Rocket Festival

This article is about traditional rocket festivals of Laos 1 History

and Thailand. For the one in Spain, see Rocket Festival
Spain.
These Buddhist festivals are presumed to have evolved
A Rocket Festival (Thai:

Prapheni from pre-Buddhist fertility rites held to celebrate and encourage the coming of the rains, from before the 9th century invention of black powder. This festival displays
some earthy elements of Lao folklore. Coming immediately prior to the planting season, the festivals oer an
excellent chance to make merry before the hard work begins, as well as enhancing communal prestige, and attracting and redistributing wealth as in any gift culture.
Scholars study the centuries-old rocket festival tradition
today as it may be signicant to the history of rocketry in
the East,[2] and perhaps also signicant in the postcolonial
socio-political development of the Southeast Asian nation
states. Economically, villages and sponsors bear the costs
in many locations in Laos and in northern Isan (northeast
Thailand). The festivals typically begin at the beginning
of the rainy season, in the sixth or seventh lunar months.

The rockets can reach very high altitudes

Anthropology Professor Charles F. Keyes advises, In

recognition of the deep-seated meaning of certain traditions for the peoples of the societies of mainland Southeast Asia, the rulers of these societies have incorporated some indigenous symbols into the national cultures
that they have worked to construct in the postcolonial
period.[3] Giving the Bun Bang Fai or re rocket festival
of Laos as one example, he adds that it remains "far
more elaborate in the villages than in the cities.

2 Present day
Villages no longer stage Bun Bang Fai festivals on the
scale of Yasothon's famous event. However, villages may
have oats conveying government messages. They may
also include fairs. In recent years the Tourism Authority of Thailand has helped promote these events, particularly the festivals in the Thai provinces of Nong Khai and
Yasothon, the latter boasting the largest and most elaborate of these festivals.The Bun bang fai celebration in the
past and up till now are not only in Yasothorn Province,
but also in many other provinces around that city such
as Roi Et, Kalasin, Srisaket, and Mahasarakham. In
Suwannaphum of Roi Et Province is one the most magnicent and beautiful of Thailands Bang Fai parades that
is called Bang fai eh or Bangfai ko (Bang Fai Parade
are decorated in the form of Thai traditional artwork or
Line Thai).

Phaya Thaen Park Saen launch racks, Yasothon, Thailand

Bun Bang Fai, Lao: Bun Bang Fai') is a meritmaking ceremony traditionally practiced by ethnic Lao
people throughout much of Isan and Laos, in numerous
villages and municipalities near the beginning of the wet
season. Celebrations typically include preliminary music and dance performances, competitive processions of
oats, dancers and musicians on the second day, and culminating on the third day in competitive rings of homemade rockets. Local participants and sponsors use the
occasion to enhance their social prestige, as is customary
in traditional Buddhist folk festivals throughout Southeast
Asia.[1]
1

Bung Fai Line Sribhumi, Suwannaphum, Roi Et Province

YASOTHONS FESTIVAL

Bung Fai dance in Suwannaphum, Roi Et

Pattern of Bung Fai Line Sribhumi which made by handle scissors cutting the line with out the broken line, Suwannaphum, Roi
Et Province

Phaya Thaen the main god of Isan who related with Bung Fai
Festival
Sueng Bung Fai with traditional Isan dressing and local long
drum show, Suwnnaphume, Roi Et

), which continue intermittently into the early

hours of Monday. Mor Lam Sing is a type of morlam
3 Yasothons festival
that is very popular among the local Isan-Lao population.
The performance goes on all night and the locals have
Since the March 1, 1972, separation of Yasothon great fun. Outsiders have a hard time understanding the
from Ubon Ratchathani Province, with its world-famous humour, which is often rather bawdy.
Candle Festival, Yasothons provincial capital has elabo- Saturday brings on the competitions for Hae Bangfai
rately staged its now world-famous Rocket Festival annu- Ko (Thai:

). He are street parades or

ally over the Friday, Saturday, and Sunday weekend that demonstrations usually featuring traditional dance and
falls in the middle of May.
accompanying musicians, typically with khaen (Thai:

Raw Friday (Thai: , Wan Sook Dip) features ), Gongs, Lao-Isan Klong Yao (Thai: ),
all-night performances of Mor Lam Sing (ThaiIsan: long drum), and an electric guitar, powered by an inverter

One of the groups in the parade.

Isan dress for Bung Fai parade in Suwannaphume, Roi Et

Dancers in Yasothon parade.

Village Mor Lam Sing

and car batteries in a handcart that also mounts horn

loudspeakers. Bangfai Ko are richly decorated rockets mounted on traditional but highly decorated oxcarts,
or modern oats. Most but not all bold Bangfai Ko are Bang Fai Ko on Yasothon oat before the parade.
for show and not actually capable of ight. Many sport
the heads of Ngas; if equipped with water pumps and
swivels, they are actually capable of spitting on specta- by Keyes (ibid.) Participating groups compete for prizes
within their categories. He typically end in a wat, where
tors.
The principal theme of any Hae Bangfai is the Phadaeng dancers and accompanying musicians may further comand Nang Ai legend (below), so many oats (or highly pete in traditional folk dance. All groups prominently disdecorated oxcarts) also depict the couple and their ret- play the names of their major sponsors.
inue. Other modern themes present as well, as suggested Recalling the fertility rite origins of the festival, parade

4 BANG FAI (THE ROCKETS)

120 kg rocket exploded 50 metres above ground, just two
seconds after launch, killing four persons and wounding
11.[4]

Bang Fai (the rockets)

A lady drags a turtle with a phallic head behind her on the day
of the parade.

ornaments and oats often sport phallic symbols and imagery.

Rocket on ascent.

Jaruat (Thai: ) is the proper term for rockets used

as missiles or weapons, but Bang Fai (Thai: )

skyrockets are gigantic black-powder bottle rockets. Tiny

bottle rockets are so-called because they may be launched
from a bottle. In the case of the similar appearing Bang
Fai, also spelled 'Bong Fai' (Thai: ), the 'bottle'
is a bong (Thai: ), a section of bamboo Culm used
as a container or pipe (and only colloquially as a pipe for
smoking marijuana.)[5]
Shoots: note phallus protruding from camera

Amid the festive atmosphere, dirty humour is widespread.

Festivities also include cross-dressing, both cross-sex
and cross-generational, and great quantities of alcohol.
Perhaps the most popular beverage, both because it is
cheaper than beer and has a higher, 40-percent alcohol
content, is a neutral grain spirit called Sura (Thai: ),
but more generally known as Lao Whiskey (Thai:
, Lao lao) in Laos and Lao Khao (Thai: ,
white alcohol) in Thailand. Sato (Thai: ), a brewed
rice beverage similar to Japanese sake, may also be on offer; sweet-avored sato may be as little as seven-percent
alcohol, but it packs a surprising punch.
Sunday competition moves on to the launching of Bangfai, judged, in various categories, for apparent height
and distance travelled, with extra points for exceptionally beautiful vapour trails Those whose rockets misre
are either covered with mud, or thrown into a mud puddle (that also serves a safety function, as immediate application of cooling mud can reduce severity of burns).
While popular and entertaining, the festival is also dangerous, with participants and spectators alike occasionally being injured or even killed. On 9 May 1999, a Lan

Bangfai Meun showing wooden nozzle

Related to the Chinese Fire Arrow, Bang Fai are made

from bamboo bongs. Most contemporary ones, however,
are enclosed in pvc piping, making them less dangerous by standardizing their sizes and black-powder charges
(which contest rules require be compounded by the rocketeers, themselves). Baking or boiling a bong kills insect
eggs that otherwise hatch in dead bamboo and eat it, inside out. Skipping this step may cause the bong to disin-

5
tegrate and melt the PVC piping. Vines tie long bamboo
tails to launching racks. The time it takes for the exhaust
to burn through the vines (usually) allows a motor to build
up to full thrust; then the tails impart in-ight stability.
Ignition comes from a burning fuse or electric match.
Bang Fai come in various sizes, competing in several categories. Small ones are called Bang Fai Noi (Thai: ).
Larger categories are designated by the counting words
for 10,000, 100,000 and 1,000,000: Meun (Thai: )
Saen (Thai: ) and the largest Bang Fai, the Lan
(Thai: ). These counting words see use in many contexts to indicate increasing size or value. Lan in this context may be taken to mean extremely large as well as extremely expensive and extremely dangerous: Bang Fai
Lan are nine metres long and charged with 120 kg of
black powder. These may reach altitudes reckoned in
kilometres, and travel dozens of kilometres down range
(loosely speaking, as they can go in any direction, including right through the crowd). Competing rockets are
scored for apparent height, distance, and beauty of the
vapour trail (Thai: ). A few include skyrocket pyrotechnics. A few also include parachutes for tail assemblies, but most fall where they may.
Phangkhi

Nang Ai,
Phangkhi

Phadaeng,

and

Phadaeng and Nang Ai

Nang Ai (Thai: ), in full, Nang Ai Kham

() is queen of the pageant and Phadaeng
() is her champion. She is famed as the most
beautiful girl. He, an outsider, comes to see for himself,
lavishes her with gifts and wins her heart; but must win a
rocket festival tournament to win her hand. Unwittingly,
he becomes part of a love triangle.
Phangkhi () and Nang Ai have been fated by their
Karma ( kam) to have been reborn throughout many
past existences as soul mates (
khusang, Lao-Isan
sai naen nam kiaw.) Stories about the
couple, however, say they have not exactly been lovers:
in many a past existence, she has been a dutiful wife,

but would not yield an inch in an argument to anyone

( mai yom krai) and he only wanted to satisfy himself ( ow dtae jai dtua eng). She
becomes fed up and prays never to be paired with him,
ever again. Nang Ai is reborn as the daughter of Phraya
Khom (, (which means Lord Khmer; but even
if her father was a Cambodian overlord, Nang Ai Kham
is still the genuine article), while Phangki is reborn as the
son of Phaya Nak, the Grand Nga who rules the Deeps.
(He is depicted in parades in the guise of a prince, riding alone, dogging the new pair.) Phangki isn't invited
to the tournament, and Phadaengs rocket zzles. Nang
Ais uncle is the winner, so her father calls the whole
thing o, which is considered to be a very bad omen, indeed. Pangkhii shape-shifts into a white squirrel to spy
on Nang Ai, but she espies him and has him killed by a
royal hunter. Pangkhiis esh magically transforms into
meat equal to 8,000 cartloads. Nang Ai and many of
her countrymen ate of this tainted esh, and Phaya Nak
vows to allow no one to remain living who had eaten of
the esh of his son. Aroused from the Deeps, he and
his watery myrmidons rise and turn the land into a vast
swamp. Nagas personify waters running both above and
below ground, and nagas run amok are rivers in spate: all
Isan is ooded.
Phadaeng ees the rising ood with Nang Ai on his white
stallion, Bak Sam ( Mr. Three), but she is swept
o by a Nagas tail, not to be seen again. (Bak Sam is
seen in parades sporting his stallions equipage (
awaiyawa pet kong ma) that legend says dug

THE MYTH OF THE TOAD KING

6 The Myth of the Toad King

Phaya Thaen Park Rocket Shoot

Bak Sam

a lick called Lam Huay Sam (, which may be

seen to this day in Ban Sammo-Nonthan, Tambon Pho
Chai, Amphoe Khok Pho Chai. The legend also tells that
receding waters left behind the Nong Han Kumphawapi
Lake of the Kumphawapi District marsh, which, too, may
be seen to this very day.) Phadaeng escapes, but pines
away for his lost love. His ghost then raises an army of the
spirits of the air to wage war on the nagas below. The war
continues until both sides are exhausted, and the dispute
is submitted to King Wetsawan (), king of
the North, for arbitration. His decision: the cause of the
feud has long since been forgotten and all disputants must
let bygones be bygone.

Almost everyone, native and visitor alike, will say Bang

Fai are launched to bring rain, as in the Tourism Authority
of Thailand link, below. However, a careful reading of
the underlying myth, as presented in Yasothon and Nong
Khai, implies the opposite: the rains bring on the rockets.
Their version of the myth:
When the Lord Buddha was in his bodhisatta (Pali)
(Thai: , phothisat) incarnation as King of the
Toads Phaya Khang Khok (Thai: ), and
married to Udon Khuruthawip (Thai:
,
Northern Partner-Knowing-Continent), his sermons drew
everyone, creatures and sky-dwellers alike, away from
Phaya Thaen (Thai: ), King of the Sky). Angry Phaya Thaen withheld life-giving rains from the earth
for seven years, seven months and seven days. Acting
against the advice of the Toad King, Phaya Naga (Thai:
Phayanak), King of the Nga (and personication of the Mekong) declared war on Phaya Thaenand
lost.

The legend is retold in many regional variations, all of

which are equally true for they relate events in dierent
existences. One 3000-word poem translated to English[6]
from this rich Thai-Isan tradition, "is especially well
known to the Thai audience, having been designated
as secondary school supplementary reading by the Thai
Ministry of Education, with publication in 1978. There is
even a Thai popular song about the leading characters.[7]
The original was written in a Lao-Isan verse called Khong
saan, replete with sexual innuendo, puns, and double entendre.
Keyes (op. cit., p. 67, citing George Coeds[8] ) p. 48,
says Phra Daeng Nang Ai is a version of the Kaundinya,
legendary founder of Funan; and Soma, the daughter of
the king of the Nga. Keyes also wrote that such legends
may prove a valuable source of toponyms.[9]

King Toad leading war with Phaya Thaen

Persuaded by Phaya Naga to assume command, King

Toad enlisted the aid of termites to build mounds reaching
to the heavens, and of venomous scorpions and centipedes

7
to attack Phaya Thaens feet, and of hornets for air support. Previous attempts at aerial warfare against Phaya
Thaen in his own element had proved futile; but even the
Sky must come down to the ground. On the ground the
war was won, and Phaya Thaen sued for peace.
Naga Rockets red in the air at the end of the hot, dry
season are not to threaten Phaya Thaen, but to serve as
a reminder to him of his treaty obligations made to Lord
Bodhisatta Phaya Khang Khok, King of the Toads, down
on the ground. For his part Phaya Nak was rewarded by
being given the duty of Honor Guard at most Thai and
Lao temples.

Wow tanoo ready to y

A Translation of an Isan Fertility Myth in Verse ; Lewisburg : Bucknell University Press London ; Cranbury, NJ
: Associated University Presses 1996 ISBN 0-83875306-X.

7 Etymology
Bun (Lao: wikt:, Thai: ) merit (Buddhism)[10] is from Pali Pua merit, meritorious action, virtue,[11] and Sanskrit puya virtuous or
meritorious act, good or virtuous works.[12]
Naga guarding the Viang Chan, Laos, Temple of Wat Sisaket,
itself a survivor of an intemperate war in 1827

Bang (Lao: wikt:, Thai: )

(alternative spelling
bong ,) is a cutting, specically of bamboo.[10]

After the harvest of the resulting crops, Wow thanoo

(Thai: , bow kite), man-sized kites with a strung
bow, are staked out in winter monsoon winds. They are
also called Ti-ti (Thai:

, singing kite), from the
sound of the bowstring singing in the wind, which sing all
through the night, to signal Phaya Thaen that he has sent
enough rain.

Fai (Lao: , Thai: ), is Fire (classical element).[10]

Prapheni Thai: ), tradition,[10] is from
Sanskrit parampara, an uninterrupted series,
regular series, succession 'to be handed down in
regular succession';[13] from Pali parapar 7795
parapar series, tradition.[14]

All participants (including a wow thanoo) were depicted

on murals on the front of the former Yasothon Municipal Bang Fai Museum, but were removed when it was
remodelled as a learning centre.

8 In popular culture

An English-language translation of a Thai report on Bang

Fai Phaya Nark Naga reballs at Nong Khai gives essentially the same myth (without the hornets and wow) from
Thai folk : The knowledge of Thai life-style . For an
alternate English-language version, see Tossa, Wajuppa
and Phra 'Ariynuwat ; Phya Khankhaak, the Toad King:

The 2006 Thai martial arts lm, Kon Fai Bin, depicts the
Rocket Festival. Set in 1890s Siam, the movies hero,
Jone Bang Fai (Fireball Bandit), is an expert at building
the traditional bamboo rockets, which he uses in conjunction with Muay Thai martial arts to defeat his opponents.

11 FURTHER READING

Thai political protests in April 2010 similarly had Red

Shirts ring bang fai in downtown Bangkok.[15]

See also
Chinese Fire Arrow for Flying Firelances, bamboo
tubes stued with black powder; the tube was ignited
and used as a amethrower.
Black powder
Bottle rocket
Gift economy
Mysorean rockets military weapons
Phaya Naga

Astronautics, AAS History Series, Vol. 15 (Univelt Inc:

San Diego, 1993), pp. 3-24.
[3] Keyes, Charles F. (1995). The golden peninsula : culture
and adaptation in mainland Southeast Asia. Includes bibliographical references and index. Honolulu: (SHAPS library of Asian studies) University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN
0-8248-1696-X., p. 285.
[4] The Nation (Thailand), 1999-05-10, archive accessed 17
February 2012
[5] Sethaputra, So (1965). New Model Thai-English Dictionary. Bangkok, Thailand: So Sethaputra Press. ISBN
974-93509-8-7.
[6] Tossa, Wajuppa (1990). Phdng Nng Ai : a translation
of a Thai-Isan folk epic in verse. Includes bibliographical references. London and Toronto: Bucknell University
Press. ISBN 0-8387-5139-3.

Phi Ta Khon ghost festival includes a rocket festival

[7] Diller, Anthony. Review of: Wajuppa Tossa, Phadaeng

Nang Ai

Phra Lak Phra Lam

[8] Coeds, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia, tr. by Susan Brown Cowing, ed. by Walter F.
Vella. Honolulu: Research Publications and Translations
Program of the Institute of Advanced Projects, East-West
Center, University of Hawaii.

Skyrocket
Thai folklore

10

References and notes

[9] Charles F. Keyes (keyes at u.washington.edu): Southeast

Asian Studies, Vol 11, No. 4, March 1974, page 498, A
Note on the Ancient Towns and Cities of Northeastern
Thailand.
[10] On-line Royal Institute Dictionary
[11] A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages
[12] Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
[13] Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
[14] parapar 7795
[15] Pravit Rojanaphruk (21 April 2010). Red shirts, soldiers ready. The Nation (Thailand). Archived from the
original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 4 July 2014. ... two
home-made rockets (known in the Northeast as bang fai)
attached to the bamboo poles were being set o every 10
minutes.

former Yasothon City Rocket Festival Museum.

[1] Kammerer, Cornelia Ann and Tannenbaum, Nicola

(1996). MERIT AND BLESSING: In Mainland Southeast
Asian Comparative Perspective. New Haven (Connecticut): Yale University.: Southeast Asia Studies (Monograph 45). ISBN 0-938692-61-5.
[2] Frank H. Winter, curator of the Rocketry Division of
the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C.,
The 'Bun Bang Fai' Rockets of Thailand and Laos: Possible Key to determining the Spread of Rocketry in the Orient, in Lloyd H. Cornett, Jr., ed., History of Rocketry and
Astronautics - Proceedings of the Twentieth and TwentyFirst History Symposia of the International Academy of

Gray, Paul and Ridout, Lucy. Rough Guide to Thailand. Rough Guides, 2004. ISBN 1-84353-273-5.
Tourist Authority of Thailand

11 Further reading
Durrenberger, E. Paul (1983). The Shan Rocket
Festival: Buddhist and Non- Buddhist Aspects of
Shan Religion (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Society). JSS Vol. 71.0h (digital). Retrieved October 10, 2013. Anthropologists have repeatedly commented on the apparent contradictions

9
between Buddhist and non-Buddhist aspects of lowland southeast Asian religions.... They dier in their
interpretations. Some argue there are two religions
which fulll dierent functions ... while others argue there is only one religion which encompasses
both aspects.... I shall address this larger question
with reference to a particular Shan festival.

12

Videos

A video and a brief description about the Rocket

Festival in Northeast Thailand (Issan, Esarn) can
be seen from http://www.spatz-darmstadt.de (section
Asian Cultures / Ethnographic Videos / Thai,Lao
Cultural Festivals )

13

External links

10

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Rocket Festival Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Festival?oldid=715234183 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, Robbot, Widsith,

Davidcannon, Henry Flower, Rich Farmbrough, Hintha, Ogress, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Lerdsuwa, Woohookitty, BD2412, Ketiltrout,
Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, Huw Powell, Wisekwai, Ospalh, Pawyilee, SmackBot, Paxse, Hmains, RayVaughn, Chris the speller, Bluebot,
Octahedron80, GoodDay, Paul 012, Rikker04, Drinibot, Andkore, Cydebot, WinBot, Thaimoss, Jllm06, Doug Coldwell, Gwern, Nono64,
MichaelSchoenitzer, TXiKiBoT, Fuddle, Dlrohrer2003, Martarius, Binksternet, Mild Bill Hiccup, Trivialist, Mr Accountable, Takeaway,
XLinkBot, Addbot, Yobot, V85, Xufanc, LilHelpa, FULGUREX, J04n, Seligne, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Mispda, Full-date unlinking bot,
David Hedlund, RaptureBot, BrokenAnchorBot, Donner60, Helpful Pixie Bot, PhnomPencil, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Earaps, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, UY Scuti, 4dpopular, Yocoa, Pleamir and Anonymous: 31

14.2

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