Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bin tp bi:
Ng B Hng, Phm Th Phi
MC LC
1. Gii thiu tng quan v gio trnh
2. Chng 1: Tng quan v mang may tinh
2.1. Tng quan v mang may tinh
3. Chng 2: Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh
3.1. Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh
4. Chng 3: Tng quan v tng vt l ca h thng mang my tnh
4.1. Gii thiu tng vt l ca h thng truyn d liu
4.2. Vn s ha thng tin
4.3. Cc loi knh truyn d liu
4.4. c im cc knh truyn d liu
4.5. Cc hnh thc m ha d liu s
5. Chng 4: Chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu
5.1. Chc nng c bn ca tng lin kt d liu
5.2. Vn x l li
5.3. Cc giao thc iu khin li
5.4. Giao thc ca s trt (Sliding windows)
6. Chng 5: Mng ni b
6.1. Tng quan v Lan
6.2. Hnh thi mng ni b
6.3. Lp con MAC (Media Access Control Sublayer)
6.4. Chun ha mng cc b
6.5. Gii thiu mt s cng ngh mng LAN
7. Chng 6: Tng mng (Network Layer)
7.1. Tng mng (Network Layer)
7.2. Cc vn lin quan n vic thit k tng mng
7.3. Gii thut chn ng
7.4. Cc gii thut chng tc nghn
7.5. Lin mng
7.6. B giao thc lin mng (IPs - Internet Protocols)
8. Chng 7: Tng vn chuyn
8.1. Dch v ca tng vn chuyn
8.2. Cc yu t cu thnh giao thc vn chuyn
8.3. Tng vn chuyn trong mng Internet
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B. NI DUNG CT LI
Gio trnh c chia thnh 8 chng vi ni dung ch yu nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v mng my tnh : Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho
ngi hc cc loi mng truyn d liu tn ti trc khi mng my tnh ra
i, cu trc tng qut ca mt mng my tnh, hai ch truyn ti d liu c
bn l Chuyn mch v Chuyn gi, nhng li ch m mng my tnh mang li.
Chng 2: Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh: Chng ny nhm gii
thiu cho ngi hc cc thnh phn lin quan n phn cng ca mt mng
my tnh, s phn loi mng my tnh theo cc tiu ch khc nhau, kin trc
phn mm ca mt mng my tnh, c bit l kin trc c th bc ca cc giao
thc mng, m hnh tham kho OSI.
Chng 3: Tng vt l: Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi hc m hnh
ca mt h thng truyn d liu n gin v cc vn c lin quan n trong
mt h thng truyn d liu s dng my tnh, cc phng php s ha thng
tin, c im knh truyn, tnh nng k thut ca cc loi cp truyn d liu,
cc hnh thc m ha d liu s truyn ti trn ng truyn.
Chng 4: Tng lin kt d liu: Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi hc
cc chc nng c bn m tng lin kt d liu m trch, vai tr ca khung
trong vn x l li ng truyn v cc phng php xc nh khung, cc
phng php pht hin li nh Phng php kim tra chn l, Phng php
kim tra theo chiu dc v Phng php kim tra phn d tun hon, cc giao
thc iu khin li cho php theo di tnh trng li ca d liu gi i, cc giao
thc x l li ch ra cc cch gii quyt trng hp d liu truyn i b li.
Chng 5: Mng cc b v tng con iu khin truy cp ng truyn:
Chng ny nhm gii thiu vi ngi c cc phng chia s ng truyn
chung gia cc my tnh trong mt mng cc b nh: cc phng php chia
knh, cc phng php truy cp ng truyn ngu nhin v cc phng php
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Mng in thoi
Mng in thoi cho php truyn thng tin di dng m thanh bng cch s dng h
thng truyn tn hiu tun t.
Mng in thoi hot ng theo ch chuyn mch nh hng ni kt (circuit
switching), tc thit lp ng ni kt tn hin gia hai bn giao tip trc khi thng tin
c truyn i (connection oriented).
Mng my tnh
Mng my tnh l mng ca hai hay nhiu my tnh c ni li vi nhau bng mt
ng truyn vt l theo mt kin trc no .
Mng c th c kin trc n gin nh hnh di y:
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Mng cc b n gin
ng bin mng
Bao gm cc my tnh (Host) trn mng ni thc thi cc chng trnh ng dng mng
(Network Application). i khi ngi ta cn gi chng l cc H thng cui (End
Systems) vi ngha y chnh l ni xut pht ca thng tin di chuyn trn mng, cng
nh l im dng ca thng tin.
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Qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai my tnh trn mng c th din ra theo hai m hnh:
M hnh Khch hng / Ngi phc v (Client / server model) hay M hnh ngang hng
(peer-to-peer model).
ng bin mng
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ng trc mng
Mng ng trc
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Mng chuyn gi
Trong phng php ny, thng tin trao i gia hai my tnh (end systems) c phn
thnh nhng gi tin (packet) c kch thc ti a xc nh.
Gi tin ca nhng ngi dng khc nhau ( v d ca A v B) s chia s nhau bng thng
ca knh truyn. Mi gi tin s s dng ton b bng thng ca knh truyn khi n c
php. iu ny s dn n tnh trng lng thng tin cn truyn i vt qu kh nng
p ng ca knh truyn. Trong trng hp ny, cc router s ng s theo gii thut lu
v chuyn tip (store and forward), tc lu li cc gi tin cha gi i c vo hng i
ch cho n khi knh truyn rnh s ln lt gi chng i.
So snh mng chuyn mch v mng chuyn gi
Chuyn gi cho php c nhiu ngi s dng mng hn:
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Gi s:
Mt ng truyn 1 Mbit
Mi ngi dng c cp 100Kbps khi truy cp active
Thi gian active chim 10% tng thi gian.
Khi :
circuit-switching: cho php ti a 10 users
packet switching: cho php 35 users, (xc sut c hn 10 active ng thi l
nh hn 0.004)
Chuyn gi:
Thch hp cho lng lu thng d liu ln nh c ch chia s ti nguyn v
khng cn thit lp cuc.
Cn c c ch iu khin tt nghn v mt d liu.
Khng h tr c c ch chuyn mch m bo tng bng thng c nh
cho mt s ng dng v m thanh v hnh nh.
Mng truy cp
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Mng truy cp
Cho php ni cc my tnh vo cc router ngoi bin. N c th l nhng loi mng sau:
Mng truy cp t nh, v d nh s dng hnh thc modem dial qua ng in
thoi hay ng ADSL.
Mng cc b cho cc cng ty, x nghip.
Mng khng dy.
Cc li ch ca mng my tnh
Mng to kh nng dng chung ti nguyn cho cc ngi dng.
Vn l lm cho cc ti nguyn trn mng nh chng trnh, d liu v thit b, c
bit l cc thit b t tin, c th sn dng cho mi ngi trn mng m khng cn quan
tm n v tr thc ca ti nguyn v ngi dng.
V mt thit b, cc thit b cht lng cao thng t tin, chng thng c dng
chung cho nhiu ngi nhm gim chi ph v d bo qun.
V mt chng trnh v d liu, khi c dng chung, mi thay i s sn dng cho mi
thnh vin trn mng ngay lp tc. iu ny th hin rt r ti cc ni nh ngn hng,
cc i l bn v my bay...
Mng cho php nng cao tin cy.
Khi s dng mng, c th thc hin mt chng trnh ti nhiu my tnh khc nhau,
nhiu thit b c th dng chung. iu ny tng tin cy trong cng vic v khi c my
tnh hoc thit b b hng, cng vic vn c th tip tc vi cc my tnh hoc thit b
khc trn mng trong khi ch sa cha.
Mng gip cho cng vic t hiu sut cao hn.
Khi chng trnh v d liu dng chung trn mng, c th b qua mt s khu i
chiu khng cn thit. Vic iu chnh chng trnh (nu c) cng tit kim thi gian
hn do ch cn ci t li trn mt my.
V mt t chc, vic sao chp d liu phng h tin li hn do c th giao cho ch mt
ngi thay v mi ngi phi t sao chp phn ca mnh.
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Mng cc b
y l mng thuc loi mng qung b, s dng mt ng truyn c tc cao, bng
thng rng, c hnh trng (topology) n gin nh mng hnh bus, mng hnh sao (Star
topology), mng hnh vng (Ring topology).
Mng hnh bus
Mng th
Mng th
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Mng LAN v mng MAN thng thng khng s dng cc thit b chuyn mch, iu
hn ch trong vic m rng phm vi mng v s lng my tnh v khong cch.
Chnh v th mng din rng c pht minh.
Trong mt mng WAN, cc my tnh (hosts)c ni vo mt mng con (subnet) hay
i khi cn gi l ng trc mng (Backbone), trong c cha cc b chn ng
(routers) v cc ng truyn ti (transmission lines).
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Phn mm mng
y l thnh phn quan trng tht s lm cho mng my tnh vn hnh ch khng phi
l phn cng. Phn mm mng c xy dng da trn nn tng ca 3 khi nim l giao
thc (protocol), dch v (service) v giao din (interface).
Giao thc (Protocol): M t cch thc hai thnh phn giao tip trao i thng
tin vi nhau.
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Trong m hnh trn,mi tng th da trn tng pha di. V d, cc phng tin ca giao
thng ca tng nh t, tu ha, my bay (ca tng lin kt d liu) tng vn chuyn
th cn h tng c s nh ng t, ng st, sn bay (ca tng vt l).
i vi mi tng, cc chc nng c nh ngha l cc dch v cung cp cho tng pha
trn n. Cc ng thng mu trong s xc nh cc dch v c cung cp bi
cc tng khc nhau. Thm vo , cc chc nng ca tng tng tng ng vi cc lut
c gi l cc giao thc (Protocols).
V d v cu trc th bc ca giao thc
Xem xt mt v d khc lin quan n h thng truyn tp tin t my tnh X sang my
Y. Hai my ny c ni vi nhau bi mt dy cp tun t. Chng ta xem xt mt m
hnh gm 3 tng:
Ngi s dng mun truyn mt tp tin s thc hin mt li gi n tng A
nh vo mt hm c nh ngha sn, send_file(fileName, destination).
Trong fileName l tp tin cn truyn i, destination l i ch ca my tnh
nhn tp tin.
Tng A phn chia tp tin thnh nhiu thng ip v truyn tng thng ip nh
lnh send_message(MessageNo, destination) do tng B cung cp.
Tng B qun l vic gi cc thng ip, m nhim vic phn chia cc thng
ip thnh nhiu n v truyn tin, gi l cc khung (frame); gi cc khung
gia X v Y tun theo lut nh trc (protocol) nh tn sut gi, iu khin
lung, ch bo nhn ca bn nhn, iu khin li.
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A : Tng ng dng
B : Tng qun l thng ip
C : Tng vt l
Tng B giao cho tng C mt chui cc bit m chng s c truyn ln ng
truyn vt l, khng quan tm g v ngha ca cc bit, n ni nhn.
Thng tin c truyn trn mt knh truyn n gin hoc phc tp v c nh hng
n ni nhn. Bn nhn thc hin ngc li tin trnh ca bn gi. C bn nhn v bn
gi cng c s ln gi/nhn ging nhau.
Ta cng ch rng, kch thc ca cc n v truyn tin trong tng tng l khc nhau.
tng A n v l mt tp tin. Tng B, n v truyn tin l cc khung theo mt cu trc
c nh ngha. Tng C, n v truyn tin l cc tn hin c truyn trn ng
truyn vt l.
Dch v mng
Hu ht cc tng mng u cung cp mt hoc c hai kiu dch v: nh hng ni kt
v Khng ni kt.
Dch v nh hng ni kt (Connection-oriented): y l dch v vn hnh
theo m hnh ca h thng in thoi. u tin bn gi phi thit lp mt ni
kt, k n thc hin nhiu cuc trao i thng tin v cui cng th gii phng
ni kt.
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Chc nng
LISTEN
Nghn ch mt yu cu ni kt gi n
CONNECT
RECIEVE
SEND
DISCONNECT Kt thc mt ni kt
Qu trnh trao i thng tin gia Client, ngi c nhu cu s dng dch v v server,
ngi cung cp dch v c thc hin bng cch s dng cc hm c s trn c m
t nh kch bn sau:
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M hnh dch v c ni kt
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thc ln, tng ny s phn chia chng thnh cc phn nh trc khi gi i, cng nh
tp hp li chng khi nhn c.
Tng 3: Tng mng (Network Layer)
Tng ny m bo cc gi tin d liu (Packet) c th truyn t my tnh ny n my
tnh kia cho d khng c ng truyn vt l trc tip gia chng. N nhn nhim v
tm ng i cho d liu n cc ch khc nhau trong mng.
Tng 2: Tng lin kt d liu (Data-Link Layer)
Tng ny m bo truyn ti cc khung d liu (Frame) gia hai my tnh c ng
truyn vt l ni trc tip vi nhau. N ci t c ch pht hin v x l li d liu nhn.
Tng 1: Tng vt k (Physical Layer)
iu khin vic truyn ti tht s cc bit trn ng truyn vt l. N nh ngha cc tn
hiu in, trng thi ng truyn, phng php m ha d liu, cc loi u ni c
s dng.
V nguyn tc, tng n ca mt h thng ch giao tip, trao i thng tin vi tng n ca
h thng khc. Mi tng s c cc n v truyn d liu ring:
Tng vt l: bit
Tng lin kt d liu: Khung (Frame)
Tng Mng: Gi tin (Packet)
Tng vn chuyn: on (Segment)
Trong thc t, d liu c gi i t tng trn xung tng di cho n tng thp nht
ca my tnh gi. , d liu s c truyn i trn ng truyn vt l. Mi khi d
liu c truyn xung tng pha di th n b "gi" li trong n v d liu ca tng
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H thng trn l h thng c bn nht cho cc h thng truyn d liu. N thc hin y
cc chc nng m tng vt l trong m hnh OSI qui nh.
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Vn s ha thng tin
Vn s ha thng tin
Thng tin tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. x l, m c bit truyn ti
thng tin ta cn phi m ha chng.
Trong thi i chng ta, thng tin thng c th hin di dng cc trang ti liu hn
hp, nh cc trang web, m ng thi c th th hin vn bn, hnh nh tnh, hnh
nh ng, phim nh,.... Thng tin thc t c th hin di dng a phng tin. Mi
mt loi thng tin s hu h thng m ha ring, nhng kt qu th ging nhau: mt
chui cc s 0 v 1. Vic truyn ti thng tin bao gm vic truyn ti cc bit ny.
M hnh m ha nh sau:
S s ha d liu
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S ha vn bn
M Morse
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M ASCII chun
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M ha hnh nh tnh
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Cc c tnh ca cp xon i l:
c s dng trong mng token ring (cp loi 4 tc 16MBps), chun mng
Ethernet 10BaseT (Tc 10MBps), hay chun mng 100BaseT ( tc
100Mbps)
Gi c chp nhn c.
UTP thng c s dng bn trong cc ta nh v n t c kh nng chng
nhiu hn so vi STP.
Cp loi 2 c tc t n 1Mbps (cp in thoi) .
Cp loi 3 c tc t n 10Mbps (Dng trong mng Ethernet 10BaseT)
(Hnh a)
Cp loi 5 c tc t n 100MBps (dng trong mng 10BaseT v
100BaseT) (Hnh b)
Cp loi 5E v loi 6 c tc t n 1000 MBps (dng trong mng 1000
BaseT)
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Cp ng trc
Cp ng trc gy
u ni ch T v BNC
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Cu trc cp quang
S lan truyn tn hiu c thc hin bi s phn x trn b mt. Thc t, tn ti 3 loi
cp quang.
Ch n: mt tia sng trn ng truyn ti
Hai ch cn li gi l ch a: nhiu tia sng cng c truyn song song
nhau
Tn hiu c di sng cng ln th khong cch truyn cng xa m khng b suy gim,
ngc li nhng tn hiu c tn s cng cao th c pht tn cng thp.
Hnh H3.15 m t ph ca sng in t c dng cho truyn d liu. Khong tn s
cng cao cng truyn ti c nhiu thng tin.
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Vin : l hiu in th cc i;
w : nhp ; f = w/2pi : l tn s;
T = 2pi/w = 1/f : l chu k.
Tn hiu u ra s l:
vout(t) = Vout sin (wt + F)
Vi : F : l tr pha.
Mc in th ng ra ty thuc vo in th ng vo v c im vt l ca n bn cc.
Cc lut trng in t chng minh rng trong trng hp n gin nht ta c:
Vout/Vin = (1 + R2C2w2)-1/2 F = atan(-RC w)
Ta nhn thy rng in th ng ra Vout th yu hn in th ng vo Vin. Ta ni c mt
s gim th v mt s lch phaF gia hiu in th ng vo v hiu in th ng ra. Nu
ta chng 2 sng in th ng vo v in th ng ra trong mt s thi gian, ta c kt
qu nh sau:
Cng gim thTn hiu voTn hiu raThi gian
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Truyn tn hin bt k
L thuyt ton Fourrier chng minh rng bt k mt tn hin no cng c th xem
nh c to thnh t mt tng ca mt s hu hn hoc v hn cc sng hnh sin.
Khng i su vo chng minh ta c kt qu sau:
Mt tn hiu bt k x(t) th c th phn tch thnh mt tp hp cc tn hiu dng
sng hnh sin.
Nu l tn hiu tun hon, th ta c th phn tch n thnh dng mt chui
Fourier. Thut ng chui y mun ni n mt lot cc sng hnh sin c
tn s khc nhau nh l cc bi s ca tn s ti u f0.
Nu tn hiu khng l dng tun hon, th ta c th phn tch n di dng mt
b Fourier ; vi cc sng hnh sin c tn s ri rc.
Bng thng ca mt knh truyn (Bandwidth)
Bi v mt tn hiu bt k c th c xem nh l mt s kt hp ca mt chui cc
sng hnh sin, nn ta c th xem rng, s truyn ti mt tn hiu bt k tng ng vi
vic truyn ti cc sng hnh sin thnh phn. V tn s ca chng l khc nhau, chng
c th n ni vi suy gim l khc nhau, mt trong s chng c th khng cn nhn
ra c. Nu ta nh ngha mt ngng cn nghe c A0, th tt c cc tn hiu hnh
sin c tn s nh hn f1 c xem nh b mt. Tng t cc tn hiu c tn s ln hn
f2 cng c xem l b mt. Nhng tn hin c th nhn ra c bn nghe l cc tn
hiu c tn s nm gia f1 v f2. Khon tn s ny c gi l bng thng ca mt knh
truyn.
Bng thng WA(db)f
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DTa s dng hai kiu tn hiu tun t, mi loi c di sng D, sng th nht c tn
s f1, sng th hai c tn s f2 (gp i tn s f1). C hai tn hiu u c th nhn c
ng ra. Ta qui nh rng tn hiu th nht truyn bit 0 v tn hiu th hai truyn bit
"1". Nhp c s dng a cc tn hiu ln ng truyn bng vi nhp truyn cc
bit bi v mi tn hiu th truyn mt bit. S phn bit gia tn hiu 0 v 1 da trn s
khc bit v tn s ca 2 tn hiu sin. S m ha ny c gi l bin iu tn s.
V d 2 : Truyn d liu s bi cc tn hiu tun t.
Trong trng hp ny ta s dng 4 loi tn hiu hnh sin lch pha nhau Pi/4. Mi loi tn
hiu c th vn chuyn 2 bits hoc 00, 01, 10 hay 11. Vi cch thc nh th, tc d
liu s gp i tn s bin iu.S phn bit gia cc tn hiu trong trng hp ny d
vo pha ca tn hiu. Ta gi l bin iu pha.
V d 3 : Truyn ti cc d liu s bng cc tn hiu s.
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Bin iu bin
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V d : Trong mt tnh ton khoa hc t xa, ngi dng giao tip vi my tnh trung
tm. Cho :
p = 900 bits, Nt = 200, T = 2700 s, Nc = 0.8, D = 1200 b/s.
Khi
Mt giao thng trung bnh l E = 0.6
Tng sut s dng knh truyn = 0.05
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X l li
c th truyn ti c d liu nhn t tng mng n my nhn, tng lin kt d liu
phi s dng cc dch v c cung cp bi tng vt l. Tt c nhng g tng vt l thc
hin l nhn mt chui cc bits th v c gng truyn chng n my ch. Tng vt l
khng m bo v tin cy ca cc bits c truyn i. S lng bits n ni nhn c
th nhiu, t, hay bng s bits gi i, thm ch gi tr ca chng cng c th khc vi
gi tr m chng c gi i. Chnh v th m tng lin kt d liu phi d tm v x
l cc li trn d liu nhn c.
nh khung
Nh ni phn trn, n v truyn tin ca tng lin kt d liu l cc khung. Vn
t ra l lm sao bn nhn bit c im bt u v im kt thc ca khung. Chnh v
vy m tng lin kt d liu cn thit phi qui nh khun dng ca khung m mnh s
dng. C 3 phng php nh khung ph bin sau:
m k t (Character count)
S dng cc bytes lm c hiu v cc bytes n (Flag byte with byte stuffing)
S dng c bt u v kt thc khung cng vi cc bit n (Starting and ending
flags with bit stuffing)
Phng php m k t (Character Count)
Phng php ny s dng mt trng trong phn tiu m t s lng cc k t c
trong khung. Bt li ca phng php ny l nu mt k t m ca mt khung no
b li s lm cho cc khung pha sau khng th xc nh c. Phng php ny v th
m t c s dng.
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Phng php s dng byte lm c v cc byte n (Flag byte with byte stuffing)
Phng php ny s dng mt byte c gi tr c bit lm c hiu (flag byte) nh
du im bt u v kt thc ca khung. Mt vn pht sinh trong phng php ny
l, trong d liu c th cha byte c gi tr ca c hiu. iu ny s lm gy khung.
gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta a vo pha trc byte d liu c gi tr ca c hiu mt
byte c bic gi l byte ESC. Bn nhn khi nhn c byte ESC theo sau l gi tr ca
c hiu th s b i k t ESC ng thi bit y cha phi l im kt thc ca khung.
Tng t, nu trong d liu c cha k t ESC th ta cng a thm vo pha trc n
mt k t ESC. K thut ny c gi l k t n (character stuffing).
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thm vo bit 0. Ngc li, nu bn nhn pht hin 5 bits lin tip v theo sau bng mt
bit 0, n s loi b bit 0 ra khi d liu. Nh th c s khng xut hin trong d liu gi.
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Tuy nhin, nu khung bo nhn b mt, b m thi gian s tri qua, bo hiu cho ngi
gi v vn pht sinh. Gii php trong trng hp ny l bn gi gi li khung. Nh
th khung c truyn i nhiu ln c th lm cho khung c gi ln tng mng nhiu
hn mt ln. phng nga trng hp ny, ngi ta gn vo mi khung gi i mt S
th t (sequence number), nh bn nhn phn bit c cc khung c truyn li.
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Vn x l li
Vn x l li
B m pht hin li
Khi truyn ti mt chui cc bit, cc li c th pht sinh ra, bit 1 c th bin thnh bit 0
hay ngc li.
Ta nh ngha t l li bi t s sau:
= S bt b li / Tng s bt c truyn
T l li ny c gi tr t 10-5 n 10-8. Ty thuc vo tng loi ng dng, mt li c
mc nghim trng khc nhau, chnh v th cn c cc c ch cho php pht hin li
cng nh sa li.
Cc thng k cho thy rng 88% cc li xy ra do sai lch mt bit v 10% cc li xy ra
do s sai lch 2 bit k nhau. Chnh v th ta u tin cho vn pht hin cc li trn mt
bit v sa i chng mt cch t ng.
Vi tng nh th, ta s dng cc m pht hin li: bn cnh cc thng tin hu ch
cn truyn i, ta thm vo cc thng tin iu khin. Bn nhn thc hin vic gii m cc
thng tin iu khin ny phn tch xem thng tin nhn c l chnh xc hay c li.
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C th ci thin s trn bng cch dng phng php LRC. Trong phng php ny,
khung c xem nh mt khi nhiu k t c sp xp theo dng hai chiu, v vic
kim tra c thc hin c chiu ngang ln chiu dc.
Theo chiu ngang, mi k t c thm vo mt bit kim tra chn l nh trng hp
trn, v c gi l bit Kim tra chiu ngang VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check).
H4.6 Kim tra chiu dc tun honTheo chiu dc, cung cp thm mt k t kim
tra, c gi l k t Kim tra chiu dc LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) hay
Checksum. Trong , bt th i ca k t ny chnh l bit kim tra cho tt c cc bit th i
ca tt c cc k t trong khi.
Cc php o ch ra rng vic dng c hai VRC v LRC gim i t l li khng pht hin
c hai n bn bc so vi dng ch VRC. Hy xem trng hp bit 1 v 3 trong k t
1 ang b li. Khi bn nhn tnh ton c bit VRC cho k t 1, n s kim tra vi bit
VRC nhn, v s khng pht hin c li. Tuy nhin, khi n tnh ton c k t
LRC, bit 1 v 3 ca k t ny s khc vi nhng bit trong k t LRC nhn c, v
s pht hin c li.
Tuy nhin, ngay s ny cng khng phi l tht s tt. By gi, nu gi s bit 1 v 3
ca k t 5 cng b li, phng php ny s khng pht hin c im sai.
Kim tra phn d tun hon (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
ci tin hn na cc nh thit k dng k thut mi d dng v hiu qu c gi
l kim tra phn d tun hon, trong c th s dng mt s phng php ci t khc
nhau nh: modulo 2, a thc, thanh ghi dch v cc cng Exclusive-or.
Cc th tc vi modulo 2 din ra nh sau. Vi mt thng ip M c k bit cn gi i, bn
gi s ni vo cui thng ip mt chui F c r bit, c gi l Chui kim tra khung
(FCS: Frame Check Sequence). Chui kim tra khung s tnh ton sao cho khung kt
qu T c hnh thnh t vic ni M vi F (gm k + r bit) c th chia ht bi s P no
c nh trc. Bn gi s gi T i. Khi bn nhn nhn c T, n s thc hin
php chia modulo T cho P. Nu php chia khng ht, tc c s d, bn nhn xc nh
rng khung T b li, ngc li l khng c li. Nu khung khng c li, bn nhn s
tch thng ip M t T, l k bits trng s cao ca T.
Phng php ny dng php chia modulo 2 trong vic chia T cho P, php ton modulo
2 dng mt php cng nh phn khng nh v cng chnh l php ton Exclusive-or.
V d sau m t php ton cng v nhn modulo 2:
1111
11001
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+ 1010
0101
x 11
11001
11001
101011
Gi s ta c:
M: Thng ip k bit cn c gi sang bn nhn.
F : Chui kim tra khung FCS gm r bit l thng tin iu khin c
gi theo M gip bn nhn c th pht hin c li.
T =MF l khung (k + r) bit, c hnh thnh bng cch ni M v F li
vi nhau. T s c truyn sang bn nhn, vi r < k
Vi M (k bit) , P (r+1 bit), F (r bit), T (k+r bit), th tc tin hnh xc nh
checksum F v to khung truyn nh sau:
Ni r bit 0 vo cui M, hay thc hin php nhn M vi 2r
Dng php chia modulo 2 chia chui bit M*2r cho P.
Phn d ca php chia s c cng vi M*2r to thnh khung T truyn
i.
Trong P c chn di hn F mt bit, v c hai bit cao nht v thp
nht phi l 1
V d:
Gi s ta c:
M = 1010001101 (10 bit)
P = 110101 (6 bit)
FCS cn phi tnh ton ( 5 bit)
Ta ln lt thc hin cc bc sau:
Tnh M*25 = 101000110100000.
Thc hin php chia modulo M*25 cho P nh hnh di, ta c phn
d F = 01110
To khung gi i l T = M*2r + F = 101000110101110
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Ngoi ra ngi ta cn c th s dng phng php a thc biu din phng php
kim tra phn d tun han. Trong phng php ny ngi ta biu din cc chui nh
phn di dng nhng a thc ca bin x vi cc h s nh phn. Cc h s tng ng
vi cc bit trong chui nh phn cn biu din.
Gi s ta c M=110011v P = 11001, khi M v P s c biu din li bng 2 a
thc sau:
M(x) = x5 + x4 + x + 1
P(x) = x4 + x3 + 1
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Cc giao thc c trnh by di dng cc chng trnh vit bng ngn ng c. Chng
s dng cc nh ngha trong tp tin protocol.h c ni dung nh sau:
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Giao thc truyn n cng khng rng buc (Unrestricted Simplex Protocol)
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Giao thc truyn n cng cho knh truyn c nhiu (Simplex Protocol for Noisy
Channel )
Gi s ta b i gi thuyt knh truyn khng c li. Trong trng hp ny, vi cc k
thut x l li (Parity check, CRC), bn nhn c th pht hin ra c cc khung b li.
Tuy nhin, iu g s xy ra nu khung gi i b mt, khng n c ni nhn. Khi
s dn n tnh trng nh sau:
Ngi gi khng bit c khung c n ni nhn tt hay khng.
Gii php l yu cu ngi nhn gi cc khung bo nhn thng bo v tnh
hnh cc khung b li.
Cc khung bo nhn c th b mt.
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Cu trc ca s trt
Hot ng ca ca s trt
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Flag (8 bit)
Address (8 bit)
Control (8bit)
Information(128-1024
Vng cha d liu cn truyn.
bytes)
FCS (Frame Check
Sequence- 8 bit)
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Giao thc HDLC s dng mt ca s trt vi s th t khung 3 bt. Trng seq trong
khung I ch s th t ca khung thng tin hin ti. Trng Next ch s th t ca
khung thng tin m bn gi ang ch nhn ( thay v l khung nhn tt nh giao th
ca s trt gii thiu phn trc).
Bit P/F c ngha l Poll/Final, tc chn hoc kt thc. Khi my tnh chnh mi mt
my ph truyn tin, th bit ny c t ln 1 c ngha l P (Poll, chn). Ngc li khi
thng tin c truyn t my ph ln my chnh th n c t xung 0, bo vi
my chnh rng my ph hin ti vn cn d liu gi i. Khi my ph gi khung cui
cng, bit ny c t ln 1, c ngha l F (Final, kt thc), bo cho my chnh bit
rng n hon thnh vic truyn ti thng tin.
Khung S(Supervisory Frame)l khung iu khin, dng kim sot li v lung d
liu trong qu trnh truyn tin. Khung S c 4 kiu c xc nh bi t hp gi tr ca 2
bit trong trng Type.
RR (Receive Ready), l khung bo nhn, thng bo sn sng nhn d liu,
nhn tt n khung Next-1, v ang i nhn khung Next. c dng n
SS=00
khi khng cn d liu gi t chiu ngc li va lm bo nhn
(figgyback)
SS=01
SS=10
RNR (Receive Not Ready): thng bo khng sn sng nhn tin, nhn n
n khung th Next-1, cha sn sng nhn khung Next
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1111P100
1100P001
1111P000
1100F001
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Mt vi kch bn ca HDLC
Kch bn (b) m t tin trnh trao i khung I gia hai bn. Ta thy rng bn A gi lin
tip cc khung (I,1,1 v I,2,1) m khng nhn c khung bo nhn th s th t ca
khung ch nhn vn khng thay i, trong trng hp ny l 1. Ngc li khi bn B
nhn lin tip cc khung (I,1,1 v I,2,1) m khng gi khung no i, th khung ch nhn
k tip ca khung thng tin truyn i phi l s k tip ca khung va nhn, l 3.
Trong kch bn (c) my A khng th x l kp cc khung do B gi n v th n gi
khung RNR yu cu B tm dng vic vic truyn ti. Bn B nh k gi thm d bn
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Giao thc PPP c nh ngha trong RFC (Request For Comments) 1661 v sau
c m rng thm bng cc RFC 1662, RFC 1663. PPP thc hin chc nng pht hin
li trn d liu truyn, h tr nhiu giao thc vn hnh trn n, phn phi a ch IP khi
my tnh ni kt vo mng, kim tra quyn ng nhp v nhiu tnh nng khc.
PPP cung cp 3 c tnh sau:
nh ngha mt phng php nh khung cng vi phng php pht hin li.
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1. Giao thc iu khin ng truyn cho php thit lp knh giao tip, kim tra
knh, tha thun v cc thng s truyn tin v xa knh truyn khi khng cn
thit na. Giao thc ny c gi l giao thc LCP ( Link Control Protocol).
2. C phng php thng lng v cc ty chn tng mng mt cch c lp vi
giao thc mng c s dng. Phng php c chn la NCP (Network
Control Protocol) khc nhau cho mi giao thc mng.
hiu r v giao thc PPP, ta xt trng hp quay s ni kt my tnh nh vo mng
ca mt ISP.
u tin my tnh cc nhn s quay s thng qua modem n router ca ISP. Router s
tip nhn cuc gi v mt ni kt vt l c hnh thnh. My tnh s gi mt lot cc
gi tin theo giao thc LCP trong mt hoc nhiu khung ca giao thc PPP tha thun
v cc thng s m PPP s s dng.
Sau mt lot cc gi tin ca giao thc NCP s c gi i thc hin cu hnh tng
mng. Thng thng my tnh mun s dng giao thc TCP/IP nn n cn mt a ch
IP. Giao thc NCP s gn a ch IP cho my tnh. T lc ny, my tnh ng vai tr
nh mt my trn mng Internet. N c th gi v nhn cc gi tin ca giao thc IP.
Khi ngi dng kt thc, NCP xa i ni kt ca tng mng v gii phng a ch IP ca
my tnh s dng cho cc my tnh khc ni vo sau . Giao thc LCP s xa ni
kt ca tng lin kt d liu. V cui cng my tnh s yu cu modem kt thc cuc gi
(Hang up) v gii phng ni kt tng vt l.
Khung ca giao thc PPP tng t nh khung ca giao thc HDLC, tuy nhin y l
khung theo kiu hng k t. N s dng k thut byte n.
tin l 0 c s dng cho cc giao thc mng IP, IPX, OSI CLNP, XNS. Kch thc
mc nh l 2 bytes, tuy nhin giao thc LCP c th tha thun s dng 1 byte.
Payload l ni cha gi tin vi chiu di khc nhau. Chiu di ti a mc nh l 1500
bytes, tuy nhin LCP c th tha thun thay i.
Cui cng l trng checksum dng kim tra li trong khung.
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Chng 5: Mng ni b
Tng quan v Lan
Tng quan v Lan
Nh trnh by trong phn 2.1, theo tiu ch nh gi l khong cch a l th ngi
ta thng phn loi mng my tnh thnh ba kiu:
Mng ni b - Local Area Network (LAN)
Mng th - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Mng din rng - Wide Area Network (WAN)
Trong thc t, LAN v WAN thng c ci t nht.
Mng LAN c s dng ni kt mt di rng cc thit b trong mt phm vi hp,
v d: trn cng mt tng, mt ta nh hay mt khun vin (thng khng vt qu
10Km). Ngy nay, LAN l loi mng c s dng rt ph bin trong mi lnh vc ca
x hi. Ngi ta thng ngh n LAN nh l mng c thng lng cao, tr hon
thp.
Hin ti c rt nhiu cng ngh xy dng mng LAN m chng ta s xem xt n ngay
sau y. Nhiu chun mng LAN c pht trin trong Ethernet v FDDI l ph
bin nht. Ngi ta thng gi chung h cc chun mng LAN l IEEE 802.
V gc k thut, LAN c cc tnh cht quan trng sau:
Tt c cc host trong mng LAN cng chia s ng truyn chung. Do
chng hot ng da trn kiu qung b (broadcast).
Khng yu cu phi c h thng trung chuyn (routing/switching) trong mt
LAN n.
Thng thng, mt mng LAN c nh ngha da trn cc thng s sau:
Hnh thi (topology): Ch ra kiu cch m cc host trong mng c u ni
vi nhau.
ng truyn chia s (xon i, ng trc, cp quang): Ch ra cc kiu ng
truyn mng (network cables) c dng u ni cc host trong LAN li vi
nhau. (Xin xem li m t chi tit cc kiu ng truyn trong chng Tng Vt
L).
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Nhn xt:
Do mi ngi dng c cp mt bng tn ring, nn khng c s ng xy
ra. Khi ch c s lng ngi dng nh v n nh, mi ngi dng cn giao
tip nhiu th FDMA chnh l c ch iu khin truy cp ng truyn hiu
qu.
Tuy nhin, khi m lng ngi gi d liu l ln v lin tc thay i hoc
ng truyn vt qu kh nng phc v th FDMA bc l mt s vn . Nu
ph ng truyn c chia lm N vng v c t hn N ngi dng cn truy
cp ng truyn, th mt phn ln ph ng truyn b lng ph. Ngc li, c
nhiu hn N ngi dng c nhu cu truyn d liu th mt s ngi dng s
phi b t chi khng c truy cp ng truyn v thiu bng thng. Tuy nhin,
nu li gi s rng s lng ngi dng bng cch no lun c gi n
nh con s N, th vic chia knh truyn thnh nhng knh truyn con nh th
t thn l khng hiu qu. L do c bn y l: nu c vi ngi dng ri,
khng truyn d liu th nhng knh truyn con cp cho nhng ngi dng ny
b lng ph.
C th d dng thy c hiu nng ngho nn ca FDMA t mt php tnh
theo l thuyt xp hng n gin. Bt u l thi gian tr hon trung bnh T
trong mt knh truyn c dung lng C bps, vi t l n trung bnh l khung/
giy, mi khung c chiu di c ch ra t hm phn phi m vi gi tr trung
bnh l 1/ bit/khung. Vi cc tham s trn ta c c t l phc v l C
khung/giy. T l thuyt xp hng ta c:
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Thi gian ch i trung bnh trong cc knh truyn con s dng FDMA l xu hn gp
N ln so vi trng hp ta sp xp cho cc khung c truyn tun t trong mt knh
ln.
Chia thi gian (TDMA Time Division Multiple Access)
Trong phng php ny, cc trm s xoay vng (round) truy cp ng truyn. Vng
y c th hiu l vng thi gian. Mt vng thi gian l khong thi gian cho
tt c cc trm trong LAN u c quyn truyn d liu. Qui tc xoay vng nh sau:
mt vng thi gian s c chia u thnh cc khe (slot) thi gian bng nhau, mi trm
s c cp mt khe thi gian n c th truyn ht mt gi tin. Nhng trm
no ti lt c cp cho khe thi gian ca mnh m khng c d liu truyn th vn
chim ly khe thi gian , v khong thi gian b chim ny c gi l thi gian nhn
ri (idle time). Tp hp tt c cc khe thi gian trong mt vng c gi li l khung
(frame).
V d:
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kh nng rt trch ra c tn hiu mong mun trong khi t chi mi th khc v coi
l ting n ngu nhin.
Trong CDMA, thi gian gi mt bit (bit time) li c chia thnh m khong nh hn,
gi l chip. Thng thng, c 64 hay 128 chip trn mt bit, nhng trong v d pha di,
chng ta dng 8 chip cho n gin.
Nhiu ngi dng u chia s chung mt bng tn, nhng mi ngi dng c cp cho
mt m duy nht di m bit gi l dy chip (chip sequence). Dy chip ny s c dng
m ha v gii m d liu ca ring ngi dng ny trong mt knh truyn chung a
ngi dng. V d, sau y l mt dy chip: (11110011). gi bit 1, ngi dng s
gi i dy chip ca mnh. Cn gi i bit 0, ngi dng s gi i phn b ca dy chip
ca mnh. V d vi dy chip trn, khi gi bit 1, ngi dng s gi 11110011; khi gi
bit 0 th ngi dng s gi 00001100.
tin cho vic minh ha, chng ta s s dng cc k hiu lng cc sau: bit 0 c
k hiu l -1, bit 1 c k hiu l +1.
Cng cn phi a ra mt nh ngha mi: tch trong (inner product): Tch trong ca hai
m S v T, k hiu l ST, c tnh bng trung bnh tng ca tch cc bit ni ti tng
ng ca hai m ny.
By gi ta xem xt cch thc cp pht chui chip cho cc trm, sao cho khng gy ra
ln ln thng tin gia cc trm vi nhau.
nh ngha: Hai m S v T c cng chiu di m bits c gi l trc giao khi:
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cc m s A, B, C, D l trc giao!
C su v d:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
By gi, ta tnh c d liu nguyn thy ca ngi dng trm C, sau khi rt trch
ra t m tng hp nh sau:
Nhn xt:
u tin, chng ta phi gi s rng tt c cc dy chip c ng b ha
c gi nhn cng thi im. Nhng trong thc t, kiu ng b ha nh vy
l khng th c c. Nhng g ngi ta c th lm c ng b ha l:
ngi gi v ngi nhn ng b ha vi nhau bng cch cho ngi gi gi
mt dy chip c nh ngha trc, dy ny phi di cho bn nhn c
th theo kp bn gi. Tt c cc cuc truyn nhn khc c xem nh l nhiu
ngu nhin. Ngi ta chng minh c rng, chui chip cng di th xc sut
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Pure ALOHA
K thut Pure ALOHA n gin hn Slotted ALOHA do khng c s ng b ha gia
cc trm. Mi khi mun truyn mt khung thng tin, trm s truyn n ngay m khng
cn i n u ca slot thi gian k tip. V th xc xut b ng tng thm! Ngha
l khung thng tin c gi ti thi im t0 s ng vi nhng khung c gi trong
khong thi gian [t0-1, t0+1].
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Nhng phn tch va nu gi s rng lun c thng trc N trm trong mng. V trong
trng hp ti u, mi trm th truyn vi xc sut 1/N.
Trong thc t, s lng cc trm thng trc trong mng lun thay i. Gi s chng ta
c tng cng m trm lm vic. n trm l thng trc trn mng, mi trm thng trc
trn mng s c gi khung thng tin vi xc sut c nh p. m-n trm cn li l khng
thng trc, v chng c th gi khung thng tin vi xc sut pa, vi pa c th nh hn
p.
Nhn xt chung v ALOHA:
Hiu nng thp do khng c thm d ng truyn trc khi gi khung, dn
n vic mt nhiu thi gian cho vic pht hin ng v phc hi sau ng
.
Hot ng theo kiu ALOHA c kh nng dn n vic h thng b cht
ng do mi n lc gi gi tin ca tt c cc trm u b ng .
Slotted ALOHA tr nn quan trng vi l do khng my rnh mch lm. N ra i vo
nhng nm 1970, c s dng trong mt s h thng th nghim thi , v ri hu
nh b lng qun. V khi cng ngh truy cp Internet khng qua cable c pht minh,
t nhin li pht sinh vn lm sao cp pht ng truyn c chia s cho nhiu
ngi dng cnh tranh, Slotted ALOHA li c li ra t thng rc cu ri cuc i.
Vn thng c chuyn l cc giao thc hp l mt cch hon ho li khng c s
dng v nhng l do v chnh tr, nhng nhiu nm sau , mt s ngi thng thi li
nhn ra rng nhng giao thc b i t lu ri li c th gip h gii quyt c vn
. Vi l do nh vy, trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu mt s giao thc u
hng hin ti khng c s dng rng ri lm nhng bit u c th c s dng d
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dng trong cc ng dng tng lai. D nhin l chng ta cng s nghin cu nhiu giao
thc ang c s dng rng ri hin nay.
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Giao thc ALOHA mc d chy c, nhng mt iu ng ngc nhin l ngi ta
li cho cc trm lm vic t do gi thng tin ln ng truyn m chng cn quan
tm n vic tm hiu xem nhng trm khc ang lm g. V iu dn n rt nhiu
v ng tn hiu. Tuy nhin, trong mng LAN, ngi ta c th thit k cc trm lm
vic sao cho chng c th iu tra xem cc trm khc ang lm g v t iu chnh hnh
vi ca mnh mt cch tng ng. Lm nh vy s gip cho hiu nng mng t c
cao hn. CSMA l mt giao thc nh vy!
Cc giao thc m trong cc trm lm vic lng nghe ng truyn trc khi a ra
quyt nh mnh phi lm g tng ng vi trng thi ng truyn c gi l cc
giao thc c cm nhn ng truyn (carrier sense protocol). Cch thc hot ng
ca CSMA nh sau: lng nghe knh truyn, nu thy knh truyn ri th bt u truyn
khung, nu thy ng truyn bn th tr hon li vic gi khung.
Th nhng tr hon vic gi khung cho n khi no?
C ba gii php:
Theo di khng kin tr (Non-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, i
trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri tip tc nghe li ng truyn.
Theo di kin tr (persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc nghe n
khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng 1.
Theo di kin tr vi xc sut p (P-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn,
tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng p.
D thy rng giao thc CSMA cho d l theo di ng truyn kin tr hay khng kin
tr th kh nng trnh ng vn tt hn l ALOHA. Tuy th, ng vn c th xy
ra trong CSMA! Tnh hung pht sinh nh sau: khi mt trm va pht xong th mt trm
khc cng pht sinh yu cu pht khung v bt u nghe ng truyn. Nu tn hiu ca
trm th nht cha n trm th hai, trm th hai s cho rng ng truyn ang rnh
v bt u pht khung. Nh vy ng s xy ra.
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t Tprop l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu gia hai u mt xa nhau nht trn ng
truyn ti.
Ti thi im t, A bt u pht i khung d liu ca n.
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Vic hy b truyn khung ngay khi pht hin c ng gip tit kim thi gian v
bng thng, v nu c tip tc truyn khung i na, khung vn h v vn phi b hy
b.
X l khu ng (H5.13)
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Cc giao thc dng truy cp ngu nhin th li hot ng hiu qu khi ti trng
ca ng truyn thp. Nhng khi ti trng ng truyn cao th phi tn nhiu
chi ph cho vic x l ng .
Cc giao thc dng phn lt s n vic tn dng nhng mt mnh ca hai dng
ni trn. tng chnh ca cc giao thc dng phn lt l khng cho ng
xy ra bng cch cho cc trm truy cp ng truyn mt cch tun t.
V c bn, c hai cch thc phn lt s dng ng truyn:
Thm d (polling): Trm ch (master) s mi cc trm t (slave) truyn khi
n lt. Lt truyn c cp pht cho trm t c th bng cch: trm ch
dnh phn cho trm t hoc trm t yu cu v c trm ch p ng. Tuy
nhin c th thy nhng vn s gp phi ca gii php ny l: chi ph cho
vic thm d, tr do phi ch c phn lt truyn, h thng ri lon khi
trm ch gp s c.
Chuyn th bi (token passing): Th bi iu khin s c chuyn ln lt
t trm ny qua trm kia. Trm no c trong tay th bi s c quyn truyn,
truyn xong phi chuyn th bi qua trm k tip. Nhng vn cn phi quan
tm: chi ph qun l th bi, tr khi phi ch th bi, kh khn khi th bi b
mt.
V d v phng php thm d: Thm d phn tn (Distributed Polling)
Thi gian c chia thnh nhng khe (slot). Gi s h thng hin c N trm lm vic.
Mt chu k hot ng ca h thng bt u bng N khe thi gian ngn dng t ch
(reservation slot). Khe thi gian dng t ch bng vi thi gian lan truyn tn hiu
gia hai u mt xa nht trn ng truyn. Ti khe t ch th i, trm th i nu mun
truyn d liu s pht tn hiu t ch ca mnh ln knh truyn, v tn hiu ny s c
nhn thy bi tt c cc trm khc trong mng. Sau thi gian t ch, cc trm bt u
vic truyn d liu ca mnh theo ng trnh t ng k.
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D liu lun chy theo mt hng vng quanh vng. Mi trm nhn khung t trm pha
trn ca n v ri chuyn khung n trm pha di. Th bi l cng c quyt nh ai
c quyn truyn ti mt thi im.
Cch thc hot ng ca mng token ring nh sau: mt th bi, thc cht ch l mt dy
bit, s chy vng quanh vng; mi nt s nhn th bi ri li chuyn tip th bi ny i.
Khi mt trm c khung cn truyn v ng lc n thy c th bi ti, n lin ly th bi
ny ra khi vng (ngha l khng c chuyn tip chui bit c bit ny ln vng na),
v thay vo , n s truyn khung d liu ca mnh i. Khi khung d liu i mt vng
v quay li, trm pht s rt khung ca mnh ra v chn li th bi vo vng. Hot ng
c xoay vng nh th.
Card mng dng cho token ring s c trn mt b nhn, mt b pht v mt b m
dng cha d liu. Khi khng c trm no trong vng c d liu truyn, th bi s
lu chuyn vng quanh. Nu mt trm c d liu cn truyn v c th bi, n c quyn
truyn mt hoc nhiu khung d liu ty theo qui nh ca h thng.
Mi khung d liu c pht i s c mt phn thng tin cha a ch ch ca trm bn
nhn; ngoi ra n cn c th cha a ch muticast hoc broadcast ty theo vic bn gi
mun gi khung cho mt nhm ngi nhn hay tt c mi ngi trong vng. Khi khung
thng tin chy qua mi trm trong vng, trm ny s nhn vo a ch ch trong khung
bit xem c phi n l ch n ca khung khng. Nu phi, trm s chp ni dung
ca khung vo trong b m ca n, ch chp thi ch khng c xa khung ra khi
vng.
Mt vn cn phi quan tm n l mt trm ang gi th bi th n c quyn truyn
bao nhiu d liu, hay ni cch khc l trm c cho bao nhiu thi gian truyn d
liu? Chng ta gi thi gian ny l thi gian gi th bi THT (Token Holding Time).
Trong trng hp trong vng ch c mt trm cn truyn d liu v cc trm khc khng
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khi trm b cht v ngng khng cung cp nng lng cho r-le, r-le s t ng ng
mch v b qua trm ny.
Ta gi hiu sut truyn khung l hRAR. Mng kiu RAR s t c hiu sut ti a nu
mt trm pht lin tc.
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t:
Tprop l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu gia hai u mt xa nhau nht trn ng truyn
ti.
Ttran l thi gian pht ht mt khung d liu ln ng truyn.
P l kch thc ca khung d liu, v d 1000 bits.
C l dung lng ca ng truyn, v d 10 Mbps.
Sau y l biu m phng mi lin quan gia thi gian pht khung v thi gian truyn
tn hiu:
Trong trng hp mt trm lun phi nhng token ngay sau khi token i ht mt vng
v quay tr li n th hin trng phn b thi gian c v ra di y:
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Cc khong thi gian mt trm phi tri qua khi gi d liu v chuyn th bi (H5.20)
Gi s token c kch thc qu nh coi nh thi gian pht n bng khng, mng c
N trm lm vic v khong cch gia cc trm l bng nhau. V vy, thi gian lan truyn
tn hiu t mt trm n mt trm lin k n l Tprop/N.
C th nhn thy thi gian token chuyn t mt trm sang mt trm k n l Tprop/N.
V vy:
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Tuy nhin khi mt trm buc phi nh token ngay sau khi n va pht d liu xong, th
biu thi gian c khc:
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Khi mt trm phi nh token ngay sau khi n va pht d liu (H5.23)
K thut Token Bus v bn cht l s dng mng hnh bus. Tuy nhin ngi ta mun
thit lp mt vng o trn n hot ng ging nh Token Ring. Nguyn tc hot
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Chun ha mng cc b
Chun ha mng cc b
Ngoi m hnh OSI dng cho vic chun ha cc mng ni chung, vic chun ha mng
cc b cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian di. Do c trng ring, vic
chun ha mng cc b ch c thc hin trn hai tng thp nht, tng ng vi tng
vt l v lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI.
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c t dch v MAC.
Giao thc MAC.
c t vt l c lp vi ng truyn.
c t vt l ph thuc vo ng truyn.
Phn ct li ca IEEE 802.3 l giao thc MAC da trn phng php CSMA/CD
trnh by phn trc.
IEEE 802.4 l chun c t mng cc b vi hnh trng bus s dng th bi
iu khin truy cp ng truyn.
IEEE 802.4 cng bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau:
c t dch v MAC.
Giao thc MAC.
c t dch v tng vt l.
c t thc th tng vt l.
t t ng truyn.
IEEE 802.5 l chun c t mng cc b vi hnh trng vng s dng th bi
iu khin truy cp ng truyn.
IEEE 802.5 cng bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau:
c t dch v MAC.
Giao thc MAC.
c t thc th tng vt l.
c t ni trm.
IEEE 802.6 l chun c t mt mng tc cao ni kt nhiu LAN thuc cc
khu vc khc nhau ca mt th. Mng ny s dng cp quang vi hnh trng
dng bus kp (dual-bus), v th cn c gi l DQDB (Distributed Queue
Dual Bus). Lu thng trn mi bus l mt chiu v khi c cp bus cng hot
ng s to thnh mt cu hnh chu li. Phng php iu khin truy cp da
theo mt gii thut xp hng phn tn c tn l QPDS (Queued-Packet,
Distributed-Switch).
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Bc phc ha Ethernet ca Bob Metcalfe, ngi sng lp ra Ethernet (Xerox PARC - 1972) V
m t chi tit transceiver + adaptor (H5.27)
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Type: ch ra giao thc c s dng tng cao hn, thng l IP, nhng cc
giao thc khc vn c h tr - v d: Novell IPX v AppleTalk.
CRC: Phn kim tra li. Li c kim tra ti trm ch. Nu khung c li, n
s b xa.
a ch Ethernet
Mi host trong mt mng Ethernet (tht ra l tt c cc host trn th gii) c mt a ch
Ethernet duy nht. M t mt cch k thut, a ch c gn vo card mng ch khng
phi my tnh; n c ghi vo ROM trn card mng. Cc a ch Ethernet thng c
in theo th thc m con ngi c th c c: mt dy gm 6 bytes c vit di
dng thp lc phn, cch nhau bi du hai chm. V d 8:0:2b:e4:b1:2 l cch biu din
d c ca a ch Ethernet sau
00001000 00000000 00101011 11100100 10110001 00000010
m bo rng mi card mng c gn mt a ch duy nht, mi nh sn xut thit
b Ethernet c cp cho mt phn u a ch (prefix) khc nhau. V d Advanced
Micro Devices c cp phn u di 24 bit x08002 (hay 8:0:2). Nh sn xut ny
sau phi m bo phn ui (suffix) ca cc a ch m h sn xut ra l duy nht.
Mi khung c pht ra Ethernet s c nhn bi tt c cc card mng c ni vi
ng truyn. Mi card mng s so snh a ch ch trong khung vi a ch ca n, v
ch cho vo my tnh nhng khung no trng a ch. a ch duy nht nh vy gi l a
ch unicast. Ngoi ra cn c loi a ch broadcast l loi a ch qung b, c tt c cc
bit u mang gi tr 1. Mi card mng u cho php cc khung thng tin c a ch ch
l broadcast i n host ca n. Cng c mt loi a ch khc gi l multicast, trong
ch mt vi bit u c t l 1. Mt host c th lp trnh iu khin card mng ca n
chp nhn mt s lp a ch multicast. a ch multicast c dng gi thng ip
n mt tp con (subset) cc host trong mng Ethernet.
Cch thc m ha tn hiu
chuyn i d liu bit sang tn hiu truyn trn ng truyn, Ethernet dng kiu m
ha Manchester. Trong s m ha Manchester, mt bit s c m ha bng mt s
thay i in th. Vi bit 1, in th i t 1 xung 0. Cn vi bit 0, in th i t
0 ln 1.
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M ha Machester (H5.30)
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10-BASE-T v 100-BASE-T
Mng t tc 10/100 Mbps, v sau c gi l fast Ethernet. Ch T vit tt cho
Twisted Pair: cp xon i.
Cch thc ni mng c m phng nh sau:
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Do phi chu ph tn khi cu hnh theo kiu vng i, nn FDDI cn cho php mt
trm chn ni vo ch mt vng n thi. Nhng trm nh vy gi l nhng trm ni
n (single attachment station SAS). Nhng trm ni c vo hai vng d nhin s
c gi l nhng trm u i (dual attachment station DAS). Mt b tp trung
(concentrator) s c s dng ni cc SAS vo vng i (xem H5.34)
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vng cng vi thi gian b ra truyn mt khung y. (Trn mt vng c kch thc
ti a, thi gian ti a truyn mt khung y l nh hn 2.5 ms). Do , mi trm s
t b m ln, b m ny s ht hn trong thi gian 2.5 ms. Nu b m ht hn, trm
s nghi ng l c vn khng n v s pht khung thnh cu. Ngc li khi b m
cha ht hn m trm thy c mt s truyn hp l, n s t li gi tr ti a ca b
m l 2.5 ms.
Khung thnh cu trong FDDI khc vi trong 802.5 do n c cha gi tr TTRT m trm
mi cho (bid for the TTRT), ngha l: l thi gian xoay vng ca th bi m trm
cm thy cc ng dng chy trn n tha mn cc rng buc v thi gian. Mt
trm c th gi khung thnh cu trong khi khng c th bi trong tay, v n thng lm
vy khi c nghi ng mt th bi hoc khi mi tham gia vo vng ln u tin. Nu khung
thnh cu i c ht mt vng v quay li, trm pht s xa n i v hiu rng gi tr
TTRT c mi cho trong l gi tr nh nht. By gi c th coi l trm ang nm
th bi, ngha l n c trch nhim chn vo mng mt th bi hp l, v c th tip tc
vi gii thut dng th bi thng thng.
Khi mt nt nhn c mt khung thnh cu, n kim tra xem gi tr TTRT c mi
cho trong c nh hn gi tr TTRT ca chnh n khng. Nu nh hn, n s t li
gi tr TTRT ca n thnh gi tr TTRT c mi cho. Nu ln hn, trm s xa khung
thnh cu ny i, chn vo vng mt khung thnh cu mi cha gi tr TTRT c mi
cho bng gi tr TTRT ca n. Trng hp cui cng, nu gi tr TTRT c mi cho
bng vi gi tr TTRT ca trm, trm s so snh a ch ca trm gi khung thnh cu
v a ch ca n, a ch no ln hn s thng ngha l bn thng s s hu khung
thnh cu. Do , nu mt khung thnh cu i ht mt vng v tr v trm gi, trm gi
s bit rng n l ngi mi cho gi tr TTRT duy nht v n c th to ra mt th bi
mi mt cch an ton. Ti thi im , tt c cc trm by gi u ng rng gi tr
TTRT l gi tr nh lm cho tt c chng cm thy hnh phc!
Khun dng ca khung thng tin
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V d v m ct lt 4 bit. (H5.36)
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Mt nt tin hnh giao thc ny khi n ln u tham gia vo mng hoc n khng hi
lng vi AP hin ti. iu ny c th xy ra, v d nh v tn hiu t AP hin ti yu dn
do nt cng di chuyn xa AP. Mi khi nt kim c AP mi, AP mi s nhc nh AP
c v s thay i ny.
S di ng ca nt mng (H5.39)
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Datagram Subnet
Circuit Subnet
Thit lp
ni kt
Khng cn
Cn thit
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nh a
ch
Mi gi tin cha y a
ch gi v nhn
Thng tin
trng thi
Chn
ng
Cht lng
dch v
Kh m bo
iu khin
tc nghn
Kh iu khin
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S=1
Cc bc thc hin c m t nh sau:
Ln lp
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
Khi to {1}
{1,3}
{1,3,2}
{1,3,2,6}
{1,3,2,6,4}
{1,3,2,6,4,5}
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Thng thng gii thut Dijkstra c s dng theo m hnh chn ng tp trung.
Trong , Trung tm iu khin mng s tm cy ng i ngn nht cho tng router
trn mng v t xy dng bng chn ng ti u cho tt c cc router.
Gii thut chn ng ti u Ford-Fulkerson
Mc ch ca gii thut ny l tm ng i ngn nht t tt c cc nt n mt nt
ch cho trc trn mng.
Gii thut c m t nh sau:
Gi
d l nt ch cho trc
Di l chiu di ng i ngn nht t nt i n nt d.
Ci l nt con ca nt i
Bc 1: Khi to:
Gn Dd = 0;
Vi id: gn Di= ; Ci= -1;
Bc 2: Cp nht gi ng i ngn nht t nt i n nt d
Di= min{ lij+ Dj} vi ji => Ci = j;
Lp li cho n khi khng cn Di no b thay i gi tr
V d, cho s mng c hnh trng nh th hnh H6.8. Hy tm ng i ngn nht
t nt khc trn th n nt 6.
p dng gii thut ta c:
d=6
Cc bc thc hin c m t nh sau:
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Nu khng c s thay i v hnh trng mng no, ch cn vi cuc trao i thng tin
vch ng gia cc nt trong mng th mi nt u c c thng tin vch ng hon
ho. Qu trnh em thng tin vch ng nht qun n mi nt trong mng c gi l
s hi t (convergence). Hnh 6.14 ch ra thng tin v chi ph cui cng t mt nt n
cc nt khc trong mng khi qu trnh vch ng hi t.
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ng i di 2 hops t C n G, do n s cp nht li ng i t n n G di 3
hops thng qua C. V khi A qung co thng tin ny cho F, F li cp nht li ng i
di 4 hops n G thng qua A.
Khng may l: mt s tnh hung pht sinh li khc li lm cho mng mt n nh
nghim trng. Gi s ni kt t A n E b t. Trong nhng chu k cp nht sau, A
thng bo ng i t n n E di v cng, nhng B v C li qung co ng i t
chng n E di 2 hops. Nu cc bn cp nht c nh thi pht cng lc, B s sa
li di ng i t n n E l 3 thng qua C, C sa li di ng i t n n E
l 3 thng qua B. Sau A li nghe B v C qung co di ng i t chng n E l
3 v gi s A chn B l nt k tip i n E, n s cp nht li di on ng l
4. n chu k k tip, B nghe C ni di t C n E l 3 nn cp nht li di ng
i t B n E l 4 thng qua C, C th lm ngc li: sa li con ng t n n E l
4 thng qua B. Ri li n lt A nghe B sa li di t A n E l 5 thng qua B.
S th s tip din cho n khi cc di tng n mt s c th coi l v cng. Nhng
ti thi im ny, khng nt no bit l E khng th n c, v cc bng vch ng
trong mng lun khng n nh. Tnh hung ny c gi l vn m ti v cng
(count-to-infinity problem).
C vi gii php gii quyt mt phn vn m ti v cng. Gii php th nht l
dng mt s kh nh coi nh gn bng v cng. V d nh chng ra c th quyt
nh s lng bc nhy (hop) ti a i qua mt mng l khng qu 16, v do ta
chn 16 l s gn bng v cng. Con s ny t ra cng gii hn c thi gian m cc
nt c th phi b ra m ti v cng. Tuy nhin gii php ny c th gp vn nu
mt s nt mng c chia tch v mng c th cn nhiu hn 16 bc nhy duyt
ht n.
Mt k thut khc dng ci thin thi gian dng n nh ha mng c gi l
k tht chia tm nhn (split horizon). tng l: khi mt nt gi mt bng cp nht
vch ng cho cc lng ging ca n, n s khng gi nhng thng tin vch ng m
n nhn t mt nt lng ging ngc li chnh nt lng ging . V d nh nu B c
mt ng i (E, 2, A) trong bng vch ng ca n, B chc hn phi bit rng n hc
con ng ny t A, v th mi khi B gi thng tin cp nht cho A n s khng gi con
ng (E, 2) trong . Tuy nhin gii php ny ch tt khi n xoay quanh 2 nt m thi.
Gii php chn ng Trng thi ni kt (Link State)
Vch ng kiu Link-state l mt v d th hai trong h giao thc vch ng bn
trong mt min. Gi thit u tin trong Link-state cng kh ging trong Distancevector: Mi nt c gi nh c kh nng tm ra trng thi ca ng ni n n cc
nt lng ging v chi ph trn mi ng ni . Nhc li ln na: chng ta mun cung
cp cho mi nt thng tin cho php n tm ra ng i c chi ph thp nht n bt
k ch no. tng nn tng ng sau cc giao thc kiu Link-state l rt n gin:
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Cng ging nh trong gii thut Distance-Vector, s c hai tnh hung m mt nt quyt
nh gi LSP n cc nt lng ging: gi mt cch nh k hoc gi do b kch hot.
Mt trong nhng u tin hng u ca c ch lm ngp (flooding) l phi m bo em
thng tin mi nht n mi nt trong mng cng nhanh cng tt v cc thng tin c phi
c rt ra khng cho lu thng trn mng na. Thm na, rt l l tng nu ta c th
gim thiu lng thng tin vch ng lu chuyn trn mng mt kiu ph tn theo
cch nhn ca nhiu ngi.
Mt phng php cn thit gim thiu ph tn dnh cho vic vch ng l trnh gi
cc LSP tr trng hp ht sc cn thit. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch s
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M t tc nghn (H6.19)
Hnh H6.19 m t li hin tng tc nghn. Khi s lng gi tin chy trong mng con
nm di ngng cho php, chng u c phn phi n ch (ngoi tr nhng gi
tin b li), v s lng gi tin c phn phi t l thun vi s lng gi tin c pht
ra lc u. Tuy nhin, khi mt giao thng tng qu cao, cc router khng cn p ng
kp na v chng dn dn nh mt mt s gi tin. iu ny c xu hng lm cho vn
tc nghn nghim trng thm. Khi m giao thng cc cao, hiu nng h thng sp
hon ton v hu nh khng gi tin no c phn pht n ch.
C vi yu t gp phn gy ra tc nghn. Nu t nhin nhiu lung mang cc gi tin
n mt nt ti nhiu ng vo, v tt c cc gi tin ny u cn mt ng ra, th mt hng
i s xut hin. Nu khng b nh lu cc gi tin trn hng i ny, mt s gi
tin s b mt. Tng thm b nh ch gip khng mt gi tin trong hng i, nhng Nagle
(1987) ch ra rng: nu mt router c b nh v hn, s tc nghn li cng ti t hn!
L do l khi m gi tin n c u ca hng i th n b mn k (timed out), v
do s c nhiu phin bn trng vi gi tin c bn gi gi n router, lm tng
thm ti ca mi hng i n ch ca gi tin.
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Mt cch thng bo tc nghn khc l: Ngi ta dnh ring mt bit hoc mt trng
trong gi tin trong trng hp c tc nghn, router c th bt bit hoc trng ny ln
v gi n n mi ng ra nhm thng bo cho cc lng ging ca n bit.
Hoc cng c th dng cch phn hi sau: Cho cc host hoc router thng xuyn gi
cc gi tin thm d ra ngoi hi thng v tnh hnh tc nghn. Thng tin ny c th
c s dng chuyn hng vch ng vng qua khu vc b tc nghn. V d thc
t: Mt s i pht thanh thng phi mt s my bay trc thng bay vng quanh thnh
ph bo co li nhng trc ng b tc, t thng bo n thnh gi gip h chuyn
hng li xe trnh nhng im nng.
S hin din ca tc nghn ng ngha vi vic: ti nguyn ca h thng khng
ti gnh nng thng tin truyn qua. V th ta ngh ra hai gii php: tng ti nguyn hoc
gim ti. V d, mt mng con c th bt u s dng cc ng in thoi quay s
tm thi tng bng thng gia mt s im no . Trong cc h thng v tinh, vic
tng cng sut truyn ng ngha vi vic cung cp bng thng ln hn. Chia tch lu
lng thng tin cho chng chy trn nhiu ng i khc nhau cng c th gip tng
bng thng. Cui cng, cc router d phng (thng d phng tnh hung cc router
chnh b s c) c th c mang ra chy trc tuyn tng dung lng truyn ti ca
h thng khi tc nghn nghim trng xy ra.
Tuy nhin, i khi ta khng th tng ti nguyn ca h thng ln na, hoc ti nguyn
tng ti a. Cch thc duy nht chng li tc nghn l gim ti. C nhiu cch
gim ti, v d: t chi phc v mt s ngi dng, gim cp dch v i vi vi hoc
tt c ngi dng, v buc ngi dng cung cp lch trnh pht ra yu cu ca h.
Cc bin php phng nga tc nghn
Ti tng mng, vic chn s dng mch o hay datagram s tc ng n tc nghn do
nhiu gii thut iu khin tc nghn ch chy trn mch o. Gii php lp hng i cho
cc gi tin v phc v chng lin quan n vic mt router c mt hng i cho mi
ng vo, mt hng i cho mi ng ra hay c hai. N cng lin quan n trnh t x l
cc gi tin trong hng i ( round-robin hay da trn s u tin). Chnh sch hy b gi
tin s ch ra gi tin no cn b hy b khi khng cn khng gian cha. Mt chnh sch
tt c th gip lm gim tc nghn, ngc li c th lm tc nghn trm trng thm.
Mt gii thut vch ng tt c th gip trnh c tc nghn bng cch tri u giao
thng trn tt c ng ni, trong khi mt gii thut ti ch n gin gi qu nhiu thng
tin ln mt ng ti qu ti ri. Cui cng, vic qun l thi gian sng ca gi tin s
phi a ra quyt nh l mt gi tin c th sng bao lu trong hng i trc khi b hy
b. Thi gian sng qu di s lm tr tr cng vic rt lu. Nhng nu thi gian sng qu
ngn, cc gi tin thnh thong s b mn k (timed-out) trc khi chng n c ch,
v th dn n vic ti truyn.
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(a) Mt mng con b tc nghn. (b) Mng con c v li sau khi loi tr cc im gy tc
nghn (H6.20)
Kiu dnh ring ti nguyn ny c th c thc hin ton thi gian nh l mt phng
thc hot ng chun, hoc ch c thc hin khi tc nghn xy ra. Nu c thc hin
ton thi gian s c hn ch l lng ph ti nguyn. Nu ng truyn 6 Mbps c tn
hin cho 6 mch o, mi mch o tiu tn 1 Mbps, th ng truyn ny lun c nh
du l y, cho d him c khi no 6 mch o con ca n truyn ht cng sut ti cng
thi im.
iu khin tc nghn trong mng con dng Datagram
Trong mng dng Datagram, mi router c th d dng kim sot hiu nng ca cc
ng ra v cc ti nguyn khc. V d, n c th gn cho mi ng ni mt bin thc
u, vi gi tr t 0.0 n 1.0, dng phn nh hiu nng gn y ca ng ni .
duy tr chnh xc tt cho u, mt mu hiu nng tc thi f ca ng ni s c ly
thng xuyn, v u s c cp nht nh sau
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trong hnh 5.18(b), ngay khi gi tin chn va n F, F lin gim lu lng truyn n
D. Tng t, khi gi tin chn n E, E s gim lu lng truyn n F. Cui cng gi
tin chn n A v lu lng c gim sut tuyn ng t A n D.
Hiu qu ca s chn tng bc mt l c th gii phng im b nghn nhanh chng.
Tuy nhin ci gi phi tr l n tiu tn bng thng hng ln cho gi tin chn. Nhng
ci li cui cng l ch, gii php ny bp cht tc nghn ngay trong trng nc.
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Lin mng
Lin mng
n thi im ny, chng ta u ngm nh rng chng ta ang lm vic trn mt mng
n ng nht vi mi my tnh chy cng mt giao thc trong cng mt tng. Khng
may l s ngm hiu ny hi qu lc quan. v ang tn ti nhiu loi mng khc
nhau bao gm LAN, WAN, MAN. Nhiu giao thc khc nhau ang c s dng rng
ri trn nhiu tng mng khc nhau. Trong phn ny, chng ta s c ci nhn cn trng
hn v cc vn pht sinh khi hai hoc nhiu mng c ni kt vi nhau thnh mt
lin mng (internet).
Cc mng my tnh a dng v s vn a dng, v c nhiu l do l gii cho nhn
nh ny. Trc tin, c s ci t cc mng l khc nhau. Gn nh tt c cc my PC
u ci t TCP/IP. Nhiu cng ty ln s dng my mainframe ca IBM s dng mng
SNA. Mt s lng ln cc cng ty in thoi ang iu hnh cc mng ATM. Mt s
mng LAN dng cho cc my tnh PC vn cn s dng Novell IPX hoc AppleTalk.
Cui cng, mng khng dy l mt lnh vc ang pht trin rng vi nhiu giao thc
hot ng trong . Chiu hng s dng mng phc tp ny s cn tip din nhiu nm
na vi nhiu l do v tnh k tha, k thut mi, v thc t l khng phi nh sn xut
no cng thch th vi vic gip cho khch hng ca h d dng chuyn i sang h
thng ca nh sn xut khc.
Th hai, do my tnh v thit b mng ngy cng r, cho nn cp c thm quyn quyt
nh mua sm mng my tnh ngy cng xung thp trong c cu cc cng ty, t chc.
Nhiu cng ty a ra chnh sch: d tr mua sm trn 1 triu USD do cp qun l cao
nht quyt nh, mua sm trn 100.000 USD do cp trung quyt nh, di 100.000
USD th cp trng b phn c ton quyn quyt nh. V th, v d, b phn k thut
th c th ci t cc my trm Unix chy TCP/IP, cn b phn tip th c quyn ci cc
my Mac vi giao thc AppleTalk.
Th ba, cc mng khc khau s dng cc cng ngh hon ton khc nhau. V th s
khng my ngc nhin nu thy mt sn phm phn cng mi th cng xut hin phn
mm mi i km. V d, mt gia nh trung bnh hin nay trang b mng ging nh
mt vn phng trung bnh ngy xa: y cc my tnh khng th ni chuyn vi nhau.
Nhng tng lai khng xa, y s l ni c y in thoi, TV, my tnh v cc
dng c khc, tt c c ni kt vi nhau v c th c iu khin t xa. K thut
mi ny chc chn s sinh ra mt kiu mng mi vi cc giao thc mi.
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y, hai router c ni vi nhau bng ng ni im-im, c th l ng leasedline di hng trm km. My S mun gi cho my D mt gi tin, do n ng gi gi
tin ny thnh mt khung v gi ln ng truyn. Khung n c router ca LAN1,
router ny lin bc v khung, ly gi tin ra. Gi tin ny s c phn tch tm ra
a ch mng (IP) ca my ch, a ch ny s c tham kho trong bng vch ng
ca router LAN1. Da trn a ch ny, router LAN1 quyt nh chuyn gi sang router
LAN2 bng cch ng thnh khung gi cho router LAN2.
Ni kt cc mng con dng mch o
C hai kiu lin mng: dng mch o v datagram. Trong qu kh, hu ht cc mng
cng cng l hng ni kt (cc mng Frame Relay, SNA, ATM cng vy). Ri vi s
chp nhn rng ri ca cng chng i vi mng Internet, mng dng datagram ln ngi.
Tuy nhin s l khng chnh xc khi ni mng datagram l mi mi. Vi s pht trin
quan trng ca cc mng a phng tin, c v nh lin lc hng ni kt ang tr li
dng ny hay dng khc, do d m bo cht lng dch v hn. V th cng nn dnh
mt cht thi gian ni v mng dng mch o.
Trong lin mng dng mch o nh trong hnh H6.24, mt ni kt ti mt host mng
xa c thc hin ging nh truyn thng. Mng con thy rng ch n xa v n
s phc tho mt mch o n router gn mng ch nht. Ri n to mt mch o t
router y n mt gateway ca n (thc cht l router a giao thc). Gateway ny ghi
li thng tin v mch o ny trong bng vch ng v tip tc xy dng mt mch o
khc t n n mng con k tip. Qu trnh ny c tip din cho n khi mch o n
c host ch.
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Trong m hnh ny, dch v duy nht m tng mng cung cp cho tng vn chuyn l
kh nng y gi tin vo mng con v hy vng n n ch. M hnh ny khng i hi
mi gi tin phi i n ch trn cng mt con ng. Trong hnh trn, cc gi tin i
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Phn mnh v ti hp
Mi mng s qui nh kch c ti a ca cc datagram chy trong n. S gii hn ny
xut pht t nhiu l do:
(a) S phn mnh trong sut. (b) S phn mnh khng trong sut (H6.27)
C hai chin lc ti hp cc mnh li thnh gi tin gc: trong sut v khng trong sut.
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Trong chin lc phn mnh trong sut, khi mt gi tin ln i qua mt mng con v
mng con ny quyt nh phi phn mnh gi tin, mt gateway ca mng con ny s
lm nhim v phn mnh gi tin ln . Khi cc mnh i ht qua mng con, phi c
mt gateway khc ng ra tp hp li chng, ti to li gi tin ban u v chuyn tip
n mng con k tip. V d trong hnh H6.27, ng vo Mng 1, gi tin ln c phn
mnh bi gateway G1, sau khi cc mnh i qua ht Mng 1, gateway G2 s tp hp
chng li v ti to thnh gi tin ban u.
Chin lc phn mnh trong sut rt trc quan, tuy nhin c nhiu vn phi bn. Th
nht, gateway u ra phi bit khi no n thu lm li ht cc phn mnh. Th hai,
lm sao mi phn mnh phi i ra cng mt gateway. Th ba, chi ph b ra phn
mnh v ti hp gi tin ln khi n i qua hng lot cc mng con.
Vi chin lc phn mnh khng trong sut, cc mng con trung gian c th phn mnh
gi tin ln, nhng khng c nhim v ti hp li n. Vic ti hp ch c thc hin ti
ch n ca gi tin ny.
Chin lt phn mnh khng trong sut i hi mi host trn mng u c kh nng ti
hp thng tin. Ngoi ra n cn lm pht sinh chi ph cho cc header ca cc mnh con.
Tuy nhin ci li t c l: do chin lc ny c quyn chn la nhiu gateway u
ra ca mng con, cho nn hiu sut vch ng v truyn gi tin tng ln nhiu ln.
T y, pht sinh nhu cu v mt cch thc nh s cc mnh sao cho qu trnh ti hp
c d dng. Mt cch nh s thng dng nht l cch nh s ca internet.
V d mt gi tin c 10 bytes, s th t ca gi tin l 27 s c biu din nh sau:
Offset ca mnh l 0 v y chnh l mnh u tin hay duy nht trong gi tin. Bit kt
thc khung l 1 ngha l ht gi tin, l 0 ngha l cn mnh nm sau.
By gi gi tin ny i qua mt mng con c gii hn kch thc gi tin ti a l 8 bytes,
n s b phn lm hai mnh:
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Mnh u tin c offset trong gi tin l 0, bit kt thc l 0 (cn mnh th hai). Mnh th
hai c offset trong gi tin l 8 (n bt u v tr th 8), v l mnh cui cng.
Nu hai mnh trn li i ngang qua gateway c gii hn gi tin l 5 bytes, th chng s
b phn mnh nh sau:
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Cu trc a ch IP (H6.31)
32 bits ca a ch IP c chia thnh 2 phn : Phn nhn dng mng (network id) v
phn nhn dng my tnh (Host id). Phn nhn dng mng c dng nhn dng
mt mng v phi c gn bi Trung tm thng tin mng Internet (InterNIC - Internet
Network Information Center) nu mun ni kt vo mng Internet. Phn nhn dng my
tnh dng nhn dng mt my tnh trong mt mng.
Phn lp a ch IP (H6.32)
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Cu hi c t ra l bao nhiu bits dnh cho phn nhn dng mng v bao nhiu bits
dnh cho phn nhn dng my tnh. Ngi ta phn cc a ch ra thnh 5 lp : A, B, C,
D v E. Trong , ch c lp A, B v C c dng cho cc mc ch thng mi. Cc
bits c trng s cao nht ch nh lp mng ca a ch. Hnh sau m t cch phn chia
lp cho cc a ch IP.
Thng tin chi tit v cc lp c m t nh bng sau :
Mt s a ch IP c bit
a ch mng (Network Address): l a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits
phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0, c s dng xc nh mt mng.
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V d : 10.0.0.0; 172.18.0.0 ; 192.1.1.0
a ch qung b (Broadcast Address) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc
bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 1, c s dng ch tt c cc my
tnh trong mng.
V d : 10.255.255.255, 172.18.255.255, 192.1.1.255
Mt n mng chun (Netmask) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca cc bits phn
nhn dng mng u l 1, cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0. Nh
vy ta c 3 mt n mng tng ng cho 3 lp mng A, B v C l :
Mt n mng lp A : 255.0.0.0
Mt n mng lp B : 255.255.0.0
Mt n mng lp C : 255.255.255.0
Ta gi chng l cc mt n mng mc nh (Default Netmask)
Lu : a ch mng, a ch qung b, mt n mng khng c dng t a ch
cho cc my tnh
a ch mng 127.0.0.0 l a ch c dnh ring t trong phm vi mt
my tnh. N ch c gi tr cc b ( trong phm vi mt my tnh). Thng thng
khi ci t giao thc IP th my tnh s c gin a ch 127.0.0.1. a ch ny
thng thng kim tra xem giao thc IP trn my hin ti c hot ng
khng.
a ch dnh ring cho mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip Internet : Cc mng
cc b khng ni kt trc tip vo mng Internet c th s dng cc a ch
mng sau nh a ch cho cc my tnh trong mng ca mnh :
Lp A : 10.0.0.0
Lp B : 172.16.0.0 n 172.32.0.0
Lp C : 192.168.0.0
ngha ca Netmask
Vi mt a ch IP v mt Netmask cho trc, ta c th dng php ton AND BIT
tnh ra c a ch mng m a ch IP ny thuc v. Cng thc nh sau :
Network Address = IP Address & Netmask
V d : Cho a ch IP = 198.53.147.45 v Netmask = 255.255.255.0. Ta thc hin php
ton AND BIT (&) hai a ch trn:
Biu din thp phn Biu din nh phn
IP Address
198.53.147.45
Netmask
255.255.255.0
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S lng bits thuc phn nhn dng mng con xc nh s lng mng con. Gi s phn
nhn dng mng con chim 4 bits. Nh vy, v mt l thuyt ta c th phn ra thnh
24=16 mng con. Tuy nhin phn nhn dng mng con gm ton bit 0 hoc bit 1 khng
c dng nh a ch cho mng con v n trng vi a ch mng v a ch qung
b ca mng ban u.
V d : Cho a ch mng lp C : 192.168.1.0 vi mt n mng mc nh l
255.255.255.0.
Xt trng hp phn mng con cho mng trn s dng 2 bits lm phn nhn dng
mng con. Mt n mng trong trng hp ny l 255.255.255.192. Khi ta c cc a
ch mng con nh sau :
a ch IP
Mng ban
u
192.168.1.0
1100 0000
1010
1000
0000
0001
0000
0000
Mng con
1
192.168.1.0
1100 0000
1010
1000
0000
0001
0000
0000
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Mng con
2
192.168.1.64
1100 0000
1010
1000
0010
0001
0100
0000
Mng con
3
192.168.1.128
1100 0000
1010
1000
0000
0001
1000
0000
Mng con
4
192.168.1.192
1100 0000
1010
1000
0000
0001
1100
0000
Mng con 1
192.168.1.64
1100 0000
1010
1000
0010
0001
0100
0000
a ch
qung b
192.168.1.127
1100 0000
1010
1000
0010
0001
01 11
1111
Mng con 2
192.168.1.128
1100 0000
1010
1000
0000
0001
1000
0000
a ch
qung b
192.168.1.191
1100 0000
1010
1000
0000
0001
10 11
1111
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126
16.777.214
65.000
65.534
Hn 2 triu
254
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trc ca mng Internet ang nhanh chng tin n mc ngng ti a s lng router
m n c th chp nhn c.
Thm ch vi nhng cng ngh hin i dng sn xut cc router th v mt l thuyt
kch thc ti a ca mt bng chn ng cng ch n 60.000 mc t (ng i).
Nu khng c nhng ci tin th cc router ng trc s t n con s ny v nh th
khng th m rng mng Internet hn na.
gii quyt hai vn trn, cng ng Internet a ra cc gii php sau :
Sa i li cu trc cp pht a ch IP tng hiu qu
Kt hp vic chn ng c cu trc gim ti a s lng cc mc t trong
bng chn ng.
Sa i li cu trc cp pht a ch IP
CIDR c s dng thay th cho s cp pht c vi vic qui nh cc lp A, B, C.
Thay v phn nhn dng mng c gii hn vi 8, 16 hoc 24 bits, CIDR s dng phn
nhn dng mng c tnh tng qut t 13 n 27 bits. Chnh v th cc khi a ch c th
c gn cho mng nh nht vi 32 my tnh n mng ln nht hn 500.000 my tnh.
iu ny p ng gn ng yu cu nh a ch ca cc t chc khc nhau.
a ch CIDR
Mt a ch theo cu trc CIDR, gi tt tt a ch CIDR, bao gm 32 bits ca a ch IP
chun cng vi mt thng tin b sung v s lng cc bit c s dng cho phn nhn
dng mng.
V d : Vi a ch CIDR 206.13.01.48/25 th chui s "/25" ch ra rng 25 bits u tin
trong a ch IP c dng nhn dng duy nht mt mng, s bits cn li dng
nhn dng mt my tnh trong mng.
Bng sau so snh gia s nh a ch theo kiu CIDR v s nh a ch theo
chun phn lp hon ton.
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192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
Net2
192.168.2.0
255.255.255.0
Net3
192.168.3.0
255.255.255.0
Net4
192.168.4.0
255.255.255.0
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a ch mng ch
Mt n mng ch
Router k tip s nhn gi tin (Next Hop)
Giao din chuyn gi tin i
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ca gi tin gip phng nga trng hp gi tin c gi i lng vng trn mng v
khng bao gi n ni nhn. Router s b i cc gi tin ht thi gian sng.
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Gi tin gi i
ngha
LISTEN
Khng c
195/244
CONNECT
Yu cu kt ni(Connection
Request)
Ch ng yu cu thit lp ni kt
n tin trnh khc
SEND
D liu (Data)
Gi thng tin i
RECEIVE
Khng c
DISCONNECT
Yu cu hy kt
ni(Disconnection Request)
Mun hy kt ni vi bn i tc
Gi tin gi i
SEND
RECEIVE Khng c
ngha
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Ti lp lin kt d liu, hai router giao tip vi nhau qua mt knh truyn vt l, trong
khi ti lp vn chuyn, knh truyn ny c thay bng c mt mng con. S khc nhau
ny s dn n nhiu h ly m nhng ngi thit k giao thc vn chuyn phi au u
gii quyt: nh a ch cc tin trnh trn cc host khc nhau nh th no, x l nh th
no i vi nhng trng hp mt gi tin trong qu trnh trao i hoc gi tin i chm
dn n mn k v gi thm mt gi tin b trng lp, ng b ha hai tin trnh ang
trao i d liu nh th no khi m chng ang rt xa nhau.
nh a ch
Khi mt tin trnh mong mun thit lp ni kt vi mt tin trnh khc t xa, n phi ch
ra rng n mun kt ni vi tin trnh no. (Vn chuyn hng khng ni kt cng gp
vn tng t: thng ip s gi n ai?). Mt phng php nh a ch tng vn
chuyn ca Internet l dng s hiu cng (port), cn trong mng ATM l AAL-SAP.
Chng ta s dng t chung nht nh a ch tin trnh l TSAP (Transport Service
Access Point). Tng t, a ch trong tng mng c gi l NSAP.
Hnh H7.3 m phng mi quan h gia NSAP, TSAP v kt ni vn chuyn. Cc tin
trnh ng dng, c client v server u phi gn vo mt TSAP v thit lp ni kt n
TSAP khc. V kt ni ny chy qua c hai TSAP. Mc tiu ca vic s dng cc TSAP
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Gii phng ni kt
Vic gii phng ni kt n gin hn thit lp ni kt. Tuy nhin, ngi ta s cn gp
nhiu kh khn khng ng ti. By gi chng ta s ngh hai kiu gii phng ni kt:
d b v ng b. Kiu d b hot ng nh sau: khi mt bn ct ni kt, kt ni s b
hy b (ging nh trong h thng in thoi). Kiu ng b lm vic theo phng thc
ngc li: khi c hai ng hy b ni kt, ni kt mi thc s c hy.
Gii phng ni kt kiu d b l th l v c th dn n mt d liu. V d tnh hung
trong Hnh H7.5. Sau khi ni kt thnh cng, host 1 gi mt gi d liu n ng host
2. Sau host 1 gi tip mt gi d liu khc. Khng may, host 2 gi i mt yu cu
ct ni kt (DISCONNECT) trc khi gi d liu th hai n. Kt qu l kt ni c
gii phng v d liu b mt.
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C hai s qun ang dn trn nh nhau. Qun trng dn qun di thung lng, qun
xanh chia thnh hai cnh qun chim lnh hai nh i ng ng hai bn thung lng .
Ch huy ca hai cnh qun xanh mun thng bo v nht tr vi nhau v thi im cng
tn cng qun trng. Do qun s hai cnh qun xanh cng li mi sc thng qun
trng, mt cnh qun xanh tn cng ring l s b qun trng tiu dit.
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Hai cnh qun xanh mun ng b ha cuc tn cng ca h bng cnh gi cc thng
ip qua li. Nhng nhng thng ip phi chy ngang qua thung lng v c kh
nng b qun trng ph hng. Cu hi y l c giao thc no m bo s thng li
ca qun xanh hay khng?
Gi s ch huy cnh qun xanh s 1 gi thng ip n ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2:
Ti d nh tn cng vo lc hong hn ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004, c c khng?.
May mn thay, ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2 nhn c thng ip v tr li ng .
Vy cuc tn cng c chc xy ra khng? Khng chc, bi v ch huy cnh qun xanh
s 2 khng chc cu tr li ca anh ta n c ch huy ca cnh qun s 1.
By gi ta ci tin giao thc thm mt bc: cho n tr thnh giao thc ba chiu: Bn
cnh qun s 1 gi bn hip ng tn cng cho bn cnh qun s 2, bn cnh qun s 2
tr li ng , bn cnh qun 1 thng bo cho bn 2 n bit c s ng ca bn
2. Th nhng nu thng bo cui cng ca bn 1 b mt th sao? Bn 2 cng s khng
tn cng!
Nu ta c ci tin thnh giao thc n chiu i na th vic hip ng vn tht bi nu
thng bo cui cng b mt.
Ta c th thy mi tng ng gia bi ton hai s qun v gii php gii phng ni
kt. Thay v hp ng tn cng, hai bn hp ng hy ni kt!
Gii php cui cng l hai bn s dng phng php hy ni kt ba chiu cng vi b
nh thi:
Bn pht ng vic hy ni kt s bt b nh thi cho mi yu cu gii phng
ni kt ca n, nu yu cu gii phng ni kt b mn k m cha nhn c
tr li ca bn i tc, n s gi li yu cu mt ln na. Nu yu cu hy ni
kt b mn k lin tc N ln, bn pht ng s t hy b ni kt .
Bn i tc khi nhn c yu cu hy ni kt t pha pht ng, s tr li chp
thun v cng bt b nh thi. Nu mn k m tr li chp thun ca n khng
c bo tr t pha pht ng, bn i tc s t hy ni kt.
Hnh H7.7 s m phng mt s tnh hung pht sinh trong qu trnh hy ni kt 3 chiu
c s dng b nh thi.
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SEQ_NUM, bn nhn cng phi gi km theo thng bo cho bn gi bit l lng buffer
cn li l bao nhiu bn gi khng lm ngp bn nhn.
V d sau s m phng mt tnh hung trao i thng tin gia hai my A v B.
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Tng vn chuyn trong Internet cng h tr hai phng thc hot ng khng ni kt
v c ni kt vi hai giao thc lin lc tng ng l UDP v TCP.
Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP l dch v truyn d liu dng khng ni kt. Khng c thit lp ni kt gia hai
bn truyn nhn, do gi tin UDP (segment) c th xut hin ti nt ch bt k lc
no. Cc segment UDP t thn cha mi thng tin cn thit c th t i n ch.
Khun dng ca chng nh sau:
Gii thch:
u_short
cksum(u_short *buf, int count)
{
register u_long sum = 0;
while (count--)
{
sum += *buf++;
if (sum & 0xFFFF0000)
{
/* bit carry xut hin, v th gp v cng dn n li */
sum &= 0xFFFF;
sum++;
}
}
return ~(sum & 0xFFFF);
}
Xem thng ip l mt chui cc s nguyn 16 bits. Cng dn cc s nguyn ny tng
bit mt. Kt qu cng dn cui cng chnh l phn kim tra li.
Data: Phn d liu hai bn gi cho nhau.
UDP hot ng khng tin cy cho lm, v: Khng c bo nhn d liu t trm ch;
khng c c ch pht hin mt gi tin hoc cc gi tin n khng theo th t; khng
c c ch t ng gi li nhng gi tin b mt; khng c c ch iu khin lung d
liu, v do c th bn gi s lm ngp bn nhn.
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Gii thch:
Cc trng SrcPort v DstPort ch ra a ch cng ngun v ch, ging nh
trong UDP. Hai trng ny cng vi hai a ch IP ngun v ch s c kt
hp vi nhau nh danh duy nht mt kt ni TCP. Ngha l mt kt ni
TCP s c nh danh bi mt b 4 trng
(Cng ngun, a ch IP ngun, Cng ch, a ch IP ch)
Cc trng Acknowledgement, SequenceNum v AdvertisedWindow tt c c
s dng trong gii thut ca s trt ca TCP. Bi v TCP l giao thc hng
byte, nn mi byte ca d liu s c mt s th t; trng SequenceNum cha
s th t ca byte u tin ca mt dy cc bytes cha trong mt segment. Cc
trng Acknowledgement v AdvertisedWindow c dng thng bo tin
nhn cc bytes trong lung d liu v kh nng tip nhn chng. n
gin ha vn , chng ta b qua s tht l d liu c th chy theo hai chiu,
y ta a ra s nh sau: bn gi s gi mt segment d liu, byte d liu
u tin trong segment s c s th t l SequenceNum; bn nhn s bo
nhn bng cc trng Acknowledgement v AdvertisedWindow.
Trng Flags di 6 bits c s dng cha thng tin iu khin gia hai bn
s dng giao thc TCP. Mt bit trong trng ny l mt c, c th nh sau:
SYN, FIN, RESET, PUSH, URG, ACK. Hai c SYN v FIN c dng thit
lp v gii phng ni kt. C ACK c t mi khi trng Acknowledgement
l hp l. C URG c dng nh du segment ny cha d liu khn cp.
Khi c ny c t, trng UrgPtr s ch ra ni bt u ca d liu khng
khn cp (d liu khn cp lun nm u ca phn d liu). C PUSH bo
hiu cho bn nhn rng bn gi dng thao tc PUSH, tc l bn gi
khng ch nhn cc bytes lp y mt segment, trong buffer gi d c
bao nhiu bytes d liu cng c bn gi ng vo segment v gi i. Cui
cng, c RESET c dng thng bo rng bn nhn b ri (v d nh n
nhn mt segment m ng l ra khng phi l segment ), v th n mun
hy b ni kt.
Trng Checksum c s dng chnh xc ging nh trong giao thc UDP.
Do header ca TCP c di thay i, nn trng HdrLen s ch ra di c
th ca phn header ny.
Bt tay trong TCP
TCP s dng giao thc bt tay 3 chiu.
Bc 1: Cient (bn ch ng) gi n server mt segment yu cu ni kt,
trong cha s th t khi u m n s dng (Flags = SYN, SequenceNum =
x).
Bc 2: Server tr li cho client bng mt segment, trong bo nhn rng n
sn sng nhn cc byte d liu bt u t s th t x+1 (Flags = ACK, Ack = x
+ 1) v cng bo rng s th t khi u ca bn server l y (Flags = SYN,
SequenceNum = y).
Bc 3: Cui cng client bo cho server bit, n bit s th t khi u ca
server l y (Flags = ACK, Ack = y+1).
209/244
210/244
Nh ni, TCP khng truyn nhn d liu cho ng dng tng byte mt m n tr tm
cc bytes trong buffer n khi ng gi thnh mt segment th mi truyn i.
211/244
212/244
Min phn cp
DNS ci t khng gian tn phn cp dng cho cc i tng trn Internet. Cc tn DNS
c x l t phi sang tri, s dng cc du chm (.) lm k t ngn cch. (Mc d cc
tn DNS c x l t phi qua tri, ngi dng thng c chng t tri sang phi). V
d tn min ca mt host l mail.cit.ctu.edu.vn. Ch rng cc tn min c s dng
t tn cc i tng trn Internet, khng phi ch c dng t tn my. Ta c
th mng tng cu trc phn cp ca DNS ging nh hnh dng cy. Hnh H8.2 l
mt v d.
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215/244
216/244
217/244
219/244
220/244
221/244
Gi tr
222/244
From:
a ch ngi gi
To:
a ch ca ngi nhn
Subject: Ch th
Date:
Ngy gi
Gi tr
MIME-Version:
Content-Description:
Content-Type:
ngha
image/gif
nh dng gif
image/
jpeg
nh dng jpeg
text/plain
Vn bn n gin
text/
richtext
223/244
224/244
Chuyn th
K n, chng ta s xem xt giao thc SMTP giao thc c dng chuyn th t
my ny n my kia. t SMTP vo ng ng cnh, chng ta nn nhc li cc nhn
vt then cht trong h thng email. u tin, ngi dng tng tc vi trnh c th
(hay cn gi l user agent) son, lu, tm kim v c th ca h. Hin trn th trng
c nhiu phn mm c th, cng ging nh hin cng ang c nhiu loi trnh duyt
Web vy. Th hai, c trnh x l th (hay cn gi l mail server) chy trn mt my no
trong mng ni b ca ngi dng. C th xem mail server nh mt bu in: Ngi
dng trao cho mail server cc bc th m h mun gi cho ngi dng khc, mail server
s dng giao thc SMTP trn TCP chuyn bc cc th ny n mail server bn ch.
Mail server bn ch nhn cc th n v t chng vo hp th ca ngi dng bn
ch. Do SMTP l giao thc m rt nhiu ngi c th t ci t, v th s c rt nhiu
sn phm mail server hin c trn th trng. Sn phm mail server thng c s
dng nht l sendmail, ban u c ci t trong h iu hnh Berkeley Unix.
Tt nhin mail server bn my gi c th kt ni SMTP/TCP trc tip ti mail server bn
my nhn, nhng trong thc t, mt bc th c th i ngang qua vi mail gateways trc
khi n ch. Cng ging nh my ch, mi mail gateway cng chy mt mail server.
Khng phi ngu nhin m cc nt chuyn th trung gian c gi l mail gateway.
Cng vic ca chng cng ging nh cc IP gateway l lu tm v chuyn pht tip cc
bc th ca ngi dng. im khc nhau duy nht gia chng l, mail gateway tr tm
cc bc th trong a, trong khi cc IP gateway tr tm cc gi tin IP trong b nh.
Bn c th t cu hi: ti sao li cn n cc mail gateways? Ti sao khng dng
phng php ni kt SMTP/TCP trc tip t bn gi sang bn nhn? L do th nht,
ngi gi khng mun km trong th a ch ca my ch. V d, ring vic nhp vo
trong th a ch ch ptphi@cit.ctu.edu.vn mt cng ri, khng ai thy thoi mi
khi phi nhp thm a ch my ch l machine-of-phi.cit.ctu.edu.vn. Th hai, khng
chc lc bn gi thit lp ni kt n bn nhn, ngi dng bn nhn bt sn my!
Thnh th ch cn a ch th bn nhn l . Khi bc th n c mail gateway ca
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin i hc Cn Th, nu ngi dng ptphi ang m my,
mail gateway s chuyn th cho anh ta ngay, nu khng mail gateway s tr tm th
trn a ca n n khi ptphi bt my ln v kim tra th.
D c bao nhiu mail gateways trung gian trn ng n ch vn khng ng lo lng,
bi v mi mail gateway trung gian s n lc s dng mt kt ni SMTP c lp n
gateway k tip trn ng i nhm chuyn th cng ngy cng n gn ngi nhn.
SMTP l mt giao thc n gin dng cc k t ASCII. Sau khi thit lp ni kt TCP
n cng 25 ca my ch (c coi l server), my ngun (c coi l client) ch nhn
kt qu tr v t server. Server khi u cuc i thoi bng cch gi mt dng vn bn
n client thng bo danh tnh ca n v kh nng tip nhn th. Nu server khng c
225/244
ngha
HELO
MAIL FROM
a ch email ca ngi gi
RCPT TO
DATA
Bt u truyn ni dung ca th
QUIT
Hy ni kt
226/244
TR LI CA
SERVER
Tr li
ngha
250
Yu cu hp l
550
354
221
Vn cn nhiu lnh v m tr li cha c trnh by, xin tham kho ti liu RFC 822
c c y thng tin.
Phn pht th
Nh trnh by, khi ng v gc ngi dng th, h s dng user agent gi v
nhn th cho h. User agent dng giao thc SMTP gi th i, dng giao thc POP3
hoc IMAP nhn th v.
POP3
Mt phin lm vic theo giao thc POP3 bt u ti user agent. User agent khi ng
mt ni kt TCP n cng 110 ca mail server. Khi kt ni thc hin xong, phin lm
vic POP3 s tri qua theo th t ba k:
1. Chng thc.
2. Giao dch d liu.
3. Cp nht.
K chng thc buc ngi dng thc hin th tc ng nhp bng cch nhp vo hai
lnh sau:
Lnh
ngha
Khai bo mt khu.
227/244
Tr li
ngha
ngha
Ti l th c s th t <s th t th> v.
DELE<s
th t
Xa l th s <s th t th> khi hp th.
th>
QUIT
Server
Gii thch
+OK POP3
server
Server sn sng phc v client
ready
USER
ptphi
+OK
PASS
godblessus
228/244
+OK login
Chng thc thnh cng
successfully
LIST
RETR 1
ptphi ti th th nht v
+OK
DELE 1
+OK
QUIT
+OK ByeBye
server hy ni kt
IMAP
Vi nhng ngi dng c mt ti khon email trn mt ISP v ngi dng ny thng
truy cp email trn mt PC th giao thc POP3 hot ng tt. Tuy nhin, mt s tht
trong ngnh cng ngh my tnh, khi mt th g hot ng tt, ngi ta lp tc i
hi thm nhiu tnh nng mi (v t chuc ly nhiu phin nhiu). iu cng xy ra
i vi h thng email. V d, ngi ta ch c mt ti khon email, nhng h li mun
ngi u cng truy cp c n. POP3 cng lm c chuyn ny bng cch n gin
ti ht cc email xung my PC m ngi dng ny ang ngi lm vic. V d nhin l
th t ca ngi dng ny nm ri rc khp ni.
S bt tin ny khi mo cho s ra i ca giao thc phn phi th mi, IMAP (Internet
Message Access Protocol), c nh ngha trong RFC 2060. Khng ging nh POP2,
IMAP coi cc thng ip mc nhin nm trn server v hn v trn nhiu hp th. IMAP
cn a ra c ch cho php c cc thng ip hoc mt phn ca thng ip, mt tnh
nng hu ch khi ngi dng kt ni n server bng ng truyn tc chm nh
in thoi nhng li c cc email c m thanh, hnh nh Vi quan nim cho rng
ngi dng khng cn ti th v lu trn PC, IMAP cung cp cc c ch cho php to,
xa v sa i nhiu hp th trn server.
Cung cch lm vic ca IMAP cng ging nh POP3, ngoi tr trong IMAP c rt nhiu
lnh. IMAP server s lng nghe trn cng 143. Cng nn ch rng, khng phi mi
ISP u h tr c hai giao thc POP3 v IMAP.
229/244
POP3
IMAP
RFC 1939
RFC 2060
110
143
Email c lu u
PC ca ngi
dng
Server
Email c c u
Off-line
On-line
Thi gian ni kt
Nhiu
Ti thiu
Nhiu hn
Nhiu hp th
Khng
ng
Ai lu phng h cc hp th
Ngi dng
ISP
Khng
Tt
Ti mt phn th
Khng
Quota a c l vn khng?
Khng
Thnh thong
D ci t
Khng
c h tr rng ri
ang pht
trin
230/244
231/244
Bt k trnh duyt Web no cng c chc nng cho php ngi dng m mt URL.
Cc URL (Uniform Resource Locators) cung cp thng tin v v tr ca cc i tng
trn Internet; chng thng trng ging nh sau:
http://www.cit.ctu.edu.vn/index.html
Nu ngi dng m URL trn, trnh duyt Web s thit lp mt kt ni TCP n Web
Server ti a ch www.cit.ctu.edu.vn v ngay lp tc ti tp tin index.html v v th
hin n. Hu ht cc tp tin trn Web cha vn bn v hnh nh, mt s cn cha audio
v video clips. Chng cn c th cha cc lin kt n cc tp tin khc c gi l cc
lin kt siu vn bn (hypertext links). Khi ngi dng yu cu trnh duyt Web m ra
mt lin kt siu vn bn (bng cch tr chut v click ln lin kt ), trnh duyt s
m mt ni kt mi, ti v v hin th mt tp tin mi. V th, rt d duyt t server
ny n server khc trn khp th gii c c ht nhng thng tin m ngi dng
cn.
Khi ngi dng chn xem mt trang Web, trnh duyt Web s np trang Web t Web
server v s dng giao thc HTTP chy trn TCP. Ging nh SMTP, HTTP l giao thc
hng k t. V ct li, mt thng ip HTTP c khun dng tng qut sau:
START_LINE <CRLF>
MESSAGE_HEADER <CRLF>
<CRLF>
MESSAGE_BODY <CRLF>
Hng u tin ch ra y l thng ip yu cu hay tr li. N s ch ra th tc cn
c thc hin t xa (trong tnh hung l thng ip yu cu) hoc l trng thi
tr v (trong tnh hung l thng ip tr li). Tp hp cc hng k tip ch ra cc
ty chn hoc tham s nhm xc nh c th tnh cht ca yu cu hoc tr li. Phn
MESSAGE_HEADER c th khng c hoc c mt vi hng tham s v c kt thc
bng mt hng trng. HTTP nh ngha nhiu kiu header, mt s lin quan n cc
thng ip yu cu, mt s lin quan n cc thng ip tr li v mt s li lin quan
n phn d liu trong thng ip. y ch gii thiu mt s kiu thng dng. Cui
cng, sau hng trng l phn ni dung ca thng ip tr li (MESSAGE_BODY), phn
ny thng l rng trong thng ip yu cu.
Cc thng ip yu cu
Hng u tin ca mt thng ip yu cu HTTP s ch ra 3 th: thao tc cn c thc
thi, trang Web m thao tc s p ln v phin bn HTTP c s dng. Bng sau s
gii thiu mt s thao tc ph bin.
232/244
Hnh ng M t
OPTIONS
GET
HEAD
POST
PUT
DELETE
TRACE
Phn hi li thng ip yu cu
233/244
L do
5xx Li server
234/244
thit lp v gii phng ni kt s phi c trao i qua li gia client v server v khi
m tt c client mun ly thng tin mi nht ca mt trang Web, server s b qu ti.
Ci tin quan trng nht trong phin bn HTTP/1.1 l n cho php cc kt ni lu di
client v server s trao i nhiu thng ip yu cu/tr li trn cng mt kt ni TCP.
Kt ni lu di c hai ci li. Th nht, n lm gim thiu chi ph cho vic thit lp/gii
phng ni kt. Th hai, do client gi nhiu thng ip yu cu qua mt kt ni TCP, c
ch iu khin tc nghn ca TCP s hot ng hiu qu hn.
Tuy nhin, kt ni lu di cng c ci gi phi tr. Vn pht sinh ch: khng ai
trong client v server bit c kt ni s ko di bao lu. iu ny thc s gy kh
khn cho pha server bi v ti mi thi im, n phi m bo duy tr kt ni n c
ngn client. Gii php cho vn ny l: server s mn k v ct ni kt nu n khng
nhn c mt yu cu c th no t pha client trong mt khong thi gian nh trc.
Ngoi ra, c client v server phi theo di xem pha bn kia c ch ng ct ni kt hay
khng v ly lm c s t ct ni kt ca mnh. (Nhc li rng, c hai bn phi ct
ni kt th ni kt TCP mi thc s kt thc).
Tr m
Mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin cu tch cc nht hin nay v Internet l lm sao
tr tm cc trang Web mt cch hiu qu. Vic tr tm mang li nhiu li ch. T pha
client, vic np v hin th mt trang Web t b m gn y l nhanh hn rt nhiu so
vi t mt server no na vng tri t. i vi server, c thm mt b m can
thip vo v phc v gip yu cu ca ngi dng s gim bt ti trn server.
Vic tr m c th c ci t ti nhiu ni khc khau. V d, trnh duyt Web c th
tr tm nhng trang Web mi c np v gn y, khi ngi dng duyt li nhng
trang Web , trnh duyt s khng phi ni kt ra Internet ly chng v m dng
bn tr sn. V d khc, mt khu vc lm vic (site) c th c mt my lm nhim
v tr tm cc trang Web, nhng ngi dng sau c th s dng cc bn tr sn ca
nhng ngi dng trc. Yu cu ca h thng ny l mi ngi dng trong site phi
bit a ch ca my tnh lm nhim v b tr tm, v h ch n gin l lin h vi
my tnh ny ti cc trang Web v theo yu cu. Ngi ta thng gi my tnh lm
nhim v tr tm cc trang Web cho mt site l proxy. V tr tr m c th di chuyn
gn hn n phn li ca Internet l cc ISP. Trong tnh hung ny, cc site ni kt ti
ISP thng khng hay bit g v vic tr tm y. Khi cc yu cu HTTP t cc site
c chuyn pht n router ca ISP, router lin kim tra xem URL c yu cu c
ging vi cc URL c tr sn hay khng. Nu c, router s tr li ngay. Nu khng,
router s chuyn yu cu n server tht s v cng khng qun lu vo b m ca
mnh thng ip tr li t pha server .
235/244
236/244
Trong h thng ny, ngi dng s ra lnh cho FTP user agent. User agent s ni kt ti
FTP server dn xp th tc lm vic, thc thi cc tc v theo yu cu v tr kt qu
v cho ngi dng.
Giao thc FTP
u tin, user agent thit lp mt kt ni iu khin trn cng 21 ti FTP server. Sau
khi tha thun cc tham s truyn nhn, hai bn s thit lp mt knh d liu chy
trn cng 20. D liu ca cc tp tin c trao i qua li gia user agent v server s
chy trn knh d liu ny. Knh d liu l knh hot ng theo phng thc hai chiu
v khng nht thit phi lun tn ti.
237/244
Giao tip gia Client v Server trong giao thc FTP (H8.10)
Cc lnh c bn
Sau y l cc lnh c bn m ngi dng c th s dng thao tc ln h thng FTP
Lnh
Tham s
ngha
FTP
host-name
USER
user-name
ASCII
BINARY
LS
Xem ni dung th mc t xa
CD
remote-dir
GET
remote-file
local-file
PUT
local-file
remote-file
MKDIR
dir-name
RMDIR
dir-name
QUIT
238/244
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Gio trnh mng my tnh
Bin tp bi: Ng B Hng, Phm Th Phi
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/476ccb99
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Gii thiu tng quan v gio trnh
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/314a42a8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tng quan v mang may tinh
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b41761a3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/74445ea6
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Gii thiu tng vt l ca h thng truyn d liu
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0848a219
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Vn s ha thng tin
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b8bcde05
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc loi knh truyn d liu
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0689ec3c
239/244
240/244
241/244
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d64faa6a
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Lin mng
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/13d0eb88
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: B giao thc lin mng (IPs - Internet Protocols)
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/266af9cd
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Dch v ca tng vn chuyn
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/74ad2b38
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cc yu t cu thnh giao thc vn chuyn
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c61a8095
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tng vn chuyn trong mng Internet
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/bd424f7f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Dch v tn (DNS)
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/31f28d92
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME, POP3, IMAP)
Cc tc gi: unknown
242/244
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5a69b310
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: World Wide Web (HTTP)
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2bafb452
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Truyn tp tin (FTP)
Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c8b5298c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
243/244
244/244