Cell & Systems Biology

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Classroom Response System

Learning Catalytics (LC)
Features:
Polling (Clicker style questions in multiple formats)
Ability to ask a question on the fly (to be answered the
following day)
How to register:
Logon to LC and register (do this prior to class).
For further details open the file Learning Catalytics Registration BIO270

posted on blackboard
Bring your internet enabled device to class, sign-in and interact!

Code of Conduct: filtering and moderation

Be considerate, be respectful, be courteous, be collaborative, stay on topic
Bonus marks available: see course outline for details.

Clicker Question

BIO270: Welcome to BIO270

Contact information
Resources and texts
Evaluation
Labs
Lectures
Wednesdays 2-4pm in ES1050
Classroom Response System will be used to enhance class engagement

You can record lectures for your personal use, but I do not give my permission for you to
post them online. If I find they are posted online (including sites like UTHub or elsewhere),
I will retract my decision to allow recordings for personal use.
4

How we Learn? Why Clicker style questions?

Gauci SA, Dantas AM, Williams DA, Kemm RE. Promoting student-centered active
learning in lectures with a personal response system. Adv. Physiol. Educ 33:60-71,
2009.
5

Learning Catalytics Clicker style questions

Optional; bonus marks available based on participation
0.75% added to course mark if >50% of questions answered;
in addition to a short blackboard survey near the end of term
1.5% added to course mark if >75% of questions answered;
in addition to a short blackboard survey near the end of term
to opt in, register for Learning Catalytics (see instructions
posted on blackboard for details).
No internet-enabled device option: submit answers on paper
(with date, name, signature) to instructor at the end of the
lecture, and sign an attendance sheet; in addition to a short
blackboard survey near the end of term

BIO270 Contact Information

Course Office
RW 424E
Tel: 416-978-8608
Email: peggy.salmon@utoronto.ca
Fax: 416-946-5765
Please contact Peggy Salmon, the Course Administrator, if you have a general
inquiry, administrative problem, or have missed a test/lab. Her office hours are
Tuesday 9-11am, Wednesday 2-3pm and Thursday 2-4pm. If you cannot come
during office hours, email or telephone to arrange another time.

Course Coordinator/Professor
Dr. Chris Garside
RW 429
Tel: 416-978-7780
Email: chris.garside@utoronto.ca
Drop-in hours: TBD: Please fill in survey on blackboard
7

BIO270: Required Course Material

Moyes CD, Schulte PM. 2015. Principles of Animal
Physiology. 3rd Edition. Toronto: Pearson Benjamin
Cummings. 750 p.
Companion website:
http://www.pearsoned.ca/highered/moyes_3e/
Pechenik JA. 2015. A short guide to writing about biology. 9th
Edition. Toronto: Pearson. 262 p.

Lab Manual: The lab manual is available online only through the course
website on Blackboard. Any additional lab readings (if required) will also
be available online.
Note: Students are expected to bring a hardcopy of the necessary lab
protocols or handouts to each pre-lab or lab session.
8

BIO270: Course Resources

Access the course website via the UofT Portal for the:
- course outline
- course announcements
- pre-lab and lab manuals
- pre-lab and lab assignments
- online assignment submission
- lecture notes#
- related links

- pre-lab quizzes
- grades
#

- discussion board*

Lecture notes will be posted at least 24 hours prior to each lecture

Note that content may be added or deleted

Textbook readings are to supplement lectures

* Ask questions about administration, labs, or lectures.

Each lecture will have its own thread within the Discussion Board.
Muddiest point of each lecture.
When you use these features, please include a slide number(s).

BIO270: Evaluation
Your final mark will be based on 2 laboratories, lecture-based quizzes,
and a mid-term test and final exam.
30% Laboratories
Each lab is worth 15%:

2% Pre-lab quiz
6% Pre-lab Assignment
7% Lab Assignment

4% Post-lecture Quizzes
If you complete 8 out of 10 Blackboard lecture reading quizzes with a perfect score by
the deadline, you automatically earn 4%. Unlimited attempts.

30% Mid-Term Test

(Date of Mid-Term is Wednesday October 19, 2016, 2-4pm, location TBD)
Covers lecture material from section 1.

36% Final Exam

Covers labs and lecture material from sections 1 and 2, however the exam will be
heavily weighted to section 2. Date of final exam TBD.
10

Testing Effect

Roediger HL, Karpicke JD. Test-enhanced learning taking memory tests

improves long-term retention. Psychological Science 17(3): 249 255.
11

BIO270: Evaluation Specifics

There will NOT BE A MAKEUP TEST in BIO270.

If a student misses a test for a VALID reason, and provides appropriate
documentation, then the value of the final exam will increase to 66%.
Students who do not provide proper documentation within one week of
the missed test will receive a grade of zero for the midterm

Students must follow the rules of the Faculty of Arts and Science in regards
to missing term tests and providing documentation.
http://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/undergraduate/absence
Note: Students who have two term tests scheduled at the same time
because they have enrolled in courses that conflict will not be given special
consideration under these circumstances by the Department of Cell and
Systems Biology.

12

BIO270: Laboratory Design

Practical laboratory experience contributes to a fuller understanding and

appreciation of physiology.

Laboratory Exercises are designed to provide you:

Experience with experimental procedures

Illustrate or amplify points made in lecture
Practice writing sections of scientific manuscripts
Introduce you to the way of science

There are 2 labs in this course. Each lab consists of:

Pre-lab session (1.5 hour)
Formal lab session (3 hours); either the week following the pre-lab or
thereafter depending on your lab group assignment.

13

BIO270: Laboratory Design

Please read all pre-lab and lab instructional materials before coming to your
assigned pre-lab and lab session so that you are fully prepared and able to
derive the maximum benefit from the experience. Remember, students are
responsible for bringing a copy of the pre-lab outline to their pre-lab sessions
and a copy of the lab outline to their lab sessions.

During the pre-lab you will receive an introduction to the theory relevant to the
practical exercises, instruction on the use of the equipment, and instructions for
successful completion of the assignment.

You must attend the pre-lab to which you have been assigned and attendance will
be recorded.

Students will complete a short pre-lab quiz posted on Blackboard but the grade
will only count if you attended the pre-lab. Be sure to sign the attendance sheet
at all pre-labs and labs as it is the only record of your attendance.

Three attempts, best mark counts.

Available from 9 am the day of your pre-lab until 1 week later at 12 pm (noon)

14

BIO270: Lab Sections

Each of the 5 lab sections (P0101, P0201 ) will be divided into 2
groups: A and B and you will be randomly placed into one of these
three groups.

Your lab group placement determines when you will perform pre-labs
and labs. Your lab group designation (ex. P0201B) will be posted on
Blackboard and students must attend their assigned lab time.

Please refer to the Pre-lab/Lab Schedule on the course website.

15

BIO270: Lab Details

Pre-lab and Lab Assignment Deadlines
All assignments will be submittted online. Refer to the Pre-lab/Lab
Assignment Schedule on the course website for submission
instructions and deadlines.
Lab Attendance and Make-up Labs
Attendance at pre-labs and labs is mandatory. If you do not attend the
pre-lab, you will not receive a grade for the on-line quiz. Furthermore,
you will be utterly unprepared for the laboratory.
Similarly, grades will not be given for submitted assignments if the lab
was not attended. If you miss a lab for an authorized reason, and have
the appropriate documentation, you may get approval to attend another
lab if space is available. Please READ THE BIO270 COURSE
OUTLINE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION.

16

What you need for labs

Relevant portions
of prelab and
lab manuals

Safety goggles
Available at
bookstore

Lab coat
$16
Sold by CSBGU
15 minutes before each BIO230
lecture outside con hall
Tuesday 11:45am - 12:00pm
Thursday 12:45pm 1:00pm

17

No lab group?
If you do not see a lab group listed under My
Groups contact Peggy immediately in order to
be enrolled in a lab session (lab enrollment is
now done through Peggy, not on ROSI).
It is imperative that you be placed in a lab
group.
Keep in mind that some sections may now be
full, so please multiple lab choices and your
ROSI timetable to Peggys office hours.
Pre-labs begin on Monday September 19th;
refer to the Pre-lab/Lab Schedule.
18

Where can I get help?

Discussion Board - monitored by course staff

Ms. Peggy Salmon - administrative issues
Dr. Chris Garside lecture content, lab content and
other academic issues
Drop-in Hours: TBD (survey)

Course TAs during lab and in office hours

Again, welcome to BIO270!
19

BIO270: Lecture Topic Overview

Month
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.

Date

Lecture and Topic

Required Readings

14

Lecture 1

Strongly recommended to read prior to lecture.

Chapter 1:

21

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Lecture 2

p. 1-19
Chapter 3:

28

Biochemical Basis of Physiology

Lecture 3

p. 38-77
Chapter 3:

Biochemical Basis of Physiology

Lecture 4

p. 77-97
Chapter 4:

12

Cell Signaling
Lecture 5

p. 98-118
Chapter 4:

Signal Transduction/Endocrine Regulation

p. 119-143

Midterm

In Class Time

Lecture 6

Chapter 16:
p. 668-699

19
26

Reproduction
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.

Lecture 7

Movement and Muscle Physiology Part I

Lecture 8

16

Muscle Physiology Part II

Lecture 9

23

Osmoregulation: Ion and water balance

Lecture 10

30

Digestion and Energy Metabolism

Lecture 11

Chapter 6:
p. 208-228
Chapter 6:
p. 228-255
Chapter 13:
p. 543 - 580
Chapter 14:
p. 592-628
TBD

20

What is Physiology?
Animal Physiologists study the structure and
function of various parts
How these parts work together/are integrated

Diversity of animals
Approx 1.4 million species described on Earth
Unique

Unifying themes
Apply to all physiological processes

21

Central discipline in biology

Phenotype is a product of
genotype and its interaction
with the environment

Genotype genetic
makeup
Phenotype observable
traits
An individual genotype
can produce
considerable phenotypic
variability.

Figure 1.2 22

Why study animal physiology??

Cool

23

BIO270: Lecture 1 Overview

1.

(a very short) History

of Animal Physiology

2. Unifying Themes in Physiology

A.
B.
C.
D.

Study of Physiology is integrative

Physiological processes obey laws of chemistry and physics
Physiological processes are shaped by evolution
Physiological processes are usually regulated

24

History of Animal Physiology

Hippocrates (460circa 377 B.C.)
Father of medicine
Careful observation

Aristotle (384322 B.C.)

Father of natural history
Relationship between structure and function

Claudius Galenus, Galen (129circa 199)

First experimental physiologist
Systematic and carefully designed expts to probe the
function of the body

Founder of Physiology
Described the basis of many physiological processes
Detailed descriptions of anatomy
25

Bacon (1561-1626) and Descartes (1596-1650)

Not scientists but did contribute to new habits of
scientific thought a logical approach
Scientific Method: hypothetico-deductive model

Considerations for successful experimental design?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Reliable and repeatable procedure

Controls
Sufficient sample size
Randomization
Blind experiments
Statistical testing

26

History of Animal Physiology contd

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1838)
Cell theory

Claude Bernard (18131878)

Hb carries O2; liver contains glycogen; ductless
glands produce hormones
Milieu interieur (internal environment)
Internal environment distinct from external environment

Homeostasis
Walter Cannon (18711945)

27

History of Animal Physiology contd

Before 20th century, little distinction between animal physiology and medical
physiology
In 20th century, became interested in applying the emerging physiological
principles to understand diversity
Per Scholander (19051980)
Comparative physiology, diving vertebrates
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (19152007)
Animals in harsh and unusual environments
Peter Hochachka (1937-2002) and George Somero (1941-)
Adaptational Biochemistry (subcellular mechanisms responsible for
adaptations to hostile environments)

Goal: Understand the causes and consequences

28

BIO270: Lecture 1 Overview

1.

(a very short) History

of Animal Physiology

2. Unifying Themes in Animal Physiology

A.
B.
C.
D.

Study of physiology is integrative

Physiological processes obey laws of chemistry and physics
Physiological processes are shaped by evolution
Physiological processes are usually regulated

29

A: Study of physiology is integrative

Biological levels of organization

30

Clicker Question

31

Biological Level of Organization contd

Physiologists often study processes at more than
one level
Reductionism understand a system by studying
the function of its parts
However, many processes and organisms have
characteristics that can not be predicted from the sum
of their parts
Emergence the whole is more than the sum of
its parts

Physiologists are interested in these emergent

properties study interactions

32

Ultimate Goals of the Research

a. Basic physiology
How animals work
Evolutionary causes and consequences of variation

b. Applied physiology
Practical importance
Medical physiology, veterinary medicine
August Krogh principle For every biological system
there is an organism on which it can be most conveniently
studied
Model species
Features conducive to experimentation
Can provide insight into how process works in species
of interest
33

Science In the
News?

34

Retrieved from http://www.bing.com/images/, 13/05/2014

B: Physiological processes obey the laws of

Physics and Chemistry
Diffusion laws help explain animal form and function
Physical properties of cells and tissue are linked to
structure and function
E.g. Protein cross-linking to increase tissue rigidity

Temperature affects physiological processes

Electrical laws describe membrane function
Membrane potential is a physiological currency

Body size has profound effects on physiological

processes
Allometric scaling
Disproportionate relationship between anatomical or physiological
traits and body size

35

Diffusion
Ficks Second law
dQ/dt =

D x SA x dC
dx

dQ/dt = Rate of diffusion

D = diffusion coefficient (D)
SA = surface area of the membrane (SA)
dC = energy gradient (potential energy)
dx = Diffusion distance

Diffusion is rapid over short distances but slow

over long distances

Contemplate the structure of respiratory and

circulatory systems
36

How does body size affect physiology?

Allometric
body shape or physiology changes
disproportionately as body size increases

Strength of bone
cross-sectional area
(r2)
Mass
volume
(4/3r3)

Slope (b) = 0.67

Surface area: volume ratio
changes with body size
Volume = (4/3)r3
SA = 4r2
y = aMb
SA

V2/3

37

C: Physiological processes are shaped by

Evolution

Form and function are intimately related

Predictions can be made

38

Form and Function are products of Evolution

One fundamental challenge of Animal Physiology is to:
Understand and account for diversity of animal body
form and strategies that animals use/have evolved to
cope with their environments

Two types of questions (Evolutionary Physiologist)

Proximate cause
How did this characteristic develop?

Ultimate cause
Why are these characteristics helpful?
Adaptive significance
39

Evolutionary Relationships
Despite the diversity in animal form and function, there
are many similarities
Common evolutionary ancestors

Closely related species share more features than distantly

related species
Understanding evolution is necessary to understand
physiological diversity
Eukaryotes

Animalia

Invertebrates

Arthropods
Insects
40

Clicker Question?

41

Adaptation
Two distinct meanings:
1. Change in a population over evolutionary time
due to natural selection
(i.e., many generations)
Most common usage
Definition used in this book

2. Synonym for acclimation or remodeling

Many argue this is an incorrect usage

42

Basis for Evolution by Natural Selection

Variation among individuals for specific traits
Traits must be heritable
Traits must increase fitness
That is, must increase reproductive success

Relative fitness of different genotypes depends on

the environment
43

Not All Differences are Adaptations

Genetic drift
Random changes in allele frequency from one
generation to another
Independent of adaptive evolution
Most common in small populations
For example, forest fire resulting in founder effect
loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new
population is established by a very small number of
individuals

44

Phenotypes may be homologous or analogous

Homology inheritance from
shared ancestor

Analogy do not share a

recent common ancestor

Convergent evolution
particular shapes or
functions are favored in
particular environment

45

Clicker Question

46

D. Physiological Processes are usually

regulated
Strategies for coping with changing conditions
Conformers allow internal conditions to change
with external conditions
Regulators maintain relatively constant internal
conditions regardless of external conditions

Figure 1.4. 2006

47

Homeostasis
Maintenance of internal
conditions in the face of
environmental perturbations
Animal initiates a response to
regulate a variable, minimizing its
change

Controlled by feedback loops or

reflex control pathways
Negative feedback loops
response opposes or resists
change in conditions

Positive feedback loops

response exaggerates or
enhances original change in
conditions

Flaws of negative feedback??

48

Homeostasis
Set point

Set point is usually defended through negative feedback loops

antagonistic controls
Allostasis stability through change
Figure 1.4 49

Phenotypic Plasticity
Irreversible
Polyphenism discrete developmental plasticity
Predator-Induced

Temperature induced

Reversible
Acclimatization natural environment
Acclimation under laboratory conditions
Figure 1.5

50

Retrieved from http://www.westmtnapiary.com/bee_castes.html,10/1/10