A Review of Diagnostic,Isolation and Service Restoration

in Smart Grid and Future Trend

Ali Raza and Dr.Usman Hashmi
Dept of Electrical Engineering Superior University Lahore

Abstract: This paper deals with comprehensive study

not only on logical issues but also present the recent
development to diagnose,isolate the fault and restore the
power supply DIFR. At the start of this paper describes
the principle reasons of DIFR & then find various areas
of DIFR problems.Comparison is shown on recently
adopted approaches and described recent practices.
After that this paper discuss technical challenges which
have to face to implement the self healing for smart grid
system.This paper also deals with economical &
environmental problems. Conclusion line
Index Terms:Smart grid,to locate fault,restoration
supply, multi-agent

1. Introduction:
Distributed system is a last link between service
provider and consumer.Mostly in practicle designs a
distributed network is connected in radial topology
due to simplicity of design,optimization of cast,to
support protection scheme to minimize the fault
current.Continuous supply is possible only when
system (load as well as power supply) remain in
steady state condition (normal condition).The
distributed network is not reliable due to fault
occurrence in one part of the system will cause the
shut down of the total power supply to load[1].
According to statistical analysis the fault occur in
this system due to numerous reasons. For Example:
wear and tear of parts of system, climate and
accidents.
The outage of power supply have several effects on
economy. For Example: There is a loss of production,
start up cast and also wastage of raw
material[3].Interruption of supply also have such as
uncomfortable temperature and safety issues[3].
Therefore service provider trying to find a solution
that automatically can detect and restore the power
supply. By this average duration of interruption will
improve of customer as well as system[4]. This will
also cause of decrease in restoring duration,reduction
cost of restoration and reduction in last revenue[4].

In a distribution system, switches are normally

closed in a section and normally open in a tie line.
The lines are used to interconnect the feeders and
transfer the load to each other. When fault occurs in a
system, there is necessary to detect, to locate and
isolate the faulted element from healthy system as
soon as possible.After that the process of restoring
the power supply starts.In this process power supply
is provided from supporting feeder through tie
switches[5]. Restoration process should be
feasible.therefore it should obey the several rules as
the ratio of interrupted customer is minimized and to
use minimum number of switches. The major
elements of self to detect the fault,to isolate the fault
and to restore the power supply are major elements
which have self healing capability of future utility[6].
Untill now,Most distribution system are bared on
mannual process.Thus the corrective task for DIFR
function are performed manualy by human operator
creates problem day by day due to many reasons
[7][8]. 1) Increasing the complexity and size of the
system. 2) Human performance is unreliaible
especially hard conditions such as load weather
nights. 3)Automatic control takes less time than
manual operation.
From the previous study of literature, There are two
stages of DIFR(firstly to locate and to isolate the fault
while second one is to restore the power supply)[7].
Moreover,the techniques which can be utilized to
solve the problem of DIFR (heuristics, expert system,
meta heuristics and methemetical programming)
work in a centrally organized way. In a centralized
technique all the information is calculated at one
point and then make decisions accordingly[7][9].
However distributed system works both on central
control and decentralized principle. Distributed
system is a complex and uncertain system because
the addition of alternate energy sources, new
load,installation of new batteries and demand
response programs. Therefore, implementation of
centralized control will become difficult because

processing of large amount of data, size of system

and large number of decision variables to be
determined by control centre. Distributed system is
divided into number of subsystem and control them
in parallel way. This process will be significantly
reduced.
Self healing technique is inescapable due to large
outage from previous study. From distributive system
prospective, the self healing has great ability to
perform correct action against fault and restore power
supply to remain under its constraint[7]. The grid
quickly take action to overcome the effect of outage.
The system will continuously monitoring the states
whether fault occur or not. The system will act as a
reliable, secure, affordable and efficient. Due to
above reasons self-healing will reduce the outage of
supply.
From last few years alternate energy based
distributed generation units are mostly used because
these keep the environment green and many
resources are available[10].Usually the basic theme
to design the distribution system is that primary
substation are main resources of power. Hence the
flow of power is unidirectional i.e. substation to load.
Additional new DG units have different operating
units, the distributed power system faces many
problems such as flow of power in both direction,
change in voltage, complexity of protection system
and increasing value of current [11],[12]. In recent
working scheme, DG are controlled automatically
when fault occurs in
a distributed network
[11],[13],[14]. The effect of fault on DG is cancelled
out due to disconnection of fault. However, when
fault occurs in DG system then to isolate the fault
automatically reduces the expected benefits of them
and increases the problem of service restoration.
A successful DIFR depends on both hardware (i.e,
sensors,actuators and information system) and
software (i.e. process to locate the exact place of fault
and how to perform switching during DIFR process).
There are following technical challenges described in
this paper:
The problem of upgrading the existing
components is solved by self healing
method. Such as replacement of manual
switches with automated control switches,
new remote terminal units or upgrades those
required devices which are needed.

Adaptive distributed control complete the

task of self healing in real-time.
Communication system should be efficient,
reliable and bidirectional.
The output power of available alternate
energy sources should incorporate during
services restoration process.
Mostly the research on implementing the smart grid
idea in distributed system to achieve one control
function such as voltage control or self healing
control.
2. The DIFR problem in distribution system
The purpose of implementing the DIFR scheme is to
solve the problem in emergency condition [15].
Moreover it is complex problem w.r.t computation
[16] because 1) it contains large number of switch
gears; 2) its behaviors is non ideal because the
limiting constraints of power is non ideal ; 3) cannt
differentiate because the purpose or constraints can
change from wrong switch action ; 4) constrained due
to voltage and current restrictions ; 5) multiple
objectives.
When fault occurs in a conventional distributed
system then circuit breaker of feeder cut off the
power supply of entire feeder as a result many
hospitals, factories and homes are effected [7],[11].
I. Locating and Detecting of Fault
There are various types of fault in a distribution
system. There are some faults to be detected by fault
detection such that the principle reason of fault is not
addressed. When high current or low voltage crosses
the normal limits alarm will rise. For example feeder
circuit breaker trips the when fault current exceed
the threshold value in specific interval of time [17].
The operating point of feeder relay is almost double
of maximum feeder load. Protection devices
immediately
inform the distributed automated
control system about fault through dedicated
communication path [18]. The location of fault
current have to determine physically after tripping the
circuit breaker.
II. Isolation of fault
In a decentralised system fault location is determined
by given information from sensors or related
applications. After locating the fault position, faulty
part is isolated from the healthy system by opening
circuit breakers. The out of service load is restored in

upstream direction by closing the feeder circuit

breakers as soon as possible after isolating the fault.
III. Checking the capability
The estimation of healthy feeder power supply is
necessary after the isolating the faulty part from
system and before restoring the power supply to out
of service load whether the feeder can supply load to
out of service area.
IV. Restoration of power supply
The final goal of distributed operating system is to
restore maximum possible supply to out of service
load with minimal time period. One thing is kept in
mind that minimum switches is done. To find a
suitable power supply and then transferring of load to
out of service system is called restoration process
service restoration process [19]. Estimation process
determine whether complete supply or partial supply
can be provided by healthy system. According to
estimation analysis restoring process is competed
through sectionalizer and tie switches.
3. Challenges w.r.t Power System Designing
Government and companies has decided that to
enhance the distributed automated system in
distributed fashion. In smart grid system all the
controlling equipments will be self controlled.
According to vision of 2030 to enhance the
distributed system from 20% to 35% of total supply
[20]. The required smart grid should have several
abilities such as to respond the faults quickly, to
minimize the impact and restore supply of power, to
improve stability factor when system feels
abnormality[21],[22]. The control sytem should have
to continuously monitor the state whether the fault
occurs or not will take action accordingly [23]. The
installed self healing system in smart grid minimizes
the customer loss and average outage duration of
customer [24].
I.

Upgradation of existing equipments

for self healing purpose
With the help of information and telecommunication
now it is possible to obtain the goal of self healing
whereby detection and isolation of fault and
restoration of power supply is possible [25]. The
requirement of intelligent system is modern
communication and control system, flow of power on

both sides, designing of algorithm to take intelligent

action, restored the supply when any problem occurs
[26]. Wireless sensors can also be added to detect and
to diagnose the fault.Large number of sensors are
used for this purpose There is a problem when using
WS because execution of large data [27]-[29].

II . Comparison of centralised and

decentralised techniques
There is a important role of control system to make
better the distribution system . There are various
types of control system according to situation such as
control the system when fault occurs, to restore the
supply, for the correction of voltage and power
parameters and control for prevent the system for
updating protection settings [22],[30]. There are also
types of control system 1)centralised 2)decentralised
[7],[24], [25].
In a centralized control system there is less time
require to transfer the data during communication.
The centralized control system read all the
information and then starts processing to solve
problem. In centralized control system the complete
system can out of work if central control system
fails. Centralised system provide best solution of
problem if system is small scale. However, a lot of
challenges might be faced in future due to require
large amount of data and need of more processing.
This type of operation will be time consuming and
uncertain due to alternate sources.
Different protection devices in a distributed system
communicate with each other in peer to peer manner.
Local information is obtained from sensors or
intelligent electronic devices. In case of fault or loss
of power each substation communicate with
neighbour substation [31]. Distributed system solve
the problem in a parallel fashion. For large networks
the approaches based on distributed system are more
popular. The vision of smart grid based on distributed
system and bi direction of power flow. Multiagent
system technology is introduced in recent years
[7],[32]. It consists of many computing members
called agents. These agents monitor the state of
system and react accordingly.
The key points of decentralised algorithms are given
below [33]:

There is no processor which has all the

information for the complete system
Processors take action based on local
information.
Algorithm will not disturb/fail if any any
processor fails.
Therefore, logic of decentralized system working is
well as a comparison to centralized algorithm due to
many reasons :
Ratio of performance and cost : many
inexpansive machines give better result than
expansive machines [34].
Procedure
of
Decentralized
system
enhances the reliability. Sytem continue its
working at low speed if any controller fails
[35].
Addition of new load or new source is
possible.
Different way thinking shows that centralized
approach is better than decentralized method:
There is a complex communication among
agents.In a decentralized equipment a lot of
messages are required.
Cyber security is a problem in decentralized
algorithem [33].
Economically, in a centralized control system the
communication system is complex. This is able to
send information to whole power system whether the
system is large enough. Therefore large amount of
investment is required in long distance
communication. However, in a decentralized control
system, the data is transmitted to local control centre.
Therefore each control centre is simple and
communication distance is shorter.
There are different approaches for DIFR problems in
a decentralised and centralized way.
To Locate and Detect the fault and
Isolation system
Now a days, the problems which are facing due to
meters and sensors in a smart grid system. A lot of
work is published on sensors,number of switching
operation and measuring devices [36]-[39]. There are
many methods to analyze the fault.
One method which is mostly used to locate the fault
is called impedance algorithm. It determin the value
of current and voltage . This method solve the
complicated equations of three phase system
mathematically[40]. On behalf of calculated value it
decides the location of fault. The drawbacks of this

method are : 1) it working result can be wrong due to

change the path resistance and due to changing of
load. 2) the accuracy of this method is poor so many
iterations are required.
Travelling wave method is another method which is
to detect the location of fault [41],[42]. It works on
the principle of frequency travelling[43]. High
frequency waves are generated and move both
direction of wire in the presence of fault. Due to time
and speed exact place of can be determined. The
frequency of voltage and current causes the weakness
of required signal. The drawbacks of this method
are given : 1) this method cannt distinguish between
fault frequency and those freq which are travelling
due to power flow : and 2) when fault wave collide
with terminating end then reflected back, this method
cannt also differentiate between normal and
reflected frequencies.
The third method to locate the fault is artificial
intellegence. There are so kind of approaches such as
neural network , petri network and fuzzy logic. The
arrtificial intellegence system works on this list of
tripped circuit breaker[44]. In this method algorithem
is designed using if-else statements. This method
works on the principle of tripping arrangement of
breakers. To locate the fault location a hypothesis is
created. More hypotheses can be created if many
faults occur. The constrain of this techniques are
given : if the situations are implicitly considered then
its performance is not upto mark: 2) the consideration
of this method is that protection system always work
properly. If system fails then there is no output of
information .
The problem can be resolved by multiagent system. It
is working on the principle of decntralised manner
[45]. When system finds a fault then it measures the
magnitude of fault current and distance of fault with
direction by help of agents. Phasor measurement unit
can also be installed for controlling purpose.
III. Accumulation of Alternate energy
Fossil fuels are examples of alternate energy sources
but this method pollutes the envoirment. DG system
can be disconnected the first priority is to safe the
main system. The impact of alternate energy sources
on DG system is discussed below:
A. Uncertainity in the output: The output of alternate
energy sources is very uncertain. In alternate energy
sources solar cell, wind engines,fuel cells and

microhydro turbines include. The power of system

varies due to speed of wind in the wind plant while in
solar panel is due to sunlight. This variation in the
output is not suitable for restoration process without
central grid.
B. Detection of fault direction: In DG system the
flow of power is bidirectional. The flow of power
depends on load requirement and generation of power
with respect to time.In peak hours power flows from
grid to load while in normal hours power can be
given to grid. Due to flow of power in both direction
in DG system therefore the direction of power is
important consideration for future planning.
C. Protection of Equipments : In a DG large number
of sources are connected which provide power. So
power can be changed due to fluctuation in current as
well as in voltage. Therefore self-healing is agood
technique to control such abnormality. But the
designing of such a system is difficult. Moreover, due
to high power flow on system there is very to
difficult to protect the system from high impedance
fault.
IV. Comparison of Cost and savings
Self healing grid is is the most important part of DG
system. Although there is large investment is
required to upgrade the system initially. The
replacement of switches and controllable switch
gears is costly process [48]. But this cost can be
compensated by saving for large duration. It also
increases protection for customer such as colleges
and hospitals. Self-healing save running cost and
also provide economical benefits to customers.
4. Difficulties During Designing for
Communication process
The working of smart grid is not possible without
efficient communication system. Communication
data contro the flow of power in both direction. This
data enables the suppliers how supply of power can
be optimized.
The detail of communication system in smart grid
require another survey paper [49]-[51]. Here only
two challenges are discussed to get require selfhealing.
Reliability describes the communication system is
available or not and also inform about transfer of
data. Quality of service try to achieve real-time
process.
A. Reliability

The continuity of supply and satisfactory

performance of system completely depend on reliable
communication system. Controlling equipments such
as circuit breakers and relays are back bones to
establish the stability of smart grid. Different models
of reliability has been published [53]. WAMS, PMUs
and PDCs are the protection techniques [54],[55].
These techniques can be failed and system could be
damage. To achieve the reliability two combined
techniques Markov and enumeration are used. These
techniques reduces the failure rate and decreases the
time duration of failure.
To make the design of communication with respect to
self-healing reliable different communication
protocols uses different layers. Medium access layer
uses code division multiple access (CDMA)
protocols[56]. This protocol shows reliable,accurate
time and secure results[56]. When nodes are fixed
then geographical protocol is best choice [57]-[59].
These protocols provide best result in case of node
failure and instability of system.
The information required for detection of fault or
tranferring the message for restoring supply require
assurity of communication between different ends.
The communication depends on transport layer of
TCP/IP. To send speedily reliable data between
different ends of grid a light-weight protocols is
used[60]. Scalability problem in TCP is discussed in
[61] for large data.
B. Quality of service
In the designing of communication protocol quality
of service is main element. Network should be able to
send the required data in right time. If the fault
detection data or service restoration information is
not reach to destination upto require time then major
damage can occur in a system.
Standard IEEE 1646 [62] discuss the time duration
between different communication devices in
distribution system. This standard specifies the time
duration of messages with respect to emergency
scenario. Range of high data speed is 2-10 ms.
Delivery time of analog signal of current and voltage
is less than 2 ms.
5. Future Research And Directions
This section describes how utilities can make better
the reliability of system using self healing method in
future. Divide the self-healing functions into sub-

functions of advance distribution management system

for the success the of future smart grid. The
following modes for monitoring are necessary.
This system will be helpful to monitor
controlling sytem, to develop the models
of system to monitor the protection
system. Precision and accuracy of power
system parameters can achieved by
continuous monitoring and controlling.
This system operate efficiently in case of
impedance fault. In case of transformer
fault, this system handle this by reducing
the load from system.
When fault occurs in a system, this
method limit the fault current, to find the
location of fault and maintain the
continuous supply to consumer and
monitor the capacity of syste and other
limitations.
There are following gaps for the further reasearch ,
which are necessary to improve the self-healed
smart grids :
A. Infrastructure for smart grid
There are the following requirement to establish a
self-healing system a complete pair of modeling and
operating which lead to improve the working.
Improve the protection of primary and back up
system. The system should be analyzed through
internet to fulfil the operating requirement.
Moreover,latest feature should be added such as
controlling, monitoring,data acquisition. These
functions give following facilities:
1) to help in restoration process: 2) continuous
maintaining information : 3) prediction and prevent
the system and solution of problems.
B.

Addition of Decision making tools for DIFR

Service restoration process is a difficult task for

designers as well as operators. The necessity of
controlling equipments is crucial in case of online
and offline purpose. The proces of developing such
tools is not speedy. The control system should be
variable and grant permission to change in the smart
grid. There is a trade off between complexity
program and accuracy.
C. Alternate Energy sources and smart grids

Service restoration algorithm should be able to

communicate with alternate energy sources
respectively. During services restoration sources
should be able to supply power. The use of switching
should be minimum and restore power to maximum
area of outage. The self-healing ability can be
increased by improving embedded system of smart
grid. It should also be able quickly solve the problem.
Therefore,there is a need of more research how to
develop optimum control program (i.e. selfcontroled devices and control of hierarchical
algorithm).
6.

Conclusion

Automatd DIFR and self-healing are important

techniques in a distribution system. To see the
demand of supply , there is agreat need of alternate
energy sources in future. Variable demand and
uncertainty of renewable energy sources will create
challenges in operating angd recovery methods. Selfhealing deals all the problems of fault detection and
restoring the power supply with out disturbing
healthy system. With installation of such controlling
equipments the system perfom in abetter way and
deals better with faults.

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