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General Comments
Design of Stirrups
The design is done for the critical section. The critical section is defined in Clause
22.6.2 of IS:456 - 2000. In general cases, the face of the support is considered as the
critical section.
When the reaction at the support introduces compression at the end of the beam, the
critical section can be selected at a distance effective depth from the face of the support.
The effective depth is selected as the greater of dp or ds.
dp = depth of CGS from the extreme compression fiber
ds = depth of centroid of non-prestressed steel.
Since the CGS is at a higher location near the support, the effective depth will be equal
to ds.
To vary the spacing of stirrups along the span, other sections may be selected for
design. Usually the following scheme is selected for beams under uniform load.
1) Close spacing for quarter of the span adjacent to the supports.
2) Wide spacing for half of the span at the middle.
For large beams, more variation of spacing may be selected. The following sketch
shows the typical variation of spacing of stirrups. The span is represented by L.
L/4
L/2
Figure 5-2.1
L/4
(5-2.1)
(5-2.2)
The previous equation can be derived based on the expression of the principal tensile
stress (1) at CGC.
v
fcp
fcp
State of stress
at CGC
Figure 5-2.2
(fcp,v)
2
Principal stresses
Mohrs circle
The principal tensile stress is equated to the direct tensile strength of concrete (ft).
1 = =-
fcp
2
fcp
2
+
+
fcp2
4
fcp2
+ v2
V Q
+ c 0
4 Ib
= ft
In the previous equation,
I
Q = At y
At = area of section above CGC
y = vertical distance of centroid of At from CGC.
(5-2.3)
At
+
CGC
Figure 5-2.3
Ib 2
ft + fcp ft
Q
0.67bD ft 2 + 0.8fcp ft
(5-2.4)
The term 0.67bD represents Ib/Q for the section. It is exact for a rectangular section and
conservative for other sections.
To be conservative, only 80% of the prestressing force is considered in the term 0.8fcp.
For a flanged section, when the CGC is in the flange, the intersection of web and flange
is considered to be the critical location. The expression of Vc0 is modified by substituting
0.8fcp with 0.8 (the stress in concrete at the level of the intersection of web and flange).
In presence of inclined tendons or vertical prestress, the vertical component of the
prestressing force (Vp) can be added to Vc0.
Vc Vc 0 +Vp
= 0.67bD ft 2 + 0.8fcp ft +Vp
(5-2.5)
f
V
Vc = 1- 0.55 pe c bd + M0 u
fpk
Mu
0.1bd fck
(5-2.6)
Vcr is the shear corresponding to flexure shear cracking. The term (1 0.55fpe /fpk)cbd
is the additional shear that changes a flexural crack to a flexure shear crack.
The notations in the previous equation are as follows.
fpe = effective prestress in the tendon after all losses
0.6fpk
fpk = characteristic strength of prestressing steel
c (N/mm2)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0
2
A p /bd x 100
M30
Figure 5-2.4
M40
The term (M0/Mu)Vu is the shear corresponding to the moment M0, that decompresses
(nullifies the effect of prestress) the tension face and initiates a flexural crack. The
expression of M0 is given below.
M0 = 0.8fpt
I
y
(5-2.7)
To check the crushing of concrete in shear compression failure, the shear stress is
limited to a maximum value (c,max).
(5-2.8)
c, max (N/mm )
0
30
40
50
60
f ck (N/mm )
Figure 5-2.5