Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Area or operation
General areas on vessels and vessel sections such as accessways, exits, gangways, stairs, and w
General
landside
areas
such
as
corridors,
exits,
stairs,
and
w
All
assigned
work
areas
on
any
vessel
or
vessel
Landside tunnels, shafts, vaults, pumping stations, and underground work
Landside work areas such as machine shops, electrical equipment rooms, carpenter shops, lo
rooms,
warehouses,
and
outdoor
work
10................. Changing rooms, showers, sewered toilets, and eating, drinking, and break
30................. First aid stations, infirmaries, and offices.
When adequate illumination is not obtainable by permanent lighting sources, temporary lighting
may be used as supplementation.
The employer shall ensure that neither matches nor open-flame devices are used for lighting.
TEMPORARY LIGHTS:- The employer shall ensure that temporary lights meet the following
requirements:
Lights with bulbs that are not completely recessed are equipped with guards to prevent
accidental contact with the bulb;
Lights are equipped with electric cords designed with sufficient capacity to safely carry the
electric load;
PORTABLE LIGHTS
In any dark area that does not have permanent or temporary lights, where lights are not
working, or where lights are not readily accessible, the employer shall provide portable or
emergency lights and ensure that employees do not enter those areas without such lights.
Where the only means of illumination on a vessel or vessel section are from lighting sources
that are not part of the vessel or vessel section, the employer shall provide portable or
emergency lights for the safe movement of each employee. If natural sunlight provides
sufficient illumination, portable or emergency lights are not required.
The employer shall provide and ensure that each employee uses only explosion-proof, selfcontained temporary and portable lights, approved for hazardous conditions by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory (NRTL), in any area that the atmosphere is determined to contain
a concentration of flammable vapors that are at or above 10 percent of the lower explosive limit
(LEL) as specified in 29 CFR part 1915, subparts B and C.
Based on the findings of a consultancy study to review the standards of the lighting and
ventilation requirements in buildings, the Building Authority (BA) is prepared to accept the
following alternative performance standards on the provision of natural lighting and ventilation
in habitable rooms and domestic kitchens for the purpose of regulations 30, 31 and 32 of the
Building (Planning) Regulations (B(P)R):
Assume that daylight from side lighting can go 1.5 to 2 times the height of the window into
space.
Lighting schematic in a room with stepped lighting controls.4 1997 by Ernest Orlando
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; reprinted with permission.
Count the number of lighting panels and lighting breakers per panel.
Determine the number of different lighting schedules that will be needed.
1. Use an luminance meter to record light levels, a roller wheel or ultrasonic range finder to
measure space dimensions, and a tape measure to measure floor to window height.
VENTILATION
Achieving good indoor air quality in large residential and commercial buildings continues to be a
top priority for owners, designers, building managers and occupants alike. Large buildings those
outside the scope of Part 9 of the National Building Code present a greater challenge in this
regard than do smaller buildings and houses. The challenge is greater today because there are
many new materials, furnishings, products and processes used in these buildings that are
potential sources of air contaminants.
There are three strategies for achieving acceptable indoor air quality: ventilation, source control
and cleaning/filtration. Depending on the building and the specific characteristics of its location,
these strategies may be used singly or in combination.
Ventilation is the process of supplying outdoor air to an enclosed space and removing stale air
from this space. It can control the indoor air quality by both diluting the indoor air with less
contaminated outdoor air and removing the indoor contaminants with the exhaust air. Source
control refers to the use of environmentally friendly building materials and furnishings (such as
natural wood), and low emission floor coverings, paints, adhesives and cleaning products.
The primary function of source control is to keep the levels of indoor air contaminants as low as
possible by minimizing the use of materials and products that have the potential for off-gassing
(i.e., emitting chemical compounds). Air cleaning is the use of filtration techniques to remove
contaminants from both the ventilation (outdoor) and indoor air. It is essential for buildings
located in urban centers or near industrial plants where the quality of the outdoor air may be
worse than that of the indoor air. The most frequently used strategy, and in most cases the only
one available to building operators, is ventilation.
Mechanical ventilation costs money because the outdoor air needs to be heated in winter and
cooled in summer. To conserve energy, care must be taken to maximize the efficiency of the
ventilation system. In this regard, a number of factors come into play.
Ventilation Performance and Energy Use the main factors affecting the performance and energy
efficiency of a ventilation system are: Air distribution Air leakage Local exhaust.
REQUIRED VENTILATION
The ventilation rate required for health and comfort should be calculated separately and the
highest value used for design.
The ventilation required from a health point of view is calculated by this equation:
Where,
Where,
Q, = ventilation rate required for comfort (11s)
G = sensory pollution load (019
Ci = perceived indoor air quality, desired (decipol)
C, = perceived outdoor air quality at air intake (decipol)
Ev = ventilation effectiveness
occurs due to half-way rectification in fluorescent tubular lamps and causes stroboscopic effect
whereby rotating machinery or other objects appear to slow down in speed and this may lead to
accidents. The flicker in fluorescent lamps is most noticeable at the ends and these should be
shielded from the direct view.
INTERPRETATION
Centre line of street is half distance of the 2 opposite lot boundaries with a street in between.
Cross ventilation means the situation in which outdoor air can flow from the window openings
in the front half of the room (the primary opening), through the room, and out via the other
window openings located in the rear half of the room (the secondary opening) which is not
located on the same plane of the primary openings.
"Height of facade", when used in relation to the natural lighting and ventilation requirements,
means the height of a building measured from the top of the window head at the lowermost
storey in which the window is provided to the top of the parapet of the main roof of the building.
"Illuminance" means the amount of light falling on a surface.
"Open air" has the same meaning as defined in regulation 2 of the Building (Planning)
Regulations (B(P)Rs).
Primary opening means any window opening which satisfies the natural lighting requirements
stipulated under the B(P)Rs or in paragraph 1(a) of PNAP APP-130 or any window opening
locates in or within 1.5m from end of the external wall where the aforementioned window
locates.
Secondary opening means any window opening which is located at an external wall, other
than that defined for the primary opening, in the rear half of the room and facing open air.
"Vertical Daylight Factor" means the ratio in percentage of the total amount of illuminance
falling onto a vertical surface of a building to the instantaneous horizontal illuminance from a
complete hemisphere of sky excluding direct sunlight. It takes into account light coming from
the sky directly and from - 2 - reflected light of surrounding buildings and the ground both
above and below the horizon.
achieving natural lighting and ventilation, means the lowermost level of the glazing in the room
for which the window is provided.
VENTILATION
Ventilation in non-industrial buildings due to stack effect, unless there is a significant internal
load, could be neglected, except in cold regions, and wind action may be assumed to be
predominant. In hot dry regions, the main problem in summer is to provide protection from suns
heat so as to keep the indoor temperature lower than those outside under the sun. For this
purpose windows and other openings are generally kept closed during day time and only
minimum ventilation is provided for the control of odours or for removal of products of
combustion.
In warm humid regions, the problem in the design of non-industrial buildings is to provide free
passage of air to keep the indoor temperature as near to those outside in the shade as possible,
and for this purpose the buildings are oriented to face the direction of prevailing winds and
windows and other openings are kept open on both windward and leeward sides.
In winter months in cold regions, the windows and other openings are generally kept shut,
particularly during night; and ventilation necessary for the control of odors and for the removal
of products of combustion can be achieved either by stack action or by some infiltration of
outside air due to wind action.
Maintenance of Carbon Dioxide Concentration of Air Within Safe Limits and to Provide
Sufficient Oxygen Content in Air for Respiration
Even in the worst ventilated rooms the content of carbon dioxide in air rarely exceeds 0.5 to 1
percent and is therefore incapable of producing any ill effect. The amount of air required to keep
the carbon dioxide concentration down to 1 percent is very small. The change in oxygen content
is also too small under normal conditions to have any ill effects, the oxygen content may vary
quite appreciably without noticeably effect, if the carbon dioxide concentration is unchanged.
The concentration of carbon dioxide or reduction in oxygen content is thus not sufficiently
critical to provide a basis for fixing rates of ventilation for residential buildings.
Control of Odors
Odors are disturbing and when present they cause headache and loss of appetite. It is, therefore,
desirable that rate of ventilation is estimated on the basis of removal of noticeable body odour
and other odors such as from tobacco smoke, cooking, etc.
Removal of Products of Combustion
Products of combustion discharged from chullas, stoves, gas appliances, etc. used in a kitchen
are likely to accumulate there and may also permeate into other rooms. Similarly angihhis used
for heating rooms in certain colder parts of the country result in the production of carbon
monoxide and other gases. Natural ventilation can play here significant role in controlling
concentration of these products of combustion.
Maintenance of Satisfactory Thermal Environment in a Room
Environmental factors like air temperature, humidity and air movement together with some other
factors, such as clothing, level of activity food, etc. have a direct influence upon bodily
processes. Maintenance of thermal equilibrium of the body is very essential for securing thermal
comfort and for avoiding heat stress. Heat transfer between human body and the environment
occurs through conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation; the relative magnitude of each
process varying with changes in ambient conditions. However, under hot environments,
evaporation is most important process of heat loss from the human body for securing thermal
comfort. As the room air or especially the air around body becomes more nearly saturated due to
humidity it becomes more difficult to evaporate perspiration and a sense of discomfort is felt. A
combination of high humidity and high air temperature proves very oppressive. In such
circumstances even a slight movement of air near the gives relief. It would, therefore, be
desirable to consider a rate of ventilation which may produce necessary air movement.
MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR VENTILATION
Standards for Permanent Ventilation
Since the amount of fresh air required to maintain the carbon dioxide concentration of air within
safe limits and to provide sufficient oxygen content in the air for respiration is very small, the
minimum standards of ventilation are based on control of body odor or the removal of products
of combustion depending on the requirements of each case.
Where no contaminants are to be removed from air, amount of fresh air required for dilution of
inside air to prevent vitiation by body odors, depends on the air space available per person and
the degree of physical activity; the amount of air decreases as the air space per person increases,
and it may vary from 20 m3 to 30 m3 per person per hour. In rooms occupied by only a small
number of persons such an air change will automatically be attained in cool weather by normal
leakage around windows and other openings and this may easily be secured in warm weather by
keeping the openings open.
Air movement is necessary in hot and humid weather for body cooling. A certain minimum
desirable wind speed is needed for achieving thermal comfort at different temperatures and
relative humidities .Where somewhat warmer conditions can be tolerated without perceptible
discomfort, minimum wind speeds fur just acceptable warm conditions given in Table 2 may be
followed. For obtaining values of indoor wind speed above 2.0 m/s mechanical means of
ventilation may have to be adopted.
Inlet openings should not as far as possible be obstructed by adjoining buildings, trees, sign
boards or other obstructions or by partitions inside in the path of air flow. The distance of
such obstructions from the openings should conform to local building byelaws.
Greatest flow per unit area of opening is obtained by using inlet and outlet openings of
nearly equal areas at the same level.
For a total area of openings ( inlet and outlet) of 20 to 30 percent of floor area, the average
indoor wind velocity is around 30 percent of outdoor velocity. Further increase in window
size increases the available velocity but not in the same proportion. In fact, even under most
favorable conditions the maximum average indoor wind velocity does not exceed 40 percent
of the outdoor velocity.
Where the direction of wind is quite constant and dependable, the size of the inlet should be
kept within 30 to 50 percent of the total area of openings and the building should be oriented
perpendicular to the incident wind. Where direction of the wind is quite variable the
openings may be arranged so that as far as possible there is approximately equal area on all
sides. Thus no matter what the wind direction be, there would be some openings directly
exposed to wind pressure and others to air suction and effective air movement through
building would be assured.
Windows of living rooms should open directly to an open space. In places where building
sites are restricted, open space may have to be created in the building by providing adequate
courtyards.
In the case of a room with only one wall exposed to outside, provision of two windows on
that wall is preferred to that of a single window.
Windows located diagonally opposite to each other with the windward window near the
upstream corner ( as shown in cases 2 and 7 in Table 4 ) give better performance than other
window arrangements for most of the buildings orientations.
Provision of vertical louvers increases the room air motion, provided that the vertical
projection does not obstruct the incident wind.
Verandah open on three sides is to be preferred since it causes an increase in the room air
motion for most of the orientations of the building with respect to the incident wind.
PREVENTION OF GLARE
(1) Where any source of artificial light in the factory is less than 4.9 meters above floor level, no
part of the light source or of the lighting fitting having a brightness greater than 1.5 candles per
square centimeter shall be visible to persons whilst normally employed within 30.48 meters of
the source, except
where the angle of elevation from the eye of the source or part of the fitting as the case may be
exceeds 20
(2) Any local light, that is to say, an artificial light designed to illuminate particularly the area or
part of the area of work of a single operative or small group of operatives working near each
other shall be provided with a suitable shade of opaque material to prevent glare or with other
effective means by which the light source is completely screened from the eyes of every person
employed at the normal working place, or shall be so placed that no such person is exposed to
glare there from.
Schedule Part I
Parts of factories in which light sensitive photographic materials are made or used in an exposed
condition or where such exposing operations are carried on.
Part II
Cement works.
Works for the crushing and grading of limestone.
Gas Work.
Coke Oven Works.
Electrical stations.
Flour Mills.
Maltings and Breweries.
Parts of factories in which the following processes are carried on :
Concrete or artificial stone making.
Conversion of iron into steel.
Smelting of iron ore.
Iron or steel rolling.
Hot rolling or forging, tempering or annealing of metals.
Glass blowing and other working in molten glass.
Tar distilling.
Petroleum refining and blending.
LIGHTING EVALUATION CHECKLIST
Very small objects magnified in addition to good lighting Moving machinery parts painted a
color which contrasts with the background Adequate lighting in storage rooms, stairways and
hallways Simple background behind tasks.
VENTILATION
In the case of an industrial building having a significant internal heat Load due to manufacturing
processes, the following items may be considered when designing for the maximum possible
control of thermal environment:
a) Orientation of the building with respect to the direction of the prevailing winds and of the path
of the sun in the sky and to the location of adjoining buildings.
b) Configuration of the building and the manufacturing processes in it.
c) Proper inlets (windows and other openings) and their location with respect to outlet
openings.
d) Mechanical ventilation including selection and disposition of fans, inlet grilles and
arrangement of ducts. In the case of industrial buildings wider than 30 m, the ventilation may be
augmented by roof ventilation.
Very small objects magnified in addition to good lighting Moving machinery parts painted a
color which contrasts with the background Adequate lighting in storage rooms, stairways and
hallways Simple background behind tasks.
The BA accepts a room used for habitation or as a kitchen as shown in Diagram F to have met
the performance standard of ventilation if the following conditions are satisfied:(a) The total area of the primary openings provided in the room is not less than 1/16 of the floor
area of the room;
(b) The primary openings face into a clear and unobstructed area complying with at least the
open air requirement; and
(c) In the case of a kitchen, 5 ACH mechanical ventilation is provided in addition to the
requirements in (a) and (b) above.
For the purpose of assessing the sizes of the primary and secondary openings for ventilation in
paragraphs above and below, the effective area of the primary and secondary openings,
irrespective of the height of the window head and window sill is counted.
PURPOSE
This criterion defines the roles of and minimum requirements for mechanical ventilation systems
in new low-rise residential buildings.
SCOPE
This criterion applies to spaces intended for human occupancy within single-family houses and
multifamily structures including apartment buildings, condominiums, townhouses, manufactured
and modular houses.
DEFINITIONS
Acceptable indoor quality: air toward which a substantial majority of occupants would have no
dissatisfaction with respect to odor and sensory irritation.
air cleaning: the use of equipment that removes particulate, microbial, or gaseous contaminants
(including odors) from air.
AIR EXHAUST: air discharged from any space to the outside by an exhaust system.
AIR INDOOR: air in an occupiable space.
AIR OUTDOOR: air from outside the building.
AIR TRANSFER: air moved from one occupiable space to another, usually through doorways
or grilles.
AIR VENTILATION: outdoor air delivered to a space that is intended to dilute airborne
contaminants air change rate: airflow in volume units per hour divided by the volume of the
space on which the air change rate is based in identical units (normally expressed in air changes
per hour.
ATMOSPHERICALLY VENTED: combustion appliance venting that is not powered by a fan
and relies on air inside the pressure boundary to replace the vented air.
BALANCED SYSTEM: two or more fans that simultaneously supply outdoor air and exhaust
building air at substantially equal rates such that both the total supply and total exhaust flow rates
meet the required fan flow rate. If the supply and exhaust points are both connected to a central
forced air distribution system then the central system fan must operate simultaneously with the
ventilation fan.
BATHROOM : any room containing a bathtub, a shower, a spa, or a similar source of moisture
or a toilet, urinal, or similar sanitary device.
CONDITIONED SPACE: the part of a building that is capable of being thermally conditioned
for the comfort of occupants.
CONTAMINANT: a constituent of air that may reduce acceptability of that air.
DIRECT-VENTED: combustion appliance venting that is powered by a fan and does not rely
on air inside the pressure boundary to replace the vented air.
DIRECT EXHAUST-VENTED: combustion appliance venting that is powered by a fan and
relies on air inside the pressure boundary to replace the vented air.
OCCUPIABLE SPACE: any enclosed space inside the pressure boundary and intended for
human activities, including, but not limited to, all habitable spaces, toilets, closets, halls, storage
and utility areas, and laundry areas.
PRESSURE BOUNDARY: primary air enclosure boundary separating indoor and outdoor air.
For example, a volume that has more leakage to the outside than to the conditioned space would
be considered outside the pressure boundary. Exposed earth in a crawlspace or basement shall
not be considered part of the pressure boundary.
READILY
ACCESSIBLE: capable
of
being
quickly
and
easily
reached
for
(4.1a)
where
Qv = ventilation flow rate in cubic feet per minute (cfm)
Afloor = floor area in square feet (ft2)
Nbr = number of bedrooms; not to be less than one.
(4.1b)
where
Qv = ventilation flow rate in liters per second (L/s)
Afloor = floor area in square meters (m2)
Nbr = number of bedrooms; not to be less than one.
Fan Flow Rate
The required ventilation flow rate specified in Equations 4.1a and 4.1b, shall be provided by fan
flow rate as follows:
Qfan = QvCs
(4.2)
where
Qfan = fan flow rate (cfm)
Cs is the system coefficient
System Coefficient based on system type
System Type
Distributed
Not Distributed
Balanced or Mixed
0.75
1.0
1.0
1.25
DELIVERED VENTILATION
The delivered ventilation rate shall be calculated as the larger of the total supply or total exhaust
and shall be no less than specified in Section 4.1 averaged over each two hours of operation. For
intermittent ventilation systems, the fan flow rate shall be calculated according to Equation 4.2.
Qfan.intermittent = Qfan/ f
(4.2)
where
Qfan.intermittent = fan flow rate during the intermittent operation on-time (cfm)
f = fractional on time, defined as the on-time for one total cycle (on + off) divided by the total
cycle time [i.e. fractional on time = on-time/(on-time + off-time)].
AIRFLOW MEASUREMENT
The airflow required by this section is the quantity of indoor air exhausted by the ventilation
system as installed and shall be measured using a powered or unpowered flow hood, flow grid,
or other airflow measuring device.
Exception: The airflow rating at a pressure of 0.25 in. w.c. (62.5 Pa) may be used, provided that
the airflow is HVI certified and provided that for bathroom and toilet room exhaust the duct
sizing meets the requirements.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
Adjacent Spaces Measures shall be taken to minimize air movement across enclosure
components separating dwelling units, and to dwelling units from garages, unconditioned crawl
spaces, and unconditioned attics.
MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
All doors between dwelling units and common hallways shall be gasketed or made substantially
airtight with weather stripping.
CLOTHES DRYERS
Clothes dryers shall be exhausted directly to the outdoors.
efficiency
of MERV 9
or
better
when
tested
in
accordance
10 feet (3048 mm) of an intake opening, such opening shall be located a minimum of 3 feet (914
mm) below the exiting contaminant source. The intake shall be placed so that entering air is not
obstructed by snow, plantings, or other material, and shall be provided with rodent/insect screens
(mesh not larger than 1/4 in. [13 mm]).
DUCT INSULATION
Reference
1) Thornton, B.; Wang, W.; Lane, M.; Rosenburg, M.; Liu, B. Technical
Support Document: 50% Energy Savings Design Technology Packages for
Medium Office Buildings. PNNL-18774. Prepared by Pacific Northwest
National
Laboratory
for
U.S.
Dept.
of
Energy.
www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19004.pdf.
September 2009.
2) OConnor, J., Lee, E., Rubinstein, F. Selkowitz, S. Tips for Daylighting with
Windows, The Integrated Approach. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory. LBNL-39945 1997.
http://windows.lbl.gov/daylighting/designguide/dlg.pdf. 1997
3) OConnor, J., Lee, E., Rubinstein, F. Selkowitz, S. Tips for Daylighting with
Windows, The Integrated Approach. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley
National
Laboratory.
LBNL-39945
1997.
http://windows.lbl.gov/daylighting/designguide/dlg.pdf. 1997
5) is.sp.32.1986