Physics of Complementary Materials ZCC 542/4

Dr. Kussay Nugamesh Mutter 2016

knm@usm.my

27-Sep-16

Timetable, Test Times and Grading Policy

Timetable:
Wednesday 11 am - 1 pm, and 2 pm 4 pm
Test Time:
Wednesday 12th October 2016 9am
Wednesday 30th November 2016 9am
Grading Policy:
Homework/Quizzes 10%.
Presentation 5%.
Exam (average of two) 15%.
You will work in groups
Final exam 70%.

You need a note book, laptop, References

Notes:
Homework problems will be assigned throughout the semester to reinforce the class material.
Homework must be presented before the class time.
Cell phones can be used for answering raised questions during class but not in exam session.
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Outlines

General Remarks and Useful References

Revision of the Thermodynamics
Tensor
Optics of Bulk Isotropic Media
Optics of Bulk Anisotropic Media
Tutorial
Ferroelectricity
Liquid Crystal
Tutorial
Magnetism
Superconductivity
Tutorial

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General Remarks
We revise thermodynamics as it helps to understand the transition of disordered to ordered phase that takes place in
materials like ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, superconductors and liquid crystals.
Calculus of variation is an extension of the ordinary calculus of minima and maxima to cases we seek the form of
function f(x) minimizes some integral:

()

Tensors are important in representing many physical effects of anisotropic solids.

Topics on optics are discussed in earlier chapters because the understanding of concepts of polarization,
birefringence and the properties of propagation of light in an anisotropic medium, is essential in the study of liquid
crystals.
The physics involved in materials like ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, superconductors and liquid crystals is very
interesting, and in addition these materials have important applications in modern industry.
In this course we stress the basic physical ideas and the main principles underlying present or likely future
applications.
The material covered in this course is in books that will be cited during the course.
However, some books which are good for introductory reading (except liquid crystals) are in the next slide.

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Useful References

C. Kittel, Introduction to solid state physics, (John Willey).

N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, solid state physics, (Halt Saunders).
J. W. Hook and H. E. Hall, Introduction to solid state physics, (John
Willey).

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Revision of The Thermodynamics

We begin with conventional formulation for a system like
gas or liquid where the state of the system can be changed
by changes of temperature T, pressure P, or volume V:

The basic set of these differentials are:

dU=TdS-PdV,
where U is the internal energy, S is the entropy

dF = - SdT PdV

dU = TdS PdV

dG = - SdT + VdP
Some definitions of free energies:
dH = TdS + VdP
Helmholtz free energy: F = U - TS
Gibbs free energy: G = U - TS + PV
Enthalpy: H = U + PV
The differential of F: dF = dU TdS - SdT = -SdT - PdV
The basic set of these differentials are:
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Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

Revision of The Thermodynamics

Conditions of Thermal Equilibrium:
Two cases of equilibrium conditions are:
T and V constants F minimum
T and P constants G minimum

v = 1/
form dG = -SdT + V dP
then dg = - sdT + vdp

for constant p: =

H.W.: There is a list of all possible cases in the Adkins reference in

Table 7.1, copy it in your note book.

for constant T: =

Example of phase equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor:

For equilibrium of liquid-gas: g1 = g2, v1 v2

Where gi: Gibbs energy per unit mass (specific Gibbs

energy)
Gas g1
Liquid g2

Condition:
Generally: p and T constants at v and T constants
s and v are proportional to mass (extensive variable)
p and T are independent of mass (intensive variable)
Where s, v, and p are entropy, volume, and pressure per
unit mass.

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= 1 2 0 and =
Transitions of liquid-gas is first order phase transition:
i) G is continuous, and
ii) First derivation of g is discontinuous.

Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

Revision of The Thermodynamics

Ehrenfest classification of phase transition:
The idea of ehrnefest classification of phase transitions is
according to lowest derivation of g in which discontinuities
appear:

Transition of BaTiO3 at transition temperature Tc takes

place as ionic displacement: Ba 2+ and Ti4+ ions displaced
relative to O2.

First order: i) g is continuous

ii) first derivative of g is discontinuous
Second order: i) g and first derivative of g are continuous
ii) second derivative of g is discontinuous
In practice, the analytic behavior of pahse transition can be
complicated and Ehrnefest classification does not always apply.
Fortunately, FE and superconductivity that we deal with are abide
by ehrnfest classification well.

The relative displacement say, is small first: 0 when

T Tc.
This means two things:
i) The ordered phase and the disordered phase are identical
at Tc.
ii) There is no latent heat beause no energy is required to
transform one pahse into the other and vice versa.

Transition of a perovskite, barium titanate, from paraelectric to

ferroelectric is a good example od phase transition.

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Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

Revision of The Thermodynamics

In simple, second order transition there is a discontinuous

change in specific heat Cp since Cp = T because

2
2
2 and 2 is

Electric and magnetic system:

The formulation developed for the liquid-gas system is exactly
adaptable for electric and magnatic system. The starting equation:

discontinuous by definition.

Example for BaTiO3: Tetragonal cubic when

temperature T TC from below:

dU = T dS PdV can be written as dU = dQ + dW

The change of internal energy du as the sum of heat applied dQ
and work done on th system dW. (dW = - PdV) a decrease in
volume (- dV) corresponds to positive work done on the system.
For application to other systems, we need to find dW.
For magnatic system:
dW = B. dM (M is the magnetization)
dU = T dS + B. dM

For electric sytem:

dW E. dp
dU = T dS + E. dp

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Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

Revision of The Thermodynamics

Calculus of variation:
This is a generalization of the standard calculus problem of
finding maxima or minima at point x0 as shown in the
diagram.

To understand the idea of calculus of variations we can think

a simple problem which we know the answer, that is to find a
curve that gives the shortest distance between two points in a
plane.
We consider all possible continuous curves between (x 0, y0)
and (x1, y1).

The principle used here is that f(x) is stationary for small

variations from x0. thus when we expand f(x+), we require
no term in as is small.
The distance from x to (x+dx) is:
+ = 0

Condition for a minimum or a maximum is;

= 0 = 0

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Ds = [(dx)2 + (dy)2]1/2 =[1+ (dy/dx)2]1/2 dx

Total distance from A to B is:
1

=
0

[1 +

Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

1
]2
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Revision of The Thermodynamics

The problem now is: what is the functional shape of y(x) that
minimizes s? this is the typical problem of calculus of variations.

We require that f(x, y+g, p+q) = f (x, y, p) + g + q

Hence, =

For general problem, we define s as:

1

=
0

, , +

(
0

+ q )

We require that second term vanishes,

(, , )

=
, then

What is the functional form of y(x) that minimizes s?

We go back to the straight line question, by assuming y(x0) = y0
and y(x1)= y1 are constants. Thus, we have:
2

1
(, , ) = [1 +
]2

Using the same way that we solve the minimum problem, we

assume that function y(x) + g(x) and require that the first-order
term in vanishes.
We simplify the notations by putting: p = dy/dx and q = dg/dx.
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=
0

dx

= [ ]01

(
0

)dx

Because y(x0) and y(x1) are constants values, this means g(x0)

= g(x1) = 0; and [ ]01 = 0.
The change in s is s, where =

= 0

(s has to vanish for all variation of g(x)).

This condition can only be fulfilled if = 0 (Euler Eq.)

Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

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Revision of The Thermodynamics

Back to the shortest distance problem, f=(1+p2)1/2, then
=

= 0, and

1+2 1/2

Using Euler equation,

So that, =

1
1+2 2

= 0, with integral:

1
1+2 2

= const.

= , and the function is a straight line.

For less trivial cases in the application, function f does not depend on

x, so that = ,
. For that integral, we consider:

and:

(
f) =
+

= ( ) = 0 (Euler Lagrange Equation)

Hence the first integral is:

df

=
+

dx

Since f does not depend on x explicitly, only through the dependence

in y and p,
df
dx

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Reference: C. J. Adkins, Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (Cambridge University Press).

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Tensors

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Terima kasih

Tuesday, September 27, 2016

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