The coding region of a gene, also known as the coding sequence

or CDS (from coding DNA sequence), is that portion of a gene's

DNA or RNA, composed of exons, that codes for protein. The
region is bounded nearer the 5' end by a start codon and nearer
the 3' end with a stop codon. The coding region in mRNA is
bounded by the five prime untranslated region (5'-UTR) and the
three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR), which are also parts of
the exons.[1] The CDS is that portion of an mRNA transcript that
is translated by a ribosome.

The coding region of an organism is the sum total of the

organism's genome that is composed of gene coding regions.
Control of protein synthesis
Most of the time when a cell is not dividing, it is performing a
series of activities under the control of the DNA in its nucleus. In
order to do this, information from certain portions of the DNA in
the chromosomes must be taken out into the cytoplasm, to be
used to make (synthesise) control proteins (enzymes, etc) for the
cell.
There are 2 parts to this process: transcription and translation.
Transcription
The 2 strands of the DNA molecule are temporarily split by
enzymes which cause a short part to be copied into a similarly
short section of RNA molecule. The copying is along the same
lines as already explained, (A for T, G for C, C for G) except that a
different base called U (uracil) replaces T (thymine). Also, RNA is
only made of a single strand, and it contains a different sidechain
subunit.
The RNA copy from one section of DNA, which usually corresponds
to a single gene, is called messenger RNA (mRNA).
What will be the sequence of bases on the mRNA strand if the
strand of DNA to be transcribed has the following base sequence?
C A T G A G C G C G A T,

> GUA CUC GCG

CUA

Transcription: RNA made according to base sequence in DNA

30 base pairs (10 triplets) shown for example - actual genes are
usually hundreds or thousands of base pairs in length
The two strands of DNA - shown here in black and grey - separate
(under the influence of the enzyme RNA polymerase). Messenger
RNA - here red - forms on one - black - strand of DNA. The other
strand - grey - does not take part in the process. transcription
The strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) formed then leaves the
nucleus and passes into the cytoplasm. The opened-up section of
DNA re-forms into a double helix, as before.
animation
Translation
Messenger RNA then passes out of the nucleus and travels to
small structures called ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Here the
message it contains is interpreted, and a protein is built up, bit by
bit, from its individual subunits - amino - acids, which are in the
cytoplasm.
q20aas There are 20 different amino acids, with rather formidable
names. Although they differ greatly in size and chemical
properties, they all have a similar section by which they may be
linked, to form a polypeptide chain, which will then coil to make a
protein.
Each section of 3 bases in the messenger RNA strand is called a
triplet, which carries enough information to identify the next
amino acid which will be added to the developing polypeptide
chain. The actual amino acids that are added as a result of the
particular sequence of bases has been found out as a result of
experiments. It has been discovered that there are several
different triplet codes for each amino acid, as well as special ones
to signify the start and end of the polypeptide chain.

This base code seems to be the same in practically all living

organisms, which confirms its fundamental significance in the
organisation of life. It also explains how it is sometimes possible
to take sections of DNA corresponding to genes from one
organism and transfer them to another organism in which they
may still work. This is the basis of genetic engineering.
The genetic code
The genetic codes for each amino acid
RNA triplet
codes
amino acid
3lc* RNA triplet
codes
amino acid
3lc*
AAA AAG lysine
lys GAA GAG glutamic acid glu
AAC AAU asparagine
asn GAC GAU aspartic acid asp
ACA ACC
ACG ACU threonine thr GCA GCC
GCG GCU alanine ala
AGA AGG arginine arg GGA GGC
GGG GGU glycine
gly
AGC AGU serine
ser GUA GUC
GUG GUU valine
val
AUA AUG
(start)
methionine
met UAA UAG
UGA (stop)
AUC AUU isoleucine ile UAC UAU tyrosine tyr
CAA CAG glutaminegln UCA UCC
UCG UCU serine
ser
CAC CAU histidine his UGC UGU cysteine cys
CCA CCC
CCG CCU proline
pro UGG tryptophan
try
CGA CGC
CGG CGU arginine arg UUA UUG leucine
leu
CUA CAC
CUG CUU leucine
leu UUC UUU phenylalanine phe
3lc* = 3-letter code for amino acid - do not confuse with DNA/RNA
triplets

The information above is included here for reference only. Do not

worry about the details!
transfer RNA Different varieties of another form of RNA (transfer
RNA) and a variety of enzymes are involved in recognising the
messenger RNA triplet codes, due to the way in which one RNA
strand can pair up with a complementary part of another.

Working together, these bring in the individual amino acids one

by one in the correct order for assembly into the protein. For
example, the triplet CCC in messenger RNA pairs up with its
counterpart triplet GGG in transfer RNA, which will result in the
amino acid proline being added to the polypeptide chain.
So a protein is the final product of the the gene made up of DNA.
The overall process may be summarised as follows:
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
DNA ---------> messenger RNA ---------> PROTEIN
in nucleus spacerin cytoplasm
Translation: Protein made according to base sequence in RNA
As messenger RNA (mRNA) - red - passes through the ribosome grey, it causes a protein to be made (synthesised) by joining
together various amino acids - green - in a particular order.
A different combination of 3 mRNA bases, also called a triplet,
codes for each one of the 20 amino acids. Each triplet in mRNA
causes a corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule - blue - to
bring in the appropriate amino acid.

This occurs because the triplet of 3 bases in mRNA, also called a

codon, pairs up inside the ribosome with the corresponding 3
bases in tRNA. also called an anticodon.
Translation
When the transfer RNA has delivered the amino acid to the
growing polypeptide chain, it leaves the ribosome, returns to the
cytoplasm and picks up another amino acid.
As the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand, the synthesis
process continues until it reaches the stop code which causes
amino acid addition to cease. The polypeptide is then released,
and it may fold into its final protein structure. The messenger RNA
may enter another ribosome and repeat the protein synthesis
process, or it may be broken down and its sub-units may be reused.
animation
During translation, the following stages are taking place:
(1) Messenger RNA strand passes through ribosome
(2) Triplet CCC codes for the next amino acid to be brought into
position in the ribosome
(3) Transfer RNA brings in the appropriate amino acid (proline)
(4) Amino acid added to polypeptide chain
(5) Transfer RNA released to pick up amino acid to be recycled
(6) "Used" messenger RNA strand may pass on to another
ribosome
(7) Process repeats with next triplet code until:
(8) Triplet UAA causes translation to stop

(9) If it is "long", the polypeptide chain folds into the shape of the
final protein
Summary - base conversions
DNA
(coding strand)DNA
(non-coding strand) Messenger RNA
(mRNA) Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
A (adenine)
T (thymine)
U (uracil) A (adenine)
T (thymine)
A (adenine)
A (adenine)
U (uracil)
G (guanine)
C (cytosine)
C (cytosine)
G (guanine)
C (cytosine)
G (guanine)
G (guanine)
C (cytosine)
This topic has connections with other units on:DNA structure
DNA bases
RNA bases
Amino acids commonly found in proteins
All 20 Amino acids visible in 3-D on a single page
Amino acid structure
Amino acid condensation
3-D interactive structures of Biological molecules

But where does translation take place within a cell? What

individual substeps are a part of this process? And does
translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? The
answers to questions such as these reveal a great deal about the
essential similarities between all species.
Where Translation Occurs
Within all cells, the translation machinery resides within a
specialized organelle called the ribosome. In eukaryotes, mature
mRNA molecules must leave the nucleus and travel to the
cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are located. On the other hand,
in prokaryotic organisms, ribosomes can attach to mRNA while it
is still being transcribed. In this situation, translation begins at the
5' end of the mRNA while the 3' end is still attached to DNA.
In all types of cells, the ribosome is composed of two subunits:
the large (50S) subunit and the small (30S) subunit (S, for
svedberg unit, is a measure of sedimentation velocity and,
therefore, mass). Each subunit exists separately in the cytoplasm,
but the two join together on the mRNA molecule. The ribosomal
subunits contain proteins and specialized RNA molecules

specifically, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). The

tRNA molecules are adaptor moleculesthey have one end that
can read the triplet code in the mRNA through complementary
base-pairing, and another end that attaches to a specific amino
acid (Chapeville et al., 1962; Grunberger et al., 1969). The idea
that tRNA was an adaptor molecule was first proposed by Francis
Crick, co-discoverer of DNA structure, who did much of the key
work in deciphering the genetic code (Crick, 1958).
Within the ribosome, the mRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA complexes
are held together closely, which facilitates base-pairing. The rRNA
catalyzes the attachment of each new amino acid to the growing
chain.
The Beginning of mRNA Is Not Translated
Interestingly, not all regions of an mRNA molecule correspond to
particular amino acids. In particular, there is an area near the 5'
end of the molecule that is known as the untranslated region
(UTR) or leader sequence. This portion of mRNA is located
between the first nucleotide that is transcribed and the start
codon (AUG) of the coding region, and it does not affect the
sequence of amino acids in a protein (Figure 3).
So, what is the purpose of the UTR? It turns out that the leader
sequence is important because it contains a ribosome-binding
site. In bacteria, this site is known as the Shine-Dalgarno box
(AGGAGG), after scientists John Shine and Lynn Dalgarno, who
first characterized it. A similar site in vertebrates was
characterized by Marilyn Kozak and is thus known as the Kozak
box. In bacterial mRNA, the 5' UTR is normally short; in human
mRNA, the median length of the 5' UTR is about 170 nucleotides.
If the leader is long, it may contain regulatory sequences,
including binding sites for proteins, that can affect the stability of
the mRNA or the efficiency of its translation.

Filipino
I. Panimula
Ang langit koy ikaw; Ikaw ang langit ng aking bagong daigdig ,
daigdig na nasa Tundo,nasa iyo, Ito ang mga katagang binitawan
ni Alma Fuertes sa Pagtatapos ng nobela na AngTundo Man May
Langit Din.Sa pagsusuri na aking ginawa sa nobela nabatid ko na
sadyang ang lipunan na atingkinabibilangan ay sadyang malaki

ang nagiging papel sa ating buhay.Ang nobela ay umikot

sakwento ng pulitika, pagkakaibigan, pamilya, at pagibig.
Sinisimbolo ng nobela na ito ang mgasuliranin na hinaharap ng
karaniwang Pilipino sa pang araw-araw na buhay. Gaya na lamang
ngmga tauhan na nabanggit sa kwento na sila Victor, Alma, Flor,
Lukas, Dolores,Aling Sion, mgaFuertes at marami pang iba. isa-isa
nila binibigyang buhay ang katayuan ng bawat indibidwal natao
na humaharap sa pang araw-araw na suliranin sa buhay. Nabatid
ko din na maaring ginamitlamang ng may akda ang lugar na
Tundo upang bigyang diin at bigyang representasyon ang ating
bansang Pilipinas sapagkat sa lugar na ito makikita ang ibat
ibang pangyayari at katayuan nanangyayari pa din sa ating bansa
hanggang sa kasalukuyan.Minumulat ang lahat sa nobelang itosa
aspekto ng Pulitika na talamak talaga ang pagaagawan sa
pwesto.ngunit nga ba hindi namanka ganoon kalaki ang suweldo?
Marahil sa magiging kapalit nito kapag na sa puwesto
kana.Naway sa pagtatapos ng nobela hindi man nabigyan
solusyon ang suliranin sa Politika.sana saating buhay ay gawan
natin ng paraan ang problema na ito para sa susunod na
henerasyon. Napukaw ng aking pansin ang pag-iibigan nila
Victor,Alma at Flor. Naipakita nila samga mambabasa na
mayaman ka man o mahirap ano man ang estado mo sa buhay,
saan ka mannakatira at anu pa man ang prinsipyo mo kapag
natutunan mong gamitin ang iyong puso sa pagdedesisyon
magiging tama ang lahat. Ang Tundo Man May Langit din ay
sinakay tayo sakuwento ng pagmamahalan ni Victor, Alma at Flor

upang lubos natin mabatid ang Langit nahinahanap ng lahat.

Langit na magpapaligaya sa kani-kanilang puso. Sa pag-iibigan
nila Victor atAlma nabatid nila na ang langit na iyon ay nakita nila
sa isat isa ito ay nahanap din nila sakatahimikan na nakamit nila
mula ng ginamit nila ang kanilang puso at pagrebelde sa
malingGawain ng lipunan na kani-kanilang kinabibilanggan.Lahat
tayo ay may Langit ding hinahanap.Langit na sasagot sa ating
suliranin. Nawayang bawat isa ay mabatid ang kani-kanilang
langit na hinahanap.Malay mo ang impiyernongtinuturing mo ay
ang langit na mataggal mo na ng hinahanap. Malay mo Ang Tundo
Man MayLangit Din.