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Abstract
Graphical application of the gas Material Balance Equation
(MBE), P/Z plots, have typically been used to predict the gas
in place (GIP) of volumetric reservoirs. Few reservoirs
however, are truly volumetric and several workers have
developed procedures to correct such P/Z plots, particularly in
over pressured regimes, for the pressure maintaining effects of
rock collapse and/or shale water influx.
The paper examines and discusses the applicability of
eight (8) such procedures to the mildly overpressured,
relatively low yield, gas condensate Kiskadee Field in which
the original GIP is known from late life P/Z data and in which
pressure maintaining effects on the early life P/Z data were not
previously recognised.
Production, bottom hole pressure, PVT and pore volume
compressibility data are used to analyse the early and late life
P/Z data of each identified fault block and to determine the
extent and causes of apparent early life pressure maintenance
as well as observed variations in the degree of pressure
maintenance in individual blocks. A modification is proposed
to the Bourgoyne procedure that accurately corrects the early
life P/Z data of mildly overpressured reservoirs. A further
modification is proposed to correct late life P/Z data for the
effects of decreasing shale water influx and increasing water
saturation. This further modification is successfully applied
and results in GIP estimates that are within 3 % of the known
volume.
Introduction
An estimate of the Original Gas In Place (OGIP or Gi) for a
volumetric gas reservoir can be obtained from volumetric gas
material balance considerations and yields:
P Z = Pi Z i (Pi Z i Gi )G p ..(1)
This linear relationship is the expression of a constant volume
reservoir and assumes that rock and water expansion are
negligible and that there is no net movement of gas into or out
SPE 81009
where
(C
eff
avg
[(B
pr
gi
C e P 2 (8)
C e Pi P
G = m
1
Z i
1 S Z
1 S w Z
1
= 1
1 Sw
Z
G
Zi
which differs from the straight line equation MBE of a
normally pressured depletion type gas reservoir by the P/Z
Adjustment Factor
P(S w C w +C f ) (12)
1
1 Sw
Er =
S wC w + C f
1 Sw
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1 Sw
Farshad = Ct of Roach.
Bernard acknowledged that this method yields meaningful
results only with late life P/Z data. Based on a statistical study
of OGIP/AGIP ratios calculated for 13 US Gulf Coast
reservoirs, Bernard therefore proposed that a correction factor
of 0.7 applied to AGIPs obtained by extrapolation of early life
P/Z data would yield a reliable estimate of OGIP.
Begland and Whitehead1 presented a computer program model
that accounted for the pressure dependence of pore volume
and water compressibilities and the effect of their changing
values with decreasing reservoir pressure on OGIP estimates.
They concluded that ignoring pressure dependence could
result in up to a 25% overestimate of OGIP.
Data
Kiskadee wells and fault blocks have had fairly consistent and
adequate pressure sampling to date. The pressure data set
consists of 53 pressure measurements, of which 29 are from
static tests and 34 are from buildup tests. A total of 37 tests
have been recorded with high quality, quartz memory gauges.
An initial reservoir pressure was recorded for each well at the
time of initial completion.
The Gas Deviation Factor, Z, is derived from a tuned,
constant volume depletion simulation at 238 oF of a Kiskadee
composite fluid whose composition was derived from the
arithmetic average of four (4) wells in three (3) fault blocks
and is given by Equation 15:
0.862
1.862
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Gp =
Zi
G
Pi
Pi P
( X ) (20)
Zi Z
P Ce P Pi G p ..(23)
1
= 1
Z 1 S w Zi
G
Ce = Cr + Cw S w + C s
f
..(24)
SPE 81009
are active in the reservoir. The area between both curves may
be considered to be indicative of the level of uncorrected
pressure support. Similarly, the later position of the
polynomial curve below the dashed straight line in Figure 9 is
indicative of over-correction of the data and the area contained
between both curves is qualitatively indicative of the extent of
over-correction for pressure maintenance that is no longer
active or that is only minimally active.
Of note is that while this Variation 2 of the Bourgoyne
procedure results in an underestimate of the GIP for FBs 1, 3
and 4, which exhibit a change in their P/Z slopes, the
procedure marginally overestimates the GIP for FB 2. This is
not unexpected as the uncorrected P/Z data of that fault block
plots as a relatively straight line indicative of reservoir
behaviour that is close to volumetric.
Discussion of P/Z Correction Procedures.
Table 1 summarises the results of the eight (8) different
procedures, inclusive of their variations, investigated above
for the estimation of GIP from P/Z plots corrected for rock and
water compressibilities and shale water influx. Variances to
the known gas in place are shown in italics. Negative
variances are indicated by brackets. Also indicated by the
letters EPS are the fault blocks that show evidence of
significant early life pressure maintenance based on P/Z plot
curvatures.
Bernards statistical procedure (B2), which was shown to
be unreliable, is omitted from further discussion.
Immediately noticeable is that the rock collapse theories of
Hammerlindl and Roach et al result in significant and
unacceptable overestimates of the gas in place when applied to
the early life data of EPS type FBs 1 and 4. However, when
these theories are applied to the early life data of FBs 2 and 3,
which show minimal early life support, the results indicate
relatively small and acceptable variances to the known GIP.
These variances are the lowest of the eight (8) procedures
studied for FBs 2 and 3 and indicate that rock and water
compressibility corrections are sufficient to account for all of
the pressure maintenance mechanisms additional to gas
expansion for FB 2 and for the majority of the early life
pressure maintenance of FB 3.
The negative variance of each fault block with the
application of Roachs rock collapse theory confirms that the
corrections for rock and water compressibilities that are
applied to the early life P/Z data are not required to be applied
to the late life data. This would be in accordance with the
theory of Hammerlindl that envisages formation compaction
to be essentially complete at normal reservoir pressure with
normal depletion type behaviour below that pressure. The
same applies for the negative variances to the known GIP,
which result from the catch-all procedure of Bernard.
Bourgoynes Variation 1, when applied to the early life
data of EPS FBs 1 and 4, yields the lowest variance to the
known GIP of all methods investigated. These variances are
approximately 2 % and 3 % for FBs 1 and 4 respectively and
are excellent approximations to the GIP. Variation 1 of the
Bourgoyne procedure therefore, adequately corrects the early
life data but when applied to both the early and late life data of
the EPS fault blocks the procedure results in significant
negative variances of 18 % and 28 % for FBs 1 and 4
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5.
6.
7.
Acknowledgements.
The authors acknowledge the approvals of EOG Resources
Trinidad Limited, Petroleum Company of Trinidad and
Tobago Limited and The National Gas Company of Trinidad
and Tobago Limited .to submit this paper.
Nomenclature.
= Alpha, P/Z parameter after Roach, 1981, microsips
= Beta, P/Z parameter after Roach, 1981, MMCF/psi
AGIP = Apparent Gas In Place, BCF
Bgi = Initial Gas Formation Volume Factor (scf/ ft3)
Bgh = Gas Formation Volume Factor at a pressure above
hydrostatic (scf/ ft3)
Ct = P/Z Adjustment Factor of Roach, 1981, microsips
C = P/Z Adjustment Factor of Bernard, microsips
Ce = Effective Compressibility of Bourgoyne, 1972,
microsips
Ceff = Effective Compressibility of Hammerlindl, 1971,
microsips
Cf = Pore Volume Compressibility. Also Bourgoynes Cr,
microsips
Cg = Gas Compressibility, microsips Cs
Cw = Water Compressibility, microsips
Cs = Shale Compressibility, microsips
dZ = Change in Gas Compressibilty Factor. Also Z,
microsips
dP = Change in Gas Pressure. Also P, psi
-Er = P/Z Adjustment Factor of Roach, 1981, microsips
f = Shale Fraction
GE = Gas equivalent of liquid, scf/STB
Gi = Initial Gas In Place. Also OGIP, BCF
GEw = Gas equivalent of water, scf/STB
GIP = Gas In Place, BCF
Gpr = Hammerlindl Correction Factor for GIP estimate
Gp = Produced Gas, BCF
k = Permeability, Millidarcies
MBE = Material Balance Equation
Microsip = 10-6 psi-1
m = Slope of P/Z versus Gp, rock and water
compressibilities neglected, Bourgoyne, 1972.
NCP = Net Confining Pressure, psi
P = Pressure, psi
Pi = Initial Pressure, psi
Pavg = Average Pressure, psi
Psat = Saturation Pressure, psig
R = Aquifer to Gas Ratio
Sgi = Initial Gas Saturation
Sg = Gas Saturation
Sw = Connate Water Saturation, fraction
Z = Gas Deviation Factor
Zi = Initial Gas Deviation Factor
References.
1.
2.
10
SPE 81009
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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11
FB 4
FB 1
FB 3
FB 2
Productive well
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Figure 2: Kiskadee Pore Volume Compressibility
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Net Confining Pressure, psi
12000
14000
12
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700
600
500
400
AGIP 894 BCF
300
200
Overpressure
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
700
Notes:
Overpressured section can be curve fitted by
2
P/Z = -17.065Gp + 6155.3, R = 0.9919
to yield an AGIP of 361 BCF.
600
500
400
300
Overpressure
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
Gas Production, Gp,
30
35
40
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13
6400
120
6300
100
GIP = 249
P/Z, P/Z * X
80
6200
Uncorrected
P/Z AGIP = 373
BCF
A, microsips
60
6100
Early life
data
40
20
0
0
6000
10
15
20
30
40
B, MMSCF/psi
20
25
-60
Er = 61
-80
Figure 5: P/Z and Ramagost and Farshad correctd P/Z Plot, Fault
Block 1
7000
6000
5000
P/Z * X
Uncorrected P/Z
4000
R=0
R = 1.5
3000
R = 2.5
R=5
2000
R = 7.5
1000
R = 10
0
0
50
-40
5900
0
10
-20
Ramagost
GIP
= 301 BCF
50
100
150
14
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7000
6000
P/Z, P/Z*X
5000
R = 1.6
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
7000
6000
2
P
P
P
G p = i (6.3326 ) (0.0788 )
Z
Z
Z i
5000
P/Z
4000
3000
OGIP
= 340 BCF
2000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
7000
Variable Sw, f
6000
P/Z, P/Z*X'
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
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15
FB
1
(EPS)
2
3
Rock Collapse1
Catch-All2
Data Life
AGIP (P/Z),,
Known GIP, BCF
BCF
894
340
361
309
83
56
H
X
R&F
X
Roach
X
E&L
644
89
304
(2)
60
7
287
40
703
107
313
1
61
9
301
47
249
(27)
298
(4)
51
(9)
130
(37)
4
373
205
(EPS)
1
Includes rock and water compressibilities
2
Includes rock and water compressibilities and shale water influx.
H - Hammerlindl
R & F - Ramagost & Farshad
B1 Bernards Material Balance correction
B2 Bernards Statistical correction
BG1 Bourgoynes Variation 1
BG2 Bourgoynes Variation 2
E Early life data
E & L Early and Late life data
AGIP
(BCF)
Known
GIP
(BCF)
Hammerlindl GIP
(BCF)
P/Z Method A
Mat Bal
Method B
Variation
1
2
3
4
894
361
83
373
340
309
56
205
1
640
302
60
285
2
650
304
60
289
1
644
304
60
287
B1
B2
BG1
X
X
L
E
E
Computed OGIP, BCF
(Variance to known GIP, %)
249
626
335
(27)
84
(2)
298
253
284
(4)
(18)
(8)
47
50
49
(16)
(11)
(13)
174
224
198
(15)
9
(3)
BG2
X
E&L
X
E/E & L
278
(18)
284
(8)
51
(9)
147
(28)
248
(27)
321
4
42
(25)
149
(27)
Known
GIP
(BCF)
1
2
3
4
340
309
56
205
Modified Bourgoynes
Corrected
Early & Late Life
GIP (BCF)
330
302
56
201
Variance
%
(3)
(2)
(0)
(2)