Professional Documents
Culture Documents
at
the University of Florida
Shreeharsh Mallick
Introduction
What is
Lightning?
Lightning is the discharge of
atmospheric electricity
Cloud-to-cloud
flash
(intracloud)
Thundercloud
_ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
Cloud-to-cloud
flash
(intercloud)
+ + +
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Cloud-to-air
flash
Thundercloud
Cloud-to-ground
flash
Earth
Downward
Negative
(90% of
CG flash)
Upward
Negative
Downward
Positive
Upward
Positive
_
_
Thundercloud
_
_
_
_
_
+
Streamer
_
Charges in Cloud
Dart/Dart-Stepped
Leader
Ionized Air
Stepped
Leader
Negative
downward
natural
lightning
Current
Attachment
Striking
Distance
Upward
Leaders
Image Charges
on Ground
Objects on
Ground
+
Still-camera
image
Streak-camera image
Channel-base current
10
(Adapted from Lightning Physics & Effects
by V. A. Rakov & M. A. Uman)
11
(Adapted from Lightning
by M. A. Uman)
M-component
12
200-300 ms
Peak current:
1st stroke = 30 kA
Sub. stroke = 10-15 kA
M-comp. = 100-200 A
1st stroke = 5 s
Sub. stroke = 0.3-0.6 s
M-comp. = 300-500 s
1st strokes
101
14
30
80
Sub. Strokes
135
4.6
12
30
1st strokes
92
5.5
12
32
Sub. Strokes
122
12
40
120
Front duration
(2 kA to peak)
1st strokes
89
1.8
5.5
18
Sub. Strokes
118
0.22
1.1
4.5
Stroke duration
(2 kA to HPW-value
on tail)
1st strokes
90
30
75
200
Sub. Strokes
115
6.5
32
140
1st strokes
94
0.15
13
1100
39
31
180
900
133
33
150
Peak current
(min. 2 kA)
kA
Max. dI/dt
kA/s
Flash duration
ms
Sub. Strokes
Time
interval
14
between strokes
ms
_
_
Thundercloud
_
_
_
_
_
+
_
_
Charges in Cloud
Dart/Dart-Stepped
Leader
Ionized Air
Initial
Continuous
Current
Upward
lightning
Subsequent
Return Stroke
Upward
Positive
Leader
Streamer
Image Charges
on Ground
Ground-Based
Tall Object
Still-camera
image
Streak-camera image
Channel-base current
Note initial continuous current in place of first return stroke
17
(Adapted from Lightning Physics & Effects
by V. A. Rakov & M. A. Uman)
_
_
_
_
_
_
Thundercloud
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
Charges in Cloud
Natural Channel
Dart/Dart-Stepped
Leader
Initial
Continuous
Current
Streamer
Upward
Positive
Leader
Ionized Air
Subsequent
Return Stroke
Triggered
lightning
using rocketand-wire
technique
Exploded Wire
Wire connected
to Ground
Rocket
Launcher
Image Charges
on Ground
_
_
_
_
_
_
Thundercloud
_
_
+
_
_
_
_
Charges in Cloud
Current
Streamers
Leaders
Return Stroke
Altitude
triggered
lightning
Wire not
connected to
ground
Interceptor
Rocket
Launcher
Image Charges
on Ground
Lightning
strikes plane
while take off in
Japan
(unknown
source).
(classical
example of
altitude
triggered
lightning)
22
UF
Lightning
Research
Group
23
Facilities
The Lightning Center for Lightning Research
and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, FL
Rocket-Triggered Lightning Experiments
Activities
Studying the various physical
processes in natural and rockettriggered lightning
Current shunts/Pearson coil
Electric and Magnetic field antennas
X-Ray detectors
HF and VHF systems
Optical equipments
25
26
(Adapted from Lightning Physics & Effects
by V. A. Rakov & M. A. Uman)
Glass
Cupola
E-field
antenna
X-ray
detector
dE/dt
antenna
Flash UF 09-25
Starke Site
Fulgurite
Case Study
Triggered-Lightning Testing of
Lightning Protective System
of a Residential Building
(Triggered-Lightning Testing of the Protective System of a Residential
Building: 2004 and 2005 Results, B.A. DeCarlo, V.A. Rakov, J. Jerauld, G.H.
Schnetzer, J. Schoene, M.A. Uman, K.J. Rambo, V. Kodali, D.M. Jordan, G.
Maxwell, S. Humeniuk, and M. Morgan, ICLP 2006)
Office
IS1
Experimental
set-up
Launch
Control
600 V
Underground
Cable
Tower
Launcher
Test House
Lead
conductor
Test
3-Phase
Distribution
Line
Test Runway
North
Instrumentation box
The test house at the ICLRT whose LPS was subjected to direct lightning
strikes in 2004 and 2005. Approximate dimensions of the house are 10 x 7 x
6.5 m3. Photo from 2005.
Air
terminal
9.9 m
Ground
Level
To electrical
circuit neutral
4.6 m
B
D
3m
3.4 m
6.1 m
Diagram of the LPS of the test house in 2004. All conductors below the plane labeled
Ground Level are buried (in direct contact with earth).
Note: Return stroke current only was injected in 2004.
SPDs
Watt-hour
meter 600-V Cable
6
K
4
50
50
Buried
D
conductor
A
336 468
668
69
Electrical diagram of test system configuration for 2004. Currents A, B, C, D, and K were
measured at the test house, and current G was measured at IS1, 50-m away.
Point A
SPDs
Injected
(a)
Watt-hour
meter 600-V Cable
6
K
4
Buried
conductor
Point K
Point C
50
Point D
336 468
50
D
C
668
69
(b)
Return-stroke currents for stroke 0401-3, displayed on a 10 s time scale. (a)
injected current and currents at points A, B, C, D, and K; (b) currents for flash
0401-7.
Lightning current
injection point
3.8 m
9.9 m
Ground
Level
4.6 m
A1
To electrical
circuit neutral
6.8 m
D
B1
3m
3.4 m
Diagram of the LPS of the test house in 2005. All conductors below the plane labeled
Ground Level are buried (in direct contact with earth).
Note: Both initial-stage and return-stroke currents were injected in 2005.
50
A
A1
B1
50
G
69
Electrical diagram of test system configuration for 2005. Currents A, A1, B, B1, and D
were measured at the test house, and Current G was measured at IS1, 50 m away.
Current, kA
Downlead A
Downlead A1
Downlead B
Downlead B1
-1
-2
0521-1
-3
20
Current, kA
40
60
Time, s
80
(a)
100
0521-1
-2
-4
Injected Current
Sum of 4 Downleads
-6
-8
20
40
60
Time, s
80
(b)
100
(a) Return stroke currents in four downleads (A, A1, B, and B1) ,
(b) The sum of the four downlead currents (A, A1, B, and B1) vs. the injected current
waveform displayed on a 110 s time scale for stroke 0521-1.
-5
Injected Current
(Sum - D), scaled
0521-1
-10
20
Current, kA
40
60
Time, s
80
(a)
100
-2
-4
Current D
Current G
0521-1
-6
20
40
60
Time, s
80
(b)
100
(a) Injected current versus the difference between the sum of the four downlead currents
and current D, labeled (Sum D). The (Sum D) waveform is scaled so that its peak is equal
to that of the injected current and represents the current going to the grounding system
(local) of the test house. (b) Current D versus current G.
Injected current,
kA
Current D, kA
Current D relative
to Injected current,
%
2004
2005
2004
2005
2004
2005
Minimum
3.6
6.8
0.8
4.4
16
51
Maximum
17.8
34.4
3.4
8.5
28
72
Arithmetic Mean
9.4
14.4
2.1
6.6
22
59
Standard
Deviation
4.1
8.8
0.9
1.8
3.6
8.5
Geometric Mean
4.7
12.7
1.9
6.1
22
58
Sample Size
11
11
11
Over 80% of the injected peak current was observed to enter the electrical
circuit neutral in similar 1997 tests at the ICLRT (Rakov et al., 2002).
4 mm
Adjacent
damage
(a)
(b)
2004
Lightning current
injection point
2005
Air
terminal
To electrical
circuit neutral
Ground
Level
To
electrical
circuit
neutral
Ground
Level
Air
terminal
A1
A
B
D
B1
16
0521-1
0401-1
12
Peak Current, kA
Peak current, kA
14
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Inj.
Inj.
A1
B1
Bar charts of peak current of injected (Inj.) current, currents in ground rod A, ground
rod A1 (2005), ground rod B, ground rod B1 (2005), ground rod C (2004),
and current D for events LSA-0401-1 and LSA-0521-1.
Lightning current
injection point
Lightning current
injection point
2005
Air
terminal
To electrical
circuit neutral
A1
A
B1
N
35
0401-1
0521-1
30
25
HPW, s
HPW, s
Ground
Level
To
electrical
circuit
neutral
Ground
Level
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
3
Air
terminal
20
15
10
5
Inj.
Inj.
A1
B1
Bar charts of half-peak width of injected (Inj.) current, currents in ground rod A, ground
rod A1 (2005), ground rod B, ground rod B1 (2005), ground rod C (2004), and current D
for events 0401-1 and 0521-1.
Summary
The primary objective was to examine current division between
local (at the test house) and remote grounding systems
Current entering the electrical circuit neutral in percent of the
injected current:
1997 >80%
2004 22%
better grounding at the test house than in 1997
2005 59%
Roughly a factor of two to three larger current in 2005 than in 2004
was forced to search its way to remote ground
Overall, configuration tested in 2004 (RS only; SPDs installed)
performed better than the configuration tested in 2005 (IS + RS;
SPDs disconnected)
In absence of SPDs in 2005, the watt-hour meter incurred damage,
similar to the no-SPD configuration tested in 1997 (Rakov et al.,
2002)
QUESTIONS?
References
Lightning Physics and Effects, V. A. Rakov and M.
A. Uman, Cambridge University Press, 2003
Lightning, M. A. Uman, Dover Publication, 1969
Triggered-Lightning Testing of the Protective
System of a Residential Building: 2004 and 2005
Results, B.A. DeCarlo, V.A. Rakov, J. Jerauld, G.H.
Schnetzer, J. Schoene, M.A. Uman, K.J. Rambo,
V. Kodali, D.M. Jordan, G. Maxwell, S.
Humeniuk, and M. Morgan, ICLP 2006
55