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TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF BSCCO 2212 LIMITER AT T
= 65 K
II. LIMITER
I. INTRODUCTION
HE DESIGN of superconducting equipment, such as the
SFCL, includes thermal and electrical properties of the
material. Thermal properties deal with the resistive heating due
to AC losses during normal operation and especially for the
SFCL an increasing resistance due to fault current limitation.
Electrical properties often deal with critical current density
and critical electrical field strength
being applied to the material. An important fact being not considered sufficiently is the
coordination of insulation to withstand overvoltages caused by
resonance excitations.
Electrical equipment can be subject to various kinds of high
voltage stresses caused by lightning strikes, disconnecting operations or system disturbances. The rise times of the initiated
travelling waves are in the range of ms to ns and correspond to
frequencies in the range of kHz to several MHz. If the dominating frequency of a voltage surge corresponds to the natural frequency of the winding system, resonance excitations are
caused. These cause high voltage stresses in the windings of the
limiter, which can lead to insulation faults and therefore have to
be considered during the design of the limiter.
To investigate the transient behavior of the limiter a lumped
network model has been developed, allowing us to calculate
Manuscript received August 4, 2002. This work was supported by the Graduate Research Center Applications of Superconductivity of the German National
Science Foundation DFG.
The authors are with the Institute of Electric Energy Systems and
High-Voltage Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany (e-mail: ricard@ieh.uni-karlsruhe.de).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TASC.2003.812978
2037
Fig. 2. Distribution of current density for 1 kHz (left), 1 MHz (middle) and
9 MHz (right), showing the current density increasing on the conductor border
as the frequency increases.
Fig. 1. Section of a limiter winding with the complete electric- and magnetic
coupling.
(1)
(2)
and
are the currents through coil 1 and coil 2, rewhere
and
are the corresponding current densities
spectively.
is the distance between the two coils with volumes
and
and , respectively.
3) Capacitances: All capacitances of the lumped network
were considered to be constant for the investigated frequency
range. The capacitances between single windings of a module
were obtained with simple analytical formulae.
The coupling capacitances between adjacent windings of different modules and the grounded cryostat were obtained with a
three dimensional FE model of the limiter, Fig. 4.
IV. MODEL AND SIMULATION
To investigate the transient behavior of the limiter, a PSpice
model, consisting of three modules in series, with the values
from Section III has been developed, Fig. 5.
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Fig. 4.
Fig. 6.
Resonance excitations.
Fig. 7.
TABLE II
NUMBER OF LUMPED ELEMENTS FOR REGULAR- AND REDUCED MODEL
V. REDUCED MODEL
The model of the limiter being used in this work has already
a large number of elements and couplings. To reduce the computation time for the 10 kV, 10 MVA limiter with 30 modules in
series, single windings of one module have been combined into
one winding. Thus the number of windings could be reduced
from 36 to 8 per module. Table II shows the amount of lumped
elements for both the regular- and the reduced-model.
2039
tical with the values from the regular model and therefore validate the reduced model.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 9.
To validate the reduced model, the AC analysis has been repeated, Fig. 8. One can see the first resonance for a frequency
of 7.6 MHz, being 24 times higher as the DC value. The higher
value is caused by the combined windings.
Fig. 9 shows the voltages between several adjacent windings
of module 1 for the reduced limiter. The values are almost iden-
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