A REPORT ON

STUDY OF EXISTING SANITARY SYSTEM OF CHANDIGARH

PREPARED BY
AMIL MEMON (150080717001)
AJAY ANDODARIYA (150080717002)
JAIMIN PATEL (150080717009)
KAUSHAL PATEL 150080717011)
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERIG
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDHYALA, V.V.NAGAR

AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE

INTRODUCTION
Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in the northern part of India that serves as the capital of
the states of Punjab and Haryana. As a union territory, the city is ruled directly by the Union
Government and is not part of either state. Chandigarh and adjoining cities of Mohali (Punjab)
and Panchkula (Haryana) are together called Chandigarh Tricity. As of 2011 India census,
Chandigarh had a population of 1,055,450 making for a density of about 9252 persons per square
kilometer.
Chandigarhs sectoral grid has a well-designed system of piped water supply and sewerage
disposal. Under the citys Water Byelaws, every planned dwelling unit has to have water and
sewerage connections. With the formation of U.T in 1966, all the works for the citys physical
infrastructure were handled by the respective departments of the Chandigarh Administration.
After creation of the Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh in 1994, the citys water supply,
sewerage system, storm water drainage, solid waste management & sanitation, have been
transferred to the Municipal Corporation. The Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD) has
formulated benchmarks for service delivery in four areas. The purpose of formulating these
benchmarks is to shift the focus from infrastructure creation to service delivery.

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES OF WATER

The water supply of the city of Chandigarh is based on two sources i.e. Surface Water from
Bhakra Main Canal which is tapped at Kajauli located at a distance of 27 km. from Chandigarh.
It had been planned to bring water from Kajauli in four phases, each brings 20 mgd water. Three
phases already stand commissioned and the construction of fourth phase is in progress and is
likely to be completed by 2005. The second source of water supply is under ground water being
pumped through deep bore tube wells. At present there are about 160 tube wells generating 10
mg of water every day.
With the increase in the population and the development of phase III sectors in progress, the
demand for water supply has been increasing tremendously. The peak demand of Chandigarh is
about 95 mgd whereas the present availability is about 64 mgd. After the completion of 4th
phase, the availability of water will increase to 78.5 mgd.
The Municipal Corporation has been making constant efforts to improve the water supply
distribution in the city. Till the time of completion of 4th phase, it had been planned to meet the
water shortage through the installation of deep bore tube wells.
The Corporation has installed 81 tube wells since its formation in 1996. Some of these tube wells
have been installed in lieu of the tube wells abandoned due to their discharge going very low and
their operation becoming un-economical. There were complaints of low water pressure in certain

pockets which were either located at higher elevations or were at the dead end of the distribution
system.
Boosting arrangements have been provided in Sector 42-C, 44-A, 45-A & D, Sector 30-B, 18-C,
rehabilitation colony Maloya. Due to the vertical expansion of the city the demand for water
supply at higher pressure has increased very much. In order to meet with the demand of water
supply at higher pressure the existing machinery at water works at Sector 12 & sector 26 has
been replaced and augmented with the machinery of higher head. There is every possibility of
break downs at Kajauli Water Works which can disturb the water supply of the city.
Therefore, in order to have storage capacity for at least one days supply, the Corporation after
its formation has constructed four underground reservoirs at water works Sector 26, 32, 37 & 39
thereby increasing the storage capacity from 38 MG to 50 MG. Further the raw water storage
capacity has also been increased from 30 MG to 36 MG by constructing storage and
segmentation tank of 6 mg capacity. Another S & S Tank of similar capacity is under
construction and is likely to be completed in this financial year. This will raise the raw water
storage capacity to 42 mg. The raw water brought from Kajauli is filtered and treated at sector 39
water works. The Corporation increased the capacity of the filtration plant by constructing a new
15 mgd plant thus raising the filtration capacity to 60 mgd. Another 10 mgd filtration plant has
been constructed and its testing is under progress. It is likely to be commissioned by the end of
this year.
Due to the continuous drawing of underground water through tube wells, the water table of the
city has been depleting with the passage of time. To recharge the underground aquifers 10 sites
had been identified for tapping the rain water. The work of recharging the underground aquifers
by providing strainers in the bore holes has been completed at 8 sites. The work for the balance 2
sites is in progress.
The Corporation has not only been making efforts in providing sufficient water supply but has
also been conscious in reducing the cost of water supply. Bank capacitators have been provided
at Kajauli water works to reduce the electricity charges. HT electricity meter connections are
being obtained for the water works.
The Corporation had made persistent efforts in increasing the revenue receipts from the water
charges. After coming into being the Corporation revised the water tarrif in June2000 and has
again revised in August 2002. Even before the first revision, the water receipts had been raised
from Rs.8 crore to Rs.14 crore by plugging leakages and checking the theft of water.
Another step in the direction of increasing water receipts has been the replacement of defective
water meters. The Corporation has replaced about 62,000 defective water meters since its
inception. The Corporation has also levied sewage cess for the first time in the city.

PRESENT AVALABILITY OF WATER

At present the city has access to 87 MGD of water which includes 20 MGD from 200 tube wells
and 6 MGD and 3 MGD water share of Haryana and Chandimandir respectively. The city taps
groundwater from the deep confined aquifers, which do not get naturally recharged. Hence
recharging these aquifers is a must.
At present Chandigarh is pumping out more water from its aquifers than is being recharged.
However, the city not only has a declining deep water table but also has a rising water table in
shallow aquifers in the southern sectors creating problems and water logging conditions as per
Plan for shallow aquifers at P2 and deep aquifers at P3. (Source: Rainwater harvesting plan for
Chandigarh, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, 2011). To meet the citys future
requirements of water, under JNNURM, Government of India had approved Phases V & VI of
water supply scheme from Kajauli.
The Punjab Government had initially agreed to release 40 mgd raw water out of which U.Ts
share was to be 29 mgd. However, Government of Punjab now wants to use this water
exclusively for Mohali area themselves and yet another phase of bringing more water to Kajauli
is being negotiated. With continuously increasing demand for water and uncertainty and disputes
plaguing augmentation of canal water supply, Chandigarh needs to develop a comprehensive rain
water harvesting plan to ensure long term sustainability of water sources for the city.

EXISTING
TRANSMISSION,
CAPACITIES

DISTRIBUTION

AND

STORAGE

The transmission mains carry water from the raw water source Kajauli, Punjab to the Water
Treatment Plant in Sector 39, Chandigarh. The water pumped to the treatment plant is treated,
disinfected and stored. This is further pumped to five distribution water works which in turn
pump the clear water to the citys distribution system for use by the consumers. The performance
indicators for maintaining the water supply.

DISTRIBUTION
MANIMAJRA

OF

WATER

SUPPLY

IN

CHANDIGARH

AND

The city has been divided into 7 zones for the purpose of distribution including the town of
Manimajra. The zoning of the city has been done keeping in view the north to south slope of the
land. Each zone has a headwork named after its sector.
A plan showing the location of tube wells and boosters in the city is at Plan 3 and the plan
showing the water supply network is at Plan 4.

MANIMAJRA AREA
Manimajra is mainly dependent on tubewells for water supply. The two water works at
Manimajra are fed by 25 tubewells and canal water from Sector 26 Waterworks Chandigarh.

RECYCLING OF WASTE WATER

The Government of India has agreed to the proposal of Chandigarh Administration for recycling
of treated wastewater. Institutions like PGI, colleges, schools, technical institutions and Punjab
Universities have been asked to disconnect the potable water supply from irrigation of lawns and
obtain connection of tertiary treatment water to save precious potable water. The Municipal
Corporation has received good response to the proposal. Accordingly, MC has executed a project
under JNNURM for supply for treated tertiary water having biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
less than 10 mg/l. Further efforts are being made to utilize tertiary treated water in all green belts
and houses having area of over one kanal (500 square yards).

MAP M1:- PREMONSOON GROUND WATER

LEVEL DEEP AQUIFERS

MAP M2:- PREMONSOON GROUND WATER

LEVEL SHALLOW AQUIFERS

ZONING PLAN OF WATER SUPPLY LAYOUT

WATER WORKS LOCATION PLAN

STORM WATER DRAINAGE

The city has well laid out underground storm water drainage system. The Storm Water Drainage
System has been designed keeping in view the slope of the city i.e. from North West to South
East. It was initially designed for a rain intensity of half inch per hour.
However, because of the increased green areas/ open spaces coming under construction, the
runoff co-efficient has increased tremendously. This has resulted in the over loading of storm
water drainage system and hence flooding of low lying pockets in the city.
The Corporation had conducted a survey and identified 35 such pockets. The storm water
drainage systems in these pockets have been augmented by providing additional lines and road
gullies. In order to meet the situation of flooding, it had been planned to augment the main trunk
lines running from North to South.
One trunk main running between sector 17 & 18, 21 & 22, 34 & 35, 43 & 44 and discharging in
the N-Choe in sector 51 has been laid at a cost of about Rs.2 crores. To augment the drainage
system additional lines have been provided in sector 7, 8, 15, 24, 28, V3 road dividing sector 34
& 44, 38, 41.
Additional lines have also been provided on road leading to railway station. About 500 vertical
road gullies have been provided to increase the intake of water in the storm water lines. The
storm water drains have also been provided in Rehabilitation colony Maloya, Janta & Kumhar
Colony sector 25.
Reasons for Floods in Chandigarh:The key reasons for this situation are assessed as follows:

Some areas of city experience floods due to inadequate drainage system, which was
designed for rainfall of 12 mm/hour excessive concentration of flood due to heavy down
pour.
Disappearance of flood absorbing N-choe because of urbanisation.
Dumping of debris and garbage into the open nallahs / N-choe.
Illegal encroachment of natural water courses.
Filling of N- choe in Chandigarh which decreases the drainage capacity.
Diversion of natural water courses to accommodate habitations.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SEWERAGE NETWORK
The first phase (sector 1-30) of Chandigarhs sewerage system was laid during 1952 to 1965, the
second phase (sector 31 to 47) from 1965 to 1976 and the third phase from 1976 onwards.
There are separate sewer and storm water drainage systems in Chandigarh. The sewerage and
storm water is discharged by gravity flow due to good natural slope from north east to south
west. The slope also helps the sewers to be naturally cleaned due to the good self cleansing
velocities.
There is a well organized network of main and branch sewerage drains. The egg shaped brick
trunk sewers offshoot into 18 inches dia stoneware pipe branch sewers of each sector at major
junctions of V3 roads.
The main sewage runs from west to east with inter connection of sewer line from south to north.
No pumping is involved because of the citys topography. The length of stoneware sewage pipe
network is 742 km. The population catered to by the sewerage system is 95%.
The city of Chandigarh has a well planned underground network of pipes for the disposal of
sewerage generated in the city. It is obligatory for every residential/ non residential.
The sewerage system of the city has been designed by taking into account the natural slope of the
city, which is from north to south. The sewage of the city flows under gravity in various pipes of
different diameter ranging from 6 to 18 S.W.Pipes and 24x36 to 66 dia circular Brick
sewer. The total length of the sewer lines in the city is 890 km.
The sewage is carried to a site in the south of the city where a plant has been constructed for its
treatment and the treated sewage is than disposed off in an open Nallah. There are few pockets in
the city which are at lower level and thus the sewage of these pockets cannot be discharged
under gravity into the sewerage system of The city. The sewage of these pockets is pumped into
the sewerage system and thereafter it flows under gravity to the Sewage Treatment Plant.
The Sewage Treatment Plant, spread over an area of 48 acres, is located at Sector 66 of S.A.S.
Nagar in Punjab Territory which is at a distance of about 4 km from the nearest planned Sector
47. The present capacity of the Sewage Treatment Plant is 30 MGD although about 48 mgd
sewage is received at the Sewage Treatment Plant.
The sewage received at S.T.P. is subjected to primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Out of
the 48 mgd sewage received at the Sewage Treatment Plant, 35 mgd is treated upto secondary
level and out of this 10 mgd is further treated upto tertiary level. The tertiary treated sewage is
recycled back to the city for irrigation of open spaces/ gardens. The Secondary treated sewage is
disposed off in an open Nallah. There were frequent break downs in the supply of tertiary treated
water due to leakages in the line. Zero velocity valves have been provided in the line for
avoiding break downs.

The increase in the population and increasing water supply has resulted in increased sewage
flow. This has necessitated augmentation of sewage treatment plant. For the treatment of sewage
and the disposal of treated sewage into the open choe, the construction work of 5 mgd sewage
treatment plant at Raipur Kalan has been taken into hand. This is likely to be commissioned by
the end of next year.
Efforts are also being made to enhance the existing capacity of the Sewage Treatment Plant at
Diggian from 30 mgd to 50 mgd. Further, a study is being conducted wherein the big campuses
like Punjab University, PGI, Govt. Hospital Sector 32 etc. will be required to install captive
treatment plants in their campuses.
The sewage generated in these campuses/ institutions will be treated at these captive plants and
the treated sewage will be used for the irrigation of open spaces in these institutions. This will
not only help in reducing the burden on the sewerage network of the city but also help in
reducing the cost of taking the sewage from the residential and commercial premises to the
S.T.P. and thereafter recycling it back to the city after treatment for irrigation of open spaces/
parks.
There are many unauthorized colonies in the city. To check the residents of these colonies from
defecating in the open areas, the community toilets in the form of sulabh sauchalyas and mobile
toilet vans have been provided in these colonies. The Corporation has provided 47 mobile toilet
vans and constructed 20 sulabh sauchalyas in the colonies. In order to mechanise the system of
cleaning of sewerage system, sewer cleaning machines have been procured by the Corporation.

QUANTUM OF SEWAGE GENERATION

At present 65.25 million gallons of sewage is generated per day in Chandigarh. Out of this, 45
MGD is treated at sewage treatment plant (STP) at Diggian, Phase X1 Mohali and the remaining
at Raipur Khurd (1.25 MGD), Raipur Kalan (5 MGD), 3 BRD (5MGD), Sector 47, Chandigarh.
Another I0 MGD STP is under construction at 3 BRD. After commission of this STP, total
sewerage generated will be treated upto required standards.