EXPERIMENTAL MANUAL

FLUID MECHANICS
Instructions By:
Engr. Mehfooz
Prepared by:
Arslan Ali(Bsce01113130)
Department Of Civil Engineering
The University Of Lahore,
Lahore.

List Of Jobs Performed

1- Layout of Fluid Mechanics Lab
2- Study of Physical Properties Of Fluids
3- To investigate the validity of Bernoullis Equation when
applied to flow of water in a Tapered Duct
4- To determine Co-efficient of discharge of a Horizontal
Viscometer
5- To determine the Co-efficient if discharge of a V-notch
and to calibrate it
6- Determination of the Co-efficient if discharge, Coefficient of velocity, Co-efficient of contraction of an
orifice
7- To determine hydrostatic force on a submerged body
and to locate the position of centre of pressure
8- To determine the meta-centric height of a floating
body(model of ship) and to locate position of centre of
buoyancy, metacentre and centre of gravity

Layout of fluid mechanics lab

White

Board

3
7
4

Details of equipments
1. Bernoullis Apparatus
Bernoulli's Apparatus is designed to demonstrate visually
the interchange between static and dynamic pressure as
Door
air flows through a duct of variable cross
sectional area. In
carrying out the experiment the student is able to verify
Bernoulli's Theorem which, in its wider form states that:
"At any point in a tube through which a fluid is flowing, the
sum of pressure energy, potential and kinetic energy is
constant".
Bernoullis equation is as below:

2. Notches (Rectangular or Triangular)

A notch may be defined as an opening in one side of a tank or a
reservoir, like a large orifice, with the upstream liquid level
below the top edge of the opening. Since the top edge of the
notch above the liquid level serves no purpose, therefore a
notch may have only the bottom edge and sides.
The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows, is known
as sill or crest of the notch and the sheet of liquid flowing over
a

notch (or a weir) is known as nappe or vein. A notch is, usually

made of a metallic plate and is used to measure the discharge
of
liquids.
Notches
are of
different
shapes
but most

commonly types are given below:

Types of notches:
Rectangular Notches
Triangular Notches

3.

Venturimetre Apparatus
Venturi Meter are used to measure the velocity of flow of
fluids in a pipe. They consist of a short length of pipe
shaped like a vena contracta, or the portion with the least
cross-sectional area, which fits into a normal pipe-line. The
obstruction caused to the flow of liquid at the throat of the
venturi produces a local pressure drop in the region that is
proportional to the rate of discharge. This phenomenon,
using Bernoullis equation, is used to calculate the rate of
flow of the fluid flowing through the pipe.
Venturi Meters have the following characteristics:

 Theoretically there is no restriction to the flow down the

pipe.
They can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
The temperature and pressure within the pipe does not
affect the meter or its accuracy.
There are no moving parts.
Unfortunately the accurate shape required of the inside
of the meter makes them relatively expensive to
manufacture.

4. Metacentric height apparatus

The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the
initial static stability of a floating body. It is calculated as
the distance between the centre of gravity of a ship and
its metacentre. A larger metacentric height implies greater
initial stability against overturning. Metacentric height also
has implication on the natural period of rolling of a hull,
with very large metacentric heights being associated with
shorter periods of roll which are uncomfortable for

passengers. Hence, a sufficiently high but not excessively

high metacentric height is considered ideal for passenger
ships.

5. Energy loose pipe

apparatus
This apparatus is
used to measure the
energy loose in the
pipes occurred by
bends, enlargement,
deduction etc by
which we can
overcome to energy
loose and we avoid to
use the mechanical ways for the transportation of fluid .

6. Hydrostatic pressure apparatus

The hydrostatic pressure accessory has been designed to

determine the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a
submerged surface and allow comparison for the
measured
magnitude and
position of this
force with simple
theory.
Determining the
centre of pressure
on both a
submerged or
partially
submerged plane
surface and
comparison with
the theoretical
position.

7. Orifice apparatus
The apparatus consists of two pipelines emerging out from
a common manifold. One pipeline contain a Venturimeter
and other contain an Orifice. The pressure tapings from
the Venturimeter and Orificemeter are taken to differential
manometer to measure pressure difference. The
Venturimeter & Orificemeter are connected in parallel and
anyone of them can be put in operation by operating
valves provided at the downstream. These valves can also
regulate the flow.

8. Gravimetric and volumetric hydraulic

bench

The Basic Hydraulic Bench is of volumetric type and has

been designed to provide continuous and controlled
supply of water to conduct various experiments using
auxiliary modules in typical Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics Laboratory.
The unit is an ideal
service unit for
conducting student
projects. Once filled, no
external water supply is
required. Water is
recycled between the
Experiment Module,
Measuring Tank and the
Storage Tank by the
Centrifugal Pump.
Several experiments in Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
require continuous and controlled supply of water. The
Basic Hydraulic Bench provides a controlled recirculation
water supply to conduct experiments.The Basic Hydraulic
Bench is a very important module and is recommended for
all Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratories in
Educational Institutions. It is a basic module for flow
related experiments
using auxiliary
modules.

9. Fluid friction
pipe apparatus
The fluid friction
apparatus is
designed to allow a
detailed study of
pressure drop as a
result of fluid friction, when an incompressible fluid flows
through pipes, fittings, and flow metering devices. Friction
head losses in straight pipes of different sizes can be
investigated with a wide range of Reynolds number,

covering laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimes.

An artificially roughened tube is also incorporated into the
apparatus to demonstrate the departure from typical
smooth bore pipe characteristics.