Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EL ARTCULO
Contrariamente al espaol, el artculo ingls es invariable en gnero y nmero,
lo que hace que su uso sea facilsimo. Para todos los nombres, masculino, femenino,
neutro, tanto en singular como en plural, el artculo definido es the: el, la, los, las.
The boy: El nio
Cuando la palabra empieza por una vocal, cambia la pronunciacin del artculo:
The apple: La manzana
Cars: coches
Elephants: elefantes
LOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
Se utilizan para sealar o situar alguna cosa. Son this y that (en singular) these
y those (en plural):
This book: este libro
These books: estos libros
Se usa this / these para indicar objetos cerca del hablante; that / those para
indicar objetos distantes. Se utilizan tanto para masculino como femenino:
This rubber: esta goma
That ruler: esa / aquella regla
These rubbers: estas gomas Those rulers: esas / aquellas reglas
EL NOMBRE
Thursday, jueves
February, febrero
June, junio
PLURAL
books
tables
friends
words
SINGULAR
libro
mesa
amigo
palabra
PLURAL
libros
mesas
amigos
palabras
Los nombres que terminan en -s, -sh, -ch y x forman su plural en -es:
SINGULAR
bus
brush
watch
box
PLURAL
buses
brushes
watches
boxes
SINGULAR
autobs
cepillo
reloj
caja
PLURAL
autobuses
cepillos
relojes
cajas
PLURAL
ladies
flies
keys
boys
SINGULAR
dama
mosca
llave
muchacho
PLURAL
damas
moscas
llaves
muchachos
PLURAL
tomatoes
heroes
SINGULAR
tomate
hroe
PLURAL
tomates
hroes
PLURAL
knives
thieves
SINGULAR
cuchillo
ladrn
PLURAL
cuchillos
ladrones
trousers pantalones
FORMA POSESIVA
Para formar en ingls el posesivo de los nombres en singular, se les aade la
terminacin s:
Henrys brother.
The dogs tail.
El hermano de Henry.
El rabo del perro.
La puerta de la casa
El fin de la pelcula
EL PRONOMBRE PERSONAL
En ingls no hay diferencias entre t y vosotros.
Existe un pronombre neutro: it.
NOMINATIVO
Yo
I
T, usted
You
l
He
Ella
She
Ello, l, ella
It
Nosotros / as
We
Vosotros /as
You
Ellos, ellas
They
POSESIVO
Mi, mis
My
Tu, tus
Your
Su, sus
His
Su, sus
Her
Su, sus
Its
Nuestro(s) / a(s)
Our
Vuestro(s) / a(s)
Your
Their Su, sus
OBJETIVO / ACUSATIVO
Me, m
Me
Te, ti
You
Lo, le
Him
La, le
Her
Lo, la, le
It
Nos
Us
Os
You
Them Los, las, les
T eres estudiante
l vive en Mlaga
EL PRONOMBRE POSESIVO
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
EL ADJETIVO
Es invariable tanto en gnero (masculino, femenino) como en nmero (singular,
plural). Recuerda que se pone delante del nombre:
A nice book
Two nice books
A good man
A good woman
un libro bonito
dos libros bonitos
un hombre bueno
una mujer buena
ms caro que
POSITIVO
bueno
malo
COMPARATIVO
mejor
better
peor
worse
SUPERLATIVO
El mejor
The best
The worst El peor
Ejemplos:
John is a good student
John es un buen estudiante
He is taller than his brother
l es ms alto que su hermano
She is better than my cousin Ella es mejor que mi primo
The table is more expensive than the chair
La mesa es ms cara que la silla
You are the best pupils in the world
Sois los mejores alumnos del mundo
I am the tallest in the class
Soy el ms alto de la clase
EL VERBO
TO BE
AFIRMATIVA
I am
Im
You are
Youre
He is
Hes
She is
Shes
It is
Its
We are
Were
You are
Youre
They are
Theyre
NEGATIVA
I am not
Im not
You are not
You arent
He is not
He isnt
She is not
She isnt
It is not
It isnt
We are not
We arent
You are not
You arent
They are not
They arent
INTERROGATIVA
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
TO HAVE
AFIRMATIVA
I have
Ive
You have
Youve
He has
Hes
She has
Shes
It has
Its
We have
Weve
You have
Youve
They have Theyve
NEGATIVA
I have not
I havent
You have not
You havent
He has not
He hasnt
She has not
She hasnt
It has not
It hasnt
We have not
We havent
You have not
You havent
They have not They havent
INTERROGATIVA
Have I?
Have you?
Has he?
Has she?
Has it?
Have we?
Have you?
Have they?
Significa tener o haber. Es el verbo auxiliar que se utiliza para las formas
compuestas: Pretrito perfecto, pretrito pluscuamperfecto, ... Para hacerlo se aade el
participio del verbo que se conjuga.
TO DO
AFIRMATIVA
I do
You do
He does
She does
It does
We do
You do
They do
NEGATIVA
I do not
I dont
You do not
You dont
He does not
He doesnt
She does not
She doesnt
It does not
It doesnt
We do not
We dont
You do not
You dont
They do not
They dont
INTERROGATIVA
Do I?
Do you?
Does he?
Does she?
Does it?
Do we?
Do you?
Do they?
CAN
AFIRMATIVA
I can
You can
He can
She can
It can
We can
You can
They can
NEGATIVA
I can not
I cant
You can not
You cant
He can not
He cant
She can not
She cant
It can not
It cant
We can not
We cant
You can not
You cant
They can not
They cant
INTERROGATIVA
Can I?
Can you?
Can he?
Can she?
Can it?
Can we?
Can you?
Can they?
PRESENTE SIMPLE
Los verbos en ingls forman el presente con el infinitivo, sin la preposicin to.
Esta forma se usa para todas las personas del singular y del plural, excepto en la tercera
del singular, en la que se le aade -s.
I work
You work
He works
She works
It works
We work
You work
They work
Yo trabajo
T trabajas, usted trabaja
l trabaja
Ella trabaja
Ello trabaja (funciona)
Nosotros trabajamos
Vosotros trabajis, ustedes trabajan
Ellos trabajan
TO EAT
AFIRMATIVA
I eat
You eat
He eats
She eats
It eats
We eat
You eat
They eat
NEGATIVA
I dont eat
You dont eat
He doesnt eat
She doesnt eat
It doesnt eat
We dont eat
You dont eat
They dont eat
INTERROGATIVA
Do I eat?
Do you eat?
Does he eat?
Does she eat?
Does it eat?
Do we eat?
Do you eat?
Do they eat?
TO PLAY
AFIRMATIVA
I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
You play
They play
NEGATIVA
I dont play
You dont play
He doesnt play
She doesnt play
It doesnt play
We dont play
You dont play
They dont play
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INTERROGATIVA
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Does she play?
Does it play?
Do we play?
Do you play?
Do they play?
PASADO SIMPLE
El pasado simple de la mayora de los verbos en ingls se forma aadindole -ed
al infinitivo. Esta forma es idntica para todas las personas del singular y del plural.
I worked
You worked
He worked
She worked
It worked
We worked
You worked
They worked
Yo trabaj
T trabajaste, usted trabaj
l trabaj
Ella trabaj
Ello trabaj (funcion)
Nosotros trabajamos
Vosotros trabajasteis, ustedes trabajaron
Ellos trabajaron
Los verbos que forman el pasado de esta manera, aadindoseles -ed, se llaman
verbos regulares. Todos los dems son verbos irregulares y deben ser memorizados,
ya que no siguen ninguna regla en el pasado simple. Ejemplos: to break broke; to
come came; to say said; to go went, etc. Al final de este captulo tenis una lista
con los ms usuales que iremos aprendiendo a lo largo del curso.
They went to the market last Friday
Fueron al Mercado el pasado viernes
Para construir frases en forma negativa utilizamos el verbo auxiliar to do, menos
con los verbos especiales (to be, to have, can, must,...). Utilizaremos didnt en todas
las personas.
The President didnt speak last night El Presidente no habl ayer
Para construir frases en forma interrogativa utilizamos el verbo auxiliar to do,
menos con los verbos especiales (to be, to have, can, must,...). Utilizaremos did en
todas las personas.
Did Henry go with them?
Caso aparte son los verbos especiales que, al igual que en presente, no utilizan el
auxiliar to do para las formas negativas e interrogativas. El verbo to be, adems, es el
nico verbo en ingls que tiene dos formas para el pasado: was y were.
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TO BE (PASADO)
AFIRMATIVA
I was
You were
Youre
He was
Hes
She was
Shes
It was
Its
We were
Were
You were
Youre
They were Theyre
NEGATIVA
I was not
I wasnt
You were not
You werent
He was not
He wasnt
She was not
She wasnt
It was not
It wasnt
We were not
We werent
You were not
You werent
They were not They werent
INTERROGATIVA
Was I?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?
TO EAT (PASADO)
AFIRMATIVA
I ate
You ate
He ate
She ate
It ate
We ate
You ate
They ate
NEGATIVA
I didnt eat
You didnt eat
He didnt eat
She didnt eat
It didnt eat
We didnt eat
You didnt eat
They didnt eat
INTERROGATIVA
Did I eat?
Did you eat?
Did he eat?
Did she eat?
Did it eat?
Did we eat?
Did you eat?
Did they eat?
TO PLAY (PASADO)
AFIRMATIVA
I played
You played
He played
She played
It played
We played
You played
They played
NEGATIVA
I didnt play
You didnt play
He didnt play
She didnt play
It didnt play
We didnt play
You didnt play
They didnt play
12
INTERROGATIVA
Did I play?
Did you play?
Did he play?
Did she play?
Did it play?
Did we play?
Did you play?
Did they play?
INFINITIVE
PAST
PARTICIPLE
SER, ESTAR
TO BE
WAS, WERE
BEEN
TRAER
TO BRING
BROUGHT
BROUGHT
COMPRAR
TO BUY
BOUGHT
BOUGHT
PENSAR
TO THINK
THOUGHT
THOUGHT
HABLAR
TO SPEAK
SPOKE
SPOKEN
ROMPER
TO BREAK
BROKE
BROKEN
DESPERTARSE
TO WAKE
WOKE
WOKEN
SOAR
TO DREAM
DREAMT
DREAMT
APRENDER
TO LEARN
LEARNT
LEARNT
CANTAR
TO SING
SANG
SUNG
SONAR
TO RING
RANG
RUNG
PRESTAR
TO LEND
LENT
LENT
ENVIAR
TO SEND
SENT
SENT
PONER
TO PUT
PUT
PUT
COSTAR
TO COST
COST
COST
PERMITIR
TO LET
LET
LET
CERRAR
TO SHUT
SHUT
SHUT
VENDER
TO SELL
SOLD
SOLD
DELETREAR
TO SPELL
SPELT
SPELT
GOLPEAR
TO HIT
HIT
HIT
VENIR
TO COME
CAME
COME
CONSTRUIR
TO BUILD
BUILT
BUILT
HACER
TO DO
DID
DONE
DIBUJAR
TO DRAW
DREW
DRAWN
BEBER
TO DRINK
DRANK
DRUNK
CONDUCIR
TO DRIVE
DROVE
DRIVEN
COMER
TO EAT
ATE
EATEN
13
CAER
TO FALL
FELL
FALLEN
SENTIR
TO FEEL
FELT
FELT
ENCONTRAR
TO FIND
FOUND
FOUND
OLVIDAR
TO FORGET
FORGOT
FORGOTTEN
IR
TO GO
WENT
GONE
TENER
TO HAVE
HAD
HAD
VOLAR
TO FLY
FLEW
FLOWN
SABER
TO KNOW
KNEW
KNOWN
TIRAR
TO THROW
THREW
THROWN
PERDER
TO LOSE
LOST
LOST
HACER
TO MAKE
MADE
MADE
PAGAR
TO PAY
PAID
PAID
LEER
TO READ
READ
READ
MONTAR
TO RIDE
RODE
RIDDEN
CORRER
TO RUN
RAN
RUN
DECIR
TO SAY
SAID
SAID
SENTAR
TO SIT
SAT
SAT
DORMIR
TO SLEEP
SLEPT
SLEPT
NADAR
TO SWIM
SWAM
SWUM
ENTENDER
TO UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTOOD
UNDERSTOOD
LLEVAR PUESTO
TO WEAR
WORE
WORN
GANAR
TO WIN
WON
WON
ESCRIBIR
TO WRITE
WROTE
WRITTEN
ENSEAR
TO TEACH
TAUGHT
TAUGHT
VER
TO SEE
SAW
SEEN
COGER
TO CATCH
CAUGHT
CAUGHT
QUERER DECIR
TO MEAN
MEANT
MEANT
GASTAR
TO SPEND
SPENT
SPENT
LLEGAR A SER
TO BECOME
BECAME
BECOME
CONSEGUIR
TO GET
GOT
GOT
14
ABANDONAR
TO LEAVE
LEFT
LEFT
ENCONTRARSE
TO MEET
MET
MET
TOMAR
TO TAKE
TOOK
TAKEN
15
EL FUTURO
En ingls la formacin del futuro es muy simple, tanto que slo consiste en
anteponer al verbo que se conjuga el auxiliar will (en primera persona, tanto del singular
como del plural, se puede utilizar shall)
I will work
You will work
He will work
She will work
It will work
We will work
You will work
They will work
Yo trabajar
T trabajars, usted trabajar
l trabajar
Ella trabajar
Ello trabajar (funcionar)
Nosotros trabajaremos
Vosotros trabajaris, ustedes trabajarn
Ellos trabajarn
Yo trabajar
T trabajars, usted trabajar
l trabajar
Ella trabajar
Ello trabajar (funcionar)
Nosotros trabajaremos
Vosotros trabajaris, ustedes trabajarn
Ellos trabajarn
En la forma negativa del futuro slo tenemos que aadir not a will. Se utiliza
mucho la contraccin wont
I will not work
You will not work
He will not work
She will not work
It will not work
We will not work
You will not work
They will not work
I wont work
You wont work
Yo no trabajar
T no trabajars, usted no
trabajar
l no trabajar
He wont work
She wont work Ella no trabajar
Ello no trabajar (no funcionar)
It wont work
We wont work Nosotros no trabajaremos
You wont work Vosotros no trabajaris, ustedes no
trabajarn
They wont work Ellos no trabajarn
Para la forma interrogativa slo hay que poner will al principio de la pregunta:
Will you see John tomorrow?
16
IMPERATIVO
El imperativo en ingls se usa para expresar orden, ruego o peticin. Se obtiene
usando la segunda persona del presente del verbo. El sujeto you (singular o plural) se
sobreentiende y no debe ser expresado.
Wait here!
Come back later!
Espera aqu!
Vuelva ms tarde!
No esperes aqu!
No vuelva ms tarde!
PRESENTE CONTINUO
El presente continuo se forma con el presente del verbo to be como auxiliar, ms
el verbo que se conjuga con la terminacin -ing.
El presente continuo se usa para indicar que la accin transcurre mientras se
habla y que, por lo tanto, no ha terminado an.
17
I am working
You are working
He is working
She is working
It is working
We are working
You are working
They are working
Yo estoy trabajando
T ests trabajando, usted est trabajando
l est trabajando
Ella est trabajando
Ello est trabajando (funcionando)
Nosotros estamos trabajando
Vosotros estis trabajando, ustedes estn trabajando
Ellos estn trabajando
INTERROGATIVA
Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he working?
Is she working?
Is it working?
Are we working?
Are you working?
Are they working?
LAS PREPOSICIONES
Las preposiciones ponen en relacin dos palabras, haciendo que una de ellas
complemente o especifique a la otra. Hay muchas, pero las ms frecuentes son las
siguientes:
At:
At home
Look at
By:
By the house
By John
By plane
By mail
junto a la casa
(algo realizado) por John
en avin
por correo
For:
esto es para ti
vot por l
en casa
mirar a
At work
At two oclock
18
en el trabajo
a las dos
de nueve a tres
de Nueva York a Londres
De john a Helen
To:
To the cinema
To sleep better
In:
On:
On the table
On Friday
Under:
Of:
al cine
to school
para dormir mejor
en la caja (dentro)
en la mesa (encima)
el viernes
With:
a la escuela
debajo de la mesa
Est hecho de Madera
una taza de t
Ir con mi padre
Acerca de
A travs de
Despus de
Contra
Alrededor de
Antes de
Detrs de
Entre dos
Abajo
During
Except
Out
Over
Round
Since
Through
Up
In front of
Durante
Excepto
Fuera
Sobre
Alrededor de
Desde
Por, a travs de
Arriba
Delante de
19
LAS CONJUNCIONES
Las ms importantes son las siguientes:
Because:
But:
If:
And:
Although:
Dnde?
Where is my shirt?
What?
Qu?
Qu ests haciendo?
Cul?
Cul es tu coche?
20
Who?
Quin?
Who told you that news? Quin te dio esa informacin?
Whom?
De quin?
A quin viste?
Cundo?
Por qu?
Why didnt you take the bus?
How?
Cmo?
How are you?
Cmo ests?
Cunto es?
LOS NMEROS
0
1
2
3
4
Zero
One
Two
Three
Four
5
6
7
8
9
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
10
11
12
13
14
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
15
16
17
18
19
21
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
20
21
22
23
Twenty
Twenty-one
Twenty-two
Twenty-three
10
20
30
40
50
Ten
Twenty
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
47
914
3.856
60
70
80
90
100
Sixty
Seventy
Eighty
Ninety
A hundred
200
300
1.000
1.000.000
Two hundred
Three hundred
A thousand
A million
Forty-seven
Nine hundred and fourteen
Three thousand, eight hundred and fifty-six
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Thirteenth
Fourteenth
Fifteenth
Sixteenth
Seventeenth
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Twentieth
Twenty first
Twenty-second
Twenty-third
Twenty-fourth
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
LA HORA
22
Para la segunda media hora, de 30 a 60 minutos, por ejemplo 9:40, las 10 menos
20, se dice primero los minutos twenty (veinte minutos) seguido de to y, por ltimo, la
hora, ten (10 horas): twenty to ten.
Twenty-four minutes past two 2:24
Seventeen to five
4:43 (cinco menos diecisiete)
Al igual que en castellano hay algunas palabras especiales:
Oclock
Half past
A quarter past
A quarter to
en punto
y media
y cuarto
menos cuarto
11:15
17:30
15:45
12:00
Tenemos que tener en cuenta que para los horarios (de tren, avin, etc) se
emplea la forma digital. Por ejemplo:
5:31 five thirty-one
8:46 eight forty-six
Da
Semana
Mes
Fecha
Ayer
Maana
Hoy
Estacin
Primavera
Autumn
Winter
In the morning
This morning
At lunch time
In the afternoon
Evening
Tonight
In the night
23
Otoo
Invierno
Por la maana
Esta maana
A la hora de comer
Por la tarde
Noche
Esta noche
Por la noche
Verano
Summer
DAS DE LA SEMANA
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Lunes
Martes
Mircoles
Jueves
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Viernes
Sbado
Domingo
July
August
September
October
November
December
Julio
Agosto
Septiembre
Octubre
Noviembre
Diciembre
MESES DEL AO
January
February
March
April
May
June
Enero
Febrero
Marzo
Abril
Mayo
Junio
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