Professional Documents
Culture Documents
j J j f i ^ F o r
'
i''
Classes VI -
-$
V l l l ^ ^ f l j j j J H
'H
/
A SANSKRIT MANUAL
FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
PART I
BY
AHMEDABAD
NEW
AL
DELHI
L I E DMUMBAI
BANGALORE
P U B LKOLKATA
I S HHYDERABAD
ERS
CHENNAI
LIMITED
LUCKNOW
NAGPUR
Reprinted 2002
Allied Publishers Limited
CONTENTS
LESSON
PAGE
1.
...
2.
3.
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
...
...
13
5.
...
...
18
...
...
...
22
...
...
27
...
33
...
38
6.
7.
8.
...
9.
ACTIVE AND
11.
...
43
FAFAFE)
...
...
48
...
...
53
...
...
58
FEMININB NOUNS IN 3;
POTENTIAL MOOD (
12.
...
NEUTER NOUNS IN
3 AND
14.
...
E ^
...
...
63
...
...
...
70
15.
AND
LESSON
PAGE
16.
...
...
...
75
17.
PASSIVB IMPERSONAL (
...
...
...
80
18.
...
...
84
19.
...
...
89
20.
...
...
93
21.
...
98
22.
(cont.)
...
101
23.
...
...
105
24.
)
...
...
109
25.
INFINITIVE IN
...
...
115
...
119
...
124
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
...
...
136
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
...
...
...
151
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
...
...
...
164
SPFLN:)
...
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
...
( GG* )
THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSB
26.
cont.)
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
...
...
...
...
...
PREFACE
The purpose of this Manual is not to give an exhaustive treatment
of Sanskrit grammar. It is meant as a practical method of teaching and
learning Sanskrit through the medium of English. Its composition is based
on the two following principles :
1. The effort of memory which the study of languages demands
becomes a mere drudgery when its rational usefulness is not clearly
shown and immediately given practical scope. An instrument, however
beautiful remains cumbersome as long as it cannot be utilized.
2. The drudgery of memory work is amply repaid by the capacity
which the student acquires of expressing himself in the language which
he learns. That is why greater stress has been laid on translation from
English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English.
This First Part covers the matter of the first three years (Standards
IV to VI or Classes VI to VIII). The beginnings should be extremely
slow. The vocabulary should be learnt by small doses (five to eight)
words a day) and frequent repetitions should be given.
The first ten lessons could conveniently form the syllabus of the first
year. Their treatment i$ very analytical.
Lessons n to 26 are more compact and will require more time to be
assimilated. They should be distributed over the second and third year.
In this seventh edition, besides correcting the few printing mistakes
which had escaped our scrutiny, we have incorporated the valuable
suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers.
R.A., S.J.
LESSON 1
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET
1. The VowelsThere are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit alphabet.
They are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs.
Every simple vowel, except the last, last shows a short and a
long form.
J short:
a 5 i 3 u % r 3 1
Simple vowels 1 ,
*
J.
[ long : en a f I
u H r
Diphthongs: tr e
ai 8?t o sft au
2. The ConsonantsThe Sanskrit consonants are classified according
to the organs of pronounciation. There are five categories : those
pronounced from the throat are called gutturals; those pronounced
from the palate are called palatals; those pronounced from the
roof of the mouth are called cerebrals; those pronounced from the
teeth are called dentals; those pronounced from the lips are called '
labialsThe Sanskrit names for those five categories are :
qsN'*
Each category contains seven consonants : 5 mutes, 1 semi-vowel
and 1 sibilant. The five mutes of each category are divided as follows :
2 hard mutes, one non-aspirate, the other aspirate ; 3 soft mutes, one
non aspirate, the second aspirate and the third nasai. The semi-vowels
are soft, the sibilants are hard.
MUTES
^
ju
N
Hard
Hard
Soft
Soft
non-asp. aspirate non-asp. aspirate
GUTTURALS
PALATALS
ka
Soft
nasal
Semivowels
Sibilants
:
m kha
11 g a
q gha
na
(5 ha)
^R c a
$ cha
5T j a
jha
SF n a
ya
CEREBRALS
Z ta
Z tha
% da
3 dha
OR i j a
* ra
Q a
DENTALS
S? t h a
da
SR d h a
q na
$5 l a
LABIALS
<T p a
ba
bha
ta
pha
ma
? va
5T s a
sa
:
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
is written as $
is written as v
is written as*
is written as*t
is written as^
:
r
:
: ^+
: g-f
T H E SANSKRIT ALPHABET
4.
;
1
The consonant T^has a special treatment in combination :
when it follows a consonant, it is written as
When it precedes a consonant or the vowel ^ it is written as
5.
EXERCISE 1
I.
II.
m.
IV.
q+an ;
<tMH;
"5+1$
5T+3;
;
;
*[ + >;
SANSKRIT MANUAL
VI.
LESSON 2
THE FIRST CONJUGATION (
6.
(1) The Sanskrit verb cojugated in a finite tense has three persons
and three numbers. The three numbers are : singular, dual and
plural
fg^R,
(2) The verbal root (sng) is the original form of the verb.
The verbal tese (arf) is the form assumed by the root before the
terminations are added.
(3)' The formation of the verbal base depends partly on the
strengthening of the radical vowel (i.e. the vowel of the root). Simple
vowels are subject to a twofold strengthening: the first degree of
strengthening is called gum : the second degree pf strengthening is
called vrddhi. The following scheme of simple vowels with their
twofold strengthening should be committed to memory :
Simple vowels
short and long
~
*
311
% *
GUNA
31
XT
Bft
VRDDHI
e*T
It
eft
B
8|3
an^
ons
T H E FIRST. CONJUGATION
9.
1st pers.
-ftr
2nd pers.
-"ft?
3rd pers.
-fa
D.
>
P.
-q:
-cP
-Offer
Applications
medial
(2)
The letter
m^ + 3? =
31 is added:
I
1
;
^Tm- ^ f -
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
D.
^ f a
I fall
2nd pers.
^ftr
Thou fallest
3rd pers.
P.
We two fall
We fall
You fall
^fa
^ f o
He falls
They two fall
They fall
In roots like sffa (to live) and
(to blame), the medial
vowel does not take gur>a because it is long.Hence : sffafa, fa^fa I
Roots having a final vowel, short or long: ftr (to conquer),
(to become), ^ (to move).
Formation of the base
(1) Guiia of the final vowelfa ;
;
(2) The letter e? is addedsr + 8?;
In Sanskrit, two vowels following each other must be combined according to definite rules. Those rules are called the rules
of vowel-sandhi.
In the case of
and of *ft+3|, the following rules applies :
When IT and 9FT are followed, in the same word, by any vowel. they
are changed respectively to 0TT and e^
Hence:
;
3?=*rsr
Before terminations beginning with
or srsrcn-,
SKIBefore terminations beginning with sjSRT-,
Adding the termination
S.
D.
P.
S.
WW*
^fi?
D.
P.
1st pers.
^TTftT
2nd pers.
SRrfa
WPP
WW
^ f a
Wl
3rd pers.
^fcT
SRffi:
^rf^T
mfo
^f^f
EXERCISE 2
I.
Vocabulary
Wi (
) to draw
(ifitefcO to play
^
(
) to dig
( W f c ) to eat
^
(
) to move
( ^afh ) to move
fa ( wqfo ) to conquer
s f a ( s f a f a ) to live
(
) to abandon
^
i
) to burn
TO
% " ( ^qrfrT ) to run, to melt
WT* ( >
to run
^
(
) to salute
5ft ( iPTlcl ) to lead
( Tqfa ) to cook
q ^ ( q^fa ) to fall
(
) to know
^ (
) to be, to become
(
) to walk
^ ( ^ f a ) to worship
d
C W f a ) to protect
^
( ( t f f a ) to grow
^
(
) to speak
^
I ^rfcT) to sow
( qafct) to dwel
( qsfa ) to carry, to flow
(
) to go
^
^RTfcT) to praise
Q ( )
to go
( w f a ) to remembre
eraftr i
wfan
tfhnip i
SRSEP
wiftri
STCTq: I TOTftr I
I qiws I
i q^fe i
sfaferi
I
m^Rj: I
q^fcf I
wfai
I
qw I
14
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
LESSON 3
MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN sr
NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE
10. (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence
is indicated by special terminations called case-endings. For
instance, the noun gsr (son) becomes gsp when it is subject; it becomes
gsf^ when it is direct object. What we express by means of prepositions
such as 'with', by\ *to\ for*, 'from', 'of', 'in', etc., is also rendered
into Sanskrit by case-endings. There are eight cases in Sanskrit:
nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative
and vocative.
(2) As in the verb, so also in the noun, Sanskrit has three
numbers: singular, dual and plural. Sanskrit has three genders:
masculine, feminine and neuter.
(3) The various forms taken by a noun in all its cases and numbers
are called the Declension of that noun.
(4) There are two types of nouns ending in sr Some are
masculine and some are neuter. Both 9 masculine and neuter nouns
in 3? are declined in the same way except in the nominative, accusative
and vocative.
MASCULINE A N D NEUTER N O U N S IN
11. Declension of
D.
Nominative
f?:
egft
Accusative
^qf^
^ft
Instrumental
^pfa
^TT^TT^
^TPT
^TTWI^
Dative
P.
^TT^
f^T
^
Vocative
^T
D.
W I
^THl^
^qzft:
f^g
^ITOnH
wfr
jMMIH
^Rft:
q^g
qft
14.
^ifXfif
q^af:
P.
<M 1*41*1
WT^
Locative
12.
S.
Tllf9
Ablative
Genitive
10
SANSKRIT MANUAL
iFc^fa I
(2) Final:
(visarga)
and ^
becomes 3T before
T:
smfcf I
Wffo i
is
11
Vocabulary
Masculine nouns
arcj: horse
Neuter nouns
Prepositions governing
the accusative
a?*m food
arrerc: conduct
fuel
qfer: around
qrita; pigeon
gold
hand
crow
UTO: village
person
servant
^ffl: country
W man
^q: king
<
qsifl: mountain
5TTc5: boy
^q: cloud
tree
2
(fetich lotus
^aq/water
on both sides
fa^fie
grass
misery
qsra leaf
on
)
r near
J
Jwu
f^T
|
I
9
qrsn^ vessel
fruit
body
5TTWI sacred precept
sfca* character
happiness
WRJ^ place
wlthout
above
after
> according
to, along
near
t0>
towards
between
gq near, below
12
II.
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
(^)
wsfa \
sqfo i ( \ )
\
( v ) a w qqa^ srfa snqfcr i ( ^ ) ^q: a r r e r ^ sfafo i ( %) ^RT:
sftqfof I ( v )
I ( *)
fSfl:
I ( M
ftro ^rert
i ( )
f ^ n sitf* sffafa i ( <n ) sfte^
i
( ^ )
JS^H
I ( *) W
I (
) ^fr^:
^
snrfcr i ( ^ ) TOTH qfar: ^ f r ^ f t f t f f a r i ( e r a ^
i
(aw^irn^rr?^ i
) qr# s ^ T w t a s q s r a i c z r s f a i ( n ) ^TT:
^RfeT I (
) f ^ STTeS^ | m ) 3 ? ^ BRJ^T
I ( ^ )
(M)
^PTCT:
I^T^
( ^ v ) aiggq^^ws
^rfcT I ( ^ ) a?g
^
^
WcP I (
WTO* a?f*T<T: ^ f :
!
^
SWTT
( ^U ) 3?fcT ^ f ^ L S^LI
( ^ )
^q: I
III.
IV.
^fa I
^rfh I
^KftT I J I T ^ erftRj: Wf:
JIT*?^
T H E FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f ^ f i * )
13
(I) Trees grow near the well. (2) The pigeon becomes a crow.
(3) The king conquers the country. (4) Two horses eat grass.
(5) The servant draws the boys. (6) Persons carry the vessels. (7) We
live without happiness. (8) Trees carry leaves. (9) On both sides
of the well boys burn the fuel. (10) Clouds move towards the
mountain. (11) The hand protects the body. (12) Water falls on
all sides of the village. (13) Sacred precepts lead men to happiness.
(14) Fie on the crows. (15) Between the two trees the water flows.
(16) Persons salute the king. (17) I praise the lotus. (18) According
to (his) character, the king protects the people (persons). (19) You two
leave the place. (20) Character (is) superior to (=above) gold.
(21) The servant (is) inferior to (=below) the king.
LESSON 4
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (
14
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
jyanftr
2nd Pers.
g^faf
3rd Pers.
D.
g^nq:
P.
g^w
g^T^j
giSTcj:
g^fo
17.
f^fi*
15
cerebrals
^ or ^r,
18.
q or
palatals
dentals
or
Both in the first and in the fourth conjugations there are verbal
roots which form their base irregularly.
Irregular verbs
First Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
TO* ( *Txg&fct ) to go
(
) to restrain
( ^
) to hlde
^
) to sit
f^q (
^
(
9T { f a s f a )
<TT ( fqqfcT )
m ( m x )
^ r ( ^rfe )
^r ( w f o )
^
( q^rfcf)
( JTTSjfa ) to rejoice
( f ^ f o ) t0 pierce
^
( ^
}
tofall
.
* * ( w w f e ) to forgive
Wl ( STORfe ) to roam, to err
to smell
to drink
to stand
to bite
to blow
to see
**
) to play
)
tQ c e a s e
~ x . .
( W ^ )
to be weary
The normal
22
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
3TTH ^ f e f I
WT
EXERCISE
II.
are
to throw
to be
pleased
to
RT (iWftO
Perish
^ O n f t ) ^ dance
Vocabulary
? 7
ftp*
to play
^ (STT^fcT) to be quiet
^
to forgive
to be
^
tQ b e J " } *
"t
u U ^ f a ) t 0 g
^
to restrain
^ ( ^ r ^ f ^ t o give
(jgftr) to hide
to sit
5,1
l (s^fa) to bite
f ^ ( f a ^ f c f ) to blame
(sRfcl) to blow
to take away
well
elephant
moon
STRfT^: palace
lake
flower
s f t q ^ life
wealth
t 0 sme11
W (fasfa) to stand
( q ^ f a ) to see
SRH
forest
head
not
and
^T
qfa:
srrcrtwfacfr
d^cf I U)
\
( 0 TO ^TOfcF
5R5 * ftafo i
( *)
WSR
=?n
( ^ ) ^ f t 5TSR STTRfa I
f^ufin
(
( n )
WfaP
) f?
(
ftw
( n ) ^fe I
(^ )
3T3T ^ f o f I (
qtfwfaarftn (
S ^ f t I^Tferof^T I ( 1 0
17
I (
tffcfa
*T53Tfir
) HW. I (l^)
)
I
^fatf i f ^ f a I
1 ( V*) W WSiTWfcl *
WTfcT I ( )
sfa ^ T I
WtcP fgtf
III.
IV.
W;
and
(1) I throw fuel. (2) Two men are dancing near the well.
(3) People run to the palace. (4) The elephant eats leaves, drinks
water and is pleased. (5) Pigeons do not bite. (6) Two servants
hide the fruits and the food.
(7) I play and I am glad.
(8) We
do not praise wealth. (9) You two smell the flower. (10) They
stand on all sides of the village. (11) Men dig the place and
carry the gold away. (12) You are weary and you sit. (13) The
horses are not quiet. (14) The king is not pleased. (15) The crow
pierces the fruit. (16) The boys faint. (17) The man blames
the two servants. (18) Life without happiness becomes misery.
(19) We see the moon. (20) Elephants live on both sides of the
lake.
LESSON 5
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE
THE SIXTH CONJUGATION
21. The Instrumental Case is used :
(1) to indicate the agent of a passive verb.
(2) to indicate the instrument which is used to do the action.
The boy hides (his) face with (his) hands?Tat gtf
I
(3) to indicate the person or thing accompanying the action.
I go with the servant- ^ f a q ^ l f t r i
In this sense, the instrumental may be followed by the preposition
(with)il^pftr I
(4) to indicate the cause or reason, i.e. to translate expressions
such a s : 'owing to*, 'on account of', 'out of', 'because of', etc.
On account of misery I leave the v i l l a g e 3 J T * T c w f a I
(5) to translate expressions like 'by name*, 'by nature', by
family', 'by birth', etc. Rama is a hero by nature^niR tfift
(6) with the prepositions
(7) with the particles
misery
! 1
INSTRUMENTAL A N D DATIVE
19
g^Tft?
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
g^ffc
D.
g^sp
g^cf:
P.
20
SANSKRIT MANUAL
to find
to sprinkle
to wish
to ask
except e? or a?T, a
ftHsp
INSTRUMENTAL A N D DATIVE
21
EXERCISE 5
I. Vocabulary
S* ($qfeO to plough
f^TT (f&qfa) to throw
(S^fa) to strike
f ^ r j f i ^ r f a ) to show
to write
ftj^(f^rfcf) to enter
to create
^ T OESSffa) to touch
(iFcTfa) to cut
Prepositions
without.
(gsfa) to release
to break
fo5q(fo5*qfcl) to anoint
(fa^fo)to
find
(fa^fe) to sprinkle
^ ( t o wish
to ask
^hfjj
(SsfcO to laugh
spuT^
I
to call
governing
the
instrumental :
ei
wind
burden
hero
jackal
swan
house
bank
ornament
jewel
with ;
fsRT
^Rrftn
(v) sre:
fePOTI
vmfft
iRfTfir 1
I h 0 ^
(1*0 g t o iTsn^
f^rfan
vi
^Tftri
ftwr ft ft Hrcrfcr 1
qtft
^TTfJT
swfaei:
^
^
(n)
m
S^H
fa^fcn
^
(<**) ^
f^
fa^i
^TST isf f ^ f o r 1
c^fo 1
I
sn^sfr
srrenr^
1
8?T^fR:
I (VO STCT g ^ f a TO *
I
^ t o 1 U ) sffcrar w
tt
i (M srck4
f g m f e fasm: 1
mw
1 (O
TO
(iH)
(M)
I
i
^U)
^
sjJtai
f<Tftr >
22
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
LESSON 6
MASCULINE NOUNS IN * AND 3
ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE
28. Masculine nouns in f and 3
(1) There is a great similariry between the declension of masculine
nouns in 5 and that of masculine nouns in
When the masculine
nouns in 5 have f , and IT, the masculine nouns in 3 have
35, ^
and sit respectively.
MASCULINE N O U N S I N
(2)
5 AND 5
23
Nom.
gfa:
grff
g^f:
Acc.
gft^
gtf*
g ^
instr.
gfon
gftvqm
gftfa:
gfir^TT^
gfiw
Dat.
AW.
g^:
gf^n^
gftwr:
Gen.
g^:
Jpft:
gifclTH
Loc.
gift
Voc.
g^
gcff
fag:
fa^
fasrc:
fagfl[
fa^X,
faSH.
fagwrc*
fagfa:
fag*T
fag^TT^
fasft:
fagwn^
fatff:
gftg
fasft
g^:
fasft
ftrgvq:
fagw
ftl^:
fasfc
fa3L
fagg
fa*FW:
f o r e s t I
(2) with verbs meaning 'to desist from*, 'to protect', to fear*
God protects men from m i s e r y ^ ^ L ^ f a l
(3) to express the cause, the motive (cf. Instrumental, No. 21)
Out of anger he strikes the boys^tel^
g^ftf \
(4) with the following prepositions :
(before, to the east
(before), aw^RH, (after), 3fT (until, since), snjfa (since),
(outside),
(except), f^RT (without).
30. (1) The Genitive Case has no relation with the action of
verb. It indicates a relation between nouns, usually rendered
English by the preposition 'of'.
of),
5rf|:
the
into
24
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
gfasrr
? or I + 5 or f = f i
wftf f SR^ = W ^ t ^ H I
3 or
" f e l 331=3
+ 3 or 35=951
% or ^ +
or
I
I
SSfT^
gfsRT
3? or en + 3
famvp
I
=gftirfq: I
==fWfcl
3| or bit + eft
=sft i
sir* afte^
3? or 3?T +
=ofV I
q^rasrNn*
MASCULINE N O U N S IN 5 AND 3
or
25
and the ^
or ^
or S* # I
T* and sft followed by any vowel are changed respectively to G{[\and
8HqT. But 8TPT and
SETt
(4)
or ami I^PfflLi
Exceptions
Interjections like
f , fl^rf TJ,
26
SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE 6
I.
Vocabulary
fire
moon
affafa: guest
enemy
.
Pet
^
faft:
mountain
gftfi
sage
Cpf:
sun
*Tfa:
heap
II.
arrow
^
s n ^ before, to
teacher
<R>:
N5a
tree
axe
<
Wbe
^ ^
w
beast
drop
quarrel
fag:
baby
after
gqft
iRgrftn
g0 ^ :
Bid
below
U)
(*)
(^ )
TO:
fa*)
l i O srr$
^ft:
W&l
the
q^n
^rcn
T^fcT I
wm
()
srma^
snrwit a s
^W|4JMP<
I
tftanftri
5T*rfcT I ( <n )
srft * S^fcT I
(n)
W
g^: w r j
h * ) g^Rr afe ^ f a
TONT I ( n ) S^Trt ^
^RTfrT I
beyond
in the
after breaking up
qfffo I
TOcT: I {K)
in the presence of
Pre" ,
sence of
f ^ for the sake of
in front of
behind
f ^ T I ( V ) 8?faftitf
(Ofewnwrn
without
above
without
^
L__
until> u p t o
arm
ftw:
outside
except,
f o r e
friend
ocean
since
theeast
^TJTT if m^fof I
trarfcreftn
s^fcr 1
arm*
qfTcl,^:
fa^
27
i snwt - p w ^ i
LESSON 7
THE TENTH CONJUGATION (
LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE
32.
28
SANSKRIT MANUAL
of the first
D.
1st pers.
^tWR:
2nd pers
^TW*
P.
S.
D.
^R^nftr
sftQW
^TR^fe
P.
WWW
^TR^W
^TR^sf
3rd pers.
to
desire ; ^
to c@ver.
34. The first, fourth, sixth and tenth Conjugations at one glance.
Guna of
short medial Guna of
Vrddhi of
vowel
final vowel final vowel
8?
before
termination
1st Conj.
4th Conj.
6th Conj.
10th Conj.
THE T E N T H CONJUGATION
f^Uf?)
29
14)
30
SANSKRIT MANUAL
up, forth :
to arise, to be produced,
fa-faq
out:
carry out.
fir-srcr
EXERCISE 7
Vocabulary
(Wlfa) to tell
q fena^fa) to wash
(naRfa) to count
q ^ (qT^fe)
. , j. . x
cjfe ( q W f c )
to proclaim
3Tf*H7* ( e f f g ^ f c l )
<*
to eat
(W^)
to adorn
(qtorfa) to steal
^ fawfo) to arrange
(OTWftr) to cover
S T ^ (SPo^fa)
fowfe)
to punish
% (W^fo) to owe
to console
to long for
(+dative)
to
obtain
to
f I J w
to adore
)
to think
f/% prncc
to protect
to oppress
ftRLl
to
depart
arft-OT (erfasmfc)
to attack
to burn down
^
(8n8wft[) tQ b r f n g
( g ^ f a ) to arise
OT-f^^^lfe)
to sit
T H E T E N T H CONJUGATION f ^ U f ? )
31
q ^ f r sffafen
00
^ST
^ R W j f a I W) Wt^TT^ T^F^TW: I (M
^ snaircftn (*> w srftf
gfr w m m
Cm
ft^fin
hO
srare
i (M) ^
f ^ R yr^^riftr i
^TR
^t
(iv)
^r
w ^f^T^T^rf^r i
*) arft&r ^^urt q ^ r r g ^ i
qflwr^^fan
(\)
gMsfa I (O
( O g^rc
( v O qrt*
III.
On)
< (v*) ^ ^ r f ^T^l
(n)
ygftizi
0 ^ ) arfip^re
i
i <ftearfcr i
32
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
(10) The swans cross the lake from bank to bank. (11) Servants,
you do not throw leaves'on the fire. (12) Boys follow the teacher.
(13) They sit with (their) relatives in the house. (14) You two sit on
the heap of grass. (15) The child covers (his) face with both hands.
(16) The servant washes the vessels with the water of the well.
(17) The enemies are throwing arrows at the heroes. (18) We owe
jewels to the two teachers. (19) The two boys of the teacher have
no friends.
RECAPITULATION
I.
Vocabulary
gsr:
jjq:
iSfc:
ftiR:
^iffi:
entrap
STFW
SRJT^.
God
son
virtue
world
modesty
father
sky
arrival
favour
BTRtwr* health
atfa:
poem
i*^
fate
^qftf:
strength
qfa^
meat
ssrfa:
fasr*
friend
fafa:
saying
qiftf:
g f c ^ * beauty
fafe:
555*
plough
(fafgrcfa)
(fMf?fa)
to put down
to carry out
to fly round
to return
to scatter
to shorten
fa-arej^fa)
IL
bee
monkey
king
seer
sound
treasure
hand
fate
ray
5ig:
mw
wind
death
lord,
master
enemy
cause
honest
man
Raghu
Give
the instrumental singular of jpp, ftpp^ ftfa: and ^vgi
the genitive dual of gun,
TTf^T2 and ^ s
the vocative singular of f^R:,
ftf^T*
and
FEMININE
III.
N O U N S IN Off AND
33
<|5p fasfcT i
I ^ tr^ I cfgfa
tTf l
Sffq* I
I f^g
8T^T
i gift 8?fq i
IV.
feT,
aq-g, fa-sreM
LESSON 8
FEMININE NOUNS IN ^t AND f
PRESENT TENSE MIDDLE VOICE (
38. Feminine nouns in sn and f are declined as follows :
(a river) :
S.
Nom.
D.
c5cTT
S.
55cfT:
Acc.
Instr.
P.
BflT^T^
)
(a creeper),
D.
P.
c5<TT:
ff^L
BSTfa:
5RIT
Dat.
Abl.
*5cMT:
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
V3VXTa^TCT^
^FTT^
e5cfT2
34
3?.
SANSKRIT MANUAL
-tr
HP?^
-fifr
3rd pcrs.
Examples
1st conjugation :
sing. :
4th conjugation :
sing.:
6th conjugation :
sing.:
10th conjugation :
sing. : H'^fil I
3rd pers.
3rd pers.
FEMININE
42.
NOUNS
IN
aft
2nd pers.
55
D.
P.
3rd pers.
43.
35
AND |
ftSp^"
(2) Final 11 of a word followed by any vowel except 3?, after changing
to e?3T way optionally drop ike q :
= 1 Wf^FjR^ or
second form is by far the more frequent.
(3) Final tr of a dual form followed by any vowel remains unchanged:
44.
to
please,
to
36
SANSKRIT MANUAL
45.
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
nfFT
the Ganges
plantaintree
g^T
seal, coin
^fftTT splendour
wife
shade
^F^TT twilight
VFTQT
speech
assembly
^slT line
garland
c5cTT creeper
srif&ET girl
II.
Translate
sandhis :
( i ) muh
(t m
{%)
the
qir(I
m^A
gfsjsft
efTtift
fe^t
nfirfi
ajfi|<ift
^Hftft
town
river
nurse
earth
voice
queen
lioness
mother
woman
wife
sister
housewife
night
^(^T^)
t
(ffa^)
IN^IFSPKO
^ ( w ^ )
ft-fa
qfT-fa
to see
to tremble
to dive
to be born
to fly
to think
to fight
to please
to consult
to search
to conquer
to defeat
t0 take leave
of(+accus.)
^rf^T f r ^ i (*)
wqh
sfan^: \
i (M wh
g^T
1 (*)
vfo^vzr^
ftrftri
ta^fa 1
FEMININE
(M ifaRT ^ara^r
I
(<W)
N O U N S IN 8fT AND |
mvaw
i (n)
^qrcfa
JT
IWT
qt^TCT
i (vO
I (<n)
qftqaa: I
W^ti
37
s q f o w w t ^iqf^rftr i (v*)
srai^f
g ^ ^ T f a efeqfa
fte&i
(<u)
^
f ^ r ?r ^Tfq
smqt g ^ a i
TO
i (vO aft^s
^ffcTT ^ ^ I
III.
(1) Through fate, the enemies attack the town and conquer.
(2) Even today I do not see the Ganges. (3) The voice of the
queen pleases the poets. (4) The speech of the child is the cause
of the mother's happiness. (5) We carry out the sacred precepts
of the Ris. (6) Just around the village men are bringing heaps
of grass. (7) Out of modesty the honest man worships God
(as his) Lord.
(8) The sound of the waters of the Ganges
pleases the sages. (9) I sit in the shade of the tree and think.
(10) Like a jewel, the moon adorns the sky. (11) Thus speaks
the king. (12) Here people have no wealth. (13) The woman
scatters the flowers of the garland on the earth.
(14) There
the creepers adorn the trees with (their) flowers. (15) We take
leave of (our) mother and go to the teacher's house. (16) Because of
the splendour of the sky and of the earth we praise God the Lord.
IV.
LESSON
10
srfireu
51-8? firar ;
STf^r-
sftwqa ;
wm-
T H E IMPERFECT TENSE (
39
(3) When the verb begins with a vowel, the augment 8? forms
vrddhi with the initial vowel:
QT-38TTO-
48.
Terminations
S.
D.
1st pers.
2nd pers.
-R
^
cTJJT
3rd pers.
49.
-s^
D.
-f
-^f?
-TT:
f*lTH
-ft
P.
-8RT
The Imperfect of f ^ f J P a r . y a n d of ^ ( A t m . ) :
S.
1st pers.
D.
P.
S.
D.
Sffa^
2nd pers.
Bffw:
3rd pers.
BlR^
50.
sa
P.
ajfwfi^
P.
STawiff?
3?cWT:
^ ^
^ ^ T ^
40
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
D.
Nom.
P.
'
Acc.
irf^H
Inst.
5Rc2TT
Dat.
(cow) :
Rft^j
D.
P.
^
^
^rftpaiTOL
^ T
ffawTIH
Abl.
JTtcTWT:
Gen
Loc.
S.
ar^
^ ^
Voc.
*r<=ft
mq:
^ft
51.
D.
Imperfect
P.
1st pers.
^ft?
f^:
2nd pers.
^ftfq
f^T
3rd pers.
f^cT
S.
WW^
D.
P.
^
QTf^T
Bffift^
STf^ftTH
41
EXERCISE 9
I.
Vocabulary
) to disagree
irfWWTO (
)
) to exist
t 0 resort to (+accus.)
ftnft ) to desist from
^ ( ^ ^ ) t0 ^ ^
OT-ra (
) to approach
,
~
M M i ) to be sad
to speak
-^T ( eifaftrafir) to live in
(
) to begin
l+accus.)
(
) to obtain
( / . ) mind
('/.) cow
idioms containing
STfa: ( / . ) power
( / . ) beak
the verb ?
*fftR: ( / . ) devotion flg: ( / . ) body
^ftq sftftr I place on my
gfHJ ( / . ) satisfac( / . ) rope
head
tion ^g: ( / . ) dust,
^ qBfrftr I take in my hand
(/ ) conduct
pollen
^<rr sffftr I wait one
( / ) Jest
(/ ) jaw
moment
}jft?:(/. ) earth
q&R^work
Jrfa $ftftr I turn my mind
tjfe: ( / . ) dust
tfc: jar
to (+loc.)
tfftp (/ ) night
en^Sr: order
qtftftr I set foot (+loc,)
l<lA
II.
up
the
42
SANSKRIT MANUAL
wfal
(0 W ^ T ^
* ^STOTT: I (<)
fofOTfifRft&rf
SStf
( l * ) HJ^
(n)
i^wt, ^ f ^
^
35ft ^
sRiff
tfrforafcraj
fw^
LESSON 10
MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN n
IMPERATIVE MOOD
( )
52. There are two types of masculine nouns in
agent-nouns
and nouns of relations. Their declension differs only in the
nominative and vocative dual and plural and in the accusative
singular and dual ; in which case the final % of agent-nouns
takes vrddhi ( S T T O while that of nouns of relations takes guija ( 8R ).
(i) Declension of
(leader) and of fqg (father) :
S.
Norn.
JfaT
Acc.
Instr.
D.
^fT
P.
S.
^cTOC:
Stwft
^cp^m
^gftr:
fiRTT
faero*
f^T
Dat.
D.
P.
faftft
M l
pT^T^
fagft:
Abl.
^WJIH
Gen,
Stft:
^TOL
fqg:
Loc.
^ft:
fqcfft
fq^T:
fqqg
iftnft
^T?;:
fq<R^
fqft^
fqft*:
Voc.
Sfe*
ftg:
ft^wn^L
(1)
(husband) and fH (grandson), although names of relations, are declined like
e.g. : accus., sing :
stHTm I
53. Feminine nouns in % are all nouns of relations. They are
declined like fqg except in the accusative plural which end
with 55:;
(sister), however, is decline like
except in the
accusative plural.
4
44
SANSKRIT MANUAL
IMT
P.
j
j SfTtf^ j ^Tc!^
P-
S.
(sister).
D.
I m^x|
p.
miv
mwi
mift
54.
general rules of
fan:
the first ^ is
MASCULINE A N D F E M I N I N E N O U N S I N
45
The formation of the base follows the rule given for the
present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations
(see No. 34).
The final 3| of the base
beginning with 8?.
is
dropped
before
terminations
Terminations
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
^T^t
1st pers.
-STTfa
-3TTO
2nd pers.
-cT
3rd pers.
56.
-fTT^
The Imperative of
S.
1st pers.
sfrsnfa
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
57.
sffag
(Par.) and of ^
D.
P.
aftelcr
gtHnq
^t^l^
St^RT
sft^T^
^ ^
P.
-f^TT^
^ ^
t ^
-SRIR
( Atm.)
S.
D.
P.
iftutI
IRTCT
JT^^
H^dl^
The ^ in onfir (1st pers. sing.) follow the rule given in No. 17 :
thus:
Bfffa=+snfa=^qrftri
46
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
EXERCISE 10
I.
Vocabulary
fcrai) m. donor
(sfelT) / .
lrf) m. doer
(^T) m. leader
afcp anger
daughter
/.mother
ifclfe (sffiT^T)/. sister-in
w. hearer
at*: greed
desire
m?? illusion
^
destruction
law
/ sister
qrFHq; sin
conqueror OT chariot
JfHOm) m. grandson
* .
ft* (flWl) . father
SffiJ ( W l ) m. brother
ro
cause
ue
S
garden
^
,( + d a
tfxjxp:)
again
^ W g (^TRTcn) son-inlaw
* * ( W r f o ) to arise,
to be produced
^
^
to proceed
t )
early
morning
and ^
^P^(^^rfd)
to break
^TStaT^ai
iff^
breaking up the
JPFFg \
U)
^ftend g f r ^ R ^ p g 1
I
00
after
^m^rr
(V3>) |
3155 f^unr^m
wnrrat
sfcft
Sift
faa^
TOf?
TO^I
(iv)
g w q ^ i
(*)
^rarcV
I
(I)
^ T
JT^rf f N f c I
m^im^nni
SmXgmtll
()
9Tci:
(1*0
TTT
47
MASCULINE A N D F E M I N I N E N O U N S IN ^
(10
f m mzi
Mtarc:, m n ^ f ^ r ^ *
^fcmrt i
(n)
SRT: ^ F T R ^ F U
(H)
fMfe^ I
cfr^T?
^TT^II
LESSON 10
FEMININE NOUNS IN
POTENTIAL MOOD (ftfirfav )
58. Feminine Nouns in 3; are declined on the same pattern as
(see No. 38) ; where ^ has
f and > feminine nouns in $
have
and q respectively. Besides, their nominative singular
takes visarga.
Declension of
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
q^T
Dat.
qssfr
qsq:
qNft
^WfTH
q^fti:
q^w m
^
iwqi
Abl.
ersn:
qgvzTO
Gen.
qsqi:
qsfr:
Loc.
q^TH
q^t:
Voc.
era
Ov
q^g
"W
used :
FEMININE N O U N S IN
49
The formation of the base follows the rules given for the
present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations.
Since all the terminations of the Potential begin with f , the
combination of the final 3? of the base with that f will give ^
(cf. No. 31 : QT+f=tT) :
Terminations
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
1st pers.
-fq^
-fff
-f^T
-f^fe
-t*rf?
2nd pers
-f:
-f^
-fcT
-fTO
I^TOT^
-f*^
3rd pers.
-ffi
" t ^
"fg*
-s^ldUJL
t^L
qiftn
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
61.
search) :
^ ^
IT^fe
I^T^rf?
'FftTO
vft^
^cTT^
^cT
^l^ldiH,
50
SANSKRIT MANUAL
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pcrs.
63.
Potential
D.
P.
S.
D.
stfraTfar
^
f^frf
^ ^
Egftg
P.
f^TR
farf:
flfcfflL
f^fa
fsfam
'
D.
OT
srftr
S.
eraift
qfa
Imperative
D.
^hft
Imperfect
P.
S.
D.
P.
WTWi
em*
0HW
TO
aircfc
s n ^
a? T^
P.
S.
BT^TR-
Potential
Do
P.
^ ^
^T*
^HT
WTJ
TOTciH
TOTcf
wra
TOTcJR
FEMININE N O U N S IN 35
51
EXERCISE 11
I. Vocabulary
bride
if
army
b u t ; elf (^T^fe)
n ^ T once upon a
to beat
i star
. . .
,
^
maul-servant
(+ dat)
^ M )
to be fit for
(+dat)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t0 know
a m w hermitage
eft*** medicine
field
fojT knowledge
II.
time
,
. .
( ^ K f ) to be angry
^ ^
g^T^book
^ ^ fear
^ ^
(^fcfgftr) to rise
( ^ f r ) to weigh
wr-ffcuanffcrfo) to order,
to command
( s ^ f c O to wake up
3 ( f e ^ ) to die ; arc
fafa)
to be
lruth
Decline fully :
(H)
ST^
^iurf
font
qTf^r i
vnqqr^ i
stw ^
(0
u ) firm smwt
^TTTx^H I
^ ^
> M
(<0 arffcfo ^ w f ^ l w f ^ ^ f c n
^f
i (i
s ^ : ^rresnwroeSg: i ( n )
the
|
I
H^I
(*) sfxF^g
p
(vo
^T
to
^sr
vh^KV
i
fori
52
cw^i
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
hv)
f ^ g ftgtf^T WU
OTT^l,
I^TT
E ^ : qg *
f^C
^ T f t 5.-TO ^ r wki 1
LESSON 10
NEUTER NOUNS IN
* AND ^
AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE
64.
JTJJ
Nom.
mft
qrftoft
sroftfar
*ra*ft
Acc.
enfir mftrft
^ftfa
qqft
hwtr. ^ T ^ ^ T T t W l ^Tftftr: ^ T
Hat.
m f v ^ i snfoar:
Abl.
q n f t w i q i f ^ n ^ qifoafs
Gen.
cnfi[ur:^ift:
Loc.
qTftfw^TTfHt: m f c *
Voc. j ^
ivffi
W^ft
WgW^
^ ^
^wro*
^ f t
tf^fTt:
Wft
VTfpi: ^ig^ft:
P^Tcpn
(1)
Nouns ending
in ar & 3TT
Mas. : f j j :
Fem. :
Neut.: s r ^
Nouns ending
in f
Mas. : gftf:
Feim. r
Neut. : ^Tft
^fur^Tg^ft:
65.
(2)
^ W l
WgV Wgftt
mftfe
(3)
TOftr
Nouns ending
in 3
Mas. : f ^ g :
Fern. :
Neut. :
54
(4)
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
Nouns ending
in ^
Masc.: ^
Fem. :
Neut. : sng
(5)
Nouns ending
in |
(6)
Fem. :
Nouns ending
in &
Fem. : snj:
66.
Examples:
qualifying the following: 3T&: (instr. plur.
masc.),
(instr. fem. sing.), errftfur (loc. sing, neut.) will take
the form :
fiWi
NEUTER N O U N S IN
AND %
55
or
or ^ n :
*JTg: I
56
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
EXERCISE 12
I.
Vocabulary
snfi; water
-
**WatCr
* * knee
^ thing
TO wood
^
skilful
^artificial
* n r wretched
oney
tear
Adjectives in
lovely
mftT fragrant
heavy
Pure
much, many
S ft
STO virtuous
reg
Sfigatory
the
generous
^
q ^ f a ^ ) to salute
^
doer
victorious
fa-q^(faq^)
^
sweet
II. Translate
sandhis :
into misfortune
to
proper
going
to abuse
T ^ W f t ) to go, to
obtain
to fall
eloquent
ft)
(0
^ old
^ T f ^ sick
killed
p e w
QTT^T swift
smelling
gsn
*et
3 a/irf ^
girfa* sweet-
dimcult t0
(v)
^T^pg i
I WT:
1 fh^J I
i^fafcqfal
5AH i ^ n r
(*)
qprf %5nwrnrrfbr n f c r i
efTO5n#T s f a : STTRT^TR^ 1
(\)
(11) s t f t r s m ^ r e f t ^rgvqt ^ r o m a ^ i
(*)
(<)o) grsft
(i^) ^rrcfr 55^:
NEUTER N O U N S IN
AND
f g m f t ^rsn^ fnjfar i
^r^
f^TTfa ^ f f w f^f
( i O er^ft^inf^T
fq^g 1 ( u ) ^ r
57
is
I hH) ^
to
fa^Tfa
^rf^cT I
i h^)
STHT^T w r a gsiftr
gsro
gfcr 1
III. Make the following adjectives agree with the following nouns :
with
gfa
with
with
q w i t h
iftq,
<0
itfftq,
V3
^TT,
f S ^
^ifai:,
^f^TT,
gifri,
ft^Pk
if^uft^
^^TT^
LESSON
10
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PASSIVE VOICE
67. Personal Pronouns
So far, the personal pronouns in the nominative have been left
unexpressed : I saluteWlfa. Their declension is now given. In
the first and second person, the personal pronouns show no
difference of gender. The personal pronoun bf the third person is
replaced by a demonstrative pronoun and is declined in the three
genders (he, she, it).
1st person :
S.
D.
Nom.
P.
BTT^T^
(m;
Abi.
(**)
'
loc.
gfT^
T)
(TOL)
^ T
(it)
m^
iw
Gen
aromc
Instr.
Acc.
at
S.
(5ft)
(*)
^TcTTV^
(3)
c ^
en^tfts
(ft) | ( y )
as
(3)
gwts
(TOL)
anwls
c#r
g^tft:
BiOTi
ejjij,
g^ure^
(:)
3rd person : ^
(that)
M.
S.
g:
Acc.
cW;
Instr.
F.
D.
Nom.
cmann
P.
&
S.
D.
S.
D.
m:
cT^
ciT^
^T:
^T
^T^ITH
STfa:
^fWTH
mWTH
Abl.
aw^
cn^TOL
aWT*
Loc.
P.
^Tf
^qT^
N.
Dat.
Gen.
59
OTts
P.
Like
m^P
the
masculine
^H2
G: and IT^: drop their visarga before any consonant and before any
vowel except e?. Before 8?, they become s t and qqt while the following 8?
is elided:
] 60
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
That
q becomes
e? or n
always
the
are led.
let it be burnt.
am
# S i q H e t it be filled.
should
EXERCISE
61
13
I. Vocabulary
I
^
thou
duty
^wealth
. .
t h a t
vfi&m.
?
Dea
name
(+gc.)
which of
the
two
W
nt^Gopala
f ^ ( f ^ )
^
violently
RSSfrc*
to feel affection ftTCTOf innocent
sweeper
(-floe.) S-ffor (sf^rfct)
^ ! S n m a t i
^
chariot
thief
II.
"
ht
tion ^ b e w i l d e r e d
tr^this
arrow
V
si
sa,va
'
faRLwhat
e^: killing
i^Tfic^: courtier
to serve
to see
Conjugate
in the present tense passive :
and ^T
and
and
^fr
ft^TO^t
w r f * ^
f^tsvr^l
s ^ m O T ^ T O - "^r^R
WFff J J R f c f t f a ^ < n f w W ^ l
snfrwro^ 1 ^ T
TOT
1"
mm
] 62
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
I fa S i R R F i ^
the
S ^TT^
following into
Sanskrit
s&cTCt
^Tg^L I
(use
the
personal
(1) I lead. (2) We two are led. (3) We go. (4) Thou art
remembered.
(5) You two run. (6) You are abandoned.
(7) He
plays. (8) She is protected. (9) It is burned. (10) They two (m.)
move. (11) They ( / . ) are conquered. (12) They (w.) are cooked.
(13) I dug. (14) We two were nourished. (15) We danced. (16) Thou
wert blamed. (17) You two perished. (18) You were taken away.
(19) He blew. (23) She was seen. (21) It was quiet. (22) The two
( / ) were struck. (23) They (/?.) were created. (24) Let me plough.
(25) Let both of us be released. (26) Let us touch. (27) Do thou enter.
(28) Let both trees be sprinkled. (29) Do you throw the arrows ?
(30) Let him be punished. (31) Let her go. (32) Let it be told.
(33) Let them (m.) both wash. (34) Let them (/.) be counted. (35) I
should not steal. (36) It should not be stolen. (37) They (m.) should
not oppress them (/.). (38) They (/.) should not be oppressed by
them (m.). (39) It should be brought. (40) You two should be
followed. (41) Flowers should be scattered. (42) You two (/.) should
not disagree. (43) It should be done.
LESSON 14
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
^ AND
PASSIVE VOICE (cont.)
69
this
M.
S.
F.
D.
P.
S.
Nom WTOL
D,
&
N.
P.
P7T:
S.
^
I'lStr.
fmft
8H^m
envqm
Abl. W R
P.
Acc.
rat.
D.
onv^nn
Like
trvq:
ef^f:
8TW
WR
simTH
Gen. QT^T
awft:
Loc.
awfc
b^T:
tpr^ft:
IpRft:
sng
the
masculine
] 64
SANSKRIT MANUAL
70.
that
M.
S.
Nom
F.
D.
BTtft
Acc.
Wl
Instr. er^pi
P.
S.
Sflft
QT^fV
QflJR
N.
D.
P.
P.
SJijfiT
8^? QT^j
Wftfa: B?gqr
WJT^
Dat.
fir:
;wftep
8?g*r
Q^Jr
j
Abl. erg-
wp
BflJ:
Gen.
hoc.
S. D.
8^-
8?^-
Like
the
masculine
argzft:
omta
btS^th
Brg^ft:
farce,
(1)
and 8 ? ^ can also be used as demonstrative adjectives:
they, then, follows the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see
No. 66).
Examples : These kings c o n q u e r i j q T SRifccT I
The boy is led by that womansrgzn ifprf
iffos: I
T H E DEMONSTRATIVE P R O N O U N S
AND 8J3RT
65
wrt
Passive voice
gfrr
BT^ftzRT
Active voice
]6 6
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
(3)
(to bite)
(to speak)
(to fall)
ywfo
^
(to speak)
(to break)
^PT ( t o sow)
(to take)
^
TO^
(to dwell)
(to ask)
^
(to carry)
(to pierce)
ft^
TOT
(to praise)
(to worship)
s p ^ (to bind)
(to command)
ftf^
|
(to call)
(to lie down)
^
(to sleep)
^
^ft
(4)
&&
gt^
gn^
gg^
^ ^
gj^
go^
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
this
that
9TT-TO ( STFTtSfa )
to come
FIR-m ( f^Rfct )
to forget
(
^ to play
^
to break
\
.
315 to sieze
^
.o order
to speak
to bind
)
to shine
14
are*? inferior
SfT^rT hope
orf^TR last
. ,
^ ^ boundless
^TRT^: preceptor
w % messenger
<
^ J T daughter
snaKe
^
tt .
f K: Han
Rama
TOTSita
( a d J ) light
( *Tcrf ) husband
OTT
st0f
^
^ ^
^ ^
y
tongue
shame
therefore
..
.
BT^iT otherwise
^ " ^ i . s . , ,
\
/
so, thus
T H E DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
AND
8J3RT
67
II. Translate the following into English and change the voice :
(1) WW jpf ?! s^Tfa fforcftn (M
U ) Wis tffaf ^ S ^ q ^ l
(v)
(0
;gWM*kUH>
3RTCT
m ^ l
^Tfti
^qf f f t W R U
Start
(M ^IWT
rf WiRTI
i U)
a * *rt
( v o f*rt
i t f M ^ H I I W) ^iTRf
(it) I
] 68
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
RECAPITULATION
I.
Vocabulary
TOB^ weapon
ifeqftp / . fame
^
... ,
ridicule
omi
fefo
^
old age
wheel
first
second
* for, indeed
poor
5KT
^
as,OTTso
one
asleep
WQ always
peiform,
,
. ... J
to establish
WW with
" (+instr.)
f ^ T in
to
bestow
^
<SNTOI%)
to make black
.
a
to
day-time
/ . motion
q ^ wholesome
at night
SVKW human
healthy
cffort
hot
effort
* T cool, cold
par black
W5 yesterday
*
tomorrow
^cf white
^
m
8?Sfn[: charcoal
blue
^ffo green
(ftiwO to
learn
, n r^
griCVe
SSST suddenly
Sconce
T (1WRI) to
at once
re(i
yellow
endure
to
increase
%qr
to
^
tremble
(gaqfa) to
"
wallow
* slowly
,
fl
SR:
sftfti:/ affection ^
song
ftnj
fTT in vain
I r i t a : desire
deer
. .
^rArjuna
S^^friendship
secfet
succeed
to
Slng
s ^ f a sometimes
to feed,
to support
AND
8J3RT
69
I f^T
(|=two)
\\
( ^ )
* to i r f e f t q j
p w r t w fer ^ *
SSlfo f? f ^ j f c ?
* f5
( ^ )
WtCT I
a f r o ^ T g l w : II
qsaf
\\
(\)
( v )
ot e ^ r sfH^r snfq *
W r ^ f t r ^ i ^ r : stfta:
toiji
c 'a )
f^T,
the
LESSON 15
NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS
72. General Principles of Consonant-Sandhi
(1) No Sanskrit word can end with more than one consonant. A
final compound consonant must be reduced to its first member, e.g. : ift^Ef
becomes
(2) Exception is made for a final double consonant the first member
of which is ^ and the second, a consonant which is not a termination
e.g.:
which according to (3) will become
I
(3) A Sanskrit word (i.e. a verb with its terminations or a nominal
stem with ks case-ending) can end only with one of the eight following
consonants:
,2 ,
q,
or visarga. All other final consonants
must be reduced to one of these eight:
and palatals are reduced to ^ or
e.g.: ^re becomes
99T5T becomes 5RT2 I
Cerebral are reduced to
e g . : STTf^becomes STf?
Dentals are reduced to
e.g. : g g ^ becomes
Labials are reduced q , e.g. :
becomes
^ and ^ are reduced to visarga, e.g.:
becomes
ftRTC^
becomes focP'i
(4) A final hard consonant becomes soft before a vowel or a soft
consonant, e.g. : ^qr^
5 ^WK
^ifo 1
(5) This rule does not apply to the final hard consonant of a
verbal base or a nominal stem followed by a termination or a case-ending
beginning with a vowel or a semi-vowel, e.g.:
I
It does apply, however, when the final consonant of a verbal base
or of a nominal stem is followed by a termination beginning with a soft
consonant (except a semi-vowel), e.g.:
I
N O U N S ENDING I N CONSONANTS
71
M. & F.
D.
P.
S.
N.
D.
Nom.
tf
-3ft
-m^
-f
Acc.
-wr^
-oft
-STCT^
-t
Instr.
-8fT
-van*
-fa:
P.
Like the
1
Dat.
-TJ
-vq :
Abl.
-8TO
Gen.
Loc.
-3TCT
-f
-ef^T
-aft^
-BfPT
-g
Voc.
-aft
-ere
masculine
and4 ^feminine
Neuter
] 72
SANSKRIT MANUAL
D.
P.
S.
Nom.
D.
P.
qrr^h"
ACC.
Instr.
fT^n^T
Dat.
JT^TR
Ab.
JT^qn^L
Gen.
Tt^fi
Loc.
mfa
Voc.
Wl^
Declension of
Nom., Acc.,:
The rest like
mvi
irH*
IVZX
^TTOfR
^T f w
3FWT:
q m ^
qprvq:
qpft
5IR:
^if^
TOj^
(world) :
N O U N S ENDING IN CONSONANTS
EXERCISE
I.
73
15
Vocabulary
m
garland
cloud
^
) / hymn
( c ^ ) / . skin
ST* C
) / speech
S*
/ . grief
m.
wind
( s f a D / . fuel
5ni1 (
^ ^ m , king
season
f q g ^ / . lightning
direction
gfeg*/. lightning
8 ^ ( 3 ? ^ ) n. blood
g f ^ / . Aver
f f q s t ( tfWL) m W^
merchant
(5PO
friend
m0
Q
* * c r e a t o r
w< p l a D t
) / rainy
) m.
P n e S t
flu*)
/ danger
^ ( ^ { - - a l t h
^
^
^ ^ ""
^
( % ! )
m.
q f ^ {qfwO
/.
emperor
assembly ^ ^
qft^rsr ( qftms ) m.
^
(
autumn
SRW ITOO
mendicant
( g q j / . hunger
W S (WO
Wat
".'Jk
breast
m i n d
mind
fame
age
III.
si:
i ^ ^
SfTcTW I
gqft[ m W l S ^ W J
fey^
and
I f ^
^Tf? 1 W
^ ^
] 74
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
(v)
a w i (*)
fai^^gSSTCR*
^rrarre^dwi w
^Knft
ftreft^g^iftewu
WRJiqj ( )
sr^rcrfcri
o s ) IF!
ftwrfhi
^ f a r (flow) i ( o ^stfe-
) 35HT ^TT ^ r r a f ^ n f ^ ^ x T i
5KT
I (\) uit
^
WT
i ^ T O t g-.^snfa m&i i
sirai* m
(i;
^ f r fe ^mTf^fcf i n x )
w f t gfa: S W r a p U
fsnfa: i
i
g ^
(<1 v) STc^
n*) wr^f
am
LESSON 16
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM (cont.)
77. The main varieties of nouns with one stem are :
(1) Nouns with stem ending in palatals
Final \ is changed to ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plural
to
before s^TO, fa: and
Final sMs changed to
loc. plur.
fa.
(speech)
(merchant)
ffa m. (settler)
Loc. plur.
qi^T
^Tfor:
qfarsfT
srfafnr:
SOT5TT
SSrefa:
ftpB
%TT
f^ffa:
f^g
fop
fen
ffefa:
f^g
qfasF
tRT^m. (emperor)
/ . (direction)
erfag
5TT(monsoon)
6
SITf^
SHI^T
STT^fa:
Loc. plur.
STFl^S 1
] 76
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
flffo/.
(river)
sf^
sfctt
trftf^;:
s f ^ / n . (plant)
sf^l
sf^l
sfsfs?
g f t r * / . (fuel)
sfiraL
aftreT
efirf^:
Loc. plur.
sfcg
Loc. plur.
(region)
(5) Nouns with stem ending in ^
Final * is changed to visarga in the nom. sing.
A short vowel preceding ^ is lengthened in the nom. sing, and
before
, -fa: -wp and -g
Nom. sing.
fa*/.
(door)
gt:
gTU
gift:
(voice)
ift:
fau
*ftfa:
Loc. piur.
5r<|
fa:,
N O U N S WITH O N E STEM
(COTtt.)
77
gffTO:
(dawn)
OTT:
*R:g
*TCftfa:
^fatf(oblation)
^cfffa
s n g a w. ( l i f e )
(7)
*F?tfa:
3*itfa:
(fame)
Final
^fafa:
ang:
BfTjq
final
becomes ^T and ^
Nom. sing
q g f e f ^ m . (bee)
m O T f ^ f a :
OTCTt,/- (shoe)
TO^/I
(cow)
Loc. plur.
Wfeg-
OTTirffc:
OTFTO
is explained by the
Rule : When
^and
lose their aspiration owing to combination with following consonants, the preceding consonant becomes aspirate,
if possible.
] 78
SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
( f f e ) m - Vai&ya
(
) / . direction
" V 7 door
aJV
n. glare,
energy
fa^
( f ^ O n. head
(OTO n. penance
TO (TO) n. residence
/ . voice
(wfrfip)
fsiq dear
light
(g^TO w.
town
3 1 W f( /
"
learned
man
dawn
yoke
(3qT0 /
enemy
cW^(cW)
n. darkness
m
8ng^(ng0
life ffcm standing
bow ftnw worthless,
^ ^
^ e ye
without quality
( s g f t e ) m. S t ^ being, vigour
"
" ^bee
W compassion
II.
16
shoe
f ^
to happen, to be
to
^ ^
withdraw
(wrfp)
wish-yielding cow
mn
qftR gjf*
fetfNt
I (*)
555 nit
ss
(M fira c i ^ e T w
W f a WT * ft^ I O v )
I
^
==r nfq^Tq 1 H
w w r t q^Tfa 1 (*)
qte^ 1 ( M
wtftw11
q ^ f c r SRT: I
sTCROT^fa
f*RT
siTte&T: I (<)
^fa I
g^W
^qT:
N O U N S WITH O N E STEM
W fa^ ftafcT i
faefa:
( )
3?jqf^
79
(COflt.)
sftTOWl
I (XI) s q i f a ^
I O v)
VD
(n)
faqSTT^facT
I
I
LESSON 10
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( qft ji^IT: )
NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS
78. In Sanskrit, not only transitive verbs, but intransitive verbs also,
can be conjugated in the passive voice. Thus, the sentence:
"The horse runs" can be turned into a passive which means :
"Running is being done by the horse" or "the action of running is
done by the horse". That is what is called Passive impersonal.
The verb is always in the 3rd pers. sing. pass.
(1) In the change from the active to the passive impersonal:
the nominative of the active voice becomes an instrumental ;
the verb changes from active to the
3rd pers. sing,
passive. The tense or mood of the active voice should be
preserved.
Example : Active voice
Passive impersonal
Nom. : effa: the rivers <--> Instr. : sftfg: (by the rivers)
Verb : qgfar
flow
* Verb :
(flowing is being
<
flfafr
I
done) g f t f ^ s j ^ l
(2) In the change from the passive impersonal to the active
voice: the instrumental of the passive impersonal becomes
a nominative ; the verb changes from passive to active and
agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense
or mood of the passive should be preserved.
Example : Passive impersonal
Instr. : tpqrfa: (by you)
Verb : ft (it should be spoken)
g^nftr^HT 1
Active voice
Nom.:
you
Verb :
f should speak
qjr ^fen
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL (
5J2FT*T: )
81
LESSON
23).
Acc.
Instr.
-err
Dat.
-IT
-aft
-f
-3ft
-f
-fa:
-VQR^
-5
Lite
-VAN
Abl.
the
Gen.
-3RT
-eft:
Loc.
-aft:
Voc.
-aft
-3TT*T
-are
masculine
-f
] 82
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
sfttTRC
Acc.
$ftRin
Instr.
yftqm
D.
Gen
P.
S.
D.
I
sfopaV
P.
s/tacft I
vtmi
^jff^:
Dat.
Abl.
N.
sftosw?:
Llke
sffrRi:
the
^ m j
Loc.
sfarfa
sffofr:
Voc.
sforeft
masculine
sfong
^
sfarftr
17
Vocabulary
snfarg. long-lived
( f ^ T R , ) m.
Himalaya
Str0ng
^
to
fofa: diversion,
pastime
time
c ^ dissipation,
need
JTf^L Prudent
t a l e n t e d
tfTJT^ rich
t0
Jj^: fool
.
TOT sleep
quarrel
wraL wealthy
turn
avoid
to laugh at
q^isj hard, rough
VnmL learned
II.
f w ( W 3 ) to smile
qft.^ (qfwjfa)
10
overcome
HanUm5n
( H * n * ) m. God
83
e?Tf*5 disturbed,
afflicted
long
faSTCT
II (<1)
1 (3) sfoRfr
smfa
^T^'ci^
ft^n
qf^rfoi
^ r T ^ qffare f f ^ q ^ g q i i ^ i
tftSWtf
(<n)
gftqcf
BTCT tjq rf
qx^fa
(H)
qfq f w f t q
g ^ r ^ ^ f t ^ l
s)
fqqffS^qT^
q^rfsi
(M)
fa)
fomi
W&qfa =q \
ipf:
I ^ t
qwfa
engsFdt
q^qq ft f ^ t e ?
^qwwi^
q^nfa
qqfcu
1 (<i<v> s
^ f o c qffcra^
sffafs^r^Tqq qftfffo I
] 84
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
I irf^FcT^^ff ftre^ I
^ f a I ^fWT^Wf I
LESSON 18
PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES
83. Present participle active and passive ( grg, s r ^ )
(1)
f^RTfll
leading
playing
entering
stealing
85
(2) the nom., accus. and vocative dual neuter take the strong
stem in8?^, necessarily in the 1st, 4th and 10th conjugations, and
optionally in the 6th conjugation.
(For the feminine see No. I l l )
Masc. Nom.
-j
Isft^
Acc.
sfK^cf:
| ^teRT^
st^fiV
^faRW
Neut. N.A.V.
^VR'ifZRft
^Rft
fam
^ ^
^Rfr
^^fcr
firofar
obtaining
IRL JF^IRWW'thinking
1
dying
seeking
The masculine is declined like ^q: (see No. 11), the neuter, like
(see No. 11)Masc. : 5WTR:
JVew/. : w i ^
avrarat
SOTl^f
SWTRT:, etc.
55VWT5TTffr, etc.
] 86
SANSKRIT MANUAL
jfr-fftci
ST^LCTO
SH-sfr
53-32
m-mi
gq-gs
faq-faTR
fiRtfij?
fg
Stq-SffacT
i^ifm
fa^-faf^r
s^-^frfar
JIOTflfnra
q^-Tfeci
^-sf^r
f^-feter
^T^TfacT
^srfoffi
fa^-fof^
l^faf
(3) The following verbs lose their radical nasal before cf
^-srer
araL-w
a^-aa
(4) The following verbs lengthen their radical vowel:
m^tt
VJ^RT
STUrSfT^
^T^FcT
^-WcT
87
% and 3
qq^SH
SKT-sftET
^-fq^
[
But:
Si^SF* or f g
ftrs^fsro
<?w-55cEr
No. 72 (7) ]
; fe^-f^ ;
; sft-csfa ; a-* 1
fvSRfqT^
ftffiq^
fsRrq^
facfq^
fsmq^
facfq^t
facfq^:
f ^ q ^ n etc.
facTCf^
etc.
] 88
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
sr to bathe
* to hear
fa to collect
m to hurt
9?Tq to obtain
( q t ^ ) to shine
to praise
(qT^) to beg
^
to prattle
to cry
18
fa^
to sport
to break
^
to cross
to spread
<j to fill
i
f ^ to cut
to kill
j* t 0
^TMo sleep
^ to obstruct
m (gwrftf)
to be agitated
tear
t0
stjc^
to adhere
t0 cut
to put
*TT to measure
gT to abandon
(fpifa) to dry
II. Decline the following :
gT^q^in the masc. sing.: s n g ^ in the neuter plur.
III. Make the present participle active of
$ and 3 agree with
the following : fa^, ^ w f t : . ^ K H and sfag 1
IV. Give the present participle passive of the following: anr-vn^;
fa-fSPT ;
,
3T, qT, * * ,
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit:
(1) The children abandoned by fheir mother roam in the
forest. (2) The food begged * by that poor man has not been
touched. (3) The broken jar should be taken away. (4) See those
fruits collected by the sage's daughters. (5) Yesterday the house was
filed with guests. (6) The jewels stolen from the king's palace were
thrown into the river.
VI. Give the perfect participle active of the following :
*TT> PL,
VII. Decline the following :
fsRW^ in the neuter sing.
the masc. plur.
LESSON 19
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES
86.
I
WcWn^ftanj
Change of voice
Active voice : The friends saw youftreifar <qf SSqfcf (neut. plur.).
Passive voice : You were seen by the friendsfiqw^f SB: (masc.
sing.).
(3) The perfect passive participle can be used :
as an adjective {see above),
as a finite verbe in the passive : (wfor TR:, see above),
] 90
SANSKRIT MANUAL
cTR, q cftsj I
sftqH
qsfa I
ciTSqfcT=
T^qfa I
88. Sandhi rules of dentals in contact with palatals, cerebrals and 3
(1) Any dental coming into contact with a palatal is changed to
the corresponding palatal: gg^
=
I
BfHq^WBi^anqq^
[see No. 72(4)] =8?Tqq*fW{j ^ ^ T = ^ w<qr I
(2) Initial ^ preceded by any of the first four letters of a class (see
No. 2) is optionally changed to g>^pr s^qT
optionally becomes cfx^/s O<qT i
O
91
2TfH I gq+a=gs I
(4) The preceding rule does not apply When a dental is followed by
1
SWETO
EXERCISE
I.
19
Vocabulary
q^JT garment
qwpath
m
necklace
^ T O meal
tg&r. mouse
II.
food
tooth
ftanholc
gratitude
5Wcf much,
q*ip bravery
(Braq^fa)
to adorn
q f t ^ s q to be
many
z m w offence
WTeWT net
^ ^ fearful
fervor dejected
^ ^
joyfully
loudly
wmsnu
afar* &
fa|*
I ^
OT^Fft
q^q SKTfT^
fa^tsq^i
s w
f u f t grit u ^ t
q^cTM
csf ^ p f
g^qPU
^f
sftur cTftfT^f #
^ fiTSflU
1
7
swnaiTBRf
fatHtw*
] 92
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, rendering all finite verbs
by participles :
(1) Many women were killed, their bodies were torn by the lion's
teeth. (2) Abundant food was given to the poor children. (3) People
honoured (
by fools have always been laughed at by intelligent
men. (4) The necklace fell from the bride's hands and the pearls
were scattered. (5) They ate their meal and slept. (6) The victorious
enemies entered the city by force. (7) The path was obstructed with
fallen trees. (8) Our men crossed the river, fought like heroes and
seized the leader of the enemies. (9) The place was measured, fuel
was brought and the darkness suddenly shone with light. (10) You
forgave my offence.
IV. Change the voice in the following :
SHRIwtf ifqtfti fag: | SffiTRt qfd&ffaa: I
tffa^l
^f
^frTcT^RT: I
gftfa:
W^T
l ^ftgfiiqfft ^
I T^T
I
^fens
gftitaiv
V. Join the following sandhis :
3T55HI TTxSft c f ^ fa^f ^ q T : I
i
^ I T ^ T ^ l
ttcT^
TO
8??
LESSON 10
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO
STEMS (Cont.). DEGREES OF COMPARISON
89. The adjectives
so many), qrc^
so great) are declined in the masculine and neuter like vfor^ (see No. 82).
Masc.: ffen^
fereft"
f&FGh etc.
Neut. : f W j ,
feftft
fterfrck etc.
N.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
ITSFH
SRfRft
TfT^1
Voc.
qgl^
S.
D.
P.
^
H?^
*fi|Tfel
Acc.
p r a i s e
] 94
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
srfcwft
srferq;
Instr.
Dat.
scfe^
Abl.
srfcw
Gen.
Loc.
qfefq
sfe
sfcsft
qftw
qfe^TT^
sMVf:
and
P.
qfosft
sfeft
sreftfa
qf&af:
qfcWqT^
qfowp
qftsft:
srfgETTH
the
masculine
qfeift;
Voc.
Sffoq:
srfo^orsrfo
srfoift
qfaft
Adjectives
(firm)
( soft )
(broad)
(thin)
<5 (light)
q (clever)
g^ (heavy)
^tq (long)
faq (dear)
95
Adjectives
Comp.
Super!.
(distant)
Mfatf
qfqB
(big)
SafaB
sfqg
^ (wide)
qftqff
qfta
^fi&B
(young)
qqfaff
asftqs
(small)
^tqfas
qafatf
(quick)
^Pn^
ift^
Wq (little)
^ftq^
^TqtqH
(old)
sqiqs
5tq^
5tB
q (much)
^ S
qc5q?3L
qcstqsr
qfe^s
(better)
(best)
(strong)
feft (steady)
$$
sffaw? (near)
94. In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in
and the
superlative in
and
are declined like
and qqui
In the, masculine and the neuter, the comparative in fqq^ is
declined as follows :
^qVq^ (lighter)strong stem : 5qtqfa ; weak stem : a q ^ ^
M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
Comp.
sstea
Sl^m
ssftqs
(contd.)
sqtqT^
Acc.
Instr.
55qVq^T
Dat.
55qtq
Abl.
fcsftqg:
Superl.
sqtqfflft
aqtqfa:
fcqfa:
*5qtq*ft
5*qtqffa
asftqftft
cflftqs:
Bqfa:
aqtqtft
55qtqf%
55qtqtvqm *5qVrfa:
BqtqtvqT^
*5qtqt*q:
BqtqtwjTH sqtqtsq:
Gen.
esqfrq:
sqtafc
Loc.
SSqtqfa
aqtq^T:
o5qtq:
Voc.
ssftq^
55qtqT^Pt
ssqtqfa:
Uke
the
masculine
fcsftqdV
aqtqffa
] 96
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
S.
Nom.
P.
^ t
Acc.
s^n
sraft
^qf
SRfann
s r c f T O
~ AbL
S33T
riwn
wtom
S^ft:
sHrfan
si^u*
fli
gqfg
fli
N.
D.
S.
Nom. Acc. Voc.
fl^ffa:
wfcl!*L
sis
^rf:
yqkmn
^pay?
Gen.
P.
SR^TT
Dat
Voc.
fli
mh.
Instr.
Loc.
F.
D.
S.
flg?
P.
^qffuf
(contd.)
97
EXERCISE 20
I.
Vocabulary
how great,
so much
how much
,
WSRT
so much
N
K
qTq^am.
as much as
firm
gfupi virtuous
b
d
W f t ^ learned
^
nfeTC. w. (iFsft)
W thin
minister ^ clever
ftftm sick
M r : bright
ft*
steady
rnfa (*3T*ft) m.
^ big
husband, master j
M t ) m.
^ wide
moon ! f$rq quick
great
V our
ur
y
honour
^
near
pleasure
iy
t o en
^q
^
t0
to go
gq all
qfo^ strong
^fq^r rich
JL
.
Bhima
gajTT thirst
w (rftiftr)
' to grow old,
to decay
srtqqt^ , i f e
5nnn: brahmin
^
money
aiT-fa
to depend on
(+acc.)
obstacle
froV q
(i)
feqiqifTfr
ffol\
IM 5SRTT q^q TO q
q sqifa SSTfq I (vs) 3q
U)
qT^vq: g
qtqrR: I
cliqR
qTc5Tq aqfafs m i
(v)
\ {%) zitym
<q cTWRq^qRi
spifarf
tfqt
qf&3: I
ftfaup
] 98
II.
SANSKRIT MANUAL
(1) How many sick people live in this town? (2) As many
(cTT^) as ( q r q ^ ) there are healthy people. (3) Go to the
nearest house. (4) The hero, steadier than a mountain, was
carried by a horse faster than the wind. (5) The sage's body
wa thin owing to hard penance, but his face was bright. (6) The
cleverest of all is not the oldest. (7) In a garden bigger than a town,
virtuous ministers went by a broad path to a lake adorned by many
lotuses. (8) Dejected, tired and tormented with thirst, two learned
brahmins who had left (=having left) their house were seen slowly
walking along the river's bank. (9) Many obstacles were overcome
(crossed). (10) I play with my smaller brothers. (11) Life is sweeter
than death, happiness is ligher than misery, friendship is steadier than
money.
LESSON 21
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS
97. The main varieties of nouns and adjectives with three stems
are :
(1) the reduplicated perfect participle active in
which
must not be confused with the perfect participle active in
(see No. 85). Both participles, however, have the same meaning :
fflq^and ^fq^= 4 having done'.
(2) nouns ending in s?^
(3) adjectives of direction ending in a?^
98. Nouns and adjectives with three stems are declined in the
masculine and neuter. (For the formation of the feminine,
see LESSON 2 3 ) .
(contd.)
99
\
of the
Y masculine
j
of the neuter
(their
case-ending
begin
99. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown
again herewith the indication of the various stems to be used :
M.
Nom.
S.
D.
-aft
N.
P
S.
Instr.
-3TT
Dat.
-W
Abl.
-SW
-wr:
Gen.
-are
Loc.
"I
__
P.
Acc.
Voc.
D.
-sfr
-f
Llke
the
masculine
-S
-aft
'
"t
a preceding shorty is
] 100
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
q f ^ (having
q f t f ^ ; weak stem :
S.
N.
D.
P.
Nom.
qftffsft
^ m :
Acc.
qflt^t
Instr.
^mj
Dat.
Abl.
GeD
D.
^fi^
tttt
qf^
qf^tft
qfcrffa
^S^WT:
^S^TOl
the
masculine
Loc.
q*<it:
Voc.
qf^t^fr
iVom.
P.
qfiT^TTJi
qf^qi^
O
S.
fa^
STftqqT^
cffe^T^
faifclT^
^fflfa:
^tf
qf^tfe
Nom. plur.
//itfr. swg.
/hfr. plur.
fagfa:
srfwTqfa:
tfmm*faifclW
wflmfl:
f^JT
JiW^I
cT^T
f^gqT
^JiT
f^f^
cTfmf^:
wfsraffe:
The thief was seen by the two men who had stood
( = having stood) in the g a r d e n f l f f c f a ^ R t
TO^rt
I
To the brother who had gone (having gone) to Hari's
house, food was given by the s e r v a n t 5 arnj^ gr^T
LESSON
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH
THREE STEMS (cont.)
10
u^t
imj^t
tfsran
^rq
mxft
^rosft-srwift ^ i m f a
Instr.
n^TH
Dat.
IWnH
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
IW
tf^najTH
tfft:
tfSR
ITOT
ilHlftf:
TTSTPPanq.
TOW
n w p
ifi**:
TOWH
TOW
i^Rt:
TOTO*
TO*:
l ^ i
^T^Tsft
sfWWTWL
tWW*
tffm
uffKrafa
^TMtowft
tfsrtt:
snfa-TOTfa qTRt:
TOig
f ^ H ^ ^ l TO^fr-TOFfi TOTlfa
] 102
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
Wft
q^r?^; middle
stem :
Voc, sing.
q^TT
g^ft
Acc.
Scffa:
Instr.
si^j
Sc^
Scft^
SRqfe
^ ^
SRttat
Ftfqfe
Like
Dat.
SffqTOHH
Abl.
srarcjT^
S^rap
Gen.
SRftsft:
Scft^
Voc.
P.
S c ^ R
Loc.
sicftfa
the
-
masculine
Sc^g
SlfNt
SRqfe
106
Nom. sing.
(downward)
(right)
(upward )
( following )
f ^ R (pervading)
Nom. plur.
Instr. sing.
are-a^i;
S^-SWJ^
3^-aFepE
f^s-flpz^
103
Loc. plur.
iftaT
fltftaT
s^tey
f^g;
szjg
f^r
faw
f&N
Nom. plur.
fofe:
Instr. sing.
Loc. plur.
ffazrr
^T^T
SH^m
^T^T
f^m
5ITg
EXERCISES 21 & 22
1. Vocabulary
Pronominal adjectives
other
fcer
^ttsbo tone
having done
having gone
"having
having led
stood
n. path
greatness
nfor^ ( n f wheaviness
) m.
learned (man)
^
^KOiW
love
head
] 104
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
m. self
.
^ ( ^ . . n a m e
,
t*%I) m. n.
Brahman, the
AbsoIute
work
skln>
leather
n. sky
n. birth
sr^pq western, averted
j
j
szjxT downward
WR.
ashes
fq*qq^ pervading
a* u * i
Kfq^q horizontal
right, proper
^
^ F l l ^ r ) n. house
(atq) n. hair
^qtcSTT moonlight
qogTO: outcast
^
faq^ poison
fr-srr
to perform,
to lay down
turned away
upward
s,,^ eastern
spqq following
disguise, fraud
3?qrq southern
to stop, to cease
ft
sqicSTT
II
mk^QSH
WTT q^T f R q f q ^ I
^qqf
M SUfrqi
fcT^fe
qarw ST^R
f B * Tc^ 3 ? q ^ | ( 1 o ) sn ^ q ^ r ^ f o f t q f r s ^ q t J ^ f T 553fqT
eftuq ^FSTT
I
LESSON 23
THE FORMATION ON THE FEMININE
108. The general rules for the formation of the feminine of
adjectives ending in vowels should be carefully revised (see
LESSON 12).
Adjectives forming their feminine in B?T are declined like cIT I
Adjectives forming their feminine f are declined like ^ i
The present participle atmanepada and the present participle
passive
the perfect participle passive
the comparative
in cR and the superlative in
and
form their feminine in en I
gfacWT ;
3?fT,
a[55T?ET, I
form their
] 106
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
add | to the
to
strong stem in ^q
Feminine
qqsq
qq>qt
qdte
ST^
sreftq^
RTqt
fqg;s
RT^
113.
Nom.
Acc.
M.
D.
eft
Dat.
SBW
Abl.
^FRI^
Gen.
Loc.
^ftl?^
Dat.
STft
TO
^iftT
TO^
q:
^
ift
^TT:
TOf
P.
Wt:
Wt:
qiVTO^
an
ZTT^
TOJ,
TOP
Abl.
aftTOt
Gen.
ZTFT
^TO^
Loc.
arffcr^
Sfa
T^TT
TOT
TO^T-
P.
^
TO
TO-*TOJL
TOBf:
P.
?nfif
^nft
Like
9TSTO3L
the
zpft:
TOTT^
N.
D.
S.
TO
^fo
3RTO
masculine
(which, who)
TO^TO*
TOTOJL
the
4MIH,
F.
D.
S.
TO^TH*
TO^:
^ST^TOJ
Acc.
Instr.
TO
Like
TO^TOI,
M.
D.
P.
^Tfiff:
^T
%3
N.
P.
S.
SH^TO^
^ft:
P.
WT
S.
Nom.
TO^
(which ? what ?)
F.
D.
S,
TO?,
114.
P.
Instr.
107
_
3TS
masculine
] 108
SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE 23
I.
Vocabulary
Wif&ET girl
I sqra tiger
BT^r: goat
nfa:
m n r . crane
Singer
songstress
tigress
sfirnp dear
sparrow
hind
earthen
white
f ^ f t ^ adolescent
female swan
.r ,
youthful
,
q ^ r peacock
like, similar
q ^ y peahen
cTT^T such
^ftr^ forbearing
competent
sound
awhile
what
kind of
^f^TH sense
reraedv
remedy
II.
house
cnw-
deed
surprising
strange
WOT spiritual
to menacCf
*H?OT leathern
to threaten
5TIV5IR1CU
"
cuckoo
guraif^
appreciative
^healthy
^ T old age
ffrt: disease
^ ^ harmfuJ
to strike
water
body
to perform
g o ^ merit
<
^
sw 5 e f f o r t
"
_
sr q:) n. supreme
good
N
digging
favourable
loss, decline
^faraway
swaicf
unimpaired
**<M<KN*>
^ ,
to burn
to be done
timpi
sfar: i
fam.
i zfmFK
qtsp i
fe^rte
i SFOTI^
ID.
UfT
( ^WT AND
SSPQ
109
tftorer:
mwt^i
si^rc
^fNri^t
snra^^iftre t r t i w o *
^cfr
wtm f ^ ^ f ^ s r f ^ r r
snrt ^rg^: i
aTTc^^fe c f T ^ f ^ T
^ ^
g f q ^ j R a ^ p w ^ r : n (V)
LESSON 24
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( qsn and
LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE
115. The participles dealt with so far are treated like adjectives
and are subject to the rules of agreement with the noun
they qualify.
There exists a past participle active, also called gerund, which
is never declined.
Its formation is as follows:
(1) verbs not preceded by a preposition form their gerund by
adding cqTT (tf^T) to the root, in a way similar to that of the perfect
] 110
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
; QfTqT-snqiq I
instead of q
; QTgf-9?3?cq I
passive
participle
have two
forms:
or
8TTnJanq*q
ajgqcq
[see
No. 84 (3)]
166. Use of the indeclinable past participle
When two different actions are performed by the same agent,
the first of the two actions is expressed by the indeclinable
past participle :
e.g.: I bathed and ate ( = having bathed I ate ) fcildl^^RrqHI
On seeing me my mother was pleased ( =having seen me
my mother was pleased ) ^ I d l ^ d J
I came, I saw, I conquered ( =having come and having
seen, I conquered )anq*q ^EqT
l
When the second verb is in the passive voice, the indeclinable
past participle refers not to the subject, but to the agent of the
verb, i.e. to the noun in the instrumenral case. Thus : ajgjjyqpj
fqsTT fqft^ftS5H==On coming home my father scolded me (both the
action of coming and that of scolding being performed by my
father). Hence, if the voice is changed, the indecK past part,
remains unchanged :
falT
qf fafcqaqR I
( ^WT AND
SSPQ
111
Examples
] 112
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
qTc5T
113
started for
u m 5UOT? sfcffi: I
Vocabulary
ifcrawnc^
sfararu
^Fi: %sVFgqftsr
^aforowiitfaa: i cTcT^fV
fafoa^*
I Wflsfc
]114
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
Scfr^T TPT f ^ f t i
mm
ft
W^T^1"
c^T^f ^ i p i i w f ^ j f t f t q r q q f t s q
ftFg
I
fq&
I
q<ff
SFT
IcT^ I
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, using in every sentence either
the indeclinable past participle or the locative absolute :
(1) I saw the minister and spoke to him. (2) The enemies
having conquered, we fled. (3) The enemies having been conquered
we sang. (4) The merchant sold two cows and bought one
horse. (5) While the guests were arriving, all the servants adorned
the house. (6) If you are alive, I, too, am alive, (7) After blaming
me, my mother consoled me. (8) While your honour was our
king, our happiness always increased. (9) We all fell asleep
while the teache*- cpoke. (10) If a lion is stronger than a jackal,
you should certainly vanquish your enemy. (11) Dear friends,
look at me and have pity on me. (12) When the two black
horses have drunk water and eaten grass, the cows should be
brought in. (13) As the baby was carried away by the thieves,
the mother, overcome by sorrow, fell upon the ground. (14) Although his daughter had fallen into danger, the rogue did not stir
from the house.
LESSON
10
INFINITIVE IN
( gg*)
THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
122. The infinitive is formed by adding g n to the root after
guiiating a short medial vowel and a final vowel, e.g. :
Many verbs insert an 5 before
e.g. : ^-vrfagn 1
Verbs of the tenth conjugation keep" their present base and
insert
e.g.: ^ ^ f f t f a g q j
Many verbs form their infinitive irregularly (see Verbs and
their Principal Parts).
123. Use of the infinitive
(1)The infinitive is used to express the purpose of an
action :
e.g.: He came to acquire knowledgeftsnfffw^ ^ WRP 1
(2) The infinitive is used with adjectives meaning 'fit\ 'able\
and with verbs meaning 'to wish4, 'to begin', 'to be able':
e.g. : I am unable to drinkqigsgwfsfcR' I
He wishes to hear the songfficT sftgfip^fa
He began to run^f^TRSffi I
(3) The infinitive is used with the verb ejf^ (to deserve) in
the sense of polite request, e.g. : You shoul "protect me *?f
(4) The infinitive has no passive form. When the passive
is to be expressed, the verb accompanying the infinitive is put
in the passive:
e.g. : Active I begin to see the t r e e s \
Passive: The trees begin to be seen by m e f ^ T T
] 116
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
^ a w^icP I
INFINITIVE IN
GGQ )
numerals
arc
117
declined
(one)
M.
in
the
% (two)
F.
M.
F.
N.
^TH
Instr.
q^T
5WTH
Dat.
Tf^m
Abl.
rr^n:
Gen.
q^TT:
loc.
q^n^L
Nom.
N.
ITcET
Acc.
hkC
ST^TU*
the
masc.
52ft:
pft:
f?T (three)
M.
(four)
F.
N.
Nom.
m-
fc^F:
SFTFA
Acc.
sfH
fc^T.
sftfur
instr.
ftrftr;
Dat.
f^q:
Abl.
f^Fq:
Gen.
wrrs,
Loc.ftrgftreg
three
fasfa:
M.
F.
N.
^CR*
^ f t
^Tft
.f
T:
- Like
ftf^WT:
the
^cTO^
Like
the
^TO^T
m^rrn
masc.
r~i
qgwrn
~~
^ i w i
masc.
] 118
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
EXERCISE 25
I.
Vocabulary
WW able
eft^tfa)to
eratra
W1W unable
unable
q ^ ^^ R li ^. t *o "
fault
it is proper
t0
5TCRP cessation
be depressed
* i. i,
able
5RW. I.t to check ^^ ^to be
(enfufe)
t0
m. charioteer
e?g*T*T: love
^S ^ L^v i r t u o u s
strive
capable of
being done
^ defect
, 0
to esteem,
e r
/
f
ot virtue
spot, mark
^
,
oZTTT^r: m. disease
hardly
to honour
#
^ ^ ( tfg^)/.
assembly
UcUIWB driving
l J m m
away
courtier
born
mount, to
climb ^T or
strongly built
jpnrfa
sorcifanjfr sr fe^ i
^sg^or
tfnTwftr
3*5f*ffa I! (<))
gefs t
^ f t a n w w mret u ^ s s m : n (M
STT^TW if
^fagsiirg^tsfa g q ^ i ^ r
W)
{%) ^fftr STCpS* m
I W
f%
ft
n (0
nftr ^ c l ^
sfa I
tfcWR
(vs) ^qf
fc^fa
fell
aw OTif^r^i (M qrt q f t s ^ f t r f a
I
OTT
I
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit
(1) On hearing that her husband had arrived, the young wife
ran to the door. (2) We should protect those for whom we feel
affection. (3) It is proper to salute the master entering the house.
(4) Her sweet song could not be heard. (5) Those who are able
T H E ADVERB-CLAUSE
119
m f o w r nt^w^mi
I^jsM^fa
LESSON 26
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
127. The adverb-clause expresses a particular circumstance of
the action of the main clause. In Sanskrit, the adverb
clause generally precedes the main clause and is introduced by a
conjunctive adverb to which a simple adverb corresponds in the
main clause' e.g. : The tree lies where it fell* will be translated
into Sanskrit as "Where the tree fell, there it lies".
( w hen ?)
Conjunctive
Q^T
Simple
(when) | ^QR(then)
qT^RI (while)
PLACE
MANNER
5R
QSR (where)
(where ?)
(how ?) qsjT (as)
)
^
^T
(there)
(so)
IndeOnite
^ I F ^
(at times)
S^T
(always)
wft
(everywhere)
Q^FEI
(somehow)
CONDITION
(because)
QFQ (if)
CONCESSION
QSJFA
CAUSE
f w j w h y ?)
(although)
(then)
cWTfa (yet)
] 120
SANSKRIT MANUAL
Examples
You came when the guests had goneqqifaqqt 'IdlfrKI cTOT^: I
Sit down while I fetch waterqiqqf STcSqwqTfq cfTq^qfro I
They stood where the hero fellqsf e f t f t s q ^ ^ ^ s f a * ^ i
Virtues adorn the heart as flowers adorn the treeqqj q^nfw
f ^ cfqT 2WT g^f ajqqfrcT I
He does not speak because his friends have left himq<fr fq^lfor
cWcq^ S q
i
If your mother comes, you should wait upon herqfa WdHKsH
(ctft) at
I
Although I live in the forest, I still remember my friend
qsrfq q^ qSTfa aqrfq ftT^Tfar WUfq I
129. When an adverb-clause is translated by an indeclinable past
participle or by a locative or genitive absolute, the conjunctive
and simple adverbs are not translated (see LESSON 2 4 ) .
130. The numerals
%
ftf,
agree in gender and case
with the following noun.
The numerals from q ^ (five) to q5R^5L (nineteen) are declined
alike in the three genders. They agree in case with the noun they
qualify. Except for qq^ (six) and ereq, (eight) they are all declined
like TO^
Nom.
qsj
q^
or 8lit
Acc.
qjq
q2
or sj it
Instr.
q^ftr:
qeft?:
Dat.
q^vq:
q^vq:
o r STSTvq:
Abl.
q^vq:
q^vq.
eresq: o r QTgT^q:
Gen.
qynm
q^iiq^
QlSTqW
Loc.
^gftf: or
SREG o r QTST
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
121
qcfk
-qr
-2H
^bt^T^
ST^R
-ift
SR^TCL
Ordinals
t^^r
ST^T
-srt
-^ft
132. SWT,
and
are optionally declined like pronouns in
the dat., abl., and loc. singular.
All ordinals form their feminine in f except
and
which form their feminine in 8JT.
EXERCISE
ffefte, gdfa,
26
1. Vocabulary
rn.
bird
&TT army
...
gfrs: soldier
m.
general
mango
rupee
en^anna
t g : doctor
f ^ ^ day
~
^
,
day
week
month
<
eaf
**
^n^ncentur>'
^ur^debt
^ ^ having
.
g?m pair
^
water
g r o u p
of threc
^ g W * group
of four
famished
srf^5T woman
j p w serpent
^
female
serpent
egg
^
ggfec! famished
^
iean,
emaciated
f ^ m pitiless
g^q: man
] 122
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
II.
^r one's own
fTcfsq to be avoided
cF3T sluggishness
/ . prosperity
atffc*8 brother
heart
yrFtiRf: devotee
/ . intelligence
wise man
55 here ; nranr
_ t o b e
Vice
q^qtobe
dwelt in o n ^ ^ laziness
T H E ADVERB-CLAUSE
123
tor the country. (3) While all the children are playing, we are
able to write poems. (4) For how many rupees did you buy
that horse ? (5; After returning from my friend's house I was
sick for two weeks and four days. (6) Within 18 miles, we
saw only five or six houses. (7) Three sisters and four brothers
lived happily for many years. (8) The general told the soldiers
to rise and to fight like lions. (9) Do as you are told. (10) There
is nothing sweeter than honey, nothing dearer than a frier.d,
nothing lighter than a pure mind (11) The guests are tired for
they have walked there kroSas.
IV. Conversation between a fruit-seller and a customer .
e n w r j errant
^ter
cmfa i
q^nfir i
I CTT^T I&Hth
w e n sng wwfo ?
^ i
awiwifa
i
ft m f a \ ^ f K w f a i ^T^j^f t i a r a i r i f s f a i
ST^I ft^ ^cTT ^
?
gRSTptf 5 ^f^TT^T I
^T^
I
Te^Tftr I
Wlf WEITHI
^fTftT I
I IZtittfa
gi^rwf sftfar f ^ f t r ^ g^r^ i
t ftRfel ^ f a w f a i
Wg I
fcTCS3
cPT
* MRwwPd II
ipfr^i
K>
From the present tense in the active voice, the imperfect, imperative and
potential active, and the present participle active are derived.
From the present tense in the passive voice, the imperfect, imperative and
potential passive, and the present participle passive are derived.
From the perfect passive participle, the perfect active participle in
is
derived.
The indeclinable past participle and the infinitive are given independently.
The present tense active of verbs which do not belong to the first, fourth,
sixth and tenth conjugation, is not given,
(to be) and $ (to do) excepted.
Verbal root
3T3toroam
(i)
q&JLo worship (1)
m ^ i o request (10)
v f c j o deserve (1)
8?q to protect
(1)
ere; to be
(2)
throw
(4)
wish
(6)
to see
(1)
to abandon (6)
Present act.
Present Pass
a^fa
sfqfa
m ^
soft
arefa
arfi^f
Sfoq?*
vr^
Past pass. p.
qfea
srfq^
QTfel
sif^f
^
3K3
Ind. past p.
Infinitive
stf^
3?f%<qT
erqfq^T
arftHT
3?ftRqT
*r<qT
3*fa<qT
aifegu
mftt&l
erfqgq
trcjq
f ^
f ^
g^RRq^"
|%cl
sfaffiT
If^RST
sfoqgq^
6
^
l'
Verbal root
f^L to cut
to draw
fq^ to plough
q> to scatter
qo^q to be
to walk
'
Present act.
to burn
to grow
to tell
to shake
to shine
f q to be angry
to embrace
$ to do
^
^
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(1,4)
Present pass.
I
Past pass p.
Ind. past, p.
aftffcRqT
eftfqgq
trfas
^f^tcT
^fafff
q&rfw
ffqRT
trfacqr
wfilWT
qfag^
wftig*!
ftfiq^
5c!
fc^T
tf
fx!
fg
f1g
^tfr
^l^T
fn^qr
f^T
qftaf
q ^
^PcT
afrqfa
ttvs^
Wq^
WFfo-it
qmfo
frajtl
STftCTT
ffq^T
f^qfa
fiqfa
facfel
fit
q>Tqfci q5T*qfcT
qste t o play
(l) ^ f a
qsq to be angry (4) qpqfo
^
to cry
(1) sterfo
gq;to be tired
(1.4)
'
L
&&&
"
qftfear
Infinitive
g
g
P
I
3
$tfqgq
qftfagq
^
ft$PL
8
0
^T^qi
^pg^
r
jg
^tfk^n
sp^TT
^tojt
gl^T
qftfeg*
qsgq
^t^q
SfagflL
,|
Verbal root
Present act.
%*TJo suffer
(4)
m j o hurt
(8)
g ^ t o endure (1,4)
$T5Uo wash
(10)
% to decay
(1)
to throw
(6)
to be hungry (4)
to tremble (4)
^ to dig
(1)
^
to eat
(1)
to count (10)
IT^ to say
(1)
I1
Present pass.
Past pass p.
Ind. past r-
ffc^ft
qnfiqwfti
^qfa
f$PT%
Wl
go^
^cT
tg&fit
tfqfb
f^RRt
^ifecf
TO t o g o
(1)
Hf^ to blame
UT5 to plunge
s s f t o hide
to sing
SPET^ to swallow
^ to take
(1) JT^f
0 ) ^Tf^
(1)
(l)
(1) sraft
(9)
^fac^TT
STTaftr^T
faftT
f^TT
^fag^TST^
sncsfagi
^T^-^T^
^TcT
IRI^
^faa
IT%
STtfag*
^f^T
srtfag*
^T^T-^f^T | ^fag*^
*slTf^lT
^rfi^
nqftr^n
^nrfirg^
ilftpn
IFFI
ITC^T
*TT3TTf5<T
^
TT35TT mf^TT I T J ^ w f i g n
ijfsen
gsqfa
^fa
miRrfcT-^
JT^fa
Infinitive
I
to
cr>
TTBI^
tfta
^
RFTEN
IT^T
ggfa
*TT<3*T
ggfaT
*
h
Verbal root
Present act.
TO to fade
(1)
to proclaim (10)
SIT to smell
(1)
^ to move
(1)
=q*5to move
(1)
fq to collect
(5)
f ^ t o think (10)
to steal
(10)
try
(1)
to cover (1,10)
f ^ t o cut
W^tobeborn
srqjo mutter
s r m o prattle
fa to conquer
flftqtolive
m to grow old
(7)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
ST to know
(9)
Jrarefa
faafa
^fa
qafa
^Rfqfcf^f
jtwfofi
^
5TTq^
srqfa
sreqftr
mfa
sftqffr
sftqfer
Present pass.
Past. pass. p.
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
i ? 5 T * * 5 T c q T
^WL
tffa
qtfacr
qtqftRqT
tffofagpL
SlTq?t
5lTcT 5JTOT
fafjRqT
^
^ftcT
**foqT
^fecf
=qfc5cqT
qfogq
sftql
for
fafrtt
fa^fq^T
^Rlfqg^
<qtq*t
xftfar
^fq^T
^ f ^ ^
3
I
r
|
a
gsr
Sj
S
fe^T
wra
srfqcT
sjftqRT
sifaqT
5Tftq<qT
>
g
sftq^
sftfqa
sftor
^ftf^TT
srfcqT
sqq%
fffi
?T<qT
sp^
sr*^
sftq^
srftqgq
srgq^
sftfaa^
-Verbal root
Present act.
glow
(1)
t to
fly
(1,4)
to beat
(10)
cT^ to spread
(8)
c*q to heat
(1)
to strike
(6)
3 3 to weigh
(10)
3* to be pleased (4)
gq to be satisfied (4)
a. to cross
(1)
S^fo
^skret
die^Pci-^
to abandon ( l j
^ to hasten
(1)
^ to bite
(1)
^ t o punish (10)
^ to tame
(4)
^ to burn
(1)
5T to give
(1).
f^T to play
(4)
f ^ to show
(6)
c^srfa
cfqfa
35%
rft^farft
gprfti
g^rfcf
crcfcT
qzfh
fgfo
qx^fa
<sqfo
Present pass.
I*
Past pass. p.
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
sftrg*
cTT^
cFT^
cT^
33^
aTfefl
cfT^T^T
flT^
cfR
351
tftfocT
3s
ST*^
c^
^
^
^
^ ^
fi^
^fb^T
^T^faa
^
W
cFg^R
3^T
cftefoqT
3^T
g^T
ataf
^T^T
^fir^i
q&n
^ftR^T
^fac^T
^(T
^ T
fogqT
tftef^S
tft^
^3^^3*1
^3*7
<^$3^
^ f ^ L
^3*
|
|
Ej
g
z
Verbal root
5 to honour
Present act.
(6)
fg[q^
^T to see
(1)
q^qfa
to shine
(1)
gt^
g t o melt
(1)
s^qfa
^T to put
(3)
qiqtorun
(1)
qTqfa
3 to hold
(1)
to owe
(10)
qRqfrT
to blow
(1)
qqfa
to meditate (1)
q<5 to sound
(1)
qqfa
q ^ t o salute
(1)
iffirfa
TO to perish
(4)
^ to bind
(4)
^fcT
f ^ to blame
(1) fiptfcT
qt to lead
(1)
qqfa
^ t o dance
(4)
q ^ t o cook
(l)
qqfa
qs to read
(l)
qsf?r
i
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
te
faff
fc^T
sfrfogq
3*31
Sfi
^ ^
3
v
f|cf
mfiRT
^Tf^rT
^Tf^q
qfo
M
mftcf
^TTcT
qf^cf
qa
^
qg
q^
fq^
qxq^
qs^
**TTcqT
^HOT
^^T
JfcST
q?qT
TO3T
fafa^
^
gxl
qqq
qfef
^c^T
"ilcicii
qq^qT
qf&qi
^3^
^31
qfq3*T
q*g*Tv
IfR^
ftP^HI
^ 3 ^
qqgq
qfsg^t
<
I
*
3
|
*
53
5
|
Verbal root
Present act.
TO to fall
(1)
qaft
q^to go
(4)
q^
qT to drink
(1)
qt to protect (2)
qjcJ^to protect (10) qi^qfa-%
<ft^to oppress (10)
gq to nourish (4)
gsqfa
^ to worship (10)
<jsrqfa
q to
fill
(3)
ST^to ask
(6)
g^fa
sft to please (10)
sfararfcf ^
qj^to burst
(1)
q^to bind
(9)
qUT to obstruct (1) STq^
to know
(4)
*T^to eat
(10)
*F3f to divide (1)
TOjo break (7)
*TTq to speak (1)
Present pass.
Past pais. p.
tfcET
TO
foqftf
qtq^
flfot
wfcft
Infinitive
qfeCTT
q^qT
<ft<qT
qfaj^
qrjq
qigi^
qrg^
qiafq^
tfefa^
qtfqgq[
^f^L
TO
<51%
fq%
SB
sftff
^feff
q?
^TfacI
gg
^
*m
wf^TcT
q^Rt
Ind. past. p.
<farfq<qT
^rfq^qT
^qf
sftcqT
q>fe^qT
q^T
qifq^qT
Wf^^TT
qtgq
q^q
qifq^
ql^q
^eqgq
*TTfqa^
2
M
g
P
Verbal root
ft^ to cleave
\ to become
to fall
SPTtoroam
Present act.
(7) '
(1)
(4)
(1,4)
IT^ to be glad
(4)
to think
(4)
to consult (10)
to sink
(6)
ITT to measure
(2)
RT^ to seek
(10)
ftr^tojoin
(6)
g ^ L t o ^osen
to rejoice
g ? to faint
q to die
^ T to ponder
ST to repeat
(6)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(1)
I I *
fqsft
^
^i*
j
j
i^sr^
firo
^
^
SfRf
ftw
^
W^r
STRAIT
m
srfesRl
Trfi^T
ST^TT
H^tol
faa
firssfci
ggjfa
ftpR*
^rfcT
qsifcl
Infinitive
Sm*
g
|
^fag*^
q
*
gj
*
f*RT
ftr^
g^fcf
Ind. past. p.
ftrf^r
g^
gfi^
g^^lT
gf^TT
g^^JT
g ^
^
5TT<T
ftffe^T
1
1
1
*ft3Fg*T
r
>
*
h1
Verbal root
t to fade
)
to sacrifice (1)
to attempt
(\)
to restrain (1)
qre to beg
0)
to join
(7)
gq[ to
fight
(4)
^T to protect
(1)
^ to arrange (1)
W to begin
(1)
W to sport
(1)
shine
(1)
^ to please
(1)
to obstruct (7)
to grow
(1)
to leap
(1)
to be
ashamed (6)
to get
(1)
Present act.
q^rfff
^
ap^fcT
v&m
^
^
TO
qT^
g ^
g*^
qifaff
g^R
gg
tf^pr
^fff-^
flHRfr
imfft
frq^
^
ufaff
^facT
^
dsfcT
af
fa
aff^
ctt^S
&&&
osfeaffi
c55q
Ind. past. p.
^ n
3rfcTc3T
^T
qTfq^T
g^i
g^T
^fq^I
l^T
^T
^fac^T
553T
^WT
Infinitive
oo
q^q
qifag*
qt^T
^fqgJT
T^gq
^IfJf
WBjq
|
|
3
Verbal root
fawq to write
fog to ano nt
5ft to stick
to wallow
q to break
g^T to covet
^ to cut
q ^ to speak
q<^ to speak
q ^ to salute
W to sow
to vomit
W to dwell
q ^ to carry
f q ^ to
find
fafrto enter
f ^ to exist
f q to increase
sqq to pierce
Present act.
(6)
(6)
(9)
(4)
(6)
(4)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(I)
(i)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(4)
_
foqfo
Present pass.
f&^Rt
ftwfcT
*5tq%
gaqfa
*qfcT
qqfa
q ^
qqfa
wfff
^
q ^
^
fq?q%
fq*rfa
qq^
fqsqfa
Past.
pass.
M m
f&q
55tq
gfer
gH
gsq
^T
qfa^
3H
qRf
afar
M
fq^
f^q^
p.
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
f&fe&T
f^c^T
cJfcn
^ 3 *
S^T
at^
cfl^iT
35RqT
sftfcqT
q^ff
^3*
q^qi
3fq<qT
S^TT
fa^T
fq*T
fag
fxf
fg
fag
f^T
f^qi
ftgqT
^
q ^
qfirgq
q^q
qtq
^
if^q
q%q
sqgq
<|
r
3
|
W
g
S
Q
>
5
oo
'
Verbal root
Present act.
Present pass.
W^to go
(1)
Wn^t
to praise (1) smfcT
SfT^to be able (5)
OT^to curse
(1) SNfcT-^
to stop
(4)
OT^ffcl
fasMo learn (1) f ^ t
f^Rt
g^to grieve (1) sftefa
dry
(4) gsrffr
rHto be tired (4)
tfTnrfa
sp^
ft? to reach
(1) srofa
sft^
3T to hear
(5)
to praise (1)
WTO
fm\ to embrace (4)
fa^fa
f^Rt
to sit
(L)
FFT^fa
S? to bear
(1) g^t
^
to console (10) SRSRfo-^
to sprinkle (6)
ftrafir
fax^
ftpsMo reach (4)
fa^fo
3 to go
(1) mfa
f^T^
Past pass p.
Ind. past p.
Srf^TcT
afa^T
m
WFd
f^rf^T
^itfac!
9TRT
^T
fac!
STR3T
^T
Infinitive
sm^
siftrg^
f^rf^L
STtfag^
sffagiT
stfagl
ftm
m
^T^T
STf^cT
farR
ftf^
Sfl
STFc^faon
f^F^T
fas
Q^T
STI^
tffg^
HT^ffrg^
S'fag*
ScfH,
*-*
oo
^
>
$
Verbal root
Present act.
(4)
wfa
a to
sqfff
flow
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
fa^fa
Infinitive
gc^T
ftqcT
W&l
SPlfff
*9T3*l
ffc^T
^Nff
faR^T
^t
Sff
msft
f^fa
fqfff
'
^ff
5ff
faff
^3*
^fac^T
^RT
FTA
F^*T
5T3H
1%
fff
fff
f^T
f^T
5T3H
3
8
|
*
^fa-jt
faff
wft
$
R
FAREN
(3)
(1)
(1)
Ind. past. p.
Qg
FMFA
I . . . .
g
g
OS
o*
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
3T
?fjf: m.
fire
a p ^ tip, point
in front (+gen.)
goat
(1) (afafa) to roam
e gg
a??T therefore
a i f t f t : m. guest
adhere
a ^ s that {see n. 70)
SRI today
,
aw* lowest
aw: below (+gen.)
WHTnow
PRRHafter ( + a b l . )
^ w i n d
erPl even
^ ^
along (+cc.)
a ^ favourable
5 0 * love
^ b e t w e e n (+acc.)
^ T without (+acc.)
unimpaired
throw;
(hjste?fiTOnear(+acc.)
%) to scatter^
3 i f i ,
^name
unable
""J w a t e r
" f t " m sword
( W ) . water w f a limitless
forest
(eB) . blood
w enem
1 see
>
y
(
n. 67)
^
healthy
m. serpent
s ^ U ) (aprfa)
sjffer harmful
^
to worship
^
arcJIO) ( a ^ )
, W from, up to v ( f a b . )
to request
'k
'
r
"W object, riches
'8 y
3?if5J disturbed
(1) (0?ffrT)
. ,
.
amrir: arrival
t
to deserve
^enough(+instr.)
^
^
^
^
^protect
^
preceptor
anna
WHL(1WT> self
IRR^Cnw^)
supreme good
8fW tear
^
order
e?^: horse
ang first
e* eight (see n. 130) ^ ( 5 ) to obtain
food
9jgj? v( off ojft oTO )
W Rs
f.
other
^
"
' a d,V C r S..l t y
ei hth
a w r otherwise
. ,
*
oincrwise
aret^Pi.eighteen
mango
P^ORWPIjft
am^ ( < f t ^ )
engs (sngO . life
-VTC) following
eighteenth
(.n*iRfr
W W : offence
ewr ( wfer) to be
-H^) long lived
,
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
smtnin health
laziness
^Thope
3
*
n w p hefrmitage
W W refuge, supportt
ansrc: food
hi
*hest'best
i t f l n m. seer
drivitlg a w a y
upward
m. ocean
generous, noble
p,ant
f ^ wish
gft. t h u s
ggq: effort
^^garden
^ f t above (+gen.)
S o t 'sense
.
j
ST/1
(
^ ^ 5 f' shoe
gqiq: means
or< both sides
so great, so much
ljke
* (6) ( f ^ f t l ) to wish
* ^
53: m. arrow
^ here
, x
, <+acc-.>
(3*0 n. breast
^
. .
.
33 (1) v(afara) to burn
- . s , '
dawn
gror hot
f
t* (lHf^)tosee;
q f M f c t q f a * ) to examine ,
ftfrfeORM
to expect
fs^r ( f T T oSETH.)
such
I W God, master
money-leader
P 1 <+abl>
i f L ^ ,
j0y
^ ^
lmir11v
137
SARY
one
once u
^
:
( s e e 1 2 6 )
Pon
tjme
(see
n
!
1
130
>
o^)
eleventh
^ t h i s (see n. 67)
(
}
'
so great, so much
just only
fr
Indra's
elephant
f
- <
TT^^ power, sway
^t
*
^
f ^ : ) n. vigour
a f t . / . wave
**
l ^ f IPS )/ hymn
debt
s f a a O ^ n. Louse
^
^
n P
T ^ ' ' ] " '
boiled nee
3TT
a f a ^ medicine
] 138
SANSKRIT MANUAL
qj
m. quarrel
f q where ?
^ who (
rce
fa^)
^ q m r ^ welfare
(4)
to be
direction ^ q : m. poet
"
angry ( + d a t . )
^uj: neck"
TO:
one-eyed
skilful, expert
4
^cR: which of two
TO:
crow
f * t ) CSWfa)
t0 e
W (10) 0&qqfa) to tell
/. beauty
^
brace
flowcr
how
jq: desire
WTO
somehow
( TOW )
^QWC,
v.
^ when
granting desires * ^
^
^
sometimes ;
TO:
body
(BRfrftft)to decoq q^nrfq never
cause
rate
^q^gold
TO
to be done
(fRfftr) to cut
youngest
TO^work,
business
grateful
(*qRq*ft q:) TO: time
Scl^cTT gratitude
younger ^ ^ ^ ^ p o c m
^ f o r the sake of
TOT daughter
(+gen.)
tQ
$fa: m. monkey
shine; SHET^T (Sf- SWT artificial
pigeon
^ T ^ ) to shine
wretched
lotus
servant
lean, emaciated
TO (1) (TO&)
f%?3 but
to draw ;
(6)
t0
to tremble fa^ ( v w
who a
P,0USh
W hand
p v : Kr ? ija
w h a l a (see v 113)'
^ f ^ ( ^ t ) w. elephant
^ f ^ fofe^ f W black
Wi (10) ( ^ q f a ) to hear
foqfa
^ T q (f^Tq&) to
a cert in
make b
^ HT-ri ( n M i ) to
*
'ack
hear, to listen
V
f
^
f
(
6
)
(
f
t
l
f
c
)
to
scatter
how great ? how *
_
x ,
W* ear
much ?
q^T (1) (TOa) to be
fit t o
^ f 0i*rf) m. doer,
f ^ f a ( o # ) adolescent
*
conduce
master
c
<
(MP
%fti/.je.t C+dat.)
^
( W ) w. work
of what kind ? ^tfo*: cuckoo
spot
^p^r: dog
c6tq: anger
quarrel
^ whence ?
son of Kunti
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
SARY
139
m ; w
SOD g
felC4)(^)tosuffer
^lame
W : singer
pain, trouble
W (10)
songstress
^ where?
to break
sm(8) to hurt
TO
Piece, section
fa;
( # ) f . . voice"1186
W moment
(1) ( ^ f c l ) to dig ^
mountain
decay, loss
I^Jffl digging
jpr: virtue, quality
(1,4) (5rn%,5rmif<!)
indeed, surely
gnraiff^
of^oft
to endure, to forgive
ten^fa)
to eat
appreciative
-ftrift fq)
f^(4)
to be g o ^ f f a (ojft efipjft
^"bearing
afflicted, depressed
loving virtue
g a (10) (W^fcT)^ ^
^ f r a known, famous gopi^
{ m m todecaay
U
~
fil^T!
( W t
( 6 ) ( f * f t O to n*t Ganges
^
^ j j j g
throw
*T5f: elephant
heavy, honourable
( srfafgrcfa )
to
(10) ( m v f a ) to g^: m. teacher
abuse; fa-f^ ( fa- count;
35^(1) (l^fcO to hide
) to put down ;
TW^fa) to despise gfT cave
] 140
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
house
^f50ft housewife
fourteenth
*T (1) (*mfH) to sing ^ s moon
Rls cowherd,
(^WTO m
Gopala
"
m oon
iftew: Gautama
^ army
^
fWfiT) to move ;
white, fair
V w
to
TO (1) (TO*)
depart;
(Htto swallow
to perform
WBL (W)
disguise,
fraud
|
i SW goat
to cut
i^
fe^ hole, crack
5T
aftnn
^
^
~ V} h a v i *
, L
A
unr. village
^
*'
^ be
^
o q q q ) leathern
^
born
qz: jar
(1) ( ^ f a ) to move
man> person
(10) ( T f m f a )
(05ft) outcast
father
to proclaim TO lovely, beautiful
^ ^ mother
fcW ghee
fa
;5) to collect, to
^ ^
bjrth
gathcr
s i U ) (ftarftr)
..
W* U ) ( w f t n
to smell ^ surprising
to mutter
^
(10) ( f W i f a )
0 id age
to think
W ater
* apd
.
^ ^
^ q (1) (^qftf)
^ff^L
) spiritual
^
to prattle
o q ^ ) having done fo^ after along time
snfa:/. race, caste
* * * wheel
^ (10)
| WT3 knee
c e
y
to steal TOT? (TOTcn) m.
f . beak
( % : > 77. m i n d
son-in-law
sparrow
^j^(i)
to try
STT^net
^ g ^ f o u r (seen 126)
"
fa
(I)
to con^qjq ( *p otft
^
quer ; fa-fa (fq*rq^)
fourth
(10) (SRqftf)
to vanquish ; q*T-fa
q ^ ^ f f i fourteen
to cover
to defeat
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
fafT tongue
( 0 ( M l ) to live
life
^fi^hfe
SARY
141
(
^
butter.miik
s]ope^ s h o r e
^
^
star
palate
** (10) (TOarftT)
TO
to beat
so great, so much
victorious fffe^/. lightning
faH
(foK
*[(4) (sfarfa) to grow
uncooked rice
horizontal
old
thence, then
c f t ^ bank
(9) to know
so, thus
sharp, violent
m^L knowledge
^
that
g ^ f 6 ) (g^fo) to strike
(see n. 67)
g s (10) (cfcs^ft)
t o wei h
o ^ ) learned ^ then
"
8
4
to
fTf^H ( cift
ofa ) ^ (8) to stretch
( )
learned
body
^silently
^ ^
^
eldest
^
fatigue, sluggishrass
^ f H ( ^ ) "-light
ness
^
affiiTT moonlight
cRT3 sleepy, sluggish
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(s^fa)
cTO(l)
^
satisfy oneself
io burn
to glow
gfn: /: satisfaction
fiTO (cHO n. heat,
* *4U. ,
3
^
penance ^
thirst
. ..
m f a K (*&) ascetic
S O ) (Wfa) to cross
r.r.
4
Offerer quickly,
^ ^ ^ ^
/
t
M
J at once
cTOT (OTO
darkness
^ ^ ta^Cm)
to descend
: m. tree
/
{v ^ ^
(mi) n. glow,
squint-eyed
WT (
o ^ )
brilliance
f^qsft gloss, comment
, U fcfcffl (osft cfafft
c
V
^
commentary
OT
( 1 0 ) ( 0 ^ * ) to
-spirited, a r d e n t
threaten qfi[-<r^(q- ^
(1) (owfa) to
^
fta&lfa)
to threaten
"abandon ; q f t - ^
fewr: young child
base, foot
(qffcprfa) to give
(1,4) (131%, ^
)
up, to forsake
to fly
o ^ ) having stood ^T^ group of three
] 142
spftSRR. thirteen
spfpftf (o^s 5rt 5T0
thirteenth
fir m- Tm-three (see n. 126)
m U) ( n ^ )
to hasten
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
servant
maid servant
M
(4> ( ^ t a f t )
to play
day
by day
f ^ ( 6 ) (f^tftr) to
show; an-f^5T (ani s I ( 0 ft*"*) to bite
^ ^ t o command ;
^ c o m p e t e n t skilful
( g ^ f e ) to
^ (10) ( i n s t r u c t ,
to advise
to punish f ^
) direction
SR (4) ( ^ i )
to tame
^T compassion mercy
<ft*poor
sight, vision
^
t e n
tenth
^(1)
to burn
~
to
burn down
ST (1) ( ^ g f a ) to give
en-^T to receive
S-ST to offer
,_ ; f ,
f
* *
^
wood
: body
l^fate
fault
(1)
to
shine
* (1) ' Wftl) to run
*
to melt
ST^pair
twelve
^
(
twelfth
8ft. (5T0/. door
ft ( i t 1 1 ) two
m
^ ~ bum, to glow ^ '
' enemy
^iong
v?
rf^wgx
slowness
_
v
.
W wealth
^misery
^
^
}
wicked man
^
rich
difficult to get
/.daughter
messenger
distant
q f e ^ (o^V oftift
rich
n. bow
W : duty, law, virtue
*1T (3) to put ; arffcHTT
to address ;
to
lay down
^
creator
nurse
mranr grain
^
^
to run
to attack
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
f m fie on (+acc.)
ofreft
SRER ( 4 ) ( S ^ F A )
to
erish
143
SARY
(JFAT)
m. leader
iter* eye
0 | ft
o ^ )
blue
(
) to
ninth flat (4) (ggrffc)
prosper
to dance
ste
^ T ^ nineteen
P> p l a c e
s^^T (
o^ft o ^ )
k^g
TO^OOT)
water,
nineteenth
m. king
milk
] 144
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
^
^
fta* (
embiy
q f i ^ q to be avoided
q^q hard, rough
qq^; mountain
*
u
qg: w. beast
u f j ^.
x
behind (+gen.)
qj (1) (fqqfcf) to drink
qT (2) to protect
qT3: lesson
qiftr: m. hand
W T vessel
qTq: foot
qjqq- s i n
qyf<q^; courtier
qi^UO)
to
to protect
ft? (fqcIT) m. father
<fte (10) (<fteq%) to
oppress, to torment
cfa yellow
fat
goqq merit
g^P son
fipO * b ain
g*cf: in front (-fgen.)
J^hook
^
(10) (
W p a I a c c
Sft (10)
c *
to
worship
WL
<+abl.)
s M * earth
Sq wide
**
q (3)7 to fill
e
SR (6) ( gx^fa ) to
ask; en-Sr ( antake leave
^ towards (+acc<)
R W ^ W .rfWt
backward,
western
xt&m'- reaction,
remCdy
^first
^origin
qvrrq: power
**35 w. lord, master
sngf much, many
5iqf: effort
5RW cessation
SRRfift to check
5RT5T favourable
srcnq: favour
qpp before ( + abl.)
o
before
P^ase
n.
love
**
_
TO hood of a snake
q; (1)
UJ W W ;
to bear fruit
fruitful
<p blossoming
qwfoam
^
W to bind
relative, friend
qcWJ^ strength
oq^)
strong
qfe: outside ( + abl.)
qg much, many
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
boy
^T55T
girl
m. arm
fipj: m. drop
ftsrahole
fintelligence
Trrr intelligent
intelligent
0ojict)
m i 1,4) ^qfrr
)
to know ; s-f* (snfmfa
to awake
3gq: wise man
f e m Tm famished
) .
the Absolute
yur
SARY
145
1
WI^T: devotee
nftp/. mind
burden
t o s p e a k,
HcW
fish
/mBlftT\
am speecji, language **
.;ce
f^(7) to split
honey
3a (7) to eat, to
m bee
^
enjoy J*
serpent
^ middlemost,
^
world
mediocre
^(l) (q^fa) to be, to
to think
Cut:) n. mind
become .
to feel, to
wish, desire
fa m a
. . .
enjoy ; 3<mt (as(iF^rl)
5n?nr: brahmin
V '
to consult
to arise ;
text
*
% ( q f e l f f t ) to over> sPc!I
riW- devotion
come fevaiI
;
(smfe)
"^ inister
^ ( 10 ) (
)
I P
peacock
to eat wfa: /. prosperity
^peacock
^ ( ^ P I U O God
wg^/M. king
^peahen
ilMfr lister
J*/earth
to divide
to adorn
(
wT <>5<0
^ ( 7 ) to break
ornament
? reat
^fortune
to support
(iffclT)
fear
greatneSS
^.
tfn:
enjoyment,
_
fearful
pleasure *TTf?5T woman
meaI
( Rif ) m. lord,
TT not (with
husband w'sr (4)(s^JrfcO to fall
imperative)
146
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
in (2) to measure;
fircrsf
m ( f t n f ) to build
... . . .
HfcRfle*
^sacrifice
7<| (ITTWT)/. mother
^ sacrifice
i n w <mwfo)
to
a W f R T to honour
attempt
10) ( n M )
^ where
,
> to be?in
1
whn
^ < >(
) t<> s P o r t
m a t garland
plantain-tree
lira: month
i f t w. sun
fa* friend
^ when
iTw m. ray
fa (6) ( f a f a ) to join
^ lf
secretly
g f a : / . salvation
1*0)
( 1)
to
month
restrain
to shine
n, fame
^
( )
m. king
(6> ( g t f * ) t o r e i e a s e ^ ( 2 ) t o g o
W
courtier
5\(1)
to rejoice 1W (1)
to beg
queen
-rf.
path
P
SCek
Raghu
^ ( 1 0 ) (pnrftr) to
a r r a n
^ to comP*e
K^-.f. rope
^{ewel
W chariot
W ( 1 ) ( ^ ) ; en-W
^ T c o i n , seal
gfa: m. sage
(gSTfa) to faint
fool
<*??> . head
ra^mouse
3 (6) ( M ) to die
qwr as.. so
qi^I, ( o s R f t o ^ )
night
R
.. ffm^ (
o=j<ft
ama
hea
as much as
P
while l U )
) to
44)
g * ( 7 j to join
(
(4) (g*m) to fight w { 7 ) t o o b s t r u c t
3 ^ w a r , battle
^ ^ b]ood
weeping
^
!?w A.
,
( l ) ( f f r M o leap
147
qjWY voice
q T g:
WSfcTOTqqtfq*?)
eloquent
^
water
fq?j: o b s t a c l e
to speak
saying
well
wind
f ^ money, riches
f ^ f 6 ) ( f ^ f ^ , t 0 find
W ( 6 ) (555^%)
to be ashamed
5S55H shame
^ deeper
5W(1) (wfc) toreceive, to obtain
5$m: acquisition
fa (6) ( f a f a )
to write
fa (6) ( f a r f a )
" to smear, to anoint
5ft (9) to adhere, stick
& (4) o a q f t )
to wallow
to be
merchant
** ( 0
to speak
fr^
to disagree, to dispute
kili.ng, murder
^ w i f e . woman
^
forest
knwIed
^
, i i j s h t * in
8
^
'
,
learned
m ,- ate
f ^ . modesty
^
without (+acc.
instr. or abl.)
to sa1ute
diversion
to sow
^ (1)
fa* (
ftl*)/
^
body
adversity
n. age
fiw
brahmin
*^boar
f ^ bewildered
year
weddin
ffcr. (6) (
enter;
to
wfo-fc-ffcr
(1) (TOfcT) to dwell
(eifirfafa^) to resort
^ ^ to be dwelt in
to ( +acc. )
* wealth
(sqfosf*) to
4 thing,
sit ;
5> object
J
^
to enter
f ^ ( f ^ ) VaiSya
^ U t o S , to
flow
diverse
qr or
faqiroi
dejected
qrq ( q r e ) / . speech faq^ poison
] 148
SANSKRIT MANUAL
f^ra (
firee
fa^fr
3J
character
fasRP) all-pervading ^ (1)
^ (1) (sfr^rfct)to grieve
qfa;: hero, warrior
'
to praise ^ f r pure
wolf
^ (5) to be able
gq (4) (g^ftf) to dry
tree
5TTO/. strength,
hero
t 0 be
Wt(l)
>
to exist; ft-R ( ft) to desist from :
(
) to
turn, to change ; Rf^ ( ^
) to proceed, to begin
^sn in vain
old
old a e
?
(1) (qvft) to increase
i f ^ w. Creator
H (1)
to shake
p0Wer
*ZTRK jackal
splendour
r gUe
(4)
CentUry
to be tired
cncmy
^
fa
(1) (wftr) to
slow]
y
reach : e n f * ( e?i^ U ) terafa) t 0 c u r s e
SRfa) to depend on,
sound, noise
to have recourse
51^(4) (STTHjfa) to be- s f o p ^ i n * o j ^ f t o ^ )
come quiet
rich> fort
' to stop
unate
arrow
* (5) to hear
^ (
/ a utumn ^ (sft<n) m. hearer
W
^
able to be d o n e
body
learned
'
to tremble m ( t night
brahmin
^ W U ^ T ) n - house
STfo^ ^T^ft) m. moon
(1) ( ^ q ^ )
fc: doctor
weapon
^
t o praise
(4) ( fa^fa )
^iT^T branch
f ^ (4) ( f ^ q f a )
to pierce STTfccT: / . peace
to embrace
s q n ^ l o s s , misfortune
sacred book,
mother-in-law
nHs tiger
science , * t o m o r r o w
s^nft tigress
TO!
(1) (ftra) to learn ^
whke
m disease
ft^:
summit
s^faff sick
finw
(ftRP)
head
*
s a f W ^ t f m ) n. sky
w. babY> child
qq ( q z ) six
** lU (TOfa) to go, to ftw: pupil
130)
walk
cold
( q5: q*St q*5*0
vow, promise
head
sixth
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
"tlSST (
sixteenth
sixteen
^
<fe*(*R0/. assembly
6
g^ ^ Tfriendship
SARY
149
time, contract
ft?:
lion
S i m near (+acc.)
fg^i lioness
en*? able
f g ^ l 6 ) (fggfa)
efw
) f . fuel
sprinkle
near ( +gen.)
f t o (4) ({%**?%>
sea
tosu^ed
f WCa,th
i a
^ ^(
'
^
Sita
prosperity
.
g^JT happiness
fragrant
very difficult
gn asleep
^
^
k i n d ness
wise
^ ^ (o5fT . ^ o5(s)
"
benevolent
m.
"
learned man
fragrant
gspfa gold
g f ^ g p O m. friend
qp: charioteer
< SUQ
^ (\}
to move,
erg-^ (eigg*%) to
follow
(6)
to
create
,
m
to appease,
onaSc
to console sfaT army
miftr- m. charioteer
m. general
l
with fear
] H ( ) ( ^ ) to servc
156
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
soldier
(!) ( )
to
f_ j a w
StTOJT ladder
remember;
f ^
(Sgm* )
flT'^H beauty
( f a w f a ) to forget
"Hanuman
m Hari
shoulder
^ j : /. rememberance,
~
deer
(2) to praise
law-book ^
femaIe deer
SJT (1) (
) to ^ ( m j f . garland
tfw
stand;
%(1) f
)
^
Srecn
) to occupy,
to flow 5*51 plough
to dwell ( + a c c ) - ^f one's own
f f a s ( gfa:) n.
^ 1 ( 2 ) to sleep
oblation
m : dream
0)
( W f t r ) to
rise
lau h
WTO place
nature
5
fera standing
heaven
SSfa ) to laugh at
fa firm, steadfast
^ ( ^ T ) /. sister
* ( 3 ) t 0 abandon
Pgi big large
hail! ( + d a t . )
^ ^ to be avoided
BT (2) to bathe
healthy
W necklace
fa (4) (
(0 (
~ to love (-Hoc.)
totaste
to throb
rivalry
lord, husband
' ,
to toucn
WL
to desire ( + d a t . )
fa(lKCT^)to
fofa
swan
^
^
I1ridicule
Jfor''^eed
Himalaya
I ( 0 ( Ufa ) to take
to avoid ; s-f
^ ^ ^t o s t r J k e
m
f ^ x f c N to'
}
S e t
(
female swan
kiIled
Prised
disturb
1 ( 1 ) ( f ^ ) to call
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
A
*
to abandon ^
old age
to ask srt^(6)
to be agitated g * (4)
If^fcT)
(6
ww d ) , ST (3)
ajoDg
although
asleep
8H
assembly
able
able to be done WW
to be able ^ ( 5 )
abode w m ,
(W )
above sqR ( + gen.)
y .
(
to attack erftT-^R (1)
anger ^
(4) ( a n ^ f o )
angry j f o s ,
to attempt
to be angry J t (4)
^f *}
autumn
W O /
( 4 ) (%dat,)
the Absolute ^
anna
(^a)
always
and
anxious ^v-.
to abuse e?fW-ftff^C6)
to appease
(10)
acquisition c5Tvr:
appreciative S ^ f ^ r
to address ajfa-su (3)
to approach sq-TOT (1)
adolescent i w f t : ( f t )
ardent cNfigM
to adorn ^ (10)
to arise
adversity anq^ (enq<0
Arjuna 3 ^ : ,
/.^(fqq^)/
a r m q i | : m.
to fall into adversity
army q t g f .
fq-q^ (4) M
to arrange ^ ( 1 0 )
to advise
OT-f^T(6)
arrival
QiTO^
afar
from afar
to arrive
arrow 55: m. qRt
afflicted
artificial f f o q
to be afflicted fq-g^
ascetic
m.
( M ^ )
rn.
after
( + abl.)>
ashamed afeffi
(+acc.) to be ashamed
again
age q q ^ (qq:) n.
ashes
(WT) n -
avarice a t * :
] 152
beauty sBTfcf: s W r ^
to become ^ (1)
bee sjffc m. qgfo?
(
before
, ^
T+abl.)
to beg qpq (1) (qrq^)
^ - "
/iv
to begin an w (1)
/
^v
'
(mm),
<
)
behind q^T^ ( + gen.)
below 8?q: C+ gen.)
best
between aRRT (+acc.)
beyond q ^ : (+gen.)
big
to bind q ^ ( 4 ) , spq (7)
bird qfgq (q^t) w., fafq:
birth *R?q (W^q)
to bite
1)
black ^
to blacken ( ^ q )
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
book g
a
to be born 5R (4)
"
bow
boy
^
Brahma ^ L ( ^ I T ) m.
brahmin srnw, ft*
u
u _..L_.
branch SFT^T
{h\
to bu r e a ki
(7)> S i
(6)
breast ^
bridge
m.
brilliance ^ r
ft*:)
H.
to bring oq-qt (1)
to build
fasr-qT
~(fqqf) (2)
burden
to burn OT (1), cfq
" (1), ^ (1)
to burn down
^
W ^ ( l )
business $Tqq
^
but f ^ g
_
butter-milk
,
to buy ifr (9)
J
.
to blame fq?s
1
A
, ,
blind BFq
.
f t
blood
(
) n.
^ - v * -^fam
blossoming t p
^
to
to blow
(1) (qqfa)
call | f 1)
^
blue ifta
caste sqfa: /., q*r:
boar q*T|:
cause ^ T ^ l
body qqq:, ag:
cave 35T
qgg, (,qg:)
qrfa* century 4ldK<t
certain ^ f ^
fafe^l
certainly
cessation sra*:
t0
hange
character
chariot
, .
charioteer gRfq: m.
to check qq^(l)
(qwftr), 5RRT ift (1)
cheerfully s r q ^ q
child few?:, fagf m.
CITY
"
clever q
to climb eiT-^(l)
cloud qq:
/.
com
cold
^
^
collect fq (5)
colour ^
t0
( }
compassion qqj
to compose
(10)
conduct e n q j ^ q ^ f o / .
to conquer fa (1)
to console SRq (10)
to consult q ^ U O )
(ipqq^)
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
constant
ft??
contract e w :
to cook
(1)
to count ( m j (10)
country
course nfa: f .
court w n
courtier q r f t ^ :
to cover 3^(10)
to covet p T ( 4 )
153
cow
J
crack
fe^
crane tot?;: SR5TW
to create
(6)
creation sfg: f .
Creator ^ ('TOT) m.
to decorate
(8)
(fi^sh
deer jjh:, sftup
distant
to defeat qu-fa 1
disturbed e?T55
m v * m ; diversion f ^ :
dejected
faqonr
^
to divide
to depart
(1)
to do f (8) {see nn.
m. to be depressed
fe^
51 & 62) ; to be
creeper SRIT "
(4) (fisTCltt , ff-g<[ .
*
done
dOCt r
to cross
(4)
(1) i W t t f l ,
f ^ - ^
m
farftwwftr). a (l) t 0 descend
(l)
.
c
'
crow
cry ^hr:
desire ^ T ,
to desire
cuckoo eEtftcfc,
(+dat.)
to curse m j l )
to desist
ft-^(l)
to cut K (6) W f l ) ,
(+abl.)
( 9 ) to despise
10)
D
destruction TRT:
to dance
(4)
devotee
darkness a n * (<UP) n.
| devotion
f.
to drink qr (1)
driving away g ^ n
drop
m.
to dry ^ (4)
d u s t afof/.
] .,_<
duty ^
to dwell rt (.1)
] 54
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
I to err
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
gait
^
Ganges *ifrr
garden ggnOT
a
formerly gu
to forsake qfi^Nsr (1)
fortune
"
fortunate ^
forward **
four ^ (see n. 126)
fourteen
fourteenth ^
fourth ^
Gautama
general
generous
**
8 f W
!
!
girl
t o' g , o ^
w
90
h W great ?
(5)
as
1
'
8rCat
()>
<4) ^ ^
God
^
.
(Ml*)
god**:
goer
(RTT) m.
gOld
good m%
Gopala ifrn5:
grain ^ r ^
^
"
CTT^.
greatness nfgipj
(
) m.
green
t o rieve
8
S* 0)
to
8 row
(U
guest etfrfc: m.
)
^ C^TrlT) m.
from an (+abl.f
in front of apf (+gen.)
ya: (+gen.)
fruit E3T
fruitful
to bear fruit
(1)
fuel
, gfta
11
t o give
^
t o ,ve U
g P
iver
fragrant V ' ^ ,
m.
gafment
to
ther
( swft snrafir )
fraud
friend
grandson to
(1HT) m.
grass ^
grateful
gratitude ^ ^
game
forbearing
forest
forgetft-*?
to torget
m n (1)
to forgive sw (1,4)
J 55
L ^
(+
?and.W' ^
^mful
hard
^
Hari fft:
to hasten ^
,L
m
'
^
(1)
" (^ )
head ighr (ijsrf) .
^
(ft*:) .,
health emtaur
] 156
SANSKRIT MANUAL
healthy erpr,
heap a f a : ,
to hear
house s f r ^ ( 3 f r ^ ) n.
^
m.
(10)
(^
housewife ^ o f r
n &
(^clT) m.
hearer
heart m *
heaven w t :
hereof!
hermitage ^
T i d mf ^ (1)
n ^
too hide
high g^sf, gir
l o h o l d * U) -
Z
4
' _
honeys
to honour r-c (6)
(ITf^),<J?l00;
your honour ^
(
(see n. 91 )
honourable ^ r
hood
( of a serpent)
hope siRn
horizontal
fiw^
horse w p
*"
hot
(7)
J0^ wspfc
^
(4)
i X
to
,_
f-
, /. ^
king gq:, sjTfcP m.
of what kind
f sm >
kn|
*
killing**:
kied
M.
( ffiiT T
/.
^ sister
^
husband's
I
( WTir) m.
hunger ^ (
hymn
highest
Himalaya
)
just
how ? w r
hungry ^
to be hungry
to hurt
(8)
husband ^
jewel
to join first (6),
['L,
m.
(*F3fT) m.
k
ee
to know 3R-nn(U ^
'
( w ) Krsoa fwj:
indeed ^ f*
T
L
Indra ^
indra's elephant ifcrsRj; ladder glqTW
innocent
form*
lake f ^
intelligence gfe: / .
lame
intelligent gfefl^
language *mT
large
^
J
,to
^ ^ (1)
astlaugh
jackal
jar
to laugh at
(1)
jaw 53:/.
law
sftfo / .
jest
/.
j to lay down fa-m (3)
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
laziness BJicH^
lazy s&Q
to lead ift (I)
leader ^
m.
1 r,
leaf q^pq, W
,
rv
lean
sftur
to leap
(1)
to learn f ^ (1)
to melt 3 ( 1
long-lived e n3T O
j.
n
, ,
c
mendicant
lord 5W:
m.,
*
1 ,
3
tfaivjvfaiz)*.
^
^ #
merchant q f t j
lo88
learned
157
tftqq
master
( S f l ^ J m.
mercy ^ T
mCnt
^ ^
mes n er
^ i
^
ddlemost w
mile 2
- g S & j g *
...
"
milk
mind
minister
( % : ) n.,
^ ( , R : )
fa^T)
misery
misfortune SJiq^
(BTiq^) / .
modesty faff?:
moment ^nr:, ^ n ^
^
monkey
mt q i ^ :
m.,
monsoon 5iT?qj5iTq2)/.
(q*ff) m. month w meal
moon
m.
mean
O^WT:) m.,
means gqpt:
*rftr* (TOfr)
to measure m (2)
moonlight saftcST
^
] 158
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
mother sr^V, m l
nineteenth iR^r
( n r a i ) / ninth iww
mother-in-law q w
noble ^
to mount
(1)
noise
mountain frfc m.,
to nourish gq, (4)
mouse ^
not
(with
mouth JJ3JT
imperat.)
to move ^ ( 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) n o
nurse
much (many) snp, <g
W
how much ?
feft.
O
so much vm..
object ew : , ^
as much as q n g , . . ^
oblation sfrs(5ft:) n.
mud q ^
to observe e?*murder
(10)
to mutter 51^(1)
obstacle fasj:
mutually m m ^
to obstruct ^ r (7)
^
to obtain arf*?-nr (1)
. ,
(1)
name
(n*) ft.
ocean ^
m
paiace
nature W<f:
near (adj.) sif^R;
near (prep.) f t n ,
r + a c c ^ ftraar f +
t+acc.) n m f
acc.),
(+acc;
to occupy srfVr-^n (U
(+acc.)
odour
offence
to offer ar-^T (3)
^
Q,d
palate^
path nfe,TOW(W&
"eaceTft^
peaces^./,
peaceful^
^
peacock
net
d
age m
' ^ ^
to grow old w (4)
penance ^
(<N:) n.
to practise penance
never ^ f t
new
night ufsp / . m f t
at night i f ^
nine
(see n. 130) ;
nineteen JT^^R^
* (Ufa)
one
once
at once HiPdfo,
once upon a time tr^qr
only
OTffUO
to perform o n - ^ (1),
W&Wl (1)
perfume
to perish sffl (4)
person
tieclc arax*
n e c k l a c e
to oppress
or*T
orator
^
(10)
m
order
origin^"^(
'
e
^ I
S
^
6 )
00tcast
outside
(+abl}
to overcome
(1)
toowe<g(i0)*
^
o w n
pain
pair gjffr
"
^ n
^
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
piece mpgi
to reduce to pieces
m(lO)
to pierce
preceptor 8TRTq:,
in the presence of
TO5Pl(+gen.)
^
priest ^
m. quickly
pigeon ESqfa:
pitiful qqig
pitiless ft^q, f q ^ q
pity qqT, f*TT
place ^Tqq , qqq^
to place fa-qT (3),
fa-a^ (4) (5?q^qfcT)
plant
(
m.
plantain-tree
to play q f e (1)
to please sft (10)
(sfoqqfa)
pleased^
to be pleased 3 q (4)
pleasure
tffq:
,
plough^
to plough
to plunge HT5 (1)
( l & t t ) m.
to proceed q - f ^ (1)
to protect e j
<qiftfcT>
SftS*^
quiet WRcl
to become quiet
159
} /
(4) (SFFqfa)
R
race 3TTfcT: /., efar:
Raghu
Rama
rat
ray
tfw
m.
to reach q-3TR (5)
to read qs (1)
to
receive an-qT (3),
refuge e n ^ ^ n w
^ ^ a k e refuge
*
^ >
(1)
* .
^ - ' ' regular
protection
,
.
,
* , * x
to rejoice IR (4)
4 ^
Z T ^
<**>
f
relative
topumsh^dO)
t o r e l e a s e ^ ( 6 )
poem $Toqq
pure g r q
^ (gqfa)
poet
m.
to put w (3), fa-qT (3) t 0 remember ^ (1)
point e m ,
m.
to put down
remembrance
poison
faqq
/., WFOT
Q
pollen ^ g : /
^
to request ejq (10)
quaht
poor q f e
*
.
M
51^(10)
Wlthout q u a l l t y
power wrq:,
f.
residence
.
m
to praise qfa (1)
Quarrel
to restrain q * (1)
(1) ftBwi),^ (2f q u e e n ^
^
to prattle
(1)
quick aqg,
to return sfa-qq^ (1)
] 160
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
rice
boiled rice
rich ^ q ^ , qfa*,
riches ew,
f^q
ridicule f i s w
to incur ridicule ^T^f
to rise
(1)
(sf^sfc?)
rivalry^
river
road m i :
to roam ztz (1),
(1, 4)
rogue
ST3:
rope^:/.
rough
TO
rupe. ^
s
sacred text *F5f:,
sacrifice
to sacrifie qsTjl 1
sage gfa:
for the sake of
( + gen.)
to salute iw (1)
q^(l) (q^)
salvation g f a : / .
sandal-wood
satisfaction gfo:
satisfied gn: / .
to be satisfied <jq (1)
saying
to scatter qf> (7)
(fatfeoj ft-BW (4)
science ^TT^T
"
sea
fljp:
seat
second fg^ftq
secretly
section
|l o see _ n ) ( q w f t 0 j
|
1 10 s e e k ^ ( J O )
! seer
"
| t o seize 515 (9)
self ^ ^
t o sel] ^
(9)
sense ^
^
^
series ^
serpent 3?%: m. sq:
servant
to serve
(1) (frm)
seven
^ { s e e n. 130)
seventeen s a q ^
seventeenth m&R
seventh SHS"
to shake
(1)
shame ^^TT
sharp
to shine SHEiqr(l)
(sro^),
(4)
shoe
STO^C dMH<0
/
shore
W:, cftST, ^ T
t o sh
rte
(6)
shoulder
shout
to shout
t0 show
(6)
sick ftfh^, ^TfacT
sickness
nftr: /w.
side q^?:
on b th sides
WlcP
(,+acc.)
o n a11 s i d e s
^ 1
(+acc-)
sight
^
silently
^milar 3 * ,
^
^
^ ^
^
tQ s i n g *
^ ^
singer
^
tQ s i n k
sin
(6)
(fswasrfa)
sinner qTq:, qTfq^
(qj<ft)
^
sister ^ ^
(^F&T)/.
to sit gq-fq^T (6), ^
1 0 Wfafa)
Sita tfcTT
six q q j qz )
(set n. 130)
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
sixteenth tsftssT
son gsp
sixths
song *TR*T, s t f f a ^
skilful
songstress mfq^T
skilled fqgnr
son-in-law srmm
s k y e n ^ , ^
( stfte w. ) sound spsq:
slave qrg: qr^V
to sound
to slay
f2)
southern s ^ r e
sleep f ^
to sleep
to sow
Sparr
(2)
(I)"
to s m e l l y (1) (fasfcT)
to smile fa (1)
smoke
snake
w.,
snare 5TT5$;R\ qrep
xs ^
snow
so t r w , a m
to s
P r t ^L n )
spot
to s
^
to succeed ftp* (4)
suceess fafe: f .
>
suddenly g^gr
'4)
(1)
faEf)
r: / .
3-5
0)
SKOng
to suffer
sleepv crara
^ d
J
s
u
p
p
r
xo
slope ?f2:
,
/ s
, '
.
speaker qqg (q^T m.
slothful
,
.
.
speech vrFTT, q R
slow
/~
\f
! , 1a
. .f - *
slowly
spirited
s uggish
spiritual i ^ r
sluggishness m a n ^ t R T splendour
tffcr
small
to split 5 (9),
to smear feq (6)
(7j
)
strength sra*
to strike
*** ^
t 0 SPCak
161
*** >
SUQ
^
^
t
8VTWT:
to support vj (l)
surely
. ,
.
surprised ftftro
^
t<> b e
%
(1)
tQ
swan
to sweep
sweeper
(10)
Pnnkle
SW6et
^
( f t w f t ; sweetmeat ^ ;
t0 stand
sword
W (U
(ftafo)
T
standing f^ia
^
^
tail
CST^RT
star
steadfast vfk,
fa*
to take ^ 19),
to s t e a l e r (10)
step ^
soldier Hfi^:
some
^ f ^ T , fofe^ s t i c k
sometimes ^ i f q
I to stick a t (9)
(3)
to take away g (I)
(1), e*q-;ft (1)
I talented s f t ^
] 162
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
to talk q ^ ( 1 )
tall
to tame qq (4) (qT*qfa)
tank s r a m : ,
to taste ^
(1)
(
)
to teach OT-fqtf (6)
teacher
w.
tear em
to tear q (9)
to threaten a ^ ( 1 0 )
three ftr ( see n, 126)
group of thee
throat sps:
to throb
(1)
^
^
(6)
to throw
, (4)
f$TT'(6)
thus
, trq*
tiger sqn?:,
t o tell m
t i n e
ten
+
tenth q^W
(10)
n. 130)
truth
to try q ^ (1) ( q ^ )
to turn ( q f t - f ^ ) (1)
(qftq^)
tu
ed away
twelfth g T ^
twelve g T ^ p
twilight
two
( ^
n U 6 }
unable
J *
t^rriKi^ vrxrarr
terrible ^
tired g R f , ^ T
to b e c o m e tired
/
^
f4)
Wl/4)
u n d e r era: ( + g e n . )
^
t o u n d e r s t a n d e*q-?i*r
iT 1
m
theft
today
unimpaired e r e f e ^
then r 9 ^ p , erft
thence
^fTT^
there
therefore era trq, 3STT3.
thick qq,
thief
thin ag, ^ r
thing q q w ,
to think ^ ( f f l g L
t0 morr
that
third ^ f t q
(>*T*q%)
t h i r s t <JHT, fqqr^T
thirteen spftVI*
thirteenth srqtqsr
this f q * , t t ^
though qsjfa
thought
, QFE: / .
tongue f^fT
tooth
top
,
ftra*:
to torment
(10)
tortoise ^af:
to touch ^
(6)
towards srffc (+acc.)
town
qqft
diverse f q ^
up to e?T (+abl.)
upon sqfi; (+gen.)
upward ^ f q
urn
v
vain
vainl
to transgress vftr-*l
(4)( ^ W P d
treasure
^
tree
m.f t$T:
to tremble WT (1)
^ ^
trouble
SRNT:
W'VU )
WW,
yin
Vaifiya
)
v a l o u r
t 0 van(
vessel
vain
far
W
(
TO**
*u,sh
(TOVW)
victorious
(^TT) w.
victory FIRAQ:
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
vigour $ ( B m i ) n.
vile
fftq
violent
violently
virtue ^ J ^ K . , gor:
virtuous guiqq^ > jjftl'l
vision ^fe:,/., qsiq^
voice f*T^(*ft:)/.,qi*ft
vow
W
fes. /1 \
to wait s r M r ( l )
to weep ^ (2)
weeping
to weigh gSSjTo)
welfare 56*qT<W,
well (adv.)
mv
well fq:, qrft
western qfspj,
what?
wheel
when ? spqT, when qqr
whence ?
163
where ? p r , qq,
war g^T
warrior
qtq:,
white ^
wholesome
^
^
(10)
to write
w h y ? f ^ T , ^ q , f c f : "> y a w n e d )
wicked p
~
<
^
wicked man ^ q
***
(W)
^Tft w i d e ^
*
to yell
(1)
wave s f r : / . ,
^
^
yellow
qfe
wife
way qjq:
^ ^
yesterday
wind ^
weak
qcSftq
^
yet ^UTftT
wealth
q q * , fa^ w i n g
' ' yoke
weapon o ^ q q ,
young
^
r
m
weary
" wise
younger e ^ q * , qeftq*
wedding fqqif:
wise man gq:
youngest
week BHT5J
wish 553T
youth qfaqq
water
W
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
[The figures refer to the marginal number)
I.
III.
1.
2.
3.
Declension
1.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
165
XI. Conjugation
1. Generalities6 ; The augment47.
2.
Generalities34.
A
I 34, 46-49, 55-56,
j
59-60
)
3. The Passive
Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Potential68* 71 (3)
4. Participles
Pres. part. act. and pass. (ssnj and gnffi^)83.
Perfect part. act. ( q ^ g )85.
Perfect part. pass. ( ^ )85.
Indecl. past part. ( q^T and sqq; )115.
5. Infinitive (gg^)122.
] 166
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
X.
L
Syntax
The Cases: Nominative13; Accusative14 : Instrumental!
21 ; Dative22 ; Ablative29 ; Genitive 30 ; Genitive
absolute119 ; Locative35 ; Locative absolute117-118 ;
Vocative36.
Infinitive123.
6.
7. The Subordinate-Clause :
Noun-clause124;
clause125 ; Adverb-clause127-129.
Adjective-
|flg||