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Theory
The Ideal Gas Law can be written as
pV = nRT
(1)
so that the pressure is inversely proportional to volume when held at constant temperature
(isothermal).
An adiabatic process takes place when no thermal energy enters or leaves the system.
This occurs if the system is perfectly insulated or if the process occurs so rapidly that there
is no heat transfer. The first law of thermodynamics for an adiabatic process can be stated
as:
dQ = nCv dT + pdV = 0
(2)
where Cv is the molar specific heat at constant volume. If we write the ideal gas law as
P dV + V dp = nRdT
and solve for dT :
dT =
V dp
P dV
+
nR
nR
(3)
dV
dP
+
=0
V
P
or
ln V + ln P = const
or
PV = k
(4)
Apparatus
A piston of diameter 4.448 cm moves inside a cylinder which has pressure and temperature
sensors mounted inside. Each sensor produces a small voltage which is recorded by the
computer.
sensors, selecting Voltage Sensor also. The picture on the computer screen will have
three icons attached to it, corresponding to the three sensors.
4. To display the voltage output from each sensor, double click on the Digits icon (under
the Display heading on the left hand side of the screen). Then select Voltage from the
Choose a Data Source screen (this will be either ChA, ChB or ChC). Repeat for the
other sensors. Click Start so that the voltages from all three sensors are displayed.
Click on Stop to stop the data accumulation.
5. To two sets of apparatus in the lab are identified by serial numbers 2048 and 2223. For
both models the pressure in kilo Pascals is 100 times the output voltage, VC . Volume
and temperature depend on the model used:
Measurement of Volume: You can assume that the relationship between volume in cm3 and voltage follows a straight line relation of the form
Volume = 34.32 VA + 84.98
(2048)
= 32.70 VA + 86.40
(2223)
(2048)
= 45.51VB + 256.6
(2223)
1. Double click on the Graph icon and select Pressure as the data source (i.e., the voltage
output from the pressure sensor).
3
2. A set of axes will appear, with voltage on the y- axis and time on the x-axis. Click the
Time label and replace it with the voltage corresponding to the volume.
3. Click Start. Very Slowly move the piston up and down in small increments using the
handle. [It is suggested that you take at least ten minutes to move the piston over the
whole distance.] Note the starting temperature (voltage) and try not to let this vary
by more than about 0.02 volts each time you move the piston. Click Stop when you
have a complete set of data.
4. Export your data to the computer desktop and plot a suitable graph to show that
pressure is inversely proportional to volume (i.e., use a power law fit or log-log plot to
show that P 1/V ). There is no need to use the conversion factors because pressure
and volume are both proportional to voltage.
Adiabatic Compression
1. Reset the sample rate to 100 Hz. Click Start and quickly compress the gas. Then click
Stop. Import the raw data into your graphing program.
2. Create a data file which contains pressure, temperature and volume as a function of
time. Keep only the data points corresponding to the time period when these quantities
are changing. Plot a graph to show how these quantities vary with time. It should
look something like Figure (1).
3. Plot a graph of pressure versus volume for the adiabatic compression. The form of the
curve will be very similar to the isothermal case, but because pV = const, a plot of
log(p) versus logV will give a straight line of slope . Determine from your data.
T1 V1
(1)
= T2 V2
(5)
Rearranging Eq (4) gives P = k/V and hence the work required to compress the gas is:
Z
W =
V2
P dv = k
V1
Therefore,
W =
(1) V2
(1) V2
V
dV
V
=k
= (P1 V1 )
V
1 V1
1 V1
P1 V1 (1)
(1)
V2
V1
1
(6)
1. Use your starting values of pressure and temperature, and equations (4) and (5) to calculate the final temperature and pressure predicted by the adiabatic gas law. Compare
these with the values obtained experimentally.
2. Use Eq (6) to calculate the work done on the gas during the adiabatic process, and compare your result with the answer you obtain using the numerical integration function
to calculate the area under your adiabatic p V curve.