Fluid Chapter 1

EMM3302: Fluid Mechanics
Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Office: 03-89466331
Room: L5-21
Email: ahziz@upm.edu.my
9/21/2016
Rules
On time: 15 minutes rule (The attendance will not
be countered if you late 15 minutes and above)
Proper attire
Boys: NO slipper/thong, NO round neck t-shirt
Girls: NO short skirt, NO tight jeans/shirts
Attendance must be 80% and above

Lastly, adhere with the university rules.
9/21/2016

Learning Outcome:
1. To explain fluid features and dimension analysis
concept.
(A3 PO14)
2. To make an inference from the related moving fluid equation
and calculate force that inflicted by fluid motion.
(C4 PO1 & P4 PO6)
3. To analyse flow in the pipe and flow in pump and turbine.
(C4 PO2, LL, CTPS)
9/21/2016

Schedule
Class:
Tue: 0800 - 1000 (BK 5)
Fri: 1500 1600 (BK 9)
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Grade Breakdown
Test 1
Test 2
Quiz (Random)
Project (MATLAB/Excel)
Attendance/Forum
Final exam
Total
9/21/2016
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
15
15
5
20
5
40
100%
5
Web 2.0
PutraBlast (http://blastdk.upm.edu.my/)
Check the website regularly and your email
@student.upm.edu.my
Quick quiz, questions, forum etc will be
posted here.
Your participation will be counted!!
9/21/2016
References :
1. Fluid Mechanics
Y.A. Cengel, 3rd Ed. (2014), McGraw Hill
Other including journals and proceedings.
9/21/2016
Outline
Chapter 1 : Fluid Properties

Chapter 2 : Fluid Static
Chapter 3 : Principles and Fluid Laws
Chapter 4 : Kinematics and Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 5 : Flow in Closed Channel
Chapter 6 : Boundary Layer Theory
Chapter 7 : Introduction to Pump and Turbine
Chapter 8 : Dimensional Analysis
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Contents
Week 1
Fluid Properties
9/21/2016
Chapter 1: Fluid Properties

Introduction to fluid properties
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids
Surface stretch and elastic modulus
Assessment Type:
C4 Test / Final Exam
A3, LL Practice Question / Quiz
CTPS Test / Final Exam
P4 - Practice
Chapter 1 : Fluid Properties

Chapter 2 : Fluid Static
Chapter 3 : Principles and Fluid Laws
Chapter 4 : Kinematics and Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 5 : Flow in Closed Channel
Chapter 6 : Boundary Layer Theory
Chapter 7 : Introduction to Pump and Turbine
Chapter 8 : Dimensional Analysis
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10
Objectives
Understand the basic concepts of Fluid Mechanics.
Recognize the various types of fluid flow problems
encountered in practice.
Have a working knowledge of the basic properties of fluids.
Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the consequences
of the frictional effects it causes in fluid flow.
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11
What do you know about
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fluid mechanics?
12
1 FLUID PROPERTIES
What is a Fluid?
Fluid: A substance in the liquid
or gas phase.
A solid can resist an applied
shear stress by deforming.
A fluid deforms continuously
under the influence of a shear
stress, no matter how small: a
fluid never stops deforming
9/21/2016
Deformation of a rubber block placed

between two parallel plates under the
influence of a shear force. The shear
stress shown is that on the rubberan
equal but opposite shear stress acts
on the upper plate.
13
Stress: Force per unit area.

Normal stress: The normal
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a
fluid at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is
at a state of zero shear stress.
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14
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the
volume remains relatively constant because of the strong cohesive
forces between the molecules. It forms a free surface in a larger
container in a gravitational field.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the
entire available space. Unlike liquids, a gas in an open container cannot
form a free surface.
Unlike a liquid, a gas

does not form a
free surface, and it
expands to fill the
entire available
space.
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Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.

Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated
throughout.
Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.
Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and
molecular ordering is nonexistent.
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16
Application Areas of Fluid

Mechanics
Fluid dynamics is used extensively in

the design of artificial hearts. Shown
here is the Penn State Electric Total
Artificial Heart.
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18
Classification of Fluid Flows

1. Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there are regions
(typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are
negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.
The flow of an originally

uniform fluid stream
over a flat plate, and
the regions of viscous
flow (next to the plate
on both sides) and
inviscid flow (away from
the plate).
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19

2. Internal versus External Flow
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a
plate, a wire, or a pipe.
Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely bounded
by solid surfaces.
External flow over a tennis ball, and the

turbulent wake region behind.
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Water flow in a pipe is

internal flow, and airflow
over a ball is external
flow .
The flow of liquids in a

duct is called openchannel flow if the duct is
only partially filled with
the liquid and there is a
free surface.
20

3. Compressible versus Incompressible
Incompressible flow: The density
of flowing fluid remains nearly
constant.
Compressible flow: The density of

fluid changes during flow
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft,
and other systems that involve highspeed gas flows, the flow speed is
often expressed by Mach number
Ma = 1
Ma < 1
Ma > 1
Ma >> 1
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Sonic flow
Subsonic flow
Supersonic flow
Hypersonic flow
Schlieren image of the spherical shock

wave produced by a bursting ballon
at the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Several secondary shocks are seen in
the air surrounding the ballon.
21

4. Laminar versus Turbulent
Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid
motion characterized by smooth layers of
fluid.
Turbulent flow: The highly disordered

fluid motion that typically occurs at high
velocities and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations.
Transitional flow: A flow that alternates
between being laminar and turbulent.
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22

5. Natural versus Forced Flow
Forced flow: A fluid is forced
to flow over a surface or in a
pipe by external means such
as a pump or a fan.
Natural flow: Fluid motion is
due to natural means such as
the buoyancy effect, which
manifests itself as the rise of
warmer (and thus lighter) fluid
and the fall of cooler (and thus
denser) fluid.
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23

5. Steady versus Unsteady
The term steady implies no change at a

point with time.
The opposite of steady is unsteady.
The term uniform implies no change with

location over a specified region.
The term periodic refers to the kind of

unsteady flow in which the flow oscillates
about a steady mean.
Many devices such as turbines,

compressors, boilers, condensers, and
heat exchangers operate for long periods
of time under the same conditions, and
they are classified as steady-flow
devices.
9/21/2016
24
Some SI and English Units
Work = Force Distance

1 J = 1 Nm
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
The SI unit prefixes are used in all

branches of engineering.
The definition of the force units.

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25
System of Units
W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration
9/21/2016
International system (SI)

Temperature (K) = oC + 273.15
Force (N) = (1kg)(1 m/s2)
Work (J) = 1 N.m
Power (W) = 1 J/s = 1 N.m/s
26
Measures of fluid mass and weight

Density
mass per volume
Specific volume
Ratio of substance volume to its
mass, or 1 per density
9/21/2016
1
= =

27
Specific weight
density
=
gravity
(N/m3)
Specific gravity, SG
ratio of the density of the
fluid to the
density of
water
=
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28
Density of Ideal Gas

Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature,
and density (or specific volume) of a substance.
Ideal-gas equation of state: The simplest and best-known equation of
state for substances in the gas phase.
Ru: The universal gas constant
The thermodynamic temperature scale in the SI is the Kelvin scale.

In the English system, it is the Rankine scale.
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29
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30
Energy
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential,
electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total
energy, E of a system.
Microscopic forms of energy: Those related to the molecular structure of a system

and the degree of the molecular activity.
Internal energy, U: The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy.
Kinetic energy, KE: The energy that

a system possesses as a result of its
motion relative to some reference
frame.
Potential energy, PE: The energy
that a system possesses as a result The macroscopic energy of an
of its elevation in a gravitational field. object changes with velocity and
elevation.
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31
Enthalpy
Energy of a flowing fluid
The internal energy u represents the

microscopic energy of a nonflowing
fluid per unit mass, whereas
enthalpy h represents the
microscopic energy of a flowing fluid
per unit mass.
9/21/2016
32
Specific Heats
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise the temperature
of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is maintained
constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise the
temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is
maintained constant.
Specific heat is the energy

required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass
of a substance by one
degree in a specified way.
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33
Compressibility and Speed of Sound

Coefficient of Compressibility
The volume (or density) of a fluid changes
with a change in its temperature or
pressure.
Fluids usually expand as they are heated
or depressurized.
But the amount of volume change is
different for different fluids, and we need to
define properties that relate volume
changes to the changes in pressure and
temperature.
Two such properties are:
the bulk modulus of elasticity

the coefficient of volume expansion .
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Fluids, like solids, compress when

the applied pressure is increased
from P1 to
34 P2.
Coefficient of compressibility
(also called the bulk modulus of
compressibility or bulk modulus of
elasticity) for fluids
What is the coefficient of compressibility of a truly

incompressible substance (v = constant)?
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35
Coefficient of Volume Expansion

The variation of the density of a fluid with
temperature at constant pressure.
A large value of for a fluid means a large

change in density with temperature,
The volume expansion coefficient of an ideal
gas (P = RT ) at a temperature T is
equivalent to the inverse of the temperature:
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36
The variation of the coefficient of volume

expansion of water with temperature in the
range of 20C to 50C.
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37
Speed of Sound and Mach Number

Speed of sound (sonic
speed): The speed at which
an infinitesimally small
pressure wave travels through
a medium.
The speed of sound in air increases

with temperature. At typical outside
temperatures, c is about 340 m/s.
Control volume moving with the

small pressure wave along a duct.
For an ideal gas

For any fluid
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Mach number Ma: The ratio of the

actual speed of the fluid (or an object
in still fluid) to the speed of sound in
the same fluid at the same state.
The Mach number depends on the

speed of sound, which depends on
the state of the fluid.
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40
Viscosity
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the fluidity.
Drag force: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow
direction. The magnitude of this force depends, in part, on viscosity
A fluid moving relative to

a body exerts a drag
force on the body, partly
because of friction
caused by viscosity.
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Newtonian fluids: Fluids for

which the rate of deformation is
proportional to the shear
stress.
Shear
stress
The behavior of a fluid in laminar flow
between two parallel plates when the upper
plate moves with a constant velocity.
Shear
force
coefficient of viscosity
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Dynamic (absolute) viscosity

kg/m s or N s/m2 or Pa s
1 poise = 0.1 Pa s
42
Kinematic viscosity
m2/s or stoke
1 stoke = 1 cm2/s
Variation of shear stress with the rate

of deformation for Newtonian and
non-Newtonian fluids (the slope of a
curve at a point is the apparent
viscosity of the fluid at that point).
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43
The viscosity of liquids decreases

and the viscosity of gases
increases with temperature.
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Dynamic viscosity, does not

depend on pressure, but
kinematic viscosity does.
44
The variation of
dynamic
(absolute)
viscosity of
common fluids
with
temperature at
1 atm
(1 Ns/m2
= 1 kg/ms
= 0.020886
lbfs/ft2)
9/21/2016
45
This equation can be used to calculate the

viscosity of a fluid by measuring torque at
a specified angular velocity.
Therefore, two concentric cylinders can be
used as a viscometer, a device that
measures viscosity.
length of the cylinder

number of revolutions per unit time
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46
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47
Surface Tension
The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit

length along any line in the surface
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48
Attractive forces acting on a liquid

molecule at the surface and deep
inside the liquid.
Stretching a liquid film with a Ushaped wire, and the forces acting
on the movable wire of length b.
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49
Reference: Cengel, Y.A. and Cimbala J.M. (2014), Lecture Notes: Fluid
Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd SI Edition, McGraw Hill
9/21/2016
50

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EMM3302: Fluid Mechanics

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Attendance must be 80% and above

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

EMM3302: Fluid Mechanics

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

EMM3302: Fluid Mechanics

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Other including journals and proceedings.

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Chapter 1 : Fluid Properties

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Chapter 1: Fluid Properties

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Chapter 1 : Fluid Properties

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

What do you know about

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Deformation of a rubber block placed

Stress: Force per unit area.

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Unlike a liquid, a gas

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Application Areas of Fluid

Fluid dynamics is used extensively in

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Classification of Fluid Flows

The flow of an originally

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Classification of Fluid Flows

External flow over a tennis ball, and the

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Water flow in a pipe is

The flow of liquids in a

Classification of Fluid Flows

Compressible flow: The density of

Schlieren image of the spherical shock

Classification of Fluid Flows

Turbulent flow: The highly disordered

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Classification of Fluid Flows

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Classification of Fluid Flows

The term steady implies no change at a

The opposite of steady is unsteady.

The term uniform implies no change with

The term periodic refers to the kind of

Many devices such as turbines,

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Some SI and English Units

Work = Force Distance

The SI unit prefixes are used in all

The definition of the force units.

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

International system (SI)

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin