LESSON PLAN

Course/Technology Electronics
Name of Teacher: Engr. Talha Khalid
Lesson No. 05

Subject: ELT-253 (Communication

system)
Topic: Modulation and
Demodulation
Estimated Time 45 Minutes

Lesson Contents:
Characteristics of Radio Receivers:

Objectives:
After studying this lesson Students will be able to:
Discuss the terminology of AM Receivers.
Teaching aids: White Board, Marker, and Lesson Feed Back & Key to Feed Back
Teaching method/s: Lecture Method supported with explanation, questioning &
discussion
method along with the active use of writing board.
Introduction, Preparation, Motivation:

Contents of the
lesson

Key points / Notes / Sketch

RECEIVER FUNDAMENTALS
An AM receiver processes amplitude-modulated signals received
by its antenna. It delivers an output that is a reproduction of the signal that
originally modulated the rf carrier at the transmitter. The signal can then be
applied to some reproducing device, such as a loudspeaker, or to a terminal
device, such as teletypewriter. Actual AM receivers vary widely in
complexity. Some are very simple; others contain a large number of complex
circuits. FUNCTIONS.Whatever its degree of sophistication, a receiver must
perform certain basic functions to be useful. These functions, in order of their
performance, are reception, selection, detection, and reproduction.
2-10Reception
Reception occurs when a transmitted electromagnetic wave passes through
the receiver antenna and induces a voltage in the antenna.

Selection
Selection is the ability of the receiver to select a particular frequency of a
station from all other station frequencies appearing at the antenna of the
receiver
Detection
Detection is the action of separating the low (audio) frequency intelligence
from the high (radio)frequency carrier. A detector circuit is used to
accomplish this action.
Reproduction
Reproduction is the action of converting the electrical signals to sound waves,
which can then beinterpreted by your ear as speech, music, and the like. An
example of this might be the stereo speakers in your car.
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS
Sensitivity, noise, selectivity, and fidelity are important receiver
characteristics. These characteristics will be useful to you when performing
receiver tests. They can help you to determine whether a receiveris working
or not or in comparing one receiver to another.
Sensitivity
The ability of a receiver to reproduce weak signals is a function of the
sensitivity of a receiver. The weaker a signal that can be applied to a receiver
and still produce a certain value of signal output, thebetter the sensitivity
rating. Sensitivity of a receiver is measured under standardized conditions. It
isexpressed in terms of the signal voltage, usually in the microvolts that must
be applied to the antenna input terminals to give an established level of the
output. The output may be an ac or dc voltage measuredat the detector output
or a power measurement (measured in decibels or watts) at the loudspeaker
orheadphone terminals.
Noise
All receivers generate a certain amount of noise, which you must take into
account when measuring sensitivity. Receiver noise may originate from the
atmosphere (lightning) or from internal components(transistors, tubes). Noise
is the limiting factor of sensitivity. You will find sensitivity is the value of
inputcarrier voltage (in microvolts) that must be applied from the signal
generator to the receiver input todevelop a specified output power.

Selectivity
Selectivity is the degree of distinction made by the receiver between the
desired signal and unwanted signals. You will find the better the ability of the
receiver to reject unwanted signals, the better its selectivity. The degree of
selection is determined by the sharpness of resonance to which the frequencydetermining circuits have been engineered and tuned. You usually measure
selectivity by taking a series of sensitivity readings. As you take the readings,
you step the input signal along a band of frequencies above and below the
circuit resonance of the receiver; for example, 100 kilohertz below to 100
kilohertz

2-11above the tuned frequency. As you approach the tuned frequency, the
input level required to maintain agiven output level will fall. As you pass the
tuned frequency, the required input level will rise. Inputvoltage levels are
then compared with frequency. They can be plotted on paper or you might
view themon an oscilloscope. They would appear in the form of a response
curve. The steepness of the responsecurve at the tuned frequency indicates the
selectivity of the receiver.
Fidelity
The fidelity of a receiver is its ability to accurately reproduce, in its output,
the signal that appears at its input. You will usually find the broader the band
passed by frequency selection circuits, the greater your fidelity. You may
measure fidelity by modulating an input frequency with a series of audio
frequencies; you then plot the output measurements at each step against the
audio input frequencies. The resulting curve will show the limits of
reproduction.
You should remember that good selectivity requires that a receiver pass a
narrow frequency band. Good fidelity requires that the receiver pass a
broader band to amplify the outermost frequencies of the sidebands.
Receivers you find in general use are a compromise between good selectivity
and high fidelity

Home Assignment / Work sheet:

Read related topics given in text book.

Feed Back:
Key to Feed Back:
Not necessary.
References:
Analog and digital communication by Hykin