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(a)
H2O (g)
C (s)
H2 (g)
+ CO(g )
H = + 130KJmol-1
(i)
(ii)
State and explain how the amount of carbon monoxide and the value of Kp
will change (if any) if the temperature is increased.
[4]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
[3]
(c)
(i)
(ii)
[8]
PCO PH
6 (a) (i)
PH
2O
Kp =
[NOTE: In a heterogenous system,the partial pressure of solid is not
included in the expression for Kp]
(ii)
The forward reaction is endothermic.
When the temperature is increased, the position of equilibrium will shift to
the right to absorb the heat supplied.
Hence, the amount of carbon monoxide and the value of Kp increase.
(b) (i)
(ii)
(c) (i)
1
1
1
4
HCO3 - / CO3 2- is the buffer system in human blood and maintains the pH at
around 7.4.
A fluctuation of + 0.4 unit can be fatal.
This fluctuation can be brought about during illness or when taking drugs or
when given injections that are either alkaline or acidic in nature.
OH- (1)
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
9
Ba(OH)2(s)
Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ksp = [Ba2+][OH-]2
Total
1.
15 m
In the Contact Process for the production of sulphuric acid, highly purified sulphur dioxide and
oxygen react together to form sulphur trioxide. The process is carried out in the presence of
vanadium(V) oxide at about 700K and at a pressure of 120kPa
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
Under these conditions, the partial pressures of sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide at
equilibrium are 33kPa and 39 kPa, respectively.
(a)
Determine
2SO3(g)
(i)
the partial pressure
(ii) the mole fraction
of oxygen in the equilibrium mixture.
(i)
(ii)
[3]
(b)
(i)
Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction.
__________________________________________________________________
_
(ii)
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, and state its unit.
[3]
(c)
_
__________________________________________________________________
_
__________________________________________________________________
_
[4]
Question
Answer
Mark
1(a)(i)
1 mark
(a)(ii)
x(O2) = P(O2) / PT
= 48 / 120
= 0.4
1 mark
(b)(i)
1 mark
(b)(ii)
1 mark
1 mark
(c)(i)
1 mark
1 mark
Addition of inert gas reduces the total pressure on the equilibrium mixture.
1 mark
1 mark
(c)(ii)
5.
(a)
1 mark
Using suitable examples, explain the terms Arrhenius acids and Bronsted-Lowry acids.
[4]
H 2O
CH3COO-
H2O+
Write the expression for the Ka for ethanoic acid. What is the relationship between Ka and
pKa?
[2]
(c)
A buffer solution was prepared by dissolving 0.15 mole of sodium ethanoate in 1 dm3 of
0.10 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid. (pKa = 4.74)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Question
5(a)
Mark
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3-
Ka
5(b)
1 mark
[CH 3 COOH]
1 mark
pKa = - log Ka
5(c )(i)
5(c)(ii)
4.74 log
1 mark
1 mark
0.1
0.15
1 mark
pH =
= 4.92
5(c )(iii)
1
1000
1 mark
1 mark
[ CH3COO -] +
Initial /mol
Final/mol
0.015
0.015 - 0.001
0.011
[H+ ]
0.001
0
[ CH3COOH]
0.01
0.01+ 0.001
1000
101
[ CH3COOH]final =
OR
1 mark
-3
= 0.1089 moldm .
0.014
[ CH3COO -]final =
1000
101
1 mark
= 0.1386 moldm-3 .
1 mark
0.1089
0.1386
1 mark
15 marks
(b)
Sucrose has been used as a feedstock in the production of alcohol for use as a motor fuel.
The initial reaction is hydrolysis catalysed by dilute hydrochloric acid.
C12H22O11 +
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
H2O
sucrose
glucose
fructose
Initial [HCl]
/mol dm-3
0.10
0.10
0.20
Initial [sucrose]
/mol dm-3
0.10
0.15
0.10
Initial rate
/mol dm-3
0.024
0.036
0.048
Deduce the order of reaction with respect to both HCl and sucrose.
Write the initial rate equation and calculate the rate constant for the reaction.
Determine the half-life of sucrose.
Explain how dilute HCl increases the initial rate of hydrolysis of sucrose.
[9]
5(b)(i)
Rate = k [HCl]m[sucrose]n
1m
m
n
0.36 k[0.10] [0.15]
(1 + 1) m
n=1
m=1
1m
Rate = k [HCl][sucrose]
k =
0.048
0.20 0.10
1m
1m
-1
= 2.4 mol dm
5(b)(iii)
(1 + 1) m
ln 2
k
t1/2 =
5(b)(iv)
6.
(a)
t1/2 = 0.29 s
HCl reduces the Ea of the reaction
more molecules achieve energy Ea
or
more number / higher frequency of effective collisions
1m
1m
(b)
(ii)
suggest with reasons, which ion or molecule is the stronger acid and which the
stronger base.
NH3 +
H2O
NH4
HO
C6H5O-
C6H5OH + CH3COO-
CH3COOH
[5]
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Hence determine whether iron (III) hydroxide precipitate formed in the experiment
describe above.
[9]
6(a)
6(b)(i)
1m
6(c)(i)
6(c)(ii)
1m
(1 + 1) m
(1 + 1) m
1m
pH = -log 10-3 = 3
Ca(OH)2
Ca2+ +
(1 + 1) m
2OH-
(1 + 1) m
= 8 10-38
[OH-]3 = 8 10-38
0.01
[OH ] = 2 10-22 mol dm-3
6(d)(ii)
(1 + 1) m
(1 + 1) m
Total
5Acidity regulators are food additives that have a buffering action on the pH of foodstuffs. Mixtures
of citric acid and its sodium salt are often used for this purpose.
C5H7O5CO2H
C5H7O5CO2- + H+
(a) The concentration of citric acid in lemon juice is 0.22 moldm-3. Assuming that no other acid
is present, calculate the pH of lemon juice.
[7]
(b) Write equations to show how the citric acid/ sodium citrate buffer system
regulates the acidity on the addition of
(i)
(ii)
H+ ions,
OH- ions
[2]
(c) Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mol dm-3 citric acid and 0.30 mol dm-3 sodium
citrate.
[2]
(d) Define the term Kw and explain why , at 25O C, water has a pH of 7
[4]
QUESTION
5 (a)
ANSWER
C5H7O4CO2H
Initial conc/moldm-3
Eq. conc/moldm-3
MARK
C5H7O4CO2- + H+
:
:
0.22
0.22 x
[C 5 H 7 O 4 CO 2 ][ H ]
[C 5 H 7 O 4 CO 2 H]
0
x
0
x
1m
1m
Ka =
1m
15 m
( x )( x )
(0.22 x )
7.4 x 10
-4
1m
=
1m
1m
x2
0.22
7.4 x 10-4 =
1m
x = 1.28 10 -2 moldm-3.
pH = - log [ H +]
= - log (1.28 10 -2 )
= 1.89
5 (b)
C5H7O4CO2-
+ H+ C5H7O4CO2H
1m
1m
[salt ]
[acid ]
pH = pKa + log
1m
(0.30)
(0.10)
1m
1m
Kw = [ H ][ OH ]
1m
At 25 oC , Kw = 1 10 -14 mol2dm-6.
For every 1 H+ ion formed,1 OH- is also formed. Therefore, [ H+ ] = [ OH- ]
[ H+ ] 2 = 1 10 -14 mol2dm-6.
[ H+ ] = 1 10 -7 moldm-3.
pH
1m
= - log [ H +]
= - log (1 10 -7 )
1m
= 7
Jumlah
15 m
(c) One reaction which occurs in air polluted with nitrogen oxides is shown below.
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)
Five experiments were carried out to find the relationship between the initial concentration
of NO and of O2 and the initial rate of formation of NO2.
Initial concentrations/moldm-3
Experimen
t
1
2
3
4
5
[NO]
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.003
[O2]
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.003
Initial rate of
formation of NO2
/ moldm-3
7 x 10-6
14 x 10-6
21 x 10-6
84 x 10-6
189 x 10-6
What is the order of the reaction with respect to each of the reactants?
(i)
(ii)
NO
O2
[4]
(d) What equation for the rate determining step does this suggest?
[1]
(e) Le Chateliers principle predicts that the highest equilibrium yield of ammonia in the Haber
process,
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
2NH3 (g)
H = - 92 kJmol-1,
should occur at a high pressure and at a low temperature. In practice, however, these
conditions are not used.
(i)
What are the typical values of pressure and temperature used industrially, and what
factor other than Le Chateliers principle effect this choice?
[3]
(ii)
Why are the gases passed through a tower packed with lumps of iron?
[2]
8 (b)
8 (c)(i)
8 (c)(ii)
=
=
4
2
second order
1m
1m
1m
0.002
0.001
2n
n
14 x 10-6 .
7 x 10-6
=
=
=
2
1
1m
first order
1m
8 (d )
1m
8 (e)(i)
8 (e)(ii)
(1+1) m
1m
1m
1m
7 (a) The following data were collected for the reaction between hydrogen and nitric oxide at
700 oC:
2H2(g) + 2NO(g)
2H2O(g) + N2(g)
Experiment
[H2]/mol dm-3
0.010
0.025
0.0050
0.025
0.010
0.0125
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
10-6
10-6
10-6
[6]
The Haber process for the preparation of ammonia is based on the following equilibrium.
N2(g) +
(i)
2NH3(g)
H = negative
(ii)
3H2(g)
The value of equilibrium constant, Kp for the above equilibrium at 550 oC is 1.5
-5
10 , what pressure must be applied to a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in molar ratio of 1:3 at 550
o
C so as to convert 50% of the mixture into ammonia at equilibrium? (All pressures are measured in
atm.)
[9]
7(a)(i)
2.4 10 6
1.2 10 6
0.010
0.0050
2n
2
=
n
= 1
The order of reaction with respect to H2 is first order.
0.60 10 6
2.4 10 6
0.0125
0.010
0 .5 n
0.25
=
n
=
2
The order of reaction with respect to NO is second order
7(a)(ii)
7(a)(iii)
7(b)(i)
7(b)(ii)
H2O
1
1
1
1
1
1
For an aqueous solution of 0.20 mol dm-3 HX, which is 1% dissociated, calculate
(i)
the pH of solution,
(a)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[1]
(ii)
Ka of the acid.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[2]
(b) The following diagram shows the vapour pressure-molar composition curve for mixture of N2 + 3H2
propanone and trichloromethane at constant temperature.
Vapour
pressure
(i)
0.7
CH3Cl
Molar composition
(ii)
What is the form of interaction between the molecules of the two substances?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[1]
(iii)
By using the axes below, draw boiling point-molar composition curves of the mixture
of the two liquids above.
Boiling
point
(iv)
CH3Cl
Molar composition
[1]
When these two liquids with the same molar quantities, and at the same temperature,
are mixed, how does the temperature change? Suggest a reason for your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(v)
___________________________________________________________________
[2]
Draw on the axes below, the change in the vapour pressure with molar composition that
you would expect to be shown by a mixture of tetrafluoromethane(CF 4) and
tetrachloromethane (CCl4).
Vapour
pressure
CF4
Molar composition
1
[1]
2(a)(i)
2(a)(ii)
Ka
c 2
1
= 2.02
2(b)(i)
2(b)(ii)
2(b)(iii)
0.2 0.01
1 0.01
or =
10
1
or
1
1
1
mol dm -3
The molecules in the solution have less tendency to escape into the vapour
phase.
Hydrogen bonding
Boiling
point
1
vapour
vapour
liquid
2(b)(iv)
2(b)(v)
liquid
0.7
CH3Cl
Molar composition
Vapour
pressure
CF4
Molar composition
TOTAL
10