
48
0.2760
37
0.2705
68
0.2856
81
0.4416
13
0.4415
37
0.3848

0.1008
34
0.1238
52
0.2022
16
0.1535
82
0.1891
24
0.1767
59
0.1226
49
0.0972
3
0.0727
38
0.0836
32
0.1256
51
0.1251
46
0.1180
08
0.1319
19
0.1892
4
0.2030
52
0.1826

0.0276
09
0.0306
02
0.0550
65
0.0434
57
0.0561
84
0.0481
06
0.0312
69
0.0235
06
0.0185
53
0.0228
79
0.0318
85
0.0335
39
0.0305
82
0.0360
69
0.0479
27
0.0525
85
0.0508

89

17

32

25

77

35

12

51

83

83

18

38

77

28

63

8/
18
8/
19
8/
20
8/
21
8/
22
8/
23
8/
24
8/
25
8/
26
8/
27
8/
28
8/
29
8/
30
8/
31

5.8551
28
5.6751
67
5.7060
7
5.7523
13
5.6400
52
5.6940
91
5.6401
55
5.7084
93
5.6527
55
5.5638
13
5.7029
97
5.6825
42
5.6469
64
5.7260
91

2.8479
42
2.6853
42
2.7135
58
2.7530
6
2.6612
75
2.7171
64
2.6822
47
2.7504
35
2.6921
86
2.6290
74
2.7231
52
2.6952
52
2.6710
85
2.7275
62

0.7739
53
0.6540
19
0.6822
37
0.7028
76
0.6371
39
0.6792
23
0.6531
22
0.7042
33
0.6604
42
0.6212
25
0.6827
51
0.6623
82
0.6436
92
0.6805
32

2.9964
45
3.2048
29
2.8852
14
2.9207
43
3.0180
28
2.8332
79
2.9370
39
2.8731
88
3.0019
68
2.8915
29
2.7566
31
2.9512
41
2.8970
43
2.8490
75

1.4934
98
1.2798
13
1.3105
17
1.3685
78
1.2498
61
1.3248
22
1.2851
3
1.3764
8
1.2974
58
1.2171
06
1.3319
94
1.2912
51
1.2633
31
1.3365
58

0.4730
24
0.3448
43
0.3736
55
0.3971
95
0.3269
39
0.3721
18
0.3449
02
0.3998
25
0.3526
89
0.3105
06
0.3757
4
0.3533
78
0.3340
43
0.3737
34

8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

13.125

1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1

8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

0.4461
05
0.6394
55
0.6615
73
0.6265
85
0.7869
84
0.8816
66
0.8540
3
0.8208
29
0.7031
21
0.6954
77
0.6580
38
0.5499
23
0.4532
68
0.5147
7

0.2169
86
0.3025
74
0.3146
15
0.2998
84
0.3713
41
0.4207
22
0.4061
45
0.3954
87
0.3348
69
0.3286
34
0.3142
1
0.2608
31
0.2144
02
0.2452
05

0.0589
68
0.0736
92
0.0791

0.2283
01
0.3611
07
0.3345
18
0.3181
49
0.4211
2
0.4387
01
0.4447
25
0.4131
38
0.3734
01
0.3614
41
0.3180
73
0.2856
04
0.2325
39
0.2561
29

0.1137
9
0.1442
04
0.1519
44
0.1490
76
0.1743
99
0.2051
34
0.1945
94
0.1979
25
0.1613
85
0.1521
38
0.1536
92
0.1249
6
0.1014
04
0.1201
55

0.0360
4
0.0388
56
0.0433
22
0.0432
65
0.0456
19
0.0576
18
0.0522
25
0.0574
91
0.0438
69
0.0388
13
0.0433
55
0.0341
98
0.0268
13
0.0335
98

8.875
8.625
9.1804
17
7.1666
67
6.4583
33
6.6041
67
6.9545
45
8.0395
24
8

8.6666
67
10.333
33
12.458
33
11.123
58
Appendix Table 15 Los Angeles PM2.5 Ventilation Rates vs Filtration

0.0765
63
0.0889
03
0.1051
7
0.0988
95
0.1012
62
0.0821
49
0.0776
53
0.0787
79
0.0641
01
0.0516
68
0.0611
79

90

indoor

Outdoor

30pct

8/
1
8/
2
8/
3
8/
4
8/
5
8/
6
8/
7
8/
8
8/
9
8/
10
8/
11
8/
12
8/
13
8/
14
8/
15

I/O Ratio

10pct

30pct

60%

41%

5%

60%

41%

5%

4.5646
04
9.0848
2
11.125
16
10.922
51
9.2450
64
8.1230
97
5.1580
02
5.7802
67
8.9466
01
11.411
94
5.2785
84
5.7170
28
8.0929
59
9.4130
21
8.2759
29

7.0811
97
14.157
64
17.541
38
17.290
44
14.716
76
12.887
59
8.3323
51
9.4010
02
14.417
15
18.288
72
8.5540
13
9.1900
69
12.876
56
15.101
74
13.234
28

13.403
26
26.611
93
33.572
69
33.293
04
28.623
94
24.864
43
16.598
03
18.802
95
28.444
93
35.838
02
17.135
33
18.073
79
24.949
34
29.626
32
25.831
78

3.3474
85
6.0465
4
7.1809

5.2806
63
9.5579
34
11.548
47
11.366
75
9.5158
33
7.9951
41
5.1813
36
4.9010
71
8.4451
8
11.078
96
5.0657
1
5.3030
09
7.7575
81
9.2603
4
8.3427
68

10.783
37
19.167
41
23.859
01
23.740
55
20.177
58
16.782
48
11.427
89
10.860
62
18.366
21
23.784
28
11.332
35
11.415
21
16.340
8
19.906
76
17.825
73

7.0228
82
5.8344
8
4.9247
73
3.1064
43
2.9053
35
5.0772
34
6.7255
75
3.0191
98
3.2077
98
4.7649
17
5.6106
1
5.0752
09

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5

46.661
54
104.12
5
130.66
83
128.20
83
109.45
83
105.22
73
63.818
18
80.913
04
112.82
61
145.16
67
67
75.458
33
104.16
67
117.91
67
102.08
33

8/1

8/2

8/3

8/4

8/5

8/6

8/7

8/8

8/9

1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5

10pct

60%

41%

5%

60%

41%

5%

0.0978
24
0.0872
49
0.0851
4
0.0851
93
0.0844
62
0.0771
96
0.0808
23
0.0714
38
0.0792
96
0.0786
13
0.0787
85
0.0757
64
0.0776
92
0.0798
28
0.0810
7

0.1517
57
0.1359
68
0.1342
44
0.1348
62
0.1344
51
0.1224
74
0.1305
64
0.1161
86
0.1277
82
0.1259
84
0.1276
72
0.1217
9
0.1236
15
0.1280
71
0.1296
42

0.2872
44
0.2555
77
0.2569
31
0.2596
79
0.2615
05
0.2362
93
0.2600
83
0.2323
85
0.2521
13
0.2468
75
0.2557
51
0.2395
2
0.2395
14
0.2512
48
0.2530
46

0.0717
4
0.0580
7
0.0549
55
0.0547
77
0.0533
03
0.0468
01
0.0486
76
0.0359
07
0.0450
01
0.0463
3
0.0450
63
0.0425
11
0.0457
43
0.0475
81
0.0497
16

0.1131
7
0.0917
93
0.0883
8
0.0886
58
0.0869
36
0.0759
8
0.0811
89
0.0605
72
0.0748
51
0.0763
19
0.0756
08
0.0702
77
0.0744
73
0.0785
33
0.0817
25

0.2310
98
0.1840
81
0.1825
92
0.1851
72
0.1843
4
0.1594
88
0.1790
69
0.1342
26
0.1627
83
0.1638
41
0.1691
4
0.1512
78
0.1568
72
0.1688
21
0.1746
19

91

8/
16
8/
17
8/
18
8/
19
8/
20
8/
21
8/
22
8/
23
8/
24
8/
25
8/
26
8/
27
8/
28
8/
29
8/
30
8/
31

4.5127
29
5.3116
35
6.8171
6
5.4732
48
9.6861
22
6.5395
66
2.7311
98
4.3356
58
5.6308
76
9.8545
64
8.3636
06
3.5959
33
2.3526
95
3.3374
38
4.2883
82
3.5658
17

7.2105
2
8.4739
19
10.900
48
8.8826
23
15.729
62
10.490
61
4.3874
71
6.8990
86
9.0790
36
15.686
59
13.499
1
5.8129
6
3.7587
93
5.2887
06
6.8802
37
5.7334
44

14.122
95
16.447
68
21.238
99
17.735
91
31.376
88
20.595
02
8.6593
42
13.351
89
17.886
93
30.371
53
26.710
19
11.588
05
7.3627
10.180
35
13.511
79
11.259
46

2.9574
15
3.1948
91
4.0593
54
3.0422
64
5.0180
24
3.9825
95
1.7719
08
2.6613
99
3.2503
99
6.0404
04
4.8090
01
2.1071
1
1.5328
45
2.0617
2.5174
34
2.1177
19

4.8582
58
5.2287
73
6.6665
6
5.1225
47
8.4516
31
6.5770
89
2.9383
35
4.3386
96
5.4120
94
9.8564
35
8.0210
34
3.5213
94
2.5171
26
3.3371
99
4.1489
69
3.5109
46

10.449
76
11.050
68
14.175
67
11.387
97
18.701
87
14.184
62
6.4241
34
9.1248
94
11.726
02
20.768
44
17.533
5
7.8076
26
5.4086
77
6.9466
28
8.9037
96
7.5707
1

8/1
6
8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

51.708
33
66.625
86.333
33
72.714
29
134.69
57
85.972
73
31.681
82
44.761
9
73.391
3
120.30
43
108.69
57
45.5
27.208
33
41
53.173
91
42.5

1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1

8/1
6
8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

0.0872
73
0.0797
24
0.0789
63
0.0752
71
0.0719
11
0.0760
66
0.0862
07
0.0968
6
0.0767
24
0.0819
14
0.0769
45
0.0790
31
0.0864
7
0.0814
01
0.0806
48
0.0839
02

0.1394
46
0.1271
88
0.1262
6
0.1221
58
0.1167
79
0.1220
23
0.1384
85
0.1541
29
0.1237
07
0.1303
91
0.1241
92
0.1277
57
0.1381
49
0.1289
93
0.1293
91
0.1349
05

0.2731
27
0.2468
7
0.2460
11
0.2439
12
0.2329
46
0.2395
53
0.2733
22
0.2982
87
0.2437
2
0.2524
56
0.2457
34
0.2546
82
0.2706
05
0.2483
01
0.2541
06
0.2649
28

0.0571
94
0.0479
53
0.0470
2
0.0418
39
0.0372
55
0.0463
24
0.0559
28
0.0594
57
0.0442
89
0.0502
09
0.0442
43
0.0463
1
0.0563
37
0.0502
85
0.0473
43
0.0498
29

0.0939
55
0.0784
81
0.0772
19
0.0704
48
0.0627
46
0.0765
02
0.0927
45
0.0969
28
0.0737
43
0.0819
29
0.0737
94
0.0773
93
0.0925
13
0.0813
95
0.0780
26
0.0826
1

0.2020
9
0.1658
64
0.1641
97
0.1566
13
0.1388
45
0.1649
9
0.2027
7
0.2038
54
0.1597
74
0.1726
32
0.1613
08
0.1715
96
0.1987
88
0.1694
3
0.1674
47
0.1781
34

Appendix Table 16 Beijing Ozone Ventilation Rates vs Filtration

92

indoor

Outdoor

30pct

8/
1
8/
2
8/
3
8/
4
8/
5
8/
6
8/
7
8/
8
8/
9
8/
10
8/
11
8/
12
8/
13
8/
14
8/
15

I/O Ratio

10pct

30pct

60%

41%

5%

60%

41%

5%

2.0112
95
1.1974
16
1.7812
44
1.9520
42
1.5335
05
1.3987
32
1.0258
11
1.6045
04
1.8294
85
2.1112
86
1.8989
33
1.5335
88
1.3311
28
0.9516
76
0.7769
55

3.1647
74
1.9147
91
2.8734
05
3.1124
98
2.4614
3
2.1445
2
1.6139
49
2.5748
04
2.9278
88
3.3239
66
3.0611
49
2.4786
27
2.0691
71
1.5279
96
1.2628
39

6.1841
64
3.8282
3
5.7542
9
6.1476
59
4.8919
39
4.0890
26
3.1554
01
5.1292
68
5.8648
88
6.5174
88
6.1823
71
4.9971
37
3.9906
93
3.0274
15
2.5666
42

1.0868
14
0.6394
64
0.9340
92
1.0712
88
0.8395
33
0.8306
95
0.5668
93
0.8099
15
0.9404
74
1.1737
94
0.9307
32
0.7577
81
0.8179
56
0.5094
34
0.3667
86

1.7159
43
1.0395
17
1.5480
06
1.7390
15
1.3797
43
1.2573
93
0.8965
12
1.3261
81
1.5279
38
1.8573
75
1.5313
08
1.2566
65
1.2741
6
0.8386
47
0.6142
23

3.6269
38
2.2941
73
3.4391
23
3.7662
83
3.0216
84
2.5399
48
1.9017
55
2.9107
82
3.3784
28
3.9542
74
3.4366
42
2.8223
62
2.6414
08
1.8311
72
1.3990
49

8/1
8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5

25.512
5
15.354
17
23.95

8/1

8/2

8/3

25.016
67
19.766
67
16.070
83
11.913
04
21.716
67
23.983
33
25.941
67
25.558
33
21.145
83
15.212
5
12.783
33
10.945
83

8/4

8/5

8/6

8/7

8/8

8/9

1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5

10pct

60%

41%

5%

60%

41%

5%

0.0788
36
0.0779
86
0.0743
73
0.0780
3
0.0775
8
0.0870
35
0.0861
08
0.0738
84
0.0762
82
0.0813
86
0.0742
98
0.0725
24
0.0875
02
0.0744
47
0.0709
82

0.1240
48
0.1247
08
0.1199
75
0.1244
17
0.1245
24
0.1334
42
0.1354
77
0.1185
63
0.1220
8
0.1281
32
0.1197
71
0.1172
16
0.1360
18
0.1195
3
0.1153
72

0.2423
97
0.2493
28
0.2402
63
0.2457
43
0.2474
84
0.2544
38
0.2648
69
0.2361
9
0.2445
4
0.2512
36
0.2418
93
0.2363
18
0.2623
3
0.2368
25
0.2344
86

0.0425
99
0.0416
48
0.0390
02
0.0428
23
0.0424
72
0.0516
9
0.0475
86
0.0372
95
0.0392
14
0.0452
47
0.0364
16
0.0358
36
0.0537
69
0.0398
51
0.0335
09

0.0672
59
0.0677
03
0.0646
35
0.0695
14
0.0698
01
0.0782
41
0.0752
55
0.0610
67
0.0637
08
0.0715
98
0.0599
14
0.0594
28
0.0837
57
0.0656
05
0.0561
15

0.1421
63
0.1494
17
0.1435
96
0.1505
51
0.1528
68
0.1580
47
0.1596
36
0.1340
34
0.1408
66
0.1524
29
0.1344
63
0.1334
71
0.1736
34
0.1432
47
0.1278
16

93

8/
16
8/
17
8/
18
8/
19
8/
20
8/
21
8/
22
8/
23
8/
24
8/
25
8/
26
8/
27
8/
28
8/
29
8/
30
8/
31

0.6464
38
1.1479
71
1.5795
3
1.6526
82
1.1250
69
1.5335
4
0.2832
72
1.6476
37
1.3955
93
1.8056
5
1.9251
62
1.1258
01
1.3154
9
1.7591
48
1.3463
69
1.6846
66

1.0417
1.8529
48
2.5483
23
2.6653
6
1.8365
56
2.4581
76
0.4503
26
2.5451
5
2.1709
02
2.8183
21
3.0329
86
1.8014
45
2.0602
78
2.6602
29
2.0822
3
2.6562
47

2.0906
04
3.6826
29
5.0784
76
5.3097
91
3.7177
92
4.8903
08
0.8922
17
4.8782
28
4.2153
77
5.4911
4
5.9661
95
3.6028
12
4.0032
07
4.9934
75
4.0044
51
5.2117
38

0.3456
76
0.5882
12
0.8542
17
0.9102
92
0.5065
05
0.7989
01
0.1517
68
0.9686
74
0.7969
93
1.0122
32
1.0787
23
0.5593
81
0.7712
74
1.1238
52
0.7958
82
0.9455
84

0.5713
51
0.9777
82
1.4182
76
1.5088
84
0.8597
37
1.3066
87
0.2445
73
1.4865
61
1.2344
94
1.5757
49
1.7094
49
0.9068
18
1.2148
67
1.6770
98
1.2252
33
1.5018
63

1.2733
32
2.1451
44
3.1244
06
3.3099
23
1.9566
48
2.8625
38
0.5341
35
3.0367
9
2.5808
65
3.3136
55
3.6642
64
1.9930
52
2.5562
89
3.3259
12
2.5271
03
3.2047
09

8/1
6
8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

8.4375
15.933
33
21.062
5
21.512
5
16.720
83
20.316
67
1.9083
33
19.869
57
16.491
67
21.858
33
22.483
33
13.762
5
15.683
33
18.687
5
15.825
20.9

1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1

8/1
6
8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

0.0766
15
0.0720
48
0.0749
93
0.0768
24
0.0672
85
0.0754
82
0.1484
39
0.0829
23
0.0846
24
0.0826
07
0.0856
26
0.0818
02
0.0838
78
0.0941
35
0.0850
79
0.0806
06

0.1234
61
0.1162
94
0.1209
89
0.1238
98
0.1098
36
0.1209
93
0.2359
79
0.1280
93
0.1316
36
0.1289
36
0.1348
99
0.1308
95
0.1313
67
0.14
0.13
0.13

0.2477
75
0.2311
27
0.2411
15
0.2468
24
0.2223
45
0.2407
04
0.4675
37
0.2455
13
0.2556
06
0.2512
15
0.2653
61
0.2617
85
0.2552
52
0.2672
09
0.2530
46
0.2493
65

0.0409
69
0.0369
17
0.0405
56
0.0423
15
0.0302
92
0.0393
22
0.0795
29
0.0487
52
0.0483
27
0.0463
09
0.0479
79
0.0406
45
0.0491
78
0.0601
39
0.0502
93
0.0452
43

0.0677
16
0.0613
67
0.0673
37
0.0701
4
0.0514
17
0.0643
16
0.1281
61
0.0748
16
0.0748
56
0.0720
89
0.0760
32
0.0658
91
0.0774
62
0.0897
44
0.0774
24
0.0718
59

0.1509
13
0.1346
32
0.1483
4
0.1538
6
0.1170
19
0.1408
96
0.2798
96
0.1528
36
0.1564
95
0.1515
97
0.1629
77
0.1448
18
0.1629
94
0.1779
75
0.1596
91
0.1533
35

Appendix Table 17 London Ozone Ventilation Rates vs Filtration

94

indoor

Outdoor

30pct

8/
1
8/
2
8/
3
8/
4
8/
5
8/
6
8/
7
8/
8
8/
9
8/
10
8/
11
8/
12
8/
13
8/
14
8/
15

I/O Ratio

10pct

30pct

60%

41%

5%

60%

41%

5%

3.0140
72
2.0319
56
3.1980
81
2.8142
08
2.2869
64
2.0154
13
2.4541
28
3.0323
06
3.6469
37
3.6761
99
2.4670
04
2.2539
77
2.1671
26
1.4468
89
1.6506
01

4.7253
66
3.2465
12
5.0646
17
4.4574
03
3.5715
33
3.2023
34
3.8710
94
4.8188
91
5.7919
3
5.8259
08
3.9301
26
3.5264
76
3.4244
71
2.2853
02
2.5960
15

9.0866

1.8056
07
1.1206
66
1.7885
83
1.6133
49
1.3372
8
1.0704
47
1.4938
76
1.8113
92
2.1379
53
2.0624
96
1.4209
99
1.4270
11
1.2951
83
0.8770
68
1.0144
83

2.8603
81
1.8283
31
2.8705
16
2.5903
54
2.0955
77
1.7214
31
2.3924
35
2.9416
91
3.4638
78
3.3115
42
2.3106
24
2.2615
08
2.0826
38
1.4076
53
1.6203

5.9300
42
3.9629
54
6.0940
92
5.5217
31
4.3568
88
3.7102
72
5.0062
31
6.2385
42
7.3741

8/1

7.0832
08
4.9449
45
4.6709
82
4.3810
07
2.9686
8
3.3586
24

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5

6.4065
9
9.8939
54
8.7318
88
6.8961
1
6.3180
16
7.4880
75
9.3715
26
11.293
08
11.432
68
7.7004
21
6.7502
59
6.6273
67
4.4361
47
4.9829
03

8/2
8/3
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
8/9

37.904
35
27.495
65
43.186
36
36.986
36
29.718
18
27.2

8/1

8/2

8/3

8/4

8/5

8/6

30.386
96
38.891
3
47.078
26
49.290
91
33.413
64
28.236
36
28.745
45
16.852
94
20.713
64

8/7

8/8

8/9

1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5

8/1
0
8/1
1
8/1
2
8/1
3
8/1
4
8/1
5

10pct

60%

41%

5%

60%

41%

5%

0.0795
18
0.0739
01
0.0740
53
0.0760
88
0.0769
55
0.0740
96
0.0807
63
0.0779
69
0.0774
65
0.0745
82
0.0738
32
0.0798
25
0.0753
9
0.0858
54
0.0796
87

0.1246
66
0.1180
74
0.1172
74
0.1205
15
0.1201
8
0.1177
33
0.1273
93
0.1239
07
0.1230
28
0.1181
94
0.1176
2
0.1248
91
0.1191
31
0.1356
03
0.1253
29

0.2397
24
0.2330
04
0.2290
99
0.2360
84
0.2320
5
0.2322
8
0.2464
24
0.2409
67
0.2398
79
0.2319
43
0.2304
57
0.2390
63
0.2305
54
0.2632
27
0.2405
61

0.0476
36
0.0407
58
0.0414
15
0.0436
2
0.0449
99
0.0393
55
0.0491
62
0.0465
76
0.0454
13
0.0418
43
0.0425
28
0.0505
38
0.0450
57
0.0520
42
0.0489
77

0.0754
63
0.0664
95
0.0664
68
0.0700
35
0.0705
15
0.0632
88
0.0787
32
0.0756
39
0.0735
77
0.0671
84
0.0691
52
0.0800
92
0.0724
51
0.0835
26
0.0782
24

0.1564
48
0.1441
3
0.1411
11
0.1492
91
0.1466
07
0.1364
07
0.1647
49
0.1604
1
0.1566
35
0.1437
02
0.1479
92
0.1654
24
0.1524
07
0.1761
52
0.1621
46

95

8/
16
8/
17
8/
18
8/
19
8/
20
8/
21
8/
22
8/
23
8/
24
8/
25
8/
26
8/
27
8/
28
8/
29
8/
30
8/
31

2.6123
55
3.7664
74
3.0304
62
2.6049
48
2.4544
24
2.3077
11
2.1359
65
2.7588
38
3.1895
57
2.2845
24
2.0651
94
2.7511
3.1283
03
3.1869
49
4.1380
3
3.4698
64

4.1165
94
5.8940
67
4.7201
1
4.1563
8
3.8776
28
3.6042
31
3.3890
24
4.3255
31
5.0396
18
3.5483
09
3.2520
35
4.3866
48
4.9500
95
5.0212
56
6.5304
13
5.4634
53

7.9268
67
11.294
4
9.0548
99
8.2202
3
7.5786
21
6.9337
44
6.6382
64
8.3441
66
9.7916
51
6.7611
28
6.2920
36
8.6104
65
9.6755
54
9.7754
65
12.697
83
10.613
51

1.5946
91
2.3443
16
1.8394
93
1.4055
89
1.3567
61
1.3866
24
1.2088
59
1.6553
64
1.8858
27
1.4572
76
1.2216
92
1.5316
24
1.7955
1.8549
95
2.3938
53
2.0253
83

2.5535
95
3.7102
16
2.8815
74
2.2802
69
2.1634
48
2.1789
23
1.9481
98
2.6192
3
3.0234
09
2.2812
87
1.9491
99
2.4908
88
2.8776
08
2.9544
13
3.8256
35
3.2229
11

5.3178
64
7.6549
8
5.9536
4.9343
88
4.5824
55
4.5088
55
4.1619
54
5.4460
12
6.3677
51
4.6753
29
4.0888
97
5.3396
19
6.1023
79
6.2426
18
8.0708
25
6.7833
92

8/1
6
8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

32.647
83
46.759
09
38.290
91
35.240
91
32.386
96
29.295
45
29.172
73
34.160
87
41
27.622
73
27.318
18
37.168
18
39.695
45
43.109
52
55.027
27
45.159
09

1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1

8/1
6
8/1
7
8/1
8
8/1
9
8/2
0
8/2
1
8/2
2
8/2
3
8/2
4
8/2
5
8/2
6
8/2
7
8/2
8
8/2
9
8/3
0
8/3
1

0.0800
16
0.0805
51
0.0791
43
0.0739
18
0.0757
84
0.0787
74
0.0732
18
0.0807
6
0.0777
94
0.0827
05
0.0755
98
0.0740
18
0.0788
08
0.0739
27
0.0752
0.0768
36

0.1260
91
0.1260
52
0.1232
7
0.1179
42
0.1197
28
0.1230
3
0.1161
71
0.1266
22
0.1229
18
0.1284
56
0.1190
43
0.1180
22
0.1247
02
0.1164
77
0.1186
76
0.1209
82

0.2427
99
0.2415
44
0.2364
76
0.2332
58
0.2340
02
0.2366
83
0.2275
5
0.2442
61
0.2388
21
0.2447
67
0.2303
24
0.2316
62
0.2437
45
0.2267
59
0.2307
55
0.2350
25

0.0488
45
0.0501
36
0.0480
4
0.0398
85
0.0418
92
0.0473
32
0.0414
38
0.0484
58
0.0459
96
0.0527
56
0.0447
21
0.0412
08
0.0452
32
0.0430
3
0.0435
03
0.0448
5

0.0782
16
0.0793
47
0.0752
55
0.0647
05
0.0668
0.0743
78
0.0667
81
0.0766
73
0.0737
42
0.0825
87
0.0713
52
0.0670
17
0.0724
92
0.0685
33
0.0695
23
0.0713
68

0.1628
86
0.1637
11
0.1554
83
0.1400
19
0.1414
91
0.1539
1
0.1426
66
0.1594
23
0.1553
11
0.1692
57
0.1496
77
0.1436
61
0.1537
3
0.1448
08
0.1466
7
0.1502
11

Appendix Table 18 Los Angeles Ozone Ventilation Rates vs Filtration

96