UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

VALVES AND PUMPS AND EQUIPMENTS

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

REQUIREMENT IN THE SUBJECT

ME17 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

FAJUTAG, JOHN KENNETH F.

1101838

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. GILBERT M. MENDOZA

INSTRUCTOR

NOVEMBER 2015

Gate Valves

Fig. 1a
Actual Gate Valves

Gate valves, one of the original valve
designs, are ideally suited for on/o, primarily
liquid, service. A gate valve functions by lifting a
rectangular or circular gate out of the path of the
fluid. When the valve is fully open, gate valves
are full bore, meaning there is nothing to obstruct
the flow because the gate and pipeline diameter
have the same opening. This bore diameter also
determines the valve size. An advantage of this
full-bore design is very low friction loss, which
saves energy and reduces total cost of
ownership.

Gate valves are used in many industrial
applications including the oil and gas industry,
pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, automotive,
and marine. Gate valves can be used for liquid
and gas services. They are especially designed
for slurries with entrained solids, granules, and
powders.

Fig. 1b
Symbol of Gate Valves

Knife Gate Valves

Knife gate valves (also known as knife valves or slide
valves) are linear motion valves in which a flat closure element
slides into the flow stream to provide shut-o. They are one of
the most common valves used.

Knife valves are advantageous in applications involving

slurries, as their gates can cut right through the slurry. They are
also used in applications that involve viscous liquids such as
heavy oils, light grease, varnish, molasses, honey, cream and
other non-flammable viscous liquids. They are available in large
sizes to better handle thick flow. They are excellent for use
anywhere a shuto valve is needed. When needed, they can also
be used where throttling capabilities are desired, although this is
not generally recommended as erosion of the seat and disc
occurs due to the vibrations of the disk in throttling applications.

Knife valves are designed to minimize pressure drop

across the valve in the fully opened position and stop the flow of
fluid completely.

Fig. 2b
Symbol of Knife Gate Valves
Fig. 2a
Actual Knife Gate Valves

Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves provide bi-directional deadend service in commercial and industrial service.
Butterfly valve provides adjustable torque seating and
non rubbing seal to seat contact, which sets it apart
from conventional double flange single or double
eccentric position seated butterfly valves.

While the valve functions as a device for the

isolation and control of water pipelines in diameters
from 150 3000mm, the design also allows for
reliable rubber lining of exposed metallic components
making the valve suited for saline water cooling
applications in power stations. By both mechanical
and polymer engineering Keystone butterfly valves
have a strong focus on providing valves that oer long
life through high cycle capabilities.

Fig. 3b
Symbol of Butterfly Valves

Fig. 3a
Actual Butterfly Valves

Globe Valves
Globe valves are designed for throttling
or regulating flow in commercial and industrial
applications. Bronze, cast iron, or cast ductile iron
materials. Threaded, flanged, or solder end
connections. The globe valve is used for throttling
flow control.

Shut o is accomplished by moving the
disc against the flow stream rather than across it
as in the case with a gate valve. The flow pattern
through a globe valve involves changes in
direction, resulting in greater resistance to flow,
causing high pressure drop. The globe valve is an
excellent valve to use for on-o service, but is
highly suited for frequent cycling and control of
fluids anywhere in amount or volume between the
open and closed positions. The globe valve must
be installed in the proper relation to the media
flow as indicated by the flow direction arrow
marked on the valve body.

Fig. 4a
Actual Globe Valves
Fig. 4b
Symbol of Globe Valves

Ball Valves
Ball Valves are generally a bi-directional valve
intended for on-o applications used in a number of
dierent industries. Some of these include water, oil, gas,
chemical, pharmaceutical, mining just to name a few. Ball
valves have many good characteristics such as positive
tight shut o, high flow rates, easy to automate, and low
maintenance cost.

A wide selection of ball valves are available in

bronze, brass, lead-free, carbon steel or stainless steel
materials. Select the right ball valve in one-piece, twopiece, three-piece, full port, or conventional port. A range
of trim material is available. The right end connections to
choose from include press-to-connect, threaded, solder or
flanged.

Fig. 5a
Actual Ball Valves

Fig. 5b
Symbol of Ball Valves

Vee-Ball Valves

The V-ball, V "notch" is an exclusive
design that allows precise flow with the ability to
modulate and control the flow with 30, 60, or 90
degree V "notches".
The V-Ball valve is a low
maintenance valve with a tight bubble shut o
feature. All valves have high manageability with the
ability to work in high temperature (up to 1000F) and
in pressures as high as 500PSI (liquids) and 150PSI
in steam. V-Ball valves are low cost comparable to
valves of similar pressure drops and Cv's with low
flow control (as low as 0.07). Our V-Ball valves can
come in manual configuration or actuated for
automated processing and control. These valves are
available in ANSI flanged, NTP (threaded) and socket
weld.

Fig. 6a
Actual Vee - Ball Valves

Fig. 6b
Symbol of Vee - Ball Valves

Plug Valves

Fig. 7a
Actual Plug Valves

A Plug Valve is a quarter-turn
rotational motion Valve that use a tapered or
cylindrical plug to stop or start flow. In the
open position, the plug-passage is in one line
with the inlet and outlet ports of the Valve body.
If the plug 90 is rotated from the open
position, the solid part of the plug blocks the
port and stops flow. Plug valves are similar to
Ball valves in operation.

Plug valves are available in a
non lubricated or lubricated design and with
several styles of port openings. The port in the
tapered plug is generally rectangular, but they
are also available with round ports and
diamond ports.

Plug valves are also available
with cylindrical plugs. The cylindrical plugs
ensure greater port openings equal to or larger
than the pipe flow area.

Fig. 7b
Symbol of Plug Valves

Seat Port Eccentric Valves

Seat Port Eccentric Valves feature a
rectangular port design that provides wide tolerance
seating geometry for lasting superior shuto. The
eccentric valve action and resilient plug facings
assure lasting dead-tight shuto. Standard features
include corrosion-resistant bearings, welded nickel
seat, grit excluders, and adjustable stem seal
packing. Port area options include 100% of
standard pipe area for applications where highest
flow is required (such as pumped systems), and
70/80% area for non-pumped (gravity feed)
systems.

The straight-through body design maximizes

flow capacity and reduces head loss. Flanged or
mechanical joint end connections are available.

Fig. 8b
Symbol of Seat Port Eccentric Valves

Fig. 8a
Actual Seat Port Eccentric Valves

Diaphragm Valves
A diaphragm valve is a manual or control type
block valve which uses a diaphragm as the closing
device. The diaphragm valve is usually used to isolate or
block flow. Because the material of the membrane can
chemically degrade, diaphragm valves are used under
the conditions of low pressure and a limited temperature
operating range.

Diaphragm valves may be used for regulation of

most gases and liquids. There are two types of
diaphragm valves available, weir and straight through
flow. These two configurations have many types of
diaphragms and linings that are incorporated into them.
Since diaphragms are subject to wear and tear,
maintenance is frequently needed for valves that are
used on a regular basis.

Fig. 9a
Actual Diaphragm Valves

Fig. 9b
Symbol of Diaphragm Valves

Pinch Valves

Pinch valves provide the ability to control the
flow of a fluid through an uninterrupted flow path. The
fluid stays in its original supply tube and is controlled by
the opening and closing "pinch" of the valve. Because
the fluid never leaves the supply tube, there is zero dead
volume and it eliminates the risk of crosscontamination.

Pinch valves are ideal solutions where shut-o
and control applications involve abrasive or corrosive
slurries, powders or coarse substances. Pinch valves
are enclosed, open, sealed and general line valve
bodies.

Fig. 10b
Symbol of Pinch Valves

Fig. 10a
Actual Pinch Valves

Needle Valves


Needle valves are small valves used for flow
control in liquid or gas services. The fine threading of the
stem and the large seat area allow for precise resistance to
flow. Needle Valves - Low, Medium and High Pressure with
pressure ratings to 150,000 psi (1030 bar), are designed
for liquid and gas flow control in petroleum, chemical,
power generating and general industrial applications.
Needle valves have a slender, tapered point at the end of
the valve stem that is lowered through the seat to restrict
or block flow. Fluid flowing through the valve turns 90
degrees and passes through an orifice that is the seat for a
rod with a cone shaped tip. These small valves are widely
used to accurately regulate the flow of liquids and gases at
low flow rates. The fine threading of the stem and the large
seat area allow for precise resistance to flow.

Fig. 11a
Actual Needle Valves

Fig. 11b
Symbol of Needle Valves

Swing Check Valves

The swing check valve is used to prevent
back flow in the line. Flow is in a straight line
through the valve resulting in minimal pressure
drop. The disc swings into the open position as the
media flows through the line. Back pressure in the
line holds the disc in the closed position. Swing
check valves may be installed in horizontal or
vertical lines, but must be installed in proper
relation to the media flow as indicated by the flow
direction arrow marked on the body.

Fig. 12a
Actual Swing Check Valves
Fig. 12b
Symbol of Swing Check Valves

Ball Check Valves

A ball check valve is a check valve in which the
closing member, the movable part to block the flow, is a
spherical ball. In some ball check valves, the ball is
spring-loaded to help keep it shut. For those designs
without a spring, reverse flow is required to move the ball
toward the seat and create a seal. The interior surface of
the main seats of ball check valves are more or less
conically-tapered to guide the ball into the seat and form
a positive seal when stopping reverse flow. Ball check
valves are often very small, simple, and cheap. They are
commonly used in liquid or gel mini-pump dispenser
spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs for pumping
air, etc., manual air pumps and some other pumps, and
refillable dispensing syringes. Although the balls are
most often made of metal, they can be made of other
materials, or in some specialized cases out of artificial
ruby.

Fig. 13a
Actual Ball Check Valves

Fig. 13b
Symbol of Ball Check Valves

Pressure Relief Valves

A Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) is a
system safety device that has been designed to
function in accordance with specific country
codes to prevent and protect the operation of
systems and vessels above allowable safe
levels.

Pressure Relief valves operate
automatically when the system pressure
exceeds the valve set pressure and exerts a
force on the valve disc that overcomes the
opposing internal spring force. By code, valves
may open with allowable tolerances within a +/3% range of stamped set pressure, with full
discharge capacity realized at 10% above the
actual opening pressure.

Fig. 14a
Actual Pressure Relief Valves

Fig. 14b
Symbol of Pressure Relief Valves

Air & Vacuum Release Valves

Fig. 15a
Actual Air & Vacuum Release Valves

The Function of Air Release
Valves is to automatically exhaust small
amounts of air which collect at system high
points once the system is filled and up to
pressure. The orifice size generally varies
between 1/16 and 3/8 depending on valve
design and working pressure, although we
can provide orifice of 1, or larger size for
special needs.

In Operation, as small quantities
of air bubbles enter the valve, they will
displace the liquid within the valve and lower
its level in relation to the float. When the level
of the liquid is lowered to where the float is
no longer buoyant, the float will drop.

Air Release Valves automatically
exhaust these small amounts of air which
collect at system high points, while the
system is flowing and under pressure.

Fig. 15b
Symbol of Air & Vacuum Release Valves

Regulated Side Pressure Control

Regulated Side Pressure Control valves are poweroperated devices used to automatically modify fluid flow or
rate pressure in a process system. The terms 'control valve'
and 'throttling valve' are often used interchangeably but
there is a distinction between the two. A throttling valve is a
valve whose closure element has the ability to start and stop
flow as well as stop along any position of the valve stroke to
regulate the process of flow, temperature or pressure.
Regulated Side Pressure Control valves are the final control
element in the system and are used in conjunction with an
actuator or actuation system. Regulated Side Pressure
Control valves cannot act as standalone valves and
therefore, while all control valves are throttling valves, not all
throttling valves are control valves.

Fig. 16b
Symbol of Regulated Side Pressure Control

Fig. 16a
Actual Regulated Side Pressure Control

Multiport Valves

The multiport valve is a swimming pool systems
most important piece of equipment. The multiport valve is
also known as a Vari-Flo valve, backwash valve, or filter
control valve. It is important that it operates easily and
properly. Some of the common problems caused by a
malfunctioning multiport valve include water leaking out of
the backwash line, dirt returning to the pool when
vacuuming, and water that never clears up. This article will
help you service and repair these problems associated
with your swimming pool multiport valve.

Most problems associated with the multiport valve have to

do with water leaking by the spoke - sometimes called
spider - gasket inside the multiport valve. This can allow
dirt that you have just vacuumed up to bypass the filter
and return to the pool. It also can make the water very
dicult to clear up because some dirt is always bypassing
the filter.

Fig. 17a
Actual Multiport Valves

Fig. 17b
Symbol of Multiport Valves

Angle Gate

Fig. 18a
Actual Angle Gate Valves

Angle Gate valves are designed for

throttling or regulating flow in commercial and
industrial applications. Bronze, cast iron, or cast
ductile iron materials. Threaded, flanged, or solder
end connections. Angle Gates are named because
they are manufactured at a 90-degree angle; they are
used as shut o valves at the water intake of
plumbing fixtures or appliances. They usually have
an oval handle or can have a removable handle when
vandalism or theft is an issue. The angle gate valve is
not meant for high-pressure applications. The type of
connections used for angle stops are sweat,
threaded and compression connections. These
valves can be likened to mounting a globe valve in
an elbow. The exiting flow is 90 degrees to the inlet
flow. The obvious advantage is the elimination of an
elbow, should one be required, however the flow
does make fewer turns as it passes through the
body.

Fig. 18b
Symbol of Angle Gate Valves

Sample Valves


Sample or commonly
known as Sampling valves extract
fluid directly from the pipeline. They
can be used under high pressure or
even high vacuum conditions.
Sampling valves produces samples
without failure. (Sediment or clogging
cannot stop this valve from producing
a live sample.) In the closed position,
the valve piston extends to the inner
surface of the pipe and prevents any
possibility of the valve inlet becoming
plugged. When the valve is in the
open position, the piston retracts into
the bonnet allowing a full flow. The
main function of these valves is to
draw a live sample from the process.

Fig. 19a
Actual Sample Valves

Fig. 19b
Symbol of Sample Valves

Pressure Regulating Valves

Pressure regulators are used to reduce the pressure to
a lower pressure sub-system or to regulate system pressure
at the desired value.

Among the types of pressure regulators are backpressure,

vacuum pressure, dierential pressure, pressure-reducing and
regulators for specific kinds of fluids like oil and fuel. The
most important parameter to consider when specifying
pressure regulators is the regulating or adjustment range.
This is the limit of adjustment control on the pressure range.

The body of pressure regulators can be made from

acetal, aluminum, brass, bronze, cast iron, steel,
stainlessPressure Regulators steel, and zinc. Common
connectors can be from 1/8 NPT to 2 NPT, British standard
pipe thread and metric pipe thread. Mounting types for
pressure regulators include cartridge, pipe or line mount,
stacked or switch mount, and subplate or manifold mount.

Fig. 20b
Symbol of Pressure Regulating Valves

Fig. 20a
Actual Pressure Regulating Valves

Backflow Preventor

Fig. 21a
Actual Backflow Preventor

Backflow preventers are assemblies with two check valves and two shut-o valves
that prevent reverses in process flow. They may also include test cocks for each chamber
within the assembly. Backflow preventers have a variety of applications. For example, they
are used to prevent boiler water, which may contain anti-freeze, from contaminating water
supplies.

The valves in backflow preventers are often made of metal. Brass provides good
strength and conductivity, and copper is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity.
Bronze is not suitable for heavily loaded applications.

Fig. 21b
Symbol of Backflow Preventor

Drain Valves

Drain valves are designed to drain condensate from
anywhere it collects. They are often used in compressed air
systems to prevent damage caused by liquid and sludge.
Typically, drain valves are installed downstream of the air
compressor, after-cooler, compressed air filters, compressed
air dryer, drip-legs, and separators. There are many dierent
types of products. Examples include pneumatic drain valves,
all-electric drain valves, electronic drain valves, and motorized
drain valves. Product specifications and features are important
to consider.

Fig. 22b
Symbol of Drain Valves

Fig. 22a
Actual Drain Valves

Gas Valves

Gas valves are used to handle and control the flow
of gaseous media such as liquefied petroleum and natural
gas. They are made of metal or plastic and vary in terms of
valve size, pressure rating, number of ports, and flow.
Connection types consist of bolt flanges, clamp flanges,
union connections, tube fittings, butt welds, socket welds,
and internal or external threads. These valves automatically
control main gas flow. Our automatic pilot valves shut o
both the main and pilot gases. Pilot gas is tapped from the
main line within the control. Gas will flow only to the pilot
burner when the reset button is depressed. The manual
pilot valve stop can be adjusted for maximum pilot flow.

Fig. 23b
Symbol of Gas Valves

Fig. 23a
Actual Gas Valves

Mixing Valves

Fig. 24a
Actual Mixing Valves

Mixing valves are designed to combine
the flows of two or more inlets into a single outlet.
They are extensively used in situations where specific
concentrations must be combined and regulated. The
most common application for mixing valves is to
combine, regulate and dispense hot and cold water
received from two inlets. In most cases, a temperature
sensitive element is employed, which expands or
contracts depending upon the temperature coming
into the valve. The element is geared to dispense
water within a certain temperature range, so its
expansion and contraction will vary from the cold side
to the hot side to maintain the desired temperature
balance. Once the water temperature is balanced, it
can be dispense (as from a faucet) or it can be cycled
back into a system (as in a boiler or a nuclear power
plant) to provide cooling.

Fig. 24b
Symbol of Mixing Valves

Centrifugal Pump

Fig. 25a
Actual Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pumps are used to
transport fluids by the conversion of rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the
fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes
from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters
the pump impeller along or near to the rotating
axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radially outward into a diuser or volute chamber
(casing), from where it exits.

Common uses include air, water,
sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping.
The reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a
water turbine converting potential energy of
water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

General explanation: Like most
pumps, a centrifugal pump converts rotational
energy, often from a motor, to energy in a moving
fluid. A portion of the energy goes into kinetic
energy of the fluid.

Fig. 25b
Symbol of Centrifugal Pump

Turbine Pump
A turbine pump is a centrifugal pump that is mainly used to
pump water from deep wells or other underground and man-made
bodes of water-to-water distribution systems. A centrifugal pump
consists of a pump shaft, a rotating device known as an impeller,
and a motor or an engine. A turbine pump may consist of multiple
semi-open or enclosed impellers, also known as "stages." A metal
plate called shroud supports the vanes of the impeller in an open or
semi-open impeller, whereas in an enclosed impeller, the shroud
encloses the impeller vanes. The pump also has a water intake
point and a water discharge point.

The motor on this type of pump is usually placed above the

water level, but submersible types are available depending on the
requirement of the application. The total energy taken by the pump
to move water from the resource i.e., the supply tank to the
point of discharge is known as total head.

Fig. 26a
Symbol of Turbine Pump

Fig. 26a
Actual Turbine Pump

Reciprocating Pump

Fig. 27a
Actual Reciprocating Pump

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps, which includes the

piston pump, plunger pump and diaphragm pump. It is often used where a relatively small
quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large. In
reciprocating pumps, the chamber in which the liquid is trapped, is a stationary cylinder
that contains the piston or plunger. Metering pumps provide precision control of very low
flow rates. Flow rates are generally less than 1/2 gallon per minute. They are usually used
to control additives to the main flow stream.

Fig. 27b
Symbol of Reciprocating Pump

Submersible Pump
A submersible sump pump is a machine that is used to remove
water from a special pit used to collect water. The pit is called a
sump. There are two primary types of sump pumps: a pedestal
sump pump and a submersible sump pump. Both types of pumps
are generally used to pump water away from a home and keep a
basement from flooding during a heavy rainstorm. This article will
explain how the submersible type works.

Unlike pedestal pumps, submersible sump pumps are designed to

be placed directly in the sump pit and can operate even when
covered with water. The pump uses a motor that is totally enclosed
in a waterproof casing that allows the pump to work in this manner.

Fig. 28a
Actual Submersible Pump

Fig. 28b
Symbol of Submersible Pump