PSC Bridge Girder Design To BS5400 by D Childs

Prestressed Concrete
Since concrete is weak in tension in normal reinforced concrete construction cracks develop in the tension z
Prestressing involves inducing compressive stresses in the zone which will tend to become tensile under ext
The prestressing force also reduces the magnitude of the principal tensile stress in the web so that thin-web
The prestressing force has to be produced by a high tensile steel, and it is necessary to use high quality con
There are two methods of prestressing concrete :
1) Pre-cast Pre-tensioned
2) Pre-cast Post-tensioned
Both methods involve tensioning cables inside a concrete beam and then anchoring the stressed cables to t
1) Pre-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Tendons and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould.
Stage 2
Tendons are stressed to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 3
Concrete is cast into the beam mould and allowed to cure to the required initial strength.
Stage 4
When the concrete has cured the stressing force is released and the tendons anchor themselves in the conc
2) Post-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Cable ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The ducts are usually raised towards the
Stage 2
Stage 3
Tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 4
Wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the tendons is released. Grout is t
Loss of Prestress
When the tensioning force is released and the tendons are anchored to the concrete a series of effects resu
a. relaxation of the steel tendons
b. elastic deformation of the concrete
c. shrinkage and creep of the concrete
d. slip or movement of the tendons at the anchorages during anchoring
e. other causes in special circumstances , such as when steam curing is used with pre-tensioning.
Total losses in prestress can amount to about 30% of the initial tensioning stress.
Prestressed Concrete Beam Design to BS 5400 Part 4
Problem:
Design a simply supported prestressed concrete Y beam which carries a 150mm thick concrete slab and 100mm of s
conc.= 24kN/mm3
25 units of HB to be considered at SLS for load combination 1 only (BS 5400 Pt4 Cl. 4.2.2)
Loadingper beam (at 1.0m c/c)
Nominal Dead Loads :
slab = 24 x 0.15 x 1.0
= 3.6 kN/m
beam = say Y5 beam
= 10.78 kN/m
surfacing = 24 x 0.1 x= 2.4 kN/m

Nominal Live Load :
HA = 10 x 1.0 + 33.0
= 10 kN/m + 33kN
25 units HB = 25 x 10= 62.5 kN per wheel

Load factors for serviceability and ultimate limit state from BS 5400 Part 2 (or BD 37/01) Table 1:
SLS
Comb.1
fLconcrete1.0
1.0
Dead Load
Superimposed Dead Load
fLsurfacing1.2
1.2
fLHA
Live Load
Temperature Difference
fL
Comb.3
1.15
1.75
1.75
1.2
1.0
fLHB
1.1
1.0
0.8
1.15
1.5
Concrete Grades
Beam fcu= 50 N/mm2,
fci= 40 N/mm2
Slab fcu= 40 N/mm2
BS 5400 Pt. 4
Section Properties
cl.7.4.1
Property
Modular ratio effect for different concrete strengths between beam and slab may be ig
Beam Section
Composite Section
Area(mm2)
4.49E+05
5.99E+05
Centroid(mm)
456
623
2nd Moment of Area(mm4)
5.29E+10
1.04E+11
Modulus @ Level 1(mm3)
1.16E+08
1.66E+08
8.91E+07
2.42E+08
1.79E+08
Temperature Difference Effects

Apply temperature differences given in BS 5400 Pt2 Fig.9 (Group 4)to a simplified beam section.
Cl. 5.4.6 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6per C.
From BS 5400 Pt4 Table 3 : Ec= 34 kN/mm2for fcu= 50N/mm2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per C = 34 x 10 3x 12 x 10-6= 0.408 N/mm2
a)Positive temperature difference

Force F to restrain temperature strain :
0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 + 5.25 ) ] x 10-3+
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 + 750 x 200 x 1.25 ) x 10-3= 504.9 + 122.4 = 627.3 kN
Moment M about centroid of section to restrain curvature due to temperature strain :
0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 x502 + 5.25 x 527 ) ] x 10-6+
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 x 344 - 750 x 200 x 1.25 x 556 ) x 10-6= 261.5 - 26.7 = 234.8 kNm
b)Reverse temperature difference

- 0.408 x [ 1000 x 150 x ( 3.6 + 2.3 ) + 300 x 90 x ( 0.9 + 1.35 ) ] x 10 -3
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 + 150 x 0.45 ) x 10-3
- 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 + 0.15 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 + 2.6 ) ] x 10 -3= - 385.9 - 19.3 - 295.1 = - 700.3 kN
- 0.408 x [ 150000 x ( 3.6 x 502 + 2.3 x 527 ) + 27000 x ( 0.9 x 382 + 1.35 x 397 ) ] x 10 -6
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 x 270 - 150 x 0.45 x 283 ) x 10-6
+ 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 x 358 + 0.15 x 366 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 x 503 + 2.6 x 543 ) ] x 10 -6
= - 194.5 - 0.6 + 153.8 = - 41.3 kNm
Differential Shrinkage Effects

BS 5400 Pt.4
Use cl.6.7.2.4 Table 29 :
cl.7.4.3.4
Total shrinkage of insitu concrete = 300 x 10-6
Assume that 2/3 of the total shrinkage of the precast concrete takes place b
hence the differential shrinkage is 200 x 10-6
BS 5400 Pt.4
Force to restrain differential shrinkage : F = - diffx Ecfx Acfx
cl.7.4.3.5
F = -200 x 10-6x 34 x 1000 x 150 x 0.43 = -439 kN

Eccentricity acent= 502mm
Restraint moment Mcs= -439 x 0.502 = -220.4 kNm
Self weight of beam and weight of deck slab is supported by the beam. When the deck slab concrete has cured then
Dead Loading(beam and slab)

Total load for serviceability limit state = (1.0 x 3.6)+(1.0 x 10.78) = 14.4kN/m
Design serviceability moment =14.4 x 242/ 8 =1037 kNm
Combination 1 Loading
Super. & HA live load for SL=[(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.2 x 10)]udl & [(1.2 x 33)]kel
=(2.88 + 12.0)udl & 39.6kel
=14.9 kN/m & 39.6kN
Super. & HB live load for SL = 2.88 & 4 wheels @ 1.1 x 62.5
= 2.9 kN/m& 4 wheels @ 68.75 kN
Total load for ultimate limit = [(1.15 x 3.6)+(1.15 x 10.78)+(1.75 x 2.4)+(1.5 x 10)]udl & [(1.5 x 33)]kel
=(4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 15.0)udl & 49.5kel
=35.7 kN/m & 49.5kN
HA Design serviceability mo = 14.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 39.6 x 24 / 4

=1310 kNm
25 units HB Design SLS mom= 2.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 982.3(from grillage analysis)
=1191.1 kNm
Design ultimate moment
= 35.7 x 24.02/ 8 + 49.5 x 24 / 4

= 2867 kNm
Super. & HA live load for SL= [(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.0 x 10)]udl & [(1.0 x 33)]kel
=(2.88 + 10.0)udl & 33kel
= 12.9 kN/m & 33kN
= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 12.5)udl & 41.3kel
= 33.2 kN/m & 41.3kN
Design serviceability moment= 12.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 33 x 24 / 4
= 1127 kNm
Allowable stresses in precast concrete
At transfer :
Compression ( Table 23 )
cl.
0.5fci (<=0.4fcu) = 20 N/mm2 max.

Tension = 1.0 N/mm2
cl.6.3.2.4 b)
At serviceability limit state :

Compression (1.25 x Table 22)
cl.
1.25 x 0.4fcu = 25 N/mm
2
Tension = 0 N/mm2(class 1) & 3.2 N/mm2(class 2 - Table 24)
Stresses at Level 1 due to SLS loads (N/mm 2) :

Comb.1
Comb.1
6
Dead Load M / Z = (1037 x -10
8.94
) / (116.020 x 106)- 8.94
- 8.94
Super. & Live Load M / Z = M

- 7.88
/ (166.156 x 106) - 7.17
- 6.78
Reverse Temperature = fLx--1.69 = 0.8 x -1.69 -
-1.35
Differential shrinkage
-0.60
Total Stress at Level 1 =
-17.42
Comb.3
-0.60
-16.71
Hence Combination 3 is critical

Prestressing Force and Eccentricity
Using straight, fully bonded tendons (constant force and eccentricity).
Allow for 20% loss of prestress after transfer.
Initial prestress at Level 1 to satisfy class 2 requirement for SLS (Comb. 3).
Stress at transfer = ( 17.67 - 3.2 ) / 0.8 = 18.1 N/mm 2(use allowable stress of 20 N/mm2)
The critical section at transfer occurs at the end of the transmission zone. The moment due to the self weight at th
P/A + Pe/Zlevel 1= 20
P/A - Pe/Zlevel 2>= - 1.0
(eqn. 1) x Zlevel 1+ (eqn. 2) x Zlevel 2gives :
P >= A x (20 x Zlevel 1- 1.0 x Zlevel 2) / (Zlevel 1+ Zlevel 2)
P = 449.22 x 103x ( 20 x 116.02 - 89.066) / ( 116.02 + 89.066) x 10-3= 4888 kN
Allow 10% for loss of force before and during transfer, then the initial force P o= 4888 / 0.9 = 5431kN
Using 15.2mm class 2 relaxation standard strand at maximum initial force of 174kN (0.75 x P u)
Area of tendon = 139mm2
Nominal tensile strength = fpu=1670 N/mm2
Hence 32 tendons required.
Initial force Po = 32 x 174 =5568 kN
P = 0.9 x 5568 =5011 kN
Substituting P = 5011 kN in (eqn. 2)

e <= Zlevel 2/ A + Zlevel 2/ P = (89.066 x 106/ 449.22 x 103) + (89.066 x 106/ 5011 x 103)
e = 198 + 18 =216 mm
Arrange 32 tendons symmetrically about the Y-Y axis to achieve an eccentricity of about 216mm.
Taking moments about bottom of beam :

2 @
1000 =
2000
2 @
900 =
1800
4 @
260 =
1040
8 @
160 =
1280
10 @
110 =
1100
6@
60 =
360
32
7580
e = 456 - 7580 / 32 = 456 - 237 =219mm
Allowing for 1% relaxation loss in steel before transfer and elastic deformation of concrete at transfer :
cl. 6.7.2.3
P = 0.99 Po / [ 1 + Es x (Aps / A) x (1 + A x e2 / I) / Eci ]

P = 0.99 x Po / [ 1 + 196 x ( 32 x 139 / 449220) x (1 + 449220 x 2192
P = 0.91 Po = 0.91 x 5568 = 5067 kN
Initial stresses due to prestress at end of transmission zone :
Level 1 : P / A x ( 1 + A x e / Zlevel 1 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 + 219 / 258 ) = 20.89 N/mm2

Level 2 : P / A x ( 1 - A x e / Zlevel 2 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 - 219 / 198 ) = - 1.20 N/mm2
Moment due to self weight of beam at mid span = 10.78 x 242 / 8 = 776.2 kNm
Stress due to self weight of beam at mid span :
@ Level 1 = - 776.2 / 116.02 = - 6.69 N/mm2
@ Level 2 = 776.2 / 89.066 = 8.71 N/mm2

Initial stresses at mid span :
Allowing for 2% relaxation loss in steel after transfer, concrete shrinkage cs = 300 x 1
and concrete specific creep ct = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 per N/mm2
Loss of force after transfer due to :
cl. 6.7.2.5
cl. 6.7.2.2
Steel relaxation = 0.02 x 5568 = 111
cl. 6.7.2.4
Concrete shrinkage = (cs x Es x Aps ) = 300 x 10-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
cl. 6.7.2.5
Concrete creep = ( ct x fco x Es x Aps ) = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32

Total Loss = 111 + 262 + 550 = 923 kN
Final force after all loss of prestress = Pe = 5067 - 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.
Final stresses due to prestress after all loss of prestress at :
Lev
f1,0.82P = 0.82 x 20.89 = 17.08 N/mm2
Lev
f2,0.82P = 0.82 x - 1.20 = - 0.98 N/mm2
Combined stresses in final condition for worst effects of design loads, differ
Level 1, combination 1 HB : f = 17.08 - 16.71 = 0.37 N/mm2 (> 0 hence O.K.)
Level 1, combination 3 : f = 17.08 - 17.67 = - 0.59 N/mm2 (> - 3.2 hence O.K.)
Level 2, combination 1 : f = - 0.98 + 1037 / 89.066 + 1310 / 242.424 + 1.64 = 17.71 (< 25 O.K
Level 3. combination 3 : f = (1127 / 179.402) + (0.8 x 3.15) = 8.8 N/mm2(< 25 O.K.)
Ultimate Capacity of Beam and Deck Slab
(Composite Section)
Ultimate Design Moment = f3x M = 1.1 x 2867 =3154 kNm

cl. 6.3.3
Only steel in the tension zone is to be considered :
Centroid of tendons in tension zone = (6x60 + 10x110 + 8x160 + 4x260) / 28 = 135mm

Effective depth from Level 3 = 1200 - 135 = 1065mm
Assume that the maximum design stress is developed in the tendons, then :
Tensile force in tendons Fp = 0.87 x 28 x 139 x 1670 x 10-3 = 5655 kN
Compressive force in concrete flange :
Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3 = 2400 kN
Let X = depth to neutral axis.
Compressive force in concrete web :
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x [393 - (393 - 200) x (X - 150) / (671 x 2)] x (X - 150) x 10-3
Fw = ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
Equating forces to obtain X :
5655 = 2400 + ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
X = 659 mm
Stress in tendon after losses = fpe = 4144 x 103 / (32 x 139) = 932 N/mm2
Prestrain pe = fpe / Es = 932 / 200 x 103 = 0.0047
Determine depth to neutral axis by an iterative strain compatibility analysis

Try X = 659 mm as an initial estimate
Width of web at this depth = 247mm
pb6 = 6 + pe = -459 x 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0022
pb5 = 5 + pe = -359 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0028
pb4 = 4 + pe = 281 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0062
pb3 = 3 + pe = 381 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0067
pb2 = 2 + pe = 431 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0069
pb1= 1+ pe= 481 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0072
fpb6= 0.0022 x 200 x 103= 444 N/mm2
fpb5= 0.0028 x 200 x 103= 551 N/mm2
fpb4= 1162 + 290 x (0.0062 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1178 N/mm2
fpb3= 1162 + 290 x (0.0067 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1201 N/mm2
fpb2= 1162 + 290 x (0.0069 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1213 N/mm2
fpb1= 1162 + 290 x (0.0072 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1225 N/mm2
Tensile force in tendons :

Fp6= 2 x 139 x 444 x 10-3 = 124
Fp5 = 2 x 139 x 551 x 10-3 = 153
Fp4 = 4 x 139 x 1178 x 10-3 = 655
Fp3 = 8 x 139 x 1201 x 10-3= 1336
Fp2 = 10 x 139 x 1213 x 10-3= 1686
Fp1 = 6 x 139 x 1225 x 10-3= 1022
4976 kN
Compressive force in concrete :
Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3= 2400
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x 0.5 x (393 + 247) x (659 - 150) x 10-3= 3258
5658 kN
Fc > Ft therefore reduce depth to neutral axis and repeat the calculations.
Using a depth of 565mm will achieve equilibrium.
The following forces are obtained :
Fp6= 134
Ff= 2400
Fp5= 168
Fw= 2765
Fp4= 675
Fc= 5165
Fp3 = 1382
Fp2= 1746
Fp1= 1060
Ft= 5165
Taking Moments about the neutral axis :
Fp6 = 134 x -0.365 =-49
Fp5 = 168 x -0.265 =-45
Fp4 = 675 x 0.375 =253

Fp3 = 1382 x 0.475 =656
Fp2 = 1746 x 0.525 =917
Fp1 = 1060 x 0.575 =610
Ff = 2400 x 0.49 =1176
Fw = 3258 x 0.207 =674
Mu =4192 kNm > 3154 kNm hence O.K.
cl. 6.3.3.1
Mu / M = 4192 / 3154 = 1.33 ( > 1.15 ) hence strain in outermost tendon O.K.
Abutment Design Example to BD 30
Design the fixed and free end cantilever abutments to the 20m span deck shown to carry HA and 45 units o
The ground investigation report shows suitable founding strata about 9.5m below the proposed road level. T
Backfill material will be Class 6N with an effective angle of internal friction (') = 35o and density () = 19k
The proposed deck consists of 11No. Y4 prestressed concrete beams and concrete deck slab as shown.
Loading From the Deck
A grillage analysis gave the following reactions for the various load cases:
Critical Rea
Nominal Reaction(
Concrete Deck
Surfacing
HA udl+kel
45 units HB
Total Reaction on Each Abutment
180
30
160
350
Ultimate Reaction(kN)
230
1900
60
265
500
320
1140
1940
Nominal loading on 1m length of abutment:

Deck Dead Load = (1900 + 320) / 11.6 = 191kN/m
HA live Load on Deck = 1140 / 11.6 = 98kN/m
HB live Load on Deck = 1940 / 11.6 = 167kN/m
From BS 5400 Part 2 Figures 7 and 8 the minimum and maximum shade air temperatures are -19 and +37
For a Group 4 type strucutre (see fig. 9) the corresponding minimum and maximum effective bridge temper
Hence the temperature range = 11 + 36 = 47oC.
From Clause 5.4.6 the range of movement at the free end of the 20m span deck = 47 x 12 x 10 -6 x 20 x 10
The ultimate thermal movement in the deck will be [(11.3 / 2) f3 fL] = [11.3 x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = 8mm
Option 1 - Elastomeric Bearing:

With a maximum ultimate reaction = 230 + 60 + 500 = 790kN then a suitable elastomeric bearing would b

Maximum Load = 1053kN
Shear Deflection = 13.3mm
Shear Stiffness = 12.14kN/mm
Bearing Thickness = 19mm

Note: the required shear deflection (8mm) should be limited to between 30% to 50% of the thickness of th
A tolerance is also required for setting the bearing if the ambient temperature is not at the mid range temp
Horizontal load at bearing for 10mm contraction = 12.14 x 10 = 121kN.
This is an ultimate load hence the nominal horizontal load = 121 / 1.1 / 1.3 = 85kN at each bearing.
Total horizontal load on each abutment = 11 x 85 = 935 kN 935 / 11.6 = 81kN/m.
Alternatively using BS 5400 Part 9.1 Clause 5.14.2.6:
H = AGr/tq
Using the Ekspan bearing EKR35
Area = 610 x 420 = 256200mm2

Nominl hardness = 60 IRHD
Shear modulus G from Table 8 = 0.9N/mm2

H = 256200 x 0.9 x 10-3 x 10 / 19 = 121kN
This correllates with the value obtained above using the shear stiffness from the manufacturer's data sheet.
Option 2 - Sliding Bearing:

With a maximum ultimate reaction of 790kN and longitudinal movement of 8mm then a suitable bearing from the Ekspan
Base Plate A dimension = 210mm
Base Plate B dimension = 365mm
Movement X = 12.5mm
BS 5400 Part 2 - Clause 5.4.7.3:
Average nominal dead load reaction = (1900 + 320) / 11 = 2220 / 11 = 200kN
Contact pressure under base plate = 200000 / (210 x 365) = 3N/mm2
As the mating surface between the stainless steel and PTFE is smaller than the base plate then the pressure
From Table3 of BS 5400 Part 9.1 the Coefficient of friction = 0.08 for a bearing stress of 5N/mm 2
Hence total horizontal load on each abutment when the deck expands or contracts = 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN
Traction and Braking Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.10:
Nominal Load for HA = 8kN/m x 20m + 250kN = 410kN
Nominal Load for HB = 25% of 45units x 10kN x 4axles = 450kN
450 > 410kN hence HB braking is critical.
Braking load on 1m width of abutment = 450 / 11.6 = 39kN/m.
When this load is applied on the deck it will act on the fixed abutment only.
Skidding Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.11:
Nominal Load = 300kN
300 < 450kN hence braking load is critical in the longitudinal direction.
Loading at Rear of Abutment
Backfill
For Stability calculations use active earth pressures = Ka h
Ka for Class 6N material = (1-Sin35) / (1+Sin35) = 0.27
Density of Class 6N material = 19kN/m3
Active Pressure at depth h = 0.27 x 19 x h = 5.13h kN/m2

Hence Fb = 5.13h2/2 = 2.57h2kN/m
Surcharge - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.2:
For HA loading surcharge = 10 kN/m2
For HB loading surcharge = 20 kN/m2
Assume a surchage loading for the compaction plant to be equivalent to 30 units of HB
Hence Compaction Plant surcharge = 12 kN/m2.
For surcharge of w kN/m2 :
Fs = Ka w h = 0.27wh kN/m
1) Stability Check
Initial Sizing for Base Dimensions

There are a number of publications that will give guidance on base sizes for free standing cantilever walls, Reynolds's Rein
Alternatively a simple spreadsheet will achieve a result by trial and error.
Load Combinations
Backfill + Construction
surcharge
Backfill
+
Construc
tion
surcharg
e
Sackfill Backfill
+ HA
+ HA
surcharg surcharg
e + Deck e +
dead
Braking
load +
behind
Deck
abutmen
contracti t + Deck
on
dead
load
Backfill Backfill
+ HB
+ HA
surcharg surcharg
e + Deck e + Deck
dead
dead
load
load +
HB on
deck
Fixed Abutment Only

Backfill + HA surcharge + Deck dead load + HA on deck + Braking on deck
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment
Density of reinforced concrete = 25kN/m3.
Weight of wall stem = 1.0 x 6.5 x 25 = 163kN/m
Weight of base = 6.4 x 1.0 x 25 = 160kN/m
Weight of backfill = 4.3 x 6.5 x 19 = 531kN/m
Weight of surcharge = 4.3 x 12 = 52kN/m
Backfill Force Fb = 0.27 x 19 x 7.52 / 2 = 144kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs = 0.27 x 12 x 7.5 = 24 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight
Stem
Base
Backfill
Surcharge
=
Overturning Effects:
F
Backfill
Surcharge
=168
Lever A
163
160
531
52
1.6
3.2
4.25
4.25
Moment About A
261
512
2257
221
=3251
2.5
3.75
Moment About A
361
91
=452
906
Lever A
144
24
Factor of Safety Against Overturning = 3251 / 452 = 7.2 > 2.0 OK.
For sliding effects:
Active Force = Fb + Fs = 168kN/m
Frictional force on underside of base resisting movement = W tan() = 906 x tan(30o) = 523kN/m
Factor of Safety Against Sliding = 523 / 168 = 3.1 > 2.0 OK.
Bearing Pressure:
Check bearing pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (P / A) (P x e / Z) where P x e is the moment abou
P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 452 = 2799kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of P about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (2799 / 906) = 0.111m
Pressure under base = (906 / 6.4) (906 x 0.111 / 6.827)
Pressure under toe = 142 + 15 = 157kN/m2 < 400kN/m2 OK.
Pressure under heel = 142 - 15 = 127kN/m2
Hence the abutment will be stable for Case 1.
Analysing the fixed abutment with Load Cases 1 to 6 and the free abutment with Load Cases 1 to 5 using a
Fixed Abutment:
F of S Overtur
Case
Case
Case
Case
Case
Case
Case
1
2
2a
3
4
5
6
7.16
2.87
4.31
3.43
4.48
5.22
3.8
F of S Sliding
Bearing Pressure
Bearing at
Pressure
Toe
at Heel
3.09
156
2.13
386
2.64
315
2.43
351
2.63
322
3.17
362
2.62
378
Free Abutment:
F of S Overturning
F of S Sli Bearing PrBearing Pressure at Heel
Case 1
7.15
3.09
168
Case 2
2.91
2.14
388
Case 2a
4.33
2.64
318
Case 3
3.46
2.44
354
Case 4
4.5
2.64
325
Case 5
5.22
3.16
365
It can be seen that the use of elastomeric bearings (Case 2) will govern the critical design load cases on the
2) Wall and Base Design
Loads on the back of the wall are calculated using 'at rest' earth pressures. Serviceability and Ultimate load
Using the Fixed Abutment Load Case 1 again as an example of the calculations:
Wall Design
Ko = 1 - Sin(') = 1 - Sin(35o) = 0.426
fL for horizontal loads due to surcharge and backfill from BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.1.2:
Serviceability = 1.0
Ultimate = 1.5
f3 = 1.0 for serviceability and 1.1 for ultimate (from BS 5400 Part 4 Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.2.3)
Backfill Force Fb on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 19 x 6.52 / 2 = 171kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 12 x 6.5 = 33kN/m
At the base of the Wall:
Serviceability moment = (171 x 6.5 / 3) + (33 x 6.5 / 2) = 371 + 107 = 478kNm/m
Ultimate moment = 1.1 x 1.5 x 478 = 789kNm/m
Ultimate shear = 1.1 x 1.5 x (171 + 33) = 337kN/m
Fixed Abutment:
Moment
SLS Dead
Case
Case
Case
Case
Case
Case
1
2a
3
4
5
6
Free Abutment:
Moment
SLS Dead
Case 1
Case 2a
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
371
829
829
829
829
829
Moment
SLS Liv
108
258
486
308
154
408
Moment
ULS
790
1771
2097
1877
1622
1985
Shear
ULS
337
566
596
602
543
599
394
868
868
868
868
Moment
SLS Liv
112
265
495
318
159
Moment
ULS
835
1846
2175
1956
1694
Shear
ULS
350
581
612
619
559
Concrete to BS 8500:2006
Use strength class C32/40 with water-cement ratio 0.5 and minimum cement content of 340kg/m3 for expo
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 60mm (45mm minimum cover plus a tolerance c of 15mm).Reinforceme
Design for critical moments and shear in Free Abutment:

Reinforced concrete walls are designed to BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.6.
Check classification to clause 5.6.1.1:
Ultimate axial load in wall from deck reactions = 2400 + 600 + 2770 = 5770 kN
0.1fcuAc = 0.1 x 40 x 103 x 11.6 x 1 = 46400 kN > 5770
design as a slab in accordance with clause 5.4
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.4.2 for reisitance moments in slabs design to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B40 @ 150 c/c:
As = 8378mm2/m, d = 1000 - 60 - 20 = 920mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 8378) / (40 x 1000 x 920) ]} d = 0.875d < 0.95d OK
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 8378 x 0.875 x 920 x 10-6 = 2934kNm/m > 2175kNn/m
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.2mm < 0.25mm.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3
Shear
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause 5.4.4:
v = V / (bd) = 619 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.673 N/mm2
No shear reinforcement is required when v < svc
s = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 920)1/4 = 0.86
vc = (0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3 = (0.27 / 1.25) x ({100 x 8378} / {1000 x 920})1/3 x (40)
svc = 0.86 x 0.72 = 0.62 N/mms < 0.673 hence shear reinforcement should be provided, however check sh
ULS shear at Section 7H/8 for load case 4 = 487 kN
v = V / (bd) = 487 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.53 N/mm2 < 0.62
Hence height requiring strengthening = 1.073 x (0.673 - 0.62) / (0.673 - 0.53) = 0.4m < d.
Provide a 500 x 500 splay at the base of the wall with B32 @ 150c/c bars in sloping face.
Early Thermal Cracking
Considering the effects of casting the wall stem onto the base slab by complying with the early thermal cracking of concrete
Minimum area of secondary reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.2 = 0.12% of bad = 0.0012 x 1000 x 920 = 110
Base Design
Maximum bending and shear effects in the base slab will occur at sections near the front and back of the wa
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Serviceability Limit State
fL = 1.0
f3 = 1.0
Weight of wall stem = 1.0 x 6.5 x 25 x 1.0 = 163kN/m
Weight of base = 6.4 x 1.0 x 25 x 1.0 = 160kN/m
Weight of backfill = 4.3 x 6.5 x 19 x 1.0 = 531kN/m
Weight of surcharge = 4.3 x 12 x 1.0 = 52kN/m
B/fill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.0 / 2 = 228kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs = 0.426 x 12 x 7.5 x 1.0 = 38 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight
Stem
Base
Backfill
Surcharge
Lever ArmMoment About A

163
1.6
160
3.2
531
4.25
52
4.25
261
512
2257
221
=
F
Backfill
Surcharge
=
906
266

228
2.5
38
3.75
=
713
3251
570
143
Bearing Pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (P / A) (P x e / Z)

P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 713 = 2538kNm/m
Pressure under toe = 142 + 53 = 195kN/m2
Pressure at front face of wall = 89 + {(195 - 89) x 5.3 / 6.4} = 177kN/m2
Pressure at rear face of wall = 89 + {(195 - 89) x 4.3 / 6.4} = 160kN/m2
SLS Moment at a-a = (177 x 1.12 / 2) + ([195 - 177] x 1.12 / 3) - (25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2) = 99kNm/m (tensio
SLS Moment at b-b = (89 x 4.32 / 2) + ([160 - 89] x 4.32 / 6) - (25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Ultimate Limit State

fL for concrete = 1.15
fL for fill and surcharge(vetical) = 1.2
fL for fill and surcharge(horizontal) = 1.5
Backfill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.5 / 2 = 341kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
Base
Backfill
Surcharge
=
F
Backfill
Surcharge
=
187
184
637
62
1070
1.6
3.2
4.25
4.25
=
Lever Arm
341
58
399
299
589
2707
264
3859
Moment About A
2.5
3.75
=
853
218
1071

P = 1070kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3859 - 1071 = 2788kNm/m
f3 = 1.1
ULS Shear at a-a = 1.1 x {[(260 + 228) x 1.1 / 2] - (1.15 x 1.1 x 25)} = 260kN/m
ULS Shear at b-b = 1.1 x {[(199 + 74) x 4.3 / 2] - (1.15 x 4.3 x 25) - 637 - 62} = 259kN/m
ULS Moment at a-a = 1.1 x {(228 x 1.12 / 2) + ([260 - 228] x 1.12 / 3) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 14
SLS Moment at b-b = 1.1 x {(74 x 4.32 / 2) + ([199 74] x 4.32 / 6) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (637 x 4.3
/ 2) - (62 x 4.3 / 2)} = -769kNm/m (tension in top face).
Fixed Abutment Base:
Section a-a
ULSShear
Case 1
Case 2a
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Free Abutment Base:

Section a-a
ULSShear
Case 1
Case 2a
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Section b-b
SLSMomen
ULSMoment
261
99
528
205
593
235
550
208
610
241
637
255
ULS SheaSLS MomeULS Moment

147
259
447
302
458
980
340
553
1178
314
495
1003
348
327
853
365
470
1098
SLSMomen
ULSMoment
267
101
534
207
598
236
557
211
616
243
Section b-b
ULSShearSLSMoment
ULSMoment
151
266
475
305
466
1029
342
559
1233
317
504
1055
351
335
901
Design for shear and bending effects at sections a-a and b-b for the Free Abutment:
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.7.3 design as a slab for reisitance moments to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B32 @ 150 c/c:
As = 5362mm2/m, d = 1000 - 60 - 16 = 924mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 5362) / (40 x 1000 x 924) ]} d = 0.92d < 0.95d OK
Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 5362 x 0.92 x 924 x 10-6 = 1983kNm/m > 1922kNm/m
(1983kNm/m also > 1834kNm/m B32 @ 150 c/c suitable for fixed abutment.
For the Serviceability check for Case 3 an approximation of the dead load moment can be obtained by remo
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.27mm > 0.25mm
This could be corrected by reducing the bar spacing, but increase the bar size to B40@150 c/c as this is req
Using B40@150c/c the crack control calculation gives a crack width of 0.17mm < 0.25mm OK.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3
Shear
Shear on Toe - Use Fixed Abutment Load Case 6:
By inspection B32@150c/c will be adequate for the
bending effects in the toe (Muls = 365kNm < 1983kNm)
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause
5.7.3.2(a) checking shear at d away from the front face
of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
ULS Shear on toe = 1.1 x {(620 + 599) x 0.5 x 0.176 1.15 x 1 x 0.176 x 25} = 112kN
v = V / (bd) = 112 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.121 N/mm2

Reinforcement in tension = B32 @ 150 c/c
s = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
svc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms > 0.121N/mms OK
Shear on Heel - Use Free Abutment Load Case 3:

Shear requirements are designed at the back face of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
Length of heel = (6.5 - 1.1 - 1.0) = 4.4m
ULS Shear on heel = 1.1 x {348 x 0.5 x (5.185 - 2.1) - 1.15 x 1 x 4.4 x 25 - 1.2 x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)}
Using B32@150 c/c then:

v = V / (bd) = 559 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.605 N/mm2
s = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
svc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms < 0.605N/mms Fail
Rather than provide shear reinforcement try increasing bars to B40 @ 150 c/c (also required for crack con
svc = 0.86 x 0.716 = 0.616 N/mms > 0.605N/mms OK
Considering the effects of casting the base slab onto the blinding concrete by complying with the early thermal cracking of
Minimum area of main reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.1 = 0.15% of bad = 0.0015 x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm
Local Effects
Curtain Wall
This wall is designed to be cast onto the top of the abutment after the deck has been built. Loading will be a
HB braking load to BS 5400 clause 6.10 = 25% x 45units x 10kN on each axle = 112.5kN per axle.
Assume a 45o dispersal to the curtain wall and a maximum dispersal of the width of the abutment (11.6m)
1st axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 3.0 = 37.5kN/m
2nd axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 6.6 = 17.0kN/m
3rd & 4th axle loads on back of abutment = 2 x 112.5 / 11.6 = 19.4kN/m
Maximum load on back of abutment = 37.5 + 17.0 + 19.4 = = 73.9kN/m
Bending and Shear at Base of 3m High Curtain Wall
Horizontal load due to HB surcharge = 0.426 x 20 x 3.0 = 25.6 kN/m
Horizontal load due to backfill = 0.426 x 19 x 3.02 / 2 = 36.4 kN/m

SLS Moment = (73.9 x 3.0) + (25.6 x 1.5) + (36.4 x 1.0) = 297 kNm/m (36 dead + 261 live)
ULS Moment = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9 x 3.0) + (1.5 x 25.6 x 1.5) + (1.5 x 36.4 x 1.0)} = 392 kNm/m
ULS Shear = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9) + (1.5 x 25.6) + (1.5 x 36.4)} = 192kN/m
400 thick curtain wall with B32 @ 150 c/c :

Mult = 584 kNm/m > 392 kNm/m OK
SLS Moment produces crack width of 0.21mm < 0.25 OK
svc = 0.97 N/mm2 > v = 0.59 N/mm2 Shear OK
ack to Abutment Tutorial | Back to Tutorial Index

Last Updated : 05/09/09
For more information :
Email: david@childs-ceng.demon.co.uk
s develop in the tension zone at working loads and therefore all concrete in tension is ignored in design.
become tensile under external loads. This compressive stress neutralizes the tensile stress so that no resultant tension
the web so that thin-webbed I - sections may be used without the risk of diagonal tension failures and with further sav
ary to use high quality concrete to resist the higher compressive stresses that are developed.
g the stressed cables to the concrete.
or themselves in the concrete.
sually raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the eccentricity of the stressing force.
r ultimate strength.
ons is released. Grout is then pumped into the ducts to protect the tendons.
te a series of effects result in a loss of stress in the tendons. The effects are:
ith pre-tensioning.
ncrete slab and 100mm of surfacing, together with a nominal live load udl of 10.0 kN/m 2and kel of 33kN/m . The span of the bea
= 10.78 kN/m
ULS
Comb.1
Comb.3
1.25
-
een beam and slab may be ignored.
cast concrete takes place before the deck slab is cast and that the residual shrinkage is 100 x 10 -6,
x Ecfx Acfx
ab concrete has cured then any further loading (superimposed and live loads) is supported by the composite section of the beam
1.25 x 33)]kel
Comb.3
(HB)
-0.60
-17.67*
due to the self weight at this section is near zero and initial stress conditions are:
.....................(eqn. 1)
.....................(eqn. 2)
/ 0.9 = 5431kN
ete at transfer :
1 + 449220 x 2192 / 52.905 x 109) / 31 ]
rete shrinkage cs = 300 x 10-6
6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
8 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 550
- 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.82)
estress at :
ects of design loads, differential shrinkage and temperature difference :
2 hence O.K.)
424 + 1.64 = 17.71 (< 25 O.K.)
ost tendon O.K.
o carry HA and 45 units of HB loading. Analyse the abutments using a unit strip method. The bridge site is located sout
the proposed road level. Test results show the founding strata to be a cohesionless soil having an angle of shearing res
35o and density () = 19kN/m3.
deck slab as shown.
2400
600
1880
2770
eratures are -19 and +37 oC respectively.

m effective bridge temperatures are -11 and +36 oC from tables 10 and 11.
= 47 x 12 x 10 -6 x 20 x 103 = 11.3mm.
x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = 8mm.
stomeric bearing would be Ekspan's Elastomeric Pad Bearing EKR35:
0% of the thickness of the bearing. The figure quoted in the catalogue for the maximum shear deflection is 70% of the
ot at the mid range temperature. The design shade air temperature range will be -19 to +37 oC which would require the
N at each bearing.
manufacturer's data sheet.
able bearing from the Ekspan EA Series would be /80/210/25/25:
se plate then the pressure between the sliding faces will be in the order of 5N/mm 2.
ess of 5N/mm 2
= 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN 180 / 11.6 = 16kN/m.
tilever walls, Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook being one such book.
30o) = 523kN/m
P x e is the moment about the centre of the base.
oad Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
127
5
76
39
83
81
43
120
7
78
42
84
82
l design load cases on the abutments. We shall assume that there are no specific requirements for using elastomeric be
eability and Ultimate load effects need to be calculated for the load cases 1 to 6 shown above. Again, these are best ca
2 and 4.2.3)
oad Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained for the design moments and shear at
ent of 340kg/m3 for exposure condition XD2.

c of 15mm).Reinforcement to BS 4449:2005 Grade B500B:
fy = 500N/mm2
75kNn/m OK
n clause 4.1.1.3 serviceability requirements are satisfied.
})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.72
ovided, however check shear at distance H/8 (8.63 / 8 = 1.079m) up the wall.
y thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 horizontal lacer bars @ 150 c/c will be required in both faces in the bottom half of the
0012 x 1000 x 920 = 1104 mm2/m (use B16 @ 150c/c - As = 1340mm2/m)
e front and back of the wall. Different load factors are used for serviceability and ultimate limit states so the calculation
/ 2) = 99kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52 x 4.3 / 2) = -443kNm/m (tension in top face).
= 259kN/m
25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 148kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
oad Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
768
1596
1834
1700
1402
1717
ULSMoment
816
1678
1922
1786
1480
2kNm/m OK
can be obtained by removing the surcharge and braking loads. The spreadsheet result gives the dead load SLS mome
0.27mm > 0.25mm Fail.
40@150 c/c as this is required to avoid the use of links (see below).
})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.62
x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)} = 559kN
})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.62
lso required for crack control as shown above).

})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.716
he early thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 distribution bars @ 250 c/c will be required.
x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm2/m (use B20 @ 200c/c - As = 1570mm2/m).
een built. Loading will be applied from the backfill, surcharge and braking loads on top of the wall.
112.5kN per axle.
of the abutment (11.6m) then:
+ 261 live)
} = 392 kNm/m
116.020
89.066
166.156
242.424
179.402
at no resultant tension exists, (or only very small values, within the tensile strength of the concrete). Cracking is there
es and with further savings in self-weight.
N/m . The span of the beam is 24.0m centre to centre of bearings and the beams are spaced at 1.0m intervals.
site section of the beam and slab.
dge site is located south east of Oxford (to establish the range of shade air temperatures).
n angle of shearing resistance () = 30 o and a safe bearing capacity of 400kN/m2.
eflection is 70% of the thickness.

which would require the bearings to be installed at a shade air temperature of 9oC to achieve the 8mm movement. If
or using elastomeric bearings and design the abutments for the lesser load effects by using sliding bearings.
gain, these are best carried out using a simple spreadsheet.
moments and shear at the base of the wall:
s in the bottom half of the wall.
tates so the calculations need to be carried out for each limit state using 'at rest pressures'
e dead load SLS moment for Case 3 as 723kNm, thus the live load moment = 1233 - 723 = 510kNm.
ete). Cracking is therefore eliminated under working load and all of the concrete may be assumed effective in carrying
8mm movement. If the bearings are set at a maximum shade air temperature of 16oC then, by proportion the deck
ng bearings.
ed effective in carrying load. Therefore lighter sections may be used to carry a given bending moment, and prestressed
by proportion the deck will expand 6mm and contract 10mm. Let us assume that this maximum shade air temperature
ment, and prestressed concrete may be used over much longer spans than reinforced concrete.
shade air temperature of 16 oC for fixing the bearings is specified in the Contract and design the abutments accordingly.
abutments accordingly.
Prestressed Concrete
Since concrete is weak in tension in normal reinforced concrete construction cracks develop in the tension zone
Prestressing involves inducing compressive stresses in the zone which will tend to become tensile under externa
The prestressing force also reduces the magnitude of the principal tensile stress in the web so that thin-webbed
The prestressing force has to be produced by a high tensile steel, and it is necessary to use high quality concret
There are two methods of prestressing concrete :
1) Pre-cast Pre-tensioned
2) Pre-cast Post-tensioned
Both methods involve tensioning cables inside a concrete beam and then anchoring the stressed cables to the c
1) Pre-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Tendons and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould.
Stage 2
Tendons are stressed to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 3
Stage 4
When the concrete has cured the stressing force is released and the tendons anchor themselves in the concrete
2) Post-tensioned Beams
Stage 1
Cable ducts and reinforcement are positioned in the beam mould. The ducts are usually raised towards the neut
Stage 2
Stage 3
Tendons are threaded through the cable ducts and tensioned to about 70% of their ultimate strength.
Stage 4
Wedges are inserted into the end anchorages and the tensioning force on the tendons is released. Grout is then
Loss of Prestress
When the tensioning force is released and the tendons are anchored to the concrete a series of effects result in
a. relaxation of the steel tendons
b. elastic deformation of the concrete
c. shrinkage and creep of the concrete
d. slip or movement of the tendons at the anchorages during anchoring
e. other causes in special circumstances , such as when steam curing is used with pre-tensioning.
Total losses in prestress can amount to about 30% of the initial tensioning stress.
Prestressed Concrete Beam Design to BS 5400 Part 4
Problem:
Design a simply supported prestressed concrete Y beam which carries a 150mm thick concrete slab and 100mm of surfa
conc.= 24kN/mm3
25 units of HB to be considered at SLS for load combination 1 only (BS 5400 Pt4 Cl. 4.2.2)
Loadingper beam (at 1.0m c/c)
Nominal Dead Loads :
Nominal Live Load :
slab = 24 x 0.15 x 1.0
= 3.6 kN/m
beam = say Y5 beam
= 10.78 kN/m
surfacing = 24 x 0.1 x 1.0
= 2.4 kN/m
HA = 10 x 1.0 + 33.0
= 10 kN/m + 33kN
25 units HB = 25 x 10 / 4 per wheel
= 62.5 kN per wheel
Load factors for serviceability and ultimate limit state from BS 5400 Part 2 (or BD 37/01) Table 1:
Comb.1
Dead Load
Superimposed Dead Load
fLconcrete1.0
fLsurfacing1.2
Live Load
fLHA
1.2
fLHB
Temperature Difference
fL
1.1
-
Concrete Grades
Beam fcu= 50 N/mm2,
fci= 40 N/mm2
Slab fcu= 40 N/mm2
BS 5400 Pt. 4
Section Properties
cl.7.4.1
Property
Area(mm2)
Centroid(mm)
Modular ratio effect for different concrete strengths between beam and slab may be ignore
Beam Section
4.49E+05
456
2nd Moment of Area(mm4)
5.29E+10
1.16E+08
8.91E+07
Composite Section
Temperature Difference Effects

Apply temperature differences given in BS 5400 Pt2 Fig.9 (Group 4)to a simplified beam section.
Cl. 5.4.6 - Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12 x 10-6per C.
From BS 5400 Pt4 Table 3 : Ec= 34 kN/mm2for fcu= 50N/mm2
Hence restrained temperature stresses per C = 34 x 10 3x 12 x 10-6= 0.408 N/mm2
a)Positive temperature difference

0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 + 5.25 ) ] x 10-3+
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 + 750 x 200 x 1.25 ) x 10-3= 504.9 + 122.4 = 627.3 kN
0.408 x 1000 x [ 150 x ( 3.0 x502 + 5.25 x 527 ) ] x 10-6+
0.408 x ( 300 x 250 x 1.5 x 344 - 750 x 200 x 1.25 x 556 ) x 10-6= 261.5 - 26.7 = 234.8 kNm
b)Reverse temperature difference

- 0.408 x [ 1000 x 150 x ( 3.6 + 2.3 ) + 300 x 90 x ( 0.9 + 1.35 ) ] x 10 -3
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 + 150 x 0.45 ) x 10-3
- 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 + 0.15 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 + 2.6 ) ] x 10 -3= - 385.9 - 19.3 - 295.1 = - 700.3 kN
- 0.408 x [ 150000 x ( 3.6 x 502 + 2.3 x 527 ) + 27000 x ( 0.9 x 382 + 1.35 x 397 ) ] x 10 -6
- 0.408 x 300 x ( 200 x 0.45 x 270 - 150 x 0.45 x 283 ) x 10-6
+ 0.408 x 750 x [ 50 x ( 0.9 x 358 + 0.15 x 366 ) + 240 x ( 1.2 x 503 + 2.6 x 543 ) ] x 10 -6
= - 194.5 - 0.6 + 153.8 = - 41.3 kNm
Differential Shrinkage Effects

BS 5400 Pt.4
Use cl.6.7.2.4 Table 29 :
cl.7.4.3.4
Total shrinkage of insitu concrete = 300 x 10-6
Assume that 2/3 of the total shrinkage of the precast concrete takes place before the deck slab is cast and that the re
hence the differential shrinkage is 200 x 10-6
BS 5400 Pt.4
Force to restrain differential shrinkage : F = - diffx Ecfx Acfx
cl.7.4.3.5
F = -200 x 10-6x 34 x 1000 x 150 x 0.43 = -439 kN
Eccentricity acent= 502mm

Restraint moment Mcs= -439 x 0.502 = -220.4 kNm
Self weight of beam and weight of deck slab is supported by the beam. When the deck slab concrete has cured then any
Dead Loading(beam and slab)

Total load for serviceability limit state = (1.0 x 3.6)+(1.0 x 10.78) = 14.4kN/m
Design serviceability moment =14.4 x 242/ 8 =1037 kNm
Super. & HA live load for SL=[(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.2 x 10)]udl & [(1.2 x 33)]kel
=(2.88 + 12.0)udl & 39.6kel
=14.9 kN/m & 39.6kN
Super. & HB live load for SL = 2.88 & 4 wheels @ 1.1 x 62.5
= 2.9 kN/m& 4 wheels @ 68.75 kN
=(4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 15.0)udl & 49.5kel
=35.7 kN/m & 49.5kN
HA Design serviceability mo = 14.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 39.6 x 24 / 4
=1310 kNm
25 units HB Design SLS mom= 2.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 982.3(from grillage analysis)
=1191.1 kNm
Design ultimate moment
= 35.7 x 24.02/ 8 + 49.5 x 24 / 4
= 2867 kNm
Super. & HA live load for SL= [(1.2 x 2.4)+(1.0 x 10)]udl & [(1.0 x 33)]kel
=(2.88 + 10.0)udl & 33kel
= 12.9 kN/m & 33kN
= (4.14 + 12.40 + 4.20 + 12.5)udl & 41.3kel
= 33.2 kN/m & 41.3kN
Design serviceability moment= 12.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 33 x 24 / 4
= 1127 kNm
Allowable stresses in precast concrete
At transfer :
cl.6.3.2.2 b)
Compression ( Table 23 )
0.5fci (<=0.4fcu) = 20 N/mm max.

2
cl.6.3.2.4 b)
Tension = 1.0 N/mm2
At serviceability limit state :
Compression (1.25 x Table 22)
cl.7.4.3.2
1.25 x 0.4fcu = 25 N/mm
2
Tension = 0 N/mm2(class 1) & 3.2 N/mm2(class 2 - Table 24)
Stresses at Level 1 due to SLS loads (N/mm 2) :

Comb.1
Comb.1
Comb.3
6
Dead Load M / Z = (1037 x -10
8.94
) / (116.020 x 106)
- 8.94
- 8.94
Super. & Live Load M / Z = M

- 7.88
/ (166.156 x 106)
- 7.17
- 6.78
Reverse Temperature = fLx--1.69 = 0.8 x -1.69
-1.35
Differential shrinkage
Total Stress at Level 1 =
-0.60
-17.42
Hence Combination 3 is critical

Prestressing Force and Eccentricity
Using straight, fully bonded tendons (constant force and eccentricity).
Allow for 20% loss of prestress after transfer.
Initial prestress at Level 1 to satisfy class 2 requirement for SLS (Comb. 3).
Stress at transfer = ( 17.67 - 3.2 ) / 0.8 = 18.1 N/mm 2(use allowable stress of 20 N/mm2)
The critical section at transfer occurs at the end of the transmission zone. The moment due to the self weight at this s
P/A + Pe/Zlevel 1= 20
P/A - Pe/Zlevel 2>= - 1.0
(eqn. 1) x Zlevel 1+ (eqn. 2) x Zlevel 2gives :

P >= A x (20 x Zlevel 1- 1.0 x Zlevel 2) / (Zlevel 1+ Zlevel 2)
P = 449.22 x 103x ( 20 x 116.02 - 89.066) / ( 116.02 + 89.066) x 10-3= 4888 kN
Allow 10% for loss of force before and during transfer, then the initial force P o= 4888 / 0.9 = 5431kN
Using 15.2mm class 2 relaxation standard strand at maximum initial force of 174kN (0.75 x P u)
Area of tendon = 139mm2
Nominal tensile strength = fpu=1670 N/mm2
Hence 32 tendons required.
Initial force Po = 32 x 174 =5568 kN
P = 0.9 x 5568 =5011 kN
Substituting P = 5011 kN in (eqn. 2)
e <= Zlevel 2/ A + Zlevel 2/ P = (89.066 x 106/ 449.22 x 103) + (89.066 x 106/ 5011 x 103)
e = 198 + 18 =216 mm
Arrange 32 tendons symmetrically about the Y-Y axis to achieve an eccentricity of about 216mm.
Taking moments about bottom of beam :

2 @
1000 =
2000
2 @
900 =
1800
4 @
260 =
1040
8 @
160 =
1280
10 @
110 =
1100
6@
60 =
360
32
7580
e = 456 - 7580 / 32 = 456 - 237 =219mm

Allowing for 1% relaxation loss in steel before transfer and elastic deformation of concrete at transfer :
P = 0.99 Po / [ 1 + Es x (Aps / A) x (1 + A x e2 / I) / Eci ]
cl. 6.7.2.3
P = 0.99 x Po / [ 1 + 196 x ( 32 x 139 / 449220) x (1 + 449220 x 2192 / 52.905 x 109) / 31 ]

P = 0.91 Po = 0.91 x 5568 = 5067 kN
Initial stresses due to prestress at end of transmission zone :
Level 1 : P / A x ( 1 + A x e / Zlevel 1 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 + 219 / 258 ) = 20.89 N/mm2
Level 2 : P / A x ( 1 - A x e / Zlevel 2 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 - 219 / 198 ) = - 1.20 N/mm2
Moment due to self weight of beam at mid span = 10.78 x 242 / 8 = 776.2 kNm
Stress due to self weight of beam at mid span :
@ Level 1 = - 776.2 / 116.02 = - 6.69 N/mm2
@ Level 2 = 776.2 / 89.066 = 8.71 N/mm2
Initial stresses at mid span :
cl. 6.7.2.5
Allowing for 2% relaxation loss in steel after transfer, concrete shrinkage cs = 300 x 10-6
and concrete specific creep ct = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 per N/mm2
Loss of force after transfer due to :
cl. 6.7.2.2
Steel relaxation = 0.02 x 5568 = 111
cl. 6.7.2.4
Concrete shrinkage = (cs x Es x Aps ) = 300 x 10-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
cl. 6.7.2.5
Concrete creep = ( ct x fco x Es x Aps ) = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32 x 1

Total Loss = 111 + 262 + 550 = 923 kN
Final force after all loss of prestress = Pe = 5067 - 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.82)
Final stresses due to prestress after all loss of prestress at :
Level 1
f1,0.82P = 0.82 x 20.89 = 17.08 N/mm2
Level 2
f2,0.82P = 0.82 x - 1.20 = - 0.98 N/mm2
Combined stresses in final condition for worst effects of design loads, differential shrinkage and temperature differenc
Level 1, combination 1 HB : f = 17.08 - 16.71 = 0.37 N/mm2 (> 0 hence O.K.)
Level 1, combination 3 : f = 17.08 - 17.67 = - 0.59 N/mm2 (> - 3.2 hence O.K.)
Level 2, combination 1 : f = - 0.98 + 1037 / 89.066 + 1310 / 242.424 + 1.64 = 17.71 (< 25 O.K.)
Level 3. combination 3 : f = (1127 / 179.402) + (0.8 x 3.15) = 8.8 N/mm2(< 25 O.K.)
Ultimate Capacity of Beam and Deck Slab
(Composite Section)
Ultimate Design Moment = f3x M = 1.1 x 2867 =3154 kNm

cl. 6.3.3
Only steel in the tension zone is to be considered :
Centroid of tendons in tension zone = (6x60 + 10x110 + 8x160 + 4x260) / 28 = 135mm

Effective depth from Level 3 = 1200 - 135 = 1065mm
Assume that the maximum design stress is developed in the tendons, then :
Tensile force in tendons Fp = 0.87 x 28 x 139 x 1670 x 10-3 = 5655 kN
Compressive force in concrete flange :
Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3 = 2400 kN
Let X = depth to neutral axis.
Compressive force in concrete web :
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x [393 - (393 - 200) x (X - 150) / (671 x 2)] x (X - 150) x 10-3
Fw = ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
Equating forces to obtain X :
5655 = 2400 + ( -2.876X2 + 8722.84X - 1243717) x 10-3
X = 659 mm
Stress in tendon after losses = fpe = 4144 x 103 / (32 x 139) = 932 N/mm2
Prestrain pe = fpe / Es = 932 / 200 x 103 = 0.0047
Determine depth to neutral axis by an iterative strain compatibility analysis

Try X = 659 mm as an initial estimate
Width of web at this depth = 247mm
pb6 = 6 + pe = -459 x 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0022
pb5 = 5 + pe = -359 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0028
pb4 = 4 + pe = 281 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0062
pb3 = 3 + pe = 381 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0067
pb2 = 2 + pe = 431 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0069
pb1= 1+ pe= 481 * 0.0035 / 659 + 0.0047 = 0.0072
fpb6= 0.0022 x 200 x 103= 444 N/mm2
fpb5= 0.0028 x 200 x 103= 551 N/mm2
fpb4= 1162 + 290 x (0.0062 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1178 N/mm2

fpb3= 1162 + 290 x (0.0067 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1201 N/mm2
fpb2= 1162 + 290 x (0.0069 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1213 N/mm2
fpb1= 1162 + 290 x (0.0072 - 0.0058) / 0.0065 = 1225 N/mm2
Tensile force in tendons :
Fp6= 2 x 139 x 444 x 10-3 = 124
Fp5 = 2 x 139 x 551 x 10-3 = 153
Fp4 = 4 x 139 x 1178 x 10-3 = 655
Fp3 = 8 x 139 x 1201 x 10-3= 1336
Fp2 = 10 x 139 x 1213 x 10-3= 1686
Fp1 = 6 x 139 x 1225 x 10-3= 1022
4976 kN
Compressive force in concrete :
Ff = 0.4 x 40 x 1000 x 150 x 10-3= 2400
Fw = 0.4 x 50 x 0.5 x (393 + 247) x (659 - 150) x 10-3= 3258
5658 kN
Fc > Ft therefore reduce depth to neutral axis and repeat the calculations.
Using a depth of 565mm will achieve equilibrium.
The following forces are obtained :
Fp6= 134
Ff= 2400
Fp5= 168
Fw= 2765
Fp4= 675
Fc= 5165
Fp3 = 1382
Fp2= 1746
Fp1= 1060
Ft= 5165
Taking Moments about the neutral axis :
Fp6 = 134 x -0.365 =-49
Fp5 = 168 x -0.265 =-45
Fp4 = 675 x 0.375 =253
Fp3 = 1382 x 0.475 =656
Fp2 = 1746 x 0.525 =917
Fp1 = 1060 x 0.575 =610
Ff = 2400 x 0.49 =1176
Fw = 3258 x 0.207 =674
Mu =4192 kNm > 3154 kNm hence O.K.
cl. 6.3.3.1
Mu / M = 4192 / 3154 = 1.33 ( > 1.15 ) hence strain in outermost tendon O.K.
Abutment Design Example to BD 30
Design the fixed and free end cantilever abutments to the 20m span deck shown to carry HA and 45 units of HB
The ground investigation report shows suitable founding strata about 9.5m below the proposed road level. Test
Backfill material will be Class 6N with an effective angle of internal friction (') = 35o and density () = 19kN/m
Nominal Reaction(kN)
Concrete Deck
Nominal Reaction(kN)
180
230
1900
2400
30
60
320
600
HA udl+kel
160
265
1140
1880
45 units HB
350
500
1940
2770
Surfacing
Nominal loading on 1m length of abutment:

Deck Dead Load = (1900 + 320) / 11.6 = 191kN/m
HA live Load on Deck = 1140 / 11.6 = 98kN/m
HB live Load on Deck = 1940 / 11.6 = 167kN/m
From BS 5400 Part 2 Figures 7 and 8 the minimum and maximum shade air temperatures are -19 and +37 oC re
For a Group 4 type strucutre (see fig. 9) the corresponding minimum and maximum effective bridge temperatur
Hence the temperature range = 11 + 36 = 47oC.
From Clause 5.4.6 the range of movement at the free end of the 20m span deck = 47 x 12 x 10 -6 x 20 x 103 =
The ultimate thermal movement in the deck will be [(11.3 / 2) f3 fL] = [11.3 x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = 8mm.
Option 1 - Elastomeric Bearing:
With a maximum ultimate reaction = 230 + 60 + 500 = 790kN then a suitable elastomeric bearing would be Ek
Shear Deflection = 13.3mm
Shear Stiffness = 12.14kN/mm
Note: the required shear deflection (8mm) should be limited to between 30% to 50% of the thickness of the be
A tolerance is also required for setting the bearing if the ambient temperature is not at the mid range temperatu
Horizontal load at bearing for 10mm contraction = 12.14 x 10 = 121kN.
This is an ultimate load hence the nominal horizontal load = 121 / 1.1 / 1.3 = 85kN at each bearing.
Total horizontal load on each abutment = 11 x 85 = 935 kN 935 / 11.6 = 81kN/m.
Alternatively using BS 5400 Part 9.1 Clause 5.14.2.6:
H = AGr/tq
Using the Ekspan bearing EKR35
Area = 610 x 420 = 256200mm2
Nominl hardness = 60 IRHD
Shear modulus G from Table 8 = 0.9N/mm2

H = 256200 x 0.9 x 10-3 x 10 / 19 = 121kN
This correllates with the value obtained above using the shear stiffness from the manufacturer's data sheet.
Option 2 - Sliding Bearing:
With a maximum ultimate reaction of 790kN and longitudinal movement of 8mm then a suitable bearing from the Ekspan EA S
Base Plate A dimension = 210mm
Base Plate B dimension = 365mm
Movement X = 12.5mm
BS 5400 Part 2 - Clause 5.4.7.3:

Average nominal dead load reaction = (1900 + 320) / 11 = 2220 / 11 = 200kN
Contact pressure under base plate = 200000 / (210 x 365) = 3N/mm2
As the mating surface between the stainless steel and PTFE is smaller than the base plate then the pressure bet
From Table3 of BS 5400 Part 9.1 the Coefficient of friction = 0.08 for a bearing stress of 5N/mm 2
Hence total horizontal load on each abutment when the deck expands or contracts = 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN 18
Traction and Braking Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.10:
Nominal Load for HA = 8kN/m x 20m + 250kN = 410kN
Nominal Load for HB = 25% of 45units x 10kN x 4axles = 450kN

450 > 410kN hence HB braking is critical.
Braking load on 1m width of abutment = 450 / 11.6 = 39kN/m.
Skidding Load - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 6.11:
Nominal Load = 300kN
300 < 450kN hence braking load is critical in the longitudinal direction.
Loading at Rear of Abutment
Backfill
For Stability calculations use active earth pressures = Ka h
Ka for Class 6N material = (1-Sin35) / (1+Sin35) = 0.27
Density of Class 6N material = 19kN/m3
Active Pressure at depth h = 0.27 x 19 x h = 5.13h kN/m2
Hence Fb = 5.13h2/2 = 2.57h2kN/m
Surcharge - BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.2:
For HA loading surcharge = 10 kN/m2
For HB loading surcharge = 20 kN/m2
Assume a surchage loading for the compaction plant to be equivalent to 30 units of HB
Hence Compaction Plant surcharge = 12 kN/m2.
For surcharge of w kN/m2 :
Fs = Ka w h = 0.27wh kN/m
1) Stability Check
Initial Sizing for Base Dimensions
There are a number of publications that will give guidance on base sizes for free standing cantilever walls, Reynolds's Reinforce
Alternatively a simple spreadsheet will achieve a result by trial and error.
Load Combinations
Backfill + Construction
surcharge
Backfill + Sackfill + HA surcharge Backfill + Backfill +

Construct + Deck dead load +
HA
HB
ion
Deck contraction
surcharg surcharg
Fixed Abutment Only
surcharg
e+
e + Deck
e
Braking dead
Backfill + HA surcharge + Deck dead load + HA on deck + Braking on deck
behind
load
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment
abutment
+ Deck
Density of reinforced concrete = 25kN/m3.
dead
Weight of wall stem = 1.0 x 6.5 x 25 = 163kN/m
load
Backfill +
HA
surcharg
e + Deck
dead
load +
HB on
deck
Weight of base = 6.4 x 1.0 x 25 = 160kN/m

Weight of backfill = 4.3 x 6.5 x 19 = 531kN/m
Weight of surcharge = 4.3 x 12 = 52kN/m
Backfill Force Fb = 0.27 x 19 x 7.52 / 2 = 144kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs = 0.27 x 12 x 7.5 = 24 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
163
1.6
Base
160
3.2
Backfill
531
4.25
52
4.25
Surcharge
=
906
=3251
F
Backfill
Surcharge
=168
Lever Arm
Moment About A
144
2.5
24
3.75
=452
Factor of Safety Against Overturning = 3251 / 452 = 7.2 > 2.0 OK.
For sliding effects:
Active Force = Fb + Fs = 168kN/m
Frictional force on underside of base resisting movement = W tan() = 906 x tan(30o) = 523kN/m
Factor of Safety Against Sliding = 523 / 168 = 3.1 > 2.0 OK.
Bearing Pressure:
Check bearing pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (P / A) (P x e / Z) where P x e is the moment about th
P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 452 = 2799kNm/m
Pressure under toe = 142 + 15 = 157kN/m2 < 400kN/m2 OK.
Hence the abutment will be stable for Case 1.
Analysing the fixed abutment with Load Cases 1 to 6 and the free abutment with Load Cases 1 to 5 using a sim
Fixed Abutment:
F of S Overturning
F of S Sliding
Case 1
7.16
3.09
Case 2
2.87
2.13
Case 2a
4.31
2.64
Case 3
3.43
2.43
Case 4
4.48
2.63
Case 5
5.22
3.17
Case 6
3.8
2.62
Free Abutment:
F of S Overturning
F of S Sliding
Case 1
7.15
3.09
Case 2
2.91
2.14
Bearing Pressure at Toe
Case 2a
4.33
2.64
Case 3
3.46
2.44
Case 4
4.5
2.64
Case 5
5.22
3.16
It can be seen that the use of elastomeric bearings (Case 2) will govern the critical design load cases on the abu
2) Wall and Base Design
Loads on the back of the wall are calculated using 'at rest' earth pressures. Serviceability and Ultimate load effe
Wall Design
Ko = 1 - Sin(') = 1 - Sin(35o) = 0.426
fL for horizontal loads due to surcharge and backfill from BS 5400 Part 2 Clause 5.8.1.2:
Serviceability = 1.0
Ultimate = 1.5
f3 = 1.0 for serviceability and 1.1 for ultimate (from BS 5400 Part 4 Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.2.3)
Backfill Force Fb on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 19 x 6.52 / 2 = 171kN/m
Surcharge Force Fs on the rear of the wall = 0.426 x 12 x 6.5 = 33kN/m
At the base of the Wall:
Serviceability moment = (171 x 6.5 / 3) + (33 x 6.5 / 2) = 371 + 107 = 478kNm/m
Ultimate moment = 1.1 x 1.5 x 478 = 789kNm/m
Ultimate shear = 1.1 x 1.5 x (171 + 33) = 337kN/m
Fixed Abutment:
Moment
Moment
Moment
SLS Dead
SLS Live
ULS
Case 1
371
108
790
Case 2a
829
258
1771
Case 3
829
486
2097
Case 4
829
308
1877
Case 5
829
154
1622
Case 6
829
408
1985
Free Abutment:
Moment
Moment
Moment
SLS Dead
SLS Live
ULS
Case 1
394
112
835
Case 2a
868
265
1846
Case 3
868
495
2175
Case 4
868
318
1956
Case 5
868
159
1694
Concrete to BS 8500:2006
Use strength class C32/40 with water-cement ratio 0.5 and minimum cement content of 340kg/m3 for exposure
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 60mm (45mm minimum cover plus a tolerance c of 15mm).Reinforcement t
Design for critical moments and shear in Free Abutment:

Reinforced concrete walls are designed to BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.6.
Check classification to clause 5.6.1.1:
Ultimate axial load in wall from deck reactions = 2400 + 600 + 2770 = 5770 kN
0.1fcuAc = 0.1 x 40 x 103 x 11.6 x 1 = 46400 kN > 5770
design as a slab in accordance with clause 5.4
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.4.2 for reisitance moments in slabs design to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B40 @ 150 c/c:
As = 8378mm2/m,
d = 1000 - 60 - 20 = 920mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 8378) / (40 x 1000 x 920) ]} d = 0.875d < 0.95d OK

Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 8378 x 0.875 x 920 x 10-6 = 2934kNm/m > 2175kNn/m OK
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.2mm < 0.25mm.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3 serviceabil
Shear
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause 5.4.4:
v = V / (bd) = 619 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.673 N/mm2
s = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 920)1/4 = 0.86
vc = (0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3 = (0.27 / 1.25) x ({100 x 8378} / {1000 x 920})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.72
svc = 0.86 x 0.72 = 0.62 N/mms < 0.673 hence shear reinforcement should be provided, however check shear
ULS shear at Section 7H/8 for load case 4 = 487 kN
v = V / (bd) = 487 x 103 / (1000 x 920) = 0.53 N/mm2 < 0.62
Hence height requiring strengthening = 1.073 x (0.673 - 0.62) / (0.673 - 0.53) = 0.4m < d.
Provide a 500 x 500 splay at the base of the wall with B32 @ 150c/c bars in sloping face.
Considering the effects of casting the wall stem onto the base slab by complying with the early thermal cracking of concrete to B
Minimum area of secondary reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.2 = 0.12% of bad = 0.0012 x 1000 x 920 = 1104 mm
Base Design
Maximum bending and shear effects in the base slab will occur at sections near the front and back of the wall. D
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Serviceability Limit State
fL = 1.0
f3 = 1.0

B/fill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.0 / 2 = 228kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight
Stem
163
1.6
261
Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
531
4.25
2257
52
4.25
221
Surcharge
=
906
3251
F
Backfill
Surcharge
=
228
2.5
570
38
3.75
143
266
713

P = 906kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3251 - 713 = 2538kNm/m
SLS Moment at a-a = (177 x 1.12 / 2) + ([195 - 177] x 1.12 / 3) - (25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2) = 99kNm/m (tension in
SLS Moment at b-b = (89 x 4.32 / 2) + ([160 - 89] x 4.32 / 6) - (25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52 x 4
CASE 1 - Fixed Abutment Ultimate Limit State

fL for concrete = 1.15
fL for fill and surcharge(vetical) = 1.2
fL for fill and surcharge(horizontal) = 1.5
Backfill Force Fb = 0.426 x 19 x 7.52 x 1.5 / 2 = 341kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Weight
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
187
1.6
Base
184
3.2
Backfill
637
4.25
62
4.25
Surcharge
=
1070
F
Backfill
Surcharge
=
Lever Arm
Moment About A
341
2.5
58
3.75
399

P = 1070kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
Z = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m3/m
Nett moment = 3859 - 1071 = 2788kNm/m
f3 = 1.1
ULS Shear at a-a = 1.1 x {[(260 + 228) x 1.1 / 2] - (1.15 x 1.1 x 25)} = 260kN/m
ULS Shear at b-b = 1.1 x {[(199 + 74) x 4.3 / 2] - (1.15 x 4.3 x 25) - 637 - 62} = 259kN/m
ULS Moment at a-a = 1.1 x {(228 x 1.12 / 2) + ([260 - 228] x 1.12 / 3) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 148kN
SLS Moment at b-b = 1.1 x {(74 x 4.32 / 2) + ([199 74] x 4.32 / 6) - (1.15 x 25 x 1.0 x 4.32 / 2) - (637 x 4.3
/ 2) - (62 x 4.3 / 2)} = -769kNm/m (tension in top face).
Fixed Abutment Base:
Section a-a
Section b-b
ULSShear SLSMoment
ULSMomen
ULS Shear
Case 1
261
99
147
259
Case 2a
528
205
302
458
Case 3
593
235
340
553
Case 4
550
208
314
495
Case 5
610
241
348
327
Case 6
637
255
365
470
Free Abutment Base:

Section a-a
Section b-b
ULSShear SLSMoment
ULSMoment
ULSShear
Case 1
267
101
151
266
Case 2a
534
207
305
466
Case 3
598
236
342
559
Case 4
557
211
317
504
Case 5
616
243
351
335
Design for shear and bending effects at sections a-a and b-b for the Free Abutment:
Bending
BS 5400 Part 4 Clause 5.7.3 design as a slab for reisitance moments to clause 5.3.2.3:
z = {1 - [ 1.1fyAs) / (fcubd) ]} d
Use B32 @ 150 c/c:
As = 5362mm2/m,
d = 1000 - 60 - 16 = 924mm
z = {1 - [ 1.1 x 500 x 5362) / (40 x 1000 x 924) ]} d = 0.92d < 0.95d OK

Mu = (0.87fy)Asz = 0.87 x 500 x 5362 x 0.92 x 924 x 10-6 = 1983kNm/m > 1922kNm/m OK
(1983kNm/m also > 1834kNm/m B32 @ 150 c/c suitable for fixed abutment.
For the Serviceability check for Case 3 an approximation of the dead load moment can be obtained by removing
Carrying out the crack control calculation to Clause 5.8.8.2 gives a crack width of 0.27mm > 0.25mm Fail.
This could be corrected by reducing the bar spacing, but increase the bar size to B40@150 c/c as this is require
Using B40@150c/c the crack control calculation gives a crack width of 0.17mm < 0.25mm OK.
Also the steel reinforcement and concrete stresses meet the limitations required in clause 4.1.1.3 serviceabil
Shear
Shear on Toe - Use Fixed Abutment Load Case 6:
By inspection B32@150c/c will be adequate for the
bending effects in the toe (Muls = 365kNm < 1983kNm)
Shear requirements are designed to BS 5400 clause
5.7.3.2(a) checking shear at d away from the front face
of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
ULS Shear on toe = 1.1 x {(620 + 599) x 0.5 x 0.176 1.15 x 1 x 0.176 x 25} = 112kN
v = V / (bd) = 112 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.121 N/mm2

Reinforcement in tension = B32 @ 150 c/c
s = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
svc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms > 0.121N/mms OK
Shear on Heel - Use Free Abutment Load Case 3:
Shear requirements are designed at the back face of the wall to clause 5.4.4.1:
Length of heel = (6.5 - 1.1 - 1.0) = 4.4m
ULS Shear on heel = 1.1 x {348 x 0.5 x (5.185 - 2.1) - 1.15 x 1 x 4.4 x 25 - 1.2 x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)} = 5
Using B32@150 c/c then:

v = V / (bd) = 559 x 103 / (1000 x 924) = 0.605 N/mm2
s = (500/d)1/4 = (500 / 924)1/4 = 0.86
svc = 0.86 x 0.62 = 0.53 N/mms < 0.605N/mms Fail
Rather than provide shear reinforcement try increasing bars to B40 @ 150 c/c (also required for crack control
svc = 0.86 x 0.716 = 0.616 N/mms > 0.605N/mms OK
Considering the effects of casting the base slab onto the blinding concrete by complying with the early thermal cracking of conc
Minimum area of main reinforcement to Clause 5.8.4.1 = 0.15% of bad = 0.0015 x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm2/m
Local Effects
Curtain Wall
This wall is designed to be cast onto the top of the abutment after the deck has been built. Loading will be appli
HB braking load to BS 5400 clause 6.10 = 25% x 45units x 10kN on each axle = 112.5kN per axle.
Assume a 45o dispersal to the curtain wall and a maximum dispersal of the width of the abutment (11.6m) then
1st axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 3.0 = 37.5kN/m
2nd axle load on back of abutment = 112.5 / 6.6 = 17.0kN/m
3rd & 4th axle loads on back of abutment = 2 x 112.5 / 11.6 = 19.4kN/m
Maximum load on back of abutment = 37.5 + 17.0 + 19.4 = = 73.9kN/m

Bending and Shear at Base of 3m High Curtain Wall
Horizontal load due to HB surcharge = 0.426 x 20 x 3.0 = 25.6 kN/m
Horizontal load due to backfill = 0.426 x 19 x 3.02 / 2 = 36.4 kN/m
SLS Moment = (73.9 x 3.0) + (25.6 x 1.5) + (36.4 x 1.0) = 297 kNm/m (36 dead + 261 live)
ULS Moment = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9 x 3.0) + (1.5 x 25.6 x 1.5) + (1.5 x 36.4 x 1.0)} = 392 kNm/m
ULS Shear = 1.1 x {(1.1 x 73.9) + (1.5 x 25.6) + (1.5 x 36.4)} = 192kN/m
400 thick curtain wall with B32 @ 150 c/c :

Mult = 584 kNm/m > 392 kNm/m OK
SLS Moment produces crack width of 0.21mm < 0.25 OK
svc = 0.97 N/mm2 > v = 0.59 N/mm2 Shear OK
s develop in the tension zone at working loads and therefore all concrete in tension is ignored in design.
become tensile under external loads. This compressive stress neutralizes the tensile stress so that no resultant tension ex
n the web so that thin-webbed I - sections may be used without the risk of diagonal tension failures and with further saving
ary to use high quality concrete to resist the higher compressive stresses that are developed.
g the stressed cables to the concrete.
or themselves in the concrete.
sually raised towards the neutral axis at the ends to reduce the eccentricity of the stressing force.
ir ultimate strength.
dons is released. Grout is then pumped into the ducts to protect the tendons.
ete a series of effects result in a loss of stress in the tendons. The effects are:
pre-tensioning.
ncrete slab and 100mm of surfacing, together with a nominal live load udl of 10.0 kN/m 2and kel of 33kN/m . The span of the beam
= 3.6 kN/m
= 10.78 kN/m
= 2.4 kN/m
= 10 kN/m + 33kN
= 62.5 kN per wheel
01) Table 1:
SLS
ULS
Comb.3
Comb.1
Comb.3
1.0
1.15
1.15
1.2
1.75
1.75
1.0
1.5
1.25
0.8
1.0
ween beam and slab may be ignored.

Composite Section
5.99E+05
623
1.04E+11
1.66E+08
2.42E+08
1.79E+08
- 700.3 kN
deck slab is cast and that the residual shrinkage is 100 x 10 -6,
x Ecfx Acfx
ff
lab concrete has cured then any further loading (superimposed and live loads) is supported by the composite section of the beam an
.5 x 33)]kel
(1.25 x 33)]kel
(HA)
(HB)
-0.60
-16.71
-0.60
-17.67*
due to the self weight at this section is near zero and initial stress conditions are:
.....................(eqn. 1)
.....................(eqn. 2)
/ 0.9 = 5431kN
rete at transfer :
568 = 5067 kN
rete shrinkage cs = 300 x 10-6
-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262
48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 550
7 - 923 = 4144 kN (Pe/P = 0.82)
restress at :
nkage and temperature difference :
ost tendon O.K.
to carry HA and 45 units of HB loading. Analyse the abutments using a unit strip method. The bridge site is located south e
the proposed road level. Test results show the founding strata to be a cohesionless soil having an angle of shearing resista
35o and density () = 19kN/m3.
eratures are -19 and +37 oC respectively.
m effective bridge temperatures are -11 and +36 oC from tables 10 and 11.
= 47 x 12 x 10 -6 x 20 x 103 = 11.3mm.
3 x 1.1 x 1.3 /2] = 8mm.
astomeric bearing would be Ekspan's Elastomeric Pad Bearing EKR35:
50% of the thickness of the bearing. The figure quoted in the catalogue for the maximum shear deflection is 70% of the th
ot at the mid range temperature. The design shade air temperature range will be -19 to +37 oC which would require the be
kN at each bearing.
manufacturer's data sheet.
able bearing from the Ekspan EA Series would be /80/210/25/25:
se plate then the pressure between the sliding faces will be in the order of 5N/mm 2.
ress of 5N/mm 2
s = 2220 x 0.08 = 180kN 180 / 11.6 = 16kN/m.
ntilever walls, Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook being one such book.
261
512
2257
221
361
91
(30o) = 523kN/m
P x e is the moment about the centre of the base.
Load Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
Bearing Pressure at Toe
Bearing Pressure at Heel
156
127
386
315
76
351
39
322
83
362
81
378
43
Bearing Pressure at Bearing Pressure at Heel

168
120
388
318
78
354
42
325
84
365
82
al design load cases on the abutments. We shall assume that there are no specific requirements for using elastomeric bear
eability and Ultimate load effects need to be calculated for the load cases 1 to 6 shown above. Again, these are best carrie
2 and 4.2.3)
Load Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained for the design moments and shear at the
Shear
ULS
337
566
596
602
543
599
Shear
ULS
350
581
612
619
559
tent of 340kg/m3 for exposure condition XD2.

c of 15mm).Reinforcement to BS 4449:2005 Grade B500B:
75kNn/m OK
f y = 500N/mm2
0})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.72
rovided, however check shear at distance H/8 (8.63 / 8 = 1.079m) up the wall.
0.4m < d.
y thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 horizontal lacer bars @ 150 c/c will be required in both faces in the bottom half of the wal
0012 x 1000 x 920 = 1104 mm2/m (use B16 @ 150c/c - As = 1340mm2/m)
e front and back of the wall. Different load factors are used for serviceability and ultimate limit states so the calculations n
/ 2) = 99kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
2) - (531 x 4.3 / 2) - (52 x 4.3 / 2) = -443kNm/m (tension in top face).
299
589
2707
264
3859
853
218
1071
= 259kN/m
25 x 1.0 x 1.12 / 2)} = 148kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
Load Cases 1 to 5 using a simple spreadsheet the following results were obtained:
SLS Momen
ULS Moment
447
768
980
1596
1178
1834
1003
1700
853
1402
1098
1717
SLSMoment
ULSMoment
475
816
1029
1678
1233
1922
1055
1786
901
1480
2kNm/m OK
t can be obtained by removing the surcharge and braking loads. The spreadsheet result gives the dead load SLS moment f
0.27mm > 0.25mm Fail.
B40@150 c/c as this is required to avoid the use of links (see below).
4})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.62
x 4.4 x (8.63 x 19 + 10)} = 559kN
4})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.62
also required for crack control as shown above).
0})1/3 x (40)1/3 = 0.716
the early thermal cracking of concrete to BD 28 then B16 distribution bars @ 250 c/c will be required.
x 1000 x 924 = 1386 mm2/m (use B20 @ 200c/c - As = 1570mm2/m).
een built. Loading will be applied from the backfill, surcharge and braking loads on top of the wall.
112.5kN per axle.
of the abutment (11.6m) then:
d + 261 live)
)} = 392 kNm/m
116.020
166.156
89.066
242.424
179.402
o resultant tension exists, (or only very small values, within the tensile strength of the concrete). Cracking is therefore elim
nd with further savings in self-weight.
The span of the beam is 24.0m centre to centre of bearings and the beams are spaced at 1.0m intervals.
section of the beam and slab.
site is located south east of Oxford (to establish the range of shade air temperatures).
gle of shearing resistance () = 30 o and a safe bearing capacity of 400kN/m2.
ction is 70% of the thickness.
h would require the bearings to be installed at a shade air temperature of 9oC to achieve the 8mm movement. If the bea
sing elastomeric bearings and design the abutments for the lesser load effects by using sliding bearings.
, these are best carried out using a simple spreadsheet.
ments and shear at the base of the wall:
he bottom half of the wall.
s so the calculations need to be carried out for each limit state using 'at rest pressures'
ad load SLS moment for Case 3 as 723kNm, thus the live load moment = 1233 - 723 = 510kNm.
cking is therefore eliminated under working load and all of the concrete may be assumed effective in carrying load. Theref
movement. If the bearings are set at a maximum shade air temperature of 16oC then, by proportion the deck will expand
carrying load. Therefore lighter sections may be used to carry a given bending moment, and prestressed concrete may be
the deck will expand 6mm and contract 10mm. Let us assume that this maximum shade air temperature of 16 oC for fixing
ssed concrete may be used over much longer spans than reinforced concrete.
ture of 16 oC for fixing the bearings is specified in the Contract and design the abutments accordingly.

PSC Bridge Girder Design To BS5400 by D Childs

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PSC Bridge Girder Design To BS5400 by D Childs

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Prestressed Concrete

Prestressed Concrete Beam Design to BS 5400 Part 4

slab = 24 x 0.15 x 1.0

beam = say Y5 beam

surfacing = 24 x 0.1 x= 2.4 kN/m

25 units HB = 25 x 10= 62.5 kN per wheel

2nd Moment of Area(mm4)

Modulus @ Level 1(mm3)

Modulus @ Level 2(mm3)

Modulus @ Level 3(mm3)

Temperature Difference Effects

a)Positive temperature difference

b)Reverse temperature difference

Differential Shrinkage Effects

Use cl.6.7.2.4 Table 29 :

Total shrinkage of insitu concrete = 300 x 10-6

Force to restrain differential shrinkage : F = - diffx Ecfx Acfx

F = -200 x 10-6x 34 x 1000 x 150 x 0.43 = -439 kN

Dead Loading(beam and slab)

HA Design serviceability mo = 14.9 x 24.02/ 8 + 39.6 x 24 / 4

= 35.7 x 24.02/ 8 + 49.5 x 24 / 4

0.5fci (<=0.4fcu) = 20 N/mm2 max.

At serviceability limit state :

Tension = 0 N/mm2(class 1) & 3.2 N/mm2(class 2 - Table 24)

Stresses at Level 1 due to SLS loads (N/mm 2) :

Super. & Live Load M / Z = M

Reverse Temperature = fLx--1.69 = 0.8 x -1.69 -

Total Stress at Level 1 =

Hence Combination 3 is critical

Substituting P = 5011 kN in (eqn. 2)

Taking moments about bottom of beam :

P = 0.99 Po / [ 1 + Es x (Aps / A) x (1 + A x e2 / I) / Eci ]

Level 1 : P / A x ( 1 + A x e / Zlevel 1 ) = 11.3 x ( 1 + 219 / 258 ) = 20.89 N/mm2

@ Level 2 = 776.2 / 89.066 = 8.71 N/mm2

Steel relaxation = 0.02 x 5568 = 111

Concrete shrinkage = (cs x Es x Aps ) = 300 x 10-6 x 196 x 32 x 139 = 262

Concrete creep = ( ct x fco x Es x Aps ) = 1.03 x 48 x 10-6 x 12.76 x 196 x 32

f1,0.82P = 0.82 x 20.89 = 17.08 N/mm2

f2,0.82P = 0.82 x - 1.20 = - 0.98 N/mm2

Ultimate Design Moment = f3x M = 1.1 x 2867 =3154 kNm

Only steel in the tension zone is to be considered :

Centroid of tendons in tension zone = (6x60 + 10x110 + 8x160 + 4x260) / 28 = 135mm

Determine depth to neutral axis by an iterative strain compatibility analysis

Tensile force in tendons :

Fp4 = 675 x 0.375 =253

Abutment Design Example to BD 30

Total Reaction on Each Abutment

Nominal loading on 1m length of abutment:

Option 1 - Elastomeric Bearing:

Shear Deflection = 13.3mm

Shear Stiffness = 12.14kN/mm

Bearing Thickness = 19mm

Maximum Load = 1053kN

Area = 610 x 420 = 256200mm2

Shear modulus G from Table 8 = 0.9N/mm2

Option 2 - Sliding Bearing:

Maximum Load = 800kN

Base Plate A dimension = 210mm

Base Plate B dimension = 365mm

Active Pressure at depth h = 0.27 x 19 x h = 5.13h kN/m2

Initial Sizing for Base Dimensions

Fixed Abutment Only