MM5 Booklet

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Measurement!(MM5)!
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Applications!of!!
Trigonometry!
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Name(..(
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G.Georgiou(
1!
General(Mathematics((HSC(Course)(|(Applications(of(Trigonometry((MM5)(
Solve!Problems!using!Trigonometric!Ratios!in!One!or!More!Right@Angled!
Triangles
Use!Appropriate!Trigonometric!Ratios!and!Formulae!in!Two@Triangle!Problems!
where!One!Triangle!is!Right@Angled!and!the!Diagram!is!Given!
Draw!Diagrams!to!Represent!Information!about!a!Given!Right@Angled!Triangle!
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From(the(Preliminary(course,(you(would(remember(we(developed(trigonometric(
ratios(for(rightJangled(triangles.((
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Formula!
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sin((=(
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cos((=
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tan((=
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This!formula!IS!given!on!the!HSC!formula!sheet!
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( (Example!1!
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Calculate(the(value(of((correct(to(the(nearest(minute.(
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(Example!2!
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Calculate(the(value(of(b(to(1(decimal(place.(
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(Example!3!
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Calculate(the(value(of(x(correct(to(3(significant(figures.(
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(Example!4!
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(a) Find(the(size(of ADB correct(to(the(nearest(degree.(
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(b) Calculate(the(size(of CAB .(
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(c) Calculate(the(length(of(DC.(Answer(correct(to(the(nearest(metre.(
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3!
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(Example!5!
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Complete(this(statement(for(the((
triangle(to(the(left.(
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tan(_______(=( (
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(Example!6!
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Find(the(value(of(x%correct(to(2(decimal(places.((
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Question 24 (continued)
C%(
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x(cm(
(c) ( The marks in a class test are normally distributed. The mean is 100 and the
standard deviation is 10.
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D%
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(i) Jasons mark is 115. What is his z-score?
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( (ii) ( Mary has
( a z-score
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did she achieve in the test?
1
10(
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2
( (iii) ( What percentage
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( of marks
( lie between 80 and 110?
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B% You may assume the following:
A%
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(10(cm(
68% of marks have z-scores between
1 and 1
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95% of marks have z-scores
between
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99.7% of marks have z-scores between 3 and 3.
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!H.S.C.!Question!(7)!
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(d) ( The base of a lighthouse, D, is at the top of a cliff 168 metres above sea level.
( The angle of depression from D
( to a boat at C is 28. The boat heads towards
the base of the cliff, A, and stops at B. The distance AB is 126 metres.
NOT TO
SCALE
28
168 m
126 m
(i)
What is the angle of depression from D to B, correct to the nearest

minute?
(ii)
How far did the boat travel from C to B, correct to the nearest metre?
4!
End of Question 24
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Activity!
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5!
Ex(5.01(Q1,(2,(3,(5,(8,(11,(13,(14,(15,(16,(18!
Using!Compass!Bearings!(Eight!Points!Only)!and!True!Bearings!(Three@Figure!
Bearings)!in!Problem@Solving!related!to!Maps!and!Charts!
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True%Bearings%
Bearings(are(angles(that(are(taken(by(facing(north(and(turning(in(a(clockwise(
direction(until(you(face(your(destination.(These(bearings(are(called(three@figure!
bearings.!An(example(of(a(threeJfigure(bearing(has(been(included(in(the(figure(
below.((
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In(this(diagram,(the(bearing(of(Wagga(Wagga(from(Sydney(is(249.(
I.e.(Start(at(Sydney,(face(north,(turn(249(in(a(clockwise(direction(until(you(face(your(
destination,(Wagga(Wagga.(
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(Example!8!
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Calculate(the(bearing(of(each(of(the(letters(from(O.(
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6!
Recall!
Corresponding,!Alternate!and!Co@Interior!Angles!
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Calculate(the(value(of(the(following.(Justify(your(answer(by(determining(whether(it(is(
a(corresponding(angle,(alternate(angle,(or(coJinterior(angle.((
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(a)!
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(b)!
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7!
Literacy!
The!words!of!and!from!
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In(bearings,(an(understanding(of(the(words(of(and(from(is(essential.((
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When(we(say:(calculate(the(bearing(of!Perth(from(Sydney,(this(actually(means:(
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When(we(say:(calculate(the(bearing(from(Melbourne(to(Darwin,(this(means:(
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(Example!9!
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Approximate(the(true(bearing:(
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(a)!Of(Perth(from(Sydney(( .............................(
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(b)!Of(Sydney(from(Perth(( .............................(
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(c)!Of(Brisbane(from(Darwin(( .............................(
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(d)!From(Darwin(to(Brisbane( (............................(
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8!
(Example!10!
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Calculate(the(bearing:(
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(a)!Of(C(from(A(
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(b)!From(C(to(B(
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(c)!Of(A(from(B(
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(d)!From(A(to(B(
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(Example!11!
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By(first(finding(the(value(of(,(find(the(bearing(from(B(to%A.(
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(Example!12!
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By(finding(the(value(of((and(,(determine(the:(
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(a)!Bearing(of(A(to(B.(
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(b)!Bearing(of(B(to(A.(
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Compass%Bearings%
This(links(the(concept(of(true(bearings(with(the(8(main(points(of(a(compass,(shown(
below.(You(only(need(to(know(the(bearings(for(these(8(points.(
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(Example!13!
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A(ship((A)(is(10(kilometres(due(east(of(a(lighthouse.(A(second(ship((B)(bears(SE(of(the(
lighthouse(and(is(due(south(of(the(first(ship.(Calculate(the(distance(of(the(second(
ship(from(the(lighthouse,(correct(to(1(decimal(place.(
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(Example!14!
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A(ship(sails(on(a(bearing(of(130(for(a(distance(of(10(kilometres.(Calculate(how(far(
south(of(its(starting(point(the(ship(is,(correct(to(2(decimal(places.(
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(Example!15!
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On(a(hike(Lisa(walked(south(for(3.5(km(and(then(turned(west(for(1.2(km.(Calculate(
Lisas(bearing(from(her(starting(point.(
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(Example!16!
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Texas(in(Queensland(is(160(km(north(east(of(Moree(and(Bendemeer(is(210(km(south(
east(of(Moree.((
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(a)!How(far(is(Bendemeer(from(Texas?(
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(b)!Find(the(size(of MTB .(
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(c)!What(is(the(bearing(of(Bendemeer(from(Texas?(
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Ex(5.02(Q(2J11,(13,(14!
! Activity!
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12!

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Determining!the!Sign!for!the!Ratios!of!Obtuse!Angles!
7.!Complete(the(following(table(relating(to(the(sign(of(obtuse(angles.(
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Acute!
Obtuse!
Sin!
Cos!
Tan!
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(Example!17! (
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(is(an(obtuse(angle(and(sin((=(0.8183.(What(is(the(size(of((to(the(nearest(degree?(
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13!
Using!the!Sine!Rule!to!Find!Lengths!and!Angles(
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So(far(we(have(only(used(Trigonometry(in(rightJangled(triangles.(Now(we(will(look(at(
ways(of(solving(problems(with(non(rightJangled(triangles.(
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Before(that(though,(we(need(to(make(sure(we(can(correctly(label(sides(and(angles.(
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Remember!
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Vertices/angles(are(capital(letters(
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and(the(sides(opposite(those(angles(
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are(not(in(capitals.(
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Formula!
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Side(length(
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Angle(opposite(
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side(length(
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Sine%Rule%3%Lengths%
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(Example!18!
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Calculate(the(value(of(x(to(1(decimal(place.((
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(Example!19!
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Calculate(the(value(of(m(correct(to(3(significant(figures.(
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(Example!20!
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(Example!21!
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Activity!
Ex(5.04(Q(1((a,b,c)(2,(3,(4,(5,(7,(8,(9,(10!
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16!
Sine%Rule%%Angles%%
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(Example!22!
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Calculate(the(value(of((correct(to(the(nearest(degree.((
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(Example!23!
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Calculate(the(value(of((correct(to(the(nearest(minute.(
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17!
Miscellaneous%Sine%Rule%Examples%
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(Example!24!
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18!
(Example!25!
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Activity!
Ex(5.05(Q(1(a,b,c),(4,(5,(6,(9,(10!
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19!
Using!the!Cosine!Rule!to!Find!Lengths!and!Angles!
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Cosine%Rule%%Lengths%
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Formula!
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Angle(opposite(
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side(you(are(
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finding(
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(Example!26!
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Calculate(the(value(of(x(to(3(significant(figures.((
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(Example!27!
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(((
Calculate(the(value(of(y(to(2(significant(figures.((
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20!
(Example!28!
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In( PQR,(PQ(=(234(mm,(QR(=(981(mm(and( PQR(=(128.(Find(the(length(of(side(PR,(
correct(to(3(significant(figures.(
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Activity!
21!
Ex(5.06(Q(1(a,b,c),(2,(3,(4,(7,(8,(9!
Cosine%Rule%%Angles%%
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Formula!
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Side(opposite(
angle(you(are(
trying(to(find(
(Example!29!
Calculate(the(size(of(angle(B(to(the(nearest(minute.((
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(Example!30!
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Calculate(the(size(of(angle(T%correct(to(1(decimal(place.(((
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22!
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(Example!31!
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A(soccer(goal(is(8(m(wide.(
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(a)(A(player(is(directly(in(front(of(the(goal(such(that(he(is(12(m(from(each(post.(Within(
what(angle(must(he(kick(the(ball(to(score(a(goal?(
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(b)(A(second(player(takes(an(angled(shot.(This(player(is(12(m(from(the(nearest(post(
and(17(m(from(the(far(post.(Within(what(angle(must(this(player(kick(to(score(a(goal?(
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Activity!
Ex(5.07(Q(1(a,b),(2,(4,(5,(7,(8,(10!
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23!
Calculating!the!Area!of!a!Triangle!
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Up(to(this(point,(we(have(used( !" (to(find(the(area(of(a(triangle.(But(what(if(we(
"
dont(have(the(base(or(perpendicular(height?((
(
The(formula(below(allows(us(to(find(the(area(of(a(triangle(given(any(two(sides(and(
the(angle(in(between(them.(
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Formulae!
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Angle(
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between(the(
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2(sides(
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(Example!32!
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Calculate(the(area(of(the(triangle(below.(
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(Example!33!
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Calculate(the(area(of(the(triangle(below.(
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24!
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(Example!34!
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(Example!35!
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The(plan(for(a(new(subdivision(showed(two(new(corner(blocks.(
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(a)(Calculate(the(area(of(triangle(A.(
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(b)(What(is(the(area(of(block(B?(
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Activity!
Ex(5.08(Q(2J10!
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25!
Solving!Problems!involving!Non!Right@Angled!Triangles!
Selecting!and!Using!Appropriate!Trigonometric!Ratios!and!Formulae!to!Solve!
Problems!
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The(main(problem(with(the(questions(in(any(exam(is(that(you(need(to(be(able(to(
select(and(apply(the(correct(formula(to(use.(In(many(instances,(the(question(will(not(
indicate(which(formula(to(use.((
(
Here(is(an(overview:(
(
Trigonometric!Ratios!
These(can(be(used(to(find(a(missing(side(or(angle(in(a(rightJangled(triangle.(
(
!""!#$%&
!"#!$%&'
!""!#$%&'
sin((=(
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cos((=
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tan((=
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'("!%&)*#&
()*+'%&,-%
()*(+&,%
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!
The!Sine!Rule!
The(Sine(rule(can(be(used(in(any(triangle.(There(are(two(types(of(applications(of(the(
sine(rule.(
1.(To!find!a!side:!you(need(the(angle(opposite(the(unknown(side(and(another(
side(and(angle(opposite(each(other.(
2.!To!find!an!angle:!you(need(the(side(opposite(the(unknown(angle(and(
another(side(and(angle(opposite(each(other.(
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!"#" !"#$ !"#&
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The!Cosine!Rule!
The(Cosine(rule(can(be(used(in(any(triangle.(There(are(two(versions(of(this(rule.((
1.(To!find!a!side:!you(need(the(other(two(sides(and(the(angle(between(those(
two(sides.(
! ! = "! + #! !!"#"$%&$ (
(
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2.(To!find!an!angle:!you(need(all(three(sides.(
Make(sure(the(side(
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!H.S.C.!Question!(41)!!
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Activity!
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32!
Conducting!Radial!(both!Plane!Table!and!Compass)!Surveys!and!Solving!
Problems!involving!Non!Right@Angled!Trigonometry,!Pythagoras!Theorem!and!
Area!in!Offset!and!Radial!Surveys!
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(
Offset%Surveys%
This(was(covered(in(the(Preliminary(course.(Here(is(a(recap.(
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The(line(that(runs(
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through(the(middle(
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of(the(diagram(is(
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The(lines(that(go(
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from(the(corner(of(
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the(land(to(the(
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traverse(line(are(
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called(
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(a)!Write(a(field(book(entry(for(the(above(shape(of(land.((
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(b)!Calculate(the(length(of(AB.((
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(c)!Calculate(the(perimeter(of(ABCD.(
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(d)!Calculate(the(area(of(ABCD.(
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34!
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(Example!43!
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(a)!Draw(a(field(diagram(that(corresponds(to(the(notebook(entry(below.(
(
(
(
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(
(
(
B(((
(
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E(((
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D((( (
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(b)!Calculate(the(area(of(this(land.((
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!
!
A
40
12 30
17
12
0
C
35!
Plane%Table%Radial%Surveys%
A(plane(table(radial(survey(involves(measuring(the(distance(from(the(centre(of(the(
land(to(each(corner.(The(angles(between(these(measurements(are(also(taken.(
(
(
(((
(
(Example!44!
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(a)!Calculate(the(size(of(angle(CTA.(
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.(
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(
.(
(
(
(b)!Calculate(the(area(of(triangle(CTB.((
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(c)(Calculate(the(length(of(CA.((
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36!
Compass%Radial%Surveys%
A(compass(radial(survey(involves(measuring(the(distance(from(the(centre(of(the(land(
to(each(corner.(The(bearing(from(north(to(each(corner(is(also(taken.(
(
(
(Example!45!
(
(
(
(
A 020o
(
(
(
25km
D
(
300o
(
19km O 33km
(
29km
(
o
B 150
(
C
(
230o
(
(
(
(a)(Calculate(the(area(AOD.((
(
........(
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........(
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(b)(Calculate(the(length(of(CB.(
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37!
(
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38!
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39!
((
(Example!48!
(
The(diagram(shows(a(compass(radial(survey(of(Dylans(property.((
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Line(AED(is(the(boundary(of(his(property.(BE(and(EC(are(proposed(fence(lines(on(his(
property(and( BEC(=(81o.((
(
(a)!What(is(the(bearing(of(C(from(E?(
!
(b)!What(is(the(area(of(the(triangular(section(BEC?(Answer(to(the(nearest(square(
metre.(
!
(c)(Calculate(the(perimeter(of(BEC(correct(to(the(nearest(metre.(
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........(
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40!
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Activity!
Ex(5.10(Q(1J10!
(
! (
41!
!
Literacy!
(
(
1.(Which(of(the(words(sometimes,(always(or(never(is(missing?(
(
(a)!The(sine,(cosine,(and(tangent(ratios(of(angles(between(0(and(90(degrees(are(
.(positive(
!
(b)!The(cosine(ratio(of(an(angle(between(90(and(180(degrees(is((
negative.(
(
(c)!The(largest(angle(in(a(triangle(is((opposite(the(largest(side.(
!
(d)!The(tangent(ratio(of(an(angle(between(90(and(180(degrees(is(..(
negative.((
(
(e)!The(sine(ratio(of(an(angle(between(90(and(180(degrees(is(.(negative.((
!
!
2.(Explain(the(difference(between(a(Plane(Table(Survey(and(a(Compass(Radial(Survey.((
(
........(
(
........(
(
........(
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3.(If(a(question(asks(you(to(take(a(bearing(from(A(to(B,(how(you(would(go(about(this?((
(
........(
(
........(
(
........(
(
4.(When(calculating(the(area(of(a(triangle,(by(using(either(formula,(explain(what(
information(is(required(from(the(triangle.((
(
........(
(
........(
(
........(
(
42!

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!

What is the angle of depression from D to B, correct to the nearest

Mixed answers: 10.37

Mixed answers: 14 16 16 10.78 48 23 72 13.16 9 39 30 9.02 41

ces) or angle (to the nearest degree).

5.4 Sine and cosine rules

g side (to 2 decimal places) or angle (to the nearest degree).

Mixed answers: 14 16 16 10.78 48 23 72 13.16 9 39 30

NEW CENTURY MATHS 12 GENERAL HSC COURSE: TEACHER RESOURCE PACK

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