CBCP

CatholicBishops
Conference
ofthePhilippines

Catechis
m
for
Filipino

Catholics

NewEdition
withexpandedSubjectIndex
andPrimer

ECCCE
WORD&LIFEPUBLICATIONS
MANILA
PHILIPPINES

From the beginning of the Christianization

of the Philippines to the

end of the 20th Century:
Four Centuries of Catechesis in our
Country. One uninterrupted effort to
remain faithful to God, to Man, to the
Church. One continuous endeavor
to make the Catholic Faith relevant
to the culture and the lives
of our Filipino People.

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUBJECT INDEX
GLOSSARY

Vatican City, 6 March 1997

Prot. N. 97000707
Your Excellency,
The Episcopal Conference of the Philippines, at the appropriate time, sent to
this Dicastery the Catechism for Filipino Catholics developed by the same Episcopal
Conference, requesting the approval of the Holy See.
The Congregation for the Clergy, after having examined the text and obtained on
the first day of March, 1997 the positive opinion (Prot. N. 64/94-03884) rendered by the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, does hereby grant the requested approbation,
according to the requirements of canon 775 2.
This Dicastery wishes to congratulate the Bishops of the Philippines for
providing an instrument that is truly suitable for transmitting the faith among Catholic
Filipinos and hopes that the Catechism will have the widest possible circulation.
I take this opportunity to express to Your Excellency and to the entire Episcopal
Conference my sentiments of esteem and with every best wish, I remain,
Sincerely yours in Christ,
His Excellency
Most Reverend OSCAR V. CRUZ, D.D.
President of the CBCP
470 General Luna Street

Intramuros, Manila 1002

P.O. Box 3601 Manila, 1099
PHILIPPINES

Preface

1.ThisistheofficialVaticanapprovedNationalCatholicCatechismfor
the Philippines, entitled Catechism for Filipino Catholics [CFC]. As a
nationalcatechism,onemajorfunctionoftheCFChasbeentodrawtogether
two major current sources for our renewed catechesis. The first is the
official Catholic teaching of the universal Church as proposed in the
CatechismoftheCatholicChurch[CCC],promulgatedbytheHolyFather
in1992.ThesecondistheActsandDecreesofthe2ndPlenaryCouncilof
thePhilippines[PCPII],withitssupplement,theNationalPastoralPlan
[NPP],whichtogetherpresentacomprehensiveviewofthenationalculture
andspecificcatecheticalsituationofthePhilippineChurch.

2.ThisofficiallyapprovededitionoftheCFCisofferedbytheCatholic
Bishops Conference of the Philippines [CBCP] as a major effort in
implementing PCP IIs urgent call for a triple renewal: a renewed
Catechesis which in turn will contribute substantially to a renewed
WorshipandSocialApostolate.

WhyaNewCatechism?

3. ThemostbasicreasonforthisnewCatechismissimplythemission
whichtheRisenChristentrustedtoHisapostles.Makedisciplesofallthe

nations....TeachthemtocarryouteverythingIhavecommandedyou
(Mt28:1920).ThepracticalgoalofthisCatechism,then,istoprovidean
effective instrument for creatively handing on the Catholic Faith to
Filipinos.ItthusaimstocontributeeffectivelyTowardaRenewedIntegral
Evangelization,developedinPCPIIsNationalPastoralPlan[NPP].

4.TheCFCwasactuallydevelopedaccordingtotheNPPsflowchart.It
wasconceivedinresponsetothecallforcatecheticalrenewalexperiencedin
theChurchofthePoor.ItwasformedbyfollowingNCDPsorientational
principlesforPhilippinecatechesis.Itpresentstheoperationalprinciplesand
contentforanintegralrenewedcatechesis.Anditenvisionsthesamegoal
ofaCommunityofDisciplesoftheLord.

5.ActuallytherearemanycatechismsincirculationthroughoutthePhilippines
today.Inaddition,variousreligiontextbookserieshavebeenpublishedfordifferent
levelsofschoolreligiousinstruction.Nevertheless,PCPIIscallforarenewedintegral
catechesishasintensifiedthewidelyfeltneedforanew,uptodate,officiallyapproved,
expositionoftheCatholicFaith.Weneedacatechismthatisspecificallywrittenfor
Filipinos,inouractual,concretePhilippinesituation.Inmanypartsofourcountrythere
arenoeasilyavailableCatholiccatechisms.Evenwheresomedoexist,theyare
frequentlyoutofdate,orpartial,onesidedaccounts,orforeignworks,notwrittenfor
Filipinos.EventheVaticansCatechismoftheCatholicChurch[CCC],asureand
authenticreferencetextforteachingCatholicdoctrine,needstobetranslatedintoour
Filipinocontextforatrulyinculturatedcatechesis.

6. Thus there is an urgent demand, first of all, for a catechism that

addresses itself to our Philippine context, with its particular needs,
characteristics and crises. The NCDP places great stress on a truly
inculturatedcatechesiswhichrespondstotheconcretesituationandculture
ofFilipinoCatholicsandfamiliestoday,intermsofourownFilipinoculture
andvalues.Atthesametime,thelocalandregionalcontextsmustbeseenin
termsofthewholePhilippineChurch,anditscatecheticalcontentconstantly
related to the CCCs authoritative presentation of the universal doctrine,
morals,andworshipoftheCatholicFaith.

7.ThenatureandconditionsoftheFilipinofamily,andofFilipinovalue
and belief systems, are undergoing radical changes, amidst our growing

modernization with its economic and political upheavals. This radically

affects the proclamation of Christs Good News to todays Filipino. A
national catechism, therefore, prepared by the CBCP and officially
approved by the proper Vatican Congregations, represents a significant
advanceoverthemanypartial,regionallylimitedexpositionsoftheFaith.

8.Aseconddemandarisesfromthesituationofwide diversityandpluralismin
thepostVaticanIIera.Biblestudy,liturgicalchanges,valueeducation,the
thrustforjusticeallhaveshapedthisnewclimate.Thesheernumberof
different groups, often urging conflictingdoctrinesandactions,hasconfused
manyregardingeventhe essentials of the Faith. Some have retreated to a
basicallyfundamentalistposition,infearoflosingtheirCatholicFaith.Others
havebeenenticedbynewprayerorcharismaticsectstoabandontheCatholicChurch
formorepersonable,warmersocioreligiousgroups.Manyothersaresimply
disturbed,seekinghowtheyshouldreacttothesenewchallenges(cf.PCPII
21628).

9. Insuchasituation,sharedbyCatholicsallovertheworld,thisnew,
uptodate CatechismforFilipinoCatholics respondsto three basicneeds.
Thefirstis,thatinthefaceofalltheproselytizingandpressurepropaganda,Filipino
CatholicslookforthereliableCatholicword,especiallyinfamilyandyouthcatechesis.
Second,torejecttodayscommonpursuitofselfcenteredfreedomandeverricherlife
styles,Catholicsseekaclearsenseof Christianmoralvalues andresponsibility.
TodaysmoralitymustbeinspiredbytheGospelpriorityofservice,especiallytothe
poor. Third, amidst the anxious search for new prayer forms and novel faith
experiences,CatholicsseektheirrootsintheCatholictraditionofcommunityworship
(cf.NCDP54).

CharacteristicsofThisCatechism

10.Giventhesethreebasicneeds,themissionoftheChurchtoproclaim
Christs Gospel calls today for a new type of catechism, adapted to our
times.Thisnewcatechismstressesfourcharacteristics.

FocusontheEssentials

11. The first isitsfocusonthe EssentialsoftheFaith. The Catechism

cannotpossiblyofferacomplete,comprehensiveaccountofallaspectsand
elementsoftheFaith.Rather,itaimsatpresentingthebasicsoftheChurchs
faithinChristbydrawingdirectlyontheCreed,theCommandments,and
theSacraments,notonanyparticulartheologicalschoolortrend.
This Faithisproposedinthe CCC.FilipinoCatholicsprofessedthis
FaithinproclaimingtheCreedatSundayMass.TheyliveoutthisCatholic
commitment to Christ by obeying the Commandments in their Christian
moralservice.AndtheycelebrateitinCatholicsacramentalworship.Thus
theyexpressindailylifethegreatestoftheChristianvirtues__Faith,Hope,
andLove.

12. TheseessentialsofFaithinChristmustbeexpressedinan organic and

systematic manner, whichis both concentratedyet attractive (cf.PCP II
163; CCC 5). Thisinvolvesan integrated approach,whichconstitutesthe first
methodologicalprincipleofourcatechesis(cf.NCDP75,41425).CatholicFaith
isalivingintegratedwholebothinitsobjectivecontentDoctrine,Morals,and
Worship,aswellasineverysubject,everybeliever.TorespondtoChristspersonalcall
todiscipleship meanstobelieve,act,andworshipwithalltheenergiesof
oneshead,will,andheart,inChristsowncommunity,theChurch.

Experiential/Filipino

13. Second, believing in Christ must be related directly to the daily

Filipino human experience of living as Christs disciple. Such human
experienceisfoundoneverypageoftheBible,inChurchteaching,in the
signsofthetimes.Butitisespeciallythetypicalpersonalexperience, culture,and
valuesoftodaysFilipinoCatholicthatmustbeevidentintheCatechism.
Thisfollowsthe secondcatecheticalprinciple ofstressing experience and
inculturation(cf.NCDP4014;42633).

Catholic

14.Third,thisistobeanexplicitlyCatholiccatechism.Thisismeantnotinany
negative sense of questioning the sincerity or value of other faiths,but
positivelyintermsofitssources,contentandgoal.ItssourcesareSacredScripture,
Catholictradition,especiallyaspresentedinTheCatechismoftheCatholicChurch,

andthehumanexperienceofFilipinosintheirCatholiccommunity.Itscontentfora
RenewedIntegralEvangelizationincludesthedoctrinaltruths,moralprinciplesand
values,andliturgicallifeofthatcommunity.ItsgoalistobuilduptheCommunityof
DisciplesoftheLord.Thisconstitutesthethirdbasicmethodologicalprincipleofour
catecheticalministry(cf.NPP;NCDP43450).

Practical

15.Fourth,thisCatechismisabooktobeused,asourcetobeconsulted
inpracticalquestionsabouttheFaith.Thusitconsciouslyworksatintegrating
Doctrine(orthodoxy)withCatholicMoralconductandattitudes,aswellaswith
Catholic Worship (orthopraxis). But beyond illuminating the Faith, this
Catechismaimsatinspiringandmotivatingitsreaderstoactualpersonal
commitmenttoJesusChrist,withinourCatholiccommunity.Itinvitesand
challengesthereadertocomeandsee(Jn1:39),andexperiencethelifeof
Faith, Love,and HopetowhichJesuscallseveryonewholistenstohis
voice(cf.Lk11:28).

ForWhomtheCatechismIsIntended

16. The CFC is expressly directedto allwho areactively engaged in

communicatingorstudyingtheFaith:priests,religious,catechists,religion
teachersandperhapsmostofall, parents.Itisan adultcatechism inthe
sense that it provides a source book for those who address the typical
SundayMasscongregationofanordinaryFilipinoparish.Therefore,thisis
not a parish or school religion textbook. It is intended to serve as a
proximatesource forparishcatechesis,andforcreatingreligiontextbooks
suitedtotheprimary,secondaryorcollegelevels.

17. This Catechism is addressed primarily to committed Filipino

Catholics, rather than to winning new converts to the Catholic Faith.
Nevertheless,itcanbeveryusefulforanyonedesiringtoknowmoreabout
theCatholicFaith.BecauseofitsScripturallybasedexpositionoftheFaith,
and its Creedal structure, the Catechism can foster fruitful ecumenical
dialoguewithotherChristians.BecauseofitsstressonthelivingTradition
of the local Catholic Church, it highlights both the basics of the CCC,

especially the teaching of Vatican II, and the pronouncements of the

CatholicPhilippinehierarchy[CBCP].
Thus the Catechism provides Filipino Catholics with a sound
apologeticbygivingthereasonforthehopethatFaithinstillsinthem(cf.
1Pt3:15).Itencouragesitsreaderstoholdfasttotheauthenticmessage,
sothat[they]willbeablebothtoencouragementofollowsounddoctrine
andtorefutethosewhocontradictit(Ti1:9).

BasicStructureoftheCatechism

18.TheCFCisstructuredaccordingtoaTrinitarianvisionoftheFaith
thatisatthesametimetrulyChristcentered.Moreover,theBlessedVirgin
Mary, Mother of our Savior and his perfect disciple, has served as its
inspirationalmodel,just asshehasdoneforcountlessFilipinoCatholics
throughtheages.Mostimportant,however,istheneedtounderstandCFCs
basicstructureboth WHAT isitsstructure,and WHY thisstructurewas
chosen.
Like the Vaticans CCC, the CFC is based on four pillars: the
baptismalprofessionofFaith(theCreed),theSacramentsoffaith,thelifeof
Faith (the commandments), and the prayer of the believer (the Lords
prayer).(cf.CCC13)
UnliketheCCC,however,whichsimplyarrangesthefourpillarsone
afteranother[1)Creed,2)Sacraments,3)Commandments,and4)Prayer],
the CFC structures the WHOLE Catechism on the Creed. It inserts
Christian Moral Life (Commandments) following the Creedal section on
JesusChrist,andcombinesPrayerwithSacramentsimmediatelyafterthe
CreedaltruthsontheHolySpiritandtheChurch.TheCFCsexpositionof
the Lords Prayer, then, serves as the Epilogue integrating the whole
Catechism.

19.Thisarrangementofferstwoadvantages:
itdirectlylinkskeepingtheCommandmentswiththefollowingof
Christ,and
itintegratesSacramentswithPrayer,andbothasflowingfromthe
HolySpiritinthelifeoftheChurch.

 Thus this arrangement responds to the NCDPs call to strengthen

moralcatechesisbylinkingitdirectlywithCatholicdoctrineandworship.It
also takes up PCP IIs challenge for a renewed catechesis by pushing
beyondmereheadknowledgeofdoctrinalformulasononeside,orpious
devotionalritualismontheother,tofosteratrulyintegratedFaithofloving
Christianserviceandworship.

20. The CFC, then,isstructuredin threemainParts,introducedbya

Preface and Foundations, and concluding with an Epilogue that
summarizesthewholeCatechism.

Preface
Foundations

1.TheFilipinoCatholic3.OurResponse:Faith
2.GodsCall:Revelation4.OurUnbelief

PartI
Christ,OurTruth
(Doctrine)

5.CatholicDoctrine
6.God,FatherAlmighty
7.CreatorofAll
8.TheFallfromGlory
9.GodPromisesaSavior
10.JesusChrist:Mission/Person
11.ChristHasDied
12.ChristIsRisenandWillComeAgain

PartII
Christ,OurWay
(MoralLife)

13.LivingasDisciplesofChrist
14.FollowingChrist
15.ChristianLaw

16.LovetheLordYourGod
17.LoveOneAnother
18.RespectLife
19.RespectHumanSexuality
20.BuildingJustice
21.RespectingTruth

PartIII
Christ,OurLife
(Worship)

22.TheHolySpirit
23.TheCatholicChurch
24.CatholicPrayerandWorship
25.Baptism/Confirmation
26.Eucharist
27.HealingSacraments
28.VocationSacraments
29.ResurrectionandLifeEverlasting

30.Epilogue:TheLordsPrayer

21.ThethreepartsofDoctrine,MoralLifeandWorshipthuspresentthe
TrinityFather,SonandHolySpirit,whileatthesametimefocussingon
ChristasourTruth,ourWayandourLife(cf.Jn14:16).Theycallforour
Spiritinspiredresponseof Faith,Love and Hope, asmembersofChrists
Body,ourCatholiccommunity,theChurch.Finally,thethreePartsrespond
tothethreemostbasichumanquestions:Doctrineanswers WhatcanI
know?, Moral teaching illumines What should I do?, and the
Sacrament/WorshipcelebrateWhatmayIhopefor?
Thus the CFCs structure reproduces in an integrative manner the
CatholicFaithsthreefold objective structureofDoctrine(Creed),Morals
(Commandments) and Worship (Sacraments), and its holistic subjective
structure in all believers of Head (believing), Hands (acting/doing), and
Heart(prayerfultrusting).

UsingThisCatechism


22. TofindanyparticulartopicoftheCatholicFaithinthisCatechism,
firstconsulttheTableofContentswhichoutlinesthewholebook.Formore
precise location, an Index of all the topics treated in the Catechism is
providedintheback.

23. In order to facilitate consultation and use of this Catechism, the

format ofeachchapterfollowsthesamepattern.Eachchapterbeginswith
somequotefromtheScripturesortheMagisteriumandabrief Opening
whichidentifiesthetopictobetreatedandrelatesittootherpertinenttopics
in the Catechism. This is followed immediately by the Context which
focusesthetopicwithinourspecificFilipinosituation,withitsparticular
problems,attitudes,values,andweaknesses.Thuscontextualized,thetopic
is then developed in the Exposition which presents the essential content
drawn from Scripture and Church teaching, and related directly to the
concretehumanexperienceoftodaysFilipinoCatholic.

24.TheExpositionisthemainpartofeachchapterandisfollowedbya
brief section entitled Integration. This offers one explicit example of
interrelatingthedoctrinal,moralandworshipdimensionsofthechapters
topic.Thus,theIntegrationrespondstoakeydirectiveoftheNCDPwhich
proposestheconstantinterrelatingofDoctrine,MoralsandWorshiptobring
outFaiths experiential realitymoreintenselyandmorevividly.Butonly
one example is usually presented, precisely as an invitation to compose
manyotherexamplesofbasicinterrelationshipsofthethreedimensions.

25. Finally, each chapter concludes with a series of Questions and

Answers summarizing the basic content of the chapter. The style of the
Answersissimple,oftenarrangingthecontextinschematicform,inorderto
facilitateitscomprehensionandretention.

26.TheQuestionAnswersectionofeachchapterisintendedtorespondto
adoubleneed.First,theneedtohaveclearanswerstospecificquestionson
pointsoftheFaiththatareunderattackfromnonCatholics,orarewidely
misunderstood even among the faithful. The QuestionAnswer section of
this Catechismattemptstodealwithsuchreal,genuinequestionsofadult
Filipino Catholics today. Second, the QuestionAnswer section aims at

presentingwhatismostimportantandcentraltoeachchapter,summarizing
itsessentialmatter.ThustheQuestionsAnswersofferwhatisrecommended
forlearningbyheartthroughmemorization.

27.Synthesis.ThisCatechism,then,canbedescribedinsummaryterms
asfollows:

What? A National Catechism presenting the essentials of the Catholic

Faith,preparedbytheCBCP,followingtheguidelinesoftheNCDP,
anddrawingontheCatechismoftheCatholicChurch[CCC]andthe
2ndPlenaryCouncilofthePhilippines[PCPII] withits National
PastoralPlan[NPP];

Why?inordertopresenttheessentialsoftheCatholicFaith,inanupto
date,inculturated,organic,andsystematicexposition;

How?bygroundingitsmessagefirmlyandconsistentlyonScriptureand
ChurchTeaching,inunceasinginterplaywithFilipinoexperienceand
culture,bothpersonalandsocial;

For?FilipinoCatholicsengagedincommunicatingtheFaith,andallwho
wishtoknowmoreabouttheCatholicFaithtoday;

InWhatShape?
structuredaccordingtotheTrinitarianexpositionoftheFaith,that
is Christcentered byfocusingdirectlyonJesusChrist,ourTruth,
ourWayandourLife;andcallingforaliferesponseofFaith,Hope
and Love, animated by the example of Mary, the mother of our
Saviorandhisperfectdisciple.
organized in 29 chapters, each with an Opening, a Context, a
detailed Exposition, a specific example of Integration, and
concludingwithasynthesisinQuestionAnswerform.
with a concluding chapter, the Epilogue, which synthesizes the
wholework.

Catechism for Filipino Catholics

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 : Who is the Filipino Catholic
Chapter 2 : God's Call : Revelation
Chapter 3 : Our Response : We Believe
Chapter 4 : Our Unbelief
Chapter 5 : Catholic Doctrine : Christ- Our Truth
Chapter 6 : God - The Father Almighty
Chapter 7 : Creator of Heaven and Earth
Chapter 8 : The Fall From Glory
Chapter 9 : God Promises a Savior
Chapter 10 : Jesus Christ : Mission and Person
Chapter 11 : Christ Has Died
Chapter 12 : Christ is Risen and Will Come Again
Chapter 13 : Living as Disciples of Christ
Chapter 14 : The Challenge of Following Christ
Chapter 15 : The Christian Law of Life-Giving
Love
Chapter 16 : Love the Lord Your God
Chapter 17 : Love One Another
Chapter 18 : Respect God's Gift : Life
Chapter 19 : Respecting Human Sexuality
Chapter 20 : Building Justice
Chapter 21 : Respecting Truth
Chapter 22 : The Holy Spirit : The Giver of Life
Chapter 23 : The Catholic Church : Nature and
Mission
Chapter 24 : Catholic Prayer and Worship
Chapter 25 : New Life in Christ : Baptism and
Confirmation
Chapter 26 : Christ - the Living Bread of Life : The
Eucharist
Chapter 27 : Christ's Healing : Reconciliation and
Anointing
Chapter 28 : Vocations in Christ : Marriage and
Holy Orders

Chapter 29 : FINAL GOAL : Resurrection of the

Body and Life Everlasting
Chapter 30 : EPILOGUE : The Lord's Prayer

Chapter 1

Who is the Filipino Catholic?

The Word became flesh, and made his
dwelling among us, and we have seen his
glory, the glory of an only Son, coming from
the Father, filled with enduring love.
(Jn 1:14)

We Filipinos are followers of Christ, his

disciples. To trace his footsteps in our times
means to utter his word to others, to love
with his love, to live with his life; . . . To
cease following him is to betray our very
identity.
(PCP II 34)

OPENING

28.ThisisabookaboutlifeinChrist,lifelivedaccordingtotheGospel.
TheGoodNewsisthatGodhasbecomemaninJesusChristourLord,
whocametosaveusfromsinandbringustofullnessoflife.Thisisthe
GospelwhichweFilipinoshaveaccepted.AsPCP IIproudlydeclares:For
usFilipinos,thefirstcenturyofthecomingmillenniumwillmarkthe500th
yearsinceweasapeopleacceptedtheFaith (PCP II 3).Itmakesusthe
onlyChristiannationamongourAsianbrethren.Therearedeepaffinities

betweenChristsmessageandtheFilipinosinmostwaysofthinkingand
acting. Much of the Gospel has become part of us __ compassion,
forgiveness,caring,piety__andmakesofusabasicallydecentpeople(PCP
II 15). Throughthepast centuries,rightuptoourpresentcriticaltimes,
growingmorematureinthefollowingofChristhasmeantbecomingmore
trulyandauthenticallyFilipino.
29. Vatican II teaches that Catholics must give expression to this
newnessof[Christian]lifeintheirownsocietyandcultureandinamanner
that is in keeping with the traditions of their own land. As addressed to us Filipino
Catholics, therefore, the Council declares that we
mustbefamiliarwithourculture,wemustpurifyandguardit,develop
it in accordance with presentday conditions. We must perfect it in
ChristsothatthefaithofChristandthelifeoftheChurchwillnotbe
somethingforeigntothesocietyinwhichwelive,butwillbeginto
transformandpermeateit.(AG 21)
30. PCP IIinsistedonthemutualinteractionbetweenChristianFaithand
Filipinoculture.Hencewemusttakeacloserlookathowthevaluesthat
wehavefromourChristianFaithcanstrengthenthegoodinourcultural
values and correct what is excessive in them and supply for their
deficiencies(PCP II 22).Likewise,
forFaithtomatureinlove,itmustbeinteriorized.Churchteachings
andpracticesmustbepersonallyappreciatedandappropriatedbyus,as
apeoplewithourownparticularculture,withourownwaysofthinking
andvaluing.FaithmusttakerootinthematrixofourFilipinobeingso
thatwemaytrulybelieveandloveasFilipinos(PCP II 72).

CONTEXT

31. We Filipinos have had a long history of very sharp and colorful
religiousexperiences:FromourpreChristiantimes,throughthecenturiesof

SpanishChristianevangelization,totheAmericanProtestantinfluxinthe
Commonwealthera,andtheJapaneseoccupationduringWorldWarII,right
uppast VaticanIIs SecondPentecost, toPeoplePowerandtodays
Basic Christian Communities, and the 2nd Plenary Council of the
Philippines[PCP II].OurunderstandingandloveofJesusChristhasbeen
colored by our personal and national historical experiences of pain and
struggle,ofvictoryandcelebration.OurfaithinJesusismarkedbyourdeep
devotion to Mary, his Mother, and our Mother and Model. All these
experiences have somehow defined and clarified our unique identity as
persons,asChristians,asFilipinos,asanation.
32. PCP II was held to take stock of where we are; to look where we are
going; to reanimate our life in Christ; to unite all things in Him (PCP II 7).
Our Catholic Faith, therefore, must be inculturated within our specific and
unique Filipino character which has in part shaped our faith-experiences
through the years. This Catechism represents a serious effort at just such an
inculturated presentation of the essentials of the Faith to the Catholic
Filipino of today.

EXPOSITION

33. ToidentifywhatitmeanstobeaFilipinoCatholicweask:From
whomdowenaturallydrawourself-identity?Wheredowefindthedeepest
meaning inourlives?Howdowereactto suffering?Howdowe commit
ourselvestoouridealsinlife?Whatisour view of the worldinallitsdepth
andhidden reality?Brief answerstothese questions canbesketchedby
selectingaseriesoffivepredominantFilipinocharacteristics,togetherwith
fiveessentialtraitsofJesusChrist,bothassumedwithinthetypicalFilipino
waytoJesus.ThiswillatoncedefinetheFilipinoCatholicaswellasshow
thatinourcountry,tobecomemoredeeply Christian istobecomemore
trulyandauthenticallyFilipino.

A.

Self-identity

34.
First, we Filipinos are family-oriented. The anak-magulang relationship is of
primary importance to us Filipinos. Ama, ina, and anak are culturally and emotionally
significant to us Filipinos who cherish our filial attachment not only to our immediate
family, but also to our extended family (ninongs, ninangs, etc.). This familycenteredness supplies a basic sense of belonging, stability and security. It is from our
families that we Filipinos naturally draw our sense of self-identity.
35. JesusasboththeSon of God(Anak ng Amang Diyos)andtheSon of
Man (Anak ng Tao)endearshimselfnaturallytousfamilyorientedFilipinos.
AsSonofMan,JesusleadsustohisMotherMary(Ina ng Diyos)whomhe
shares with us (cf. Jn 19:26-27). He thus welcomes us into his own
household,offershimselfasourbrother(kapatid),anddrawsusthroughthe
Sacrament of Baptism to a new identity and into the family life of his
heavenlyFather(cf. Jn 3:5-7).
36. What can better remind us Filipinos of our early childhood, or respond
more directly to our traditional love for children, than Jesus, the Sto. Nio?
At twelve, Jesus was a discerning and daring child, who nonetheless
remained obedient to his parents (cf. Lk 2:41-51). In his public life, Jesus
embraced little children and admonished his disciples to become child-like
in openness and simplicity (cf. Mt 18:2-4). In our family-orientedness, then,
we Filipinos are naturally attracted to Jesus of Nazareth, Son of God and
Son of Man. Thus, PCP II 46-48 stress the exceptional importance of our
Filipino family as both subject and object of evangelization.
B.

Meaning in Life

37. Second, we Filipinos are meal-oriented (salu-salo, kainan). Because Filipinos

consider almost everyone as part of their family (parang pamilya), we are known for
being gracious hosts and grateful guests. Serving our guests with the best we have is an
inborn value to Filipinos, rich and poor alike. We love to celebrate any and all events
with a special meal. Even with unexpected guests, we Filipinos try our best to offer
something, meager as it may be, with the traditional greeting: Come and eat with us.
(Tuloy po kayo at kumain muna tayo.)
38. JesusasEucharistisnotonlythehostofthenewPaschalMeal(cf. 1
Cor 11:23-26), and the food, the bread of life (cf. Jn 6:48-58), but even the guest in

every gathering (cf. Mt 18:20; Rev 3:20). The New Testament refers more than twentyfive times to eating (kainan). Eating together in table fellowship with the presence of the
risen Christ (cf. 1 Cor 10:17), Communion, in other words, constitutes the corewitness of the early Church as a Eucharistic community. So we Filipinos feel naturally
at home in breaking bread together with Jesus. PCP IIs spirituality of social
transformation finds in the Eucharist not only its fullnourishmentbutalsoitstotal
prayerfulcommunionwiththeLordofsalvationandliberation (PCP II
281).
C.

Sufferings in Life

39. Third, weFilipinosare kundiman-oriented. The kundiman isasad

Filipinosongaboutwoundedlove.Filipinosarenaturallyattractedtoheroes
sacrificing everything for love. We are patient and forgiving to a fault
(magpapaka-alipin ako nang dahil sa iyo). Thisacceptanceofsuffering
manifestsadeep,positivespiritualvalueofFilipinoskalooban.
40. Jesus,theSuffering ServantoftheprophetIsaiah,isportrayedthrough
ourfavoriteFilipinoimagesofPadre Hesus Nazareno,theSanto Entierroor
theSacredHeart.Throughtheseimages,Jesusappearsasoneoftheleastofour
brethren:thehungryandthirsty,thenaked,thesick,thelonelystrangerandthe
prisoner(cf. Mt 25:31-46).JesustheSufferingServantcanthusreachouttousFilipinos
asahealingandforgivingSaviorwhounderstandsourweaknesses,ourfailures,our
feelingsofdepression,fearandloneliness.Hehasbeenthroughitallhimself!Tous
Filipinoswhocanevencelebratethesufferingsandhardshipsoflifeinsong,Jesus
Christcalls:Cometome,allyouwhoarewearyandfindlifeburdensome,andI
willrefreshyou(Mt 11:28).
D.

Life-Commitment

41.Fourth,weFilipinosarebayani-oriented. A bayaniisahero.WeFilipinosare
naturalherofollowers.Forallourpatienceandtolerance,wewillnotacceptultimate
failureanddefeat.Wetendinstinctivelytoalwayspersonalizeanygoodcauseinterms
ofaleader,especiallywhenitsobjectistodefendtheweakandtheoppressed.To
protectthisinnatesenseofhumandignity,Filipinosarepreparedtolaydowneven
theirlives.

42. JesusasChrist the King (Cristo Rey)respondswelltothebayanioriented

Filipino.As bornsocial critics, organizers and martyrs, weFilipinos see
JesusChristastheConqueroroftheworldbyhismissionasprophet,king
andpriest(cf. PCP II 57-61).JesuscameasonesentbytheFather,todothe
Fatherswill (cf. Jn 5:30). Hewastobringgladtidingstothepoor,to
proclaimlibertytocaptives,recoveryofsighttotheblind,andreleaseto
prisoners(Lk 4:18).Althoughasignofcontradictionhimself(Lk 2:34),
JesusmadetheKingdomofGodpresentamonghispeoplebyhisteaching
(cf. Mt 7:29)andsigns.Theblindrecovertheirsight,crippleswalk,lepers
arecured,thedeafhear,deadmenareraisedtolife,andthepoorhavethe
goodnewspreachedtothem(Lk 7:22).Soasbayanioriented,weFilipinos
enthroneourimageof Cristo Rey.Heassuresusthateverythingwillbe
alrightintheend.ChristtheKinghaswontheultimatevictoryoverevil.
E.

World View

43. Fifth, we Filipinos are spirit-oriented. We are often said to be

naturallypsychic.Wehaveadeepseatedbeliefinthesupernaturalandinall
kindsofspiritsdwellinginindividualpersons,placesandthings.Evenin
todaysworldofscienceandtechnology,Filipinoscontinuetoinvokethe
spiritsinvariousundertakings,especiallyinfaithhealingsandexorcisms.
44.
Jesus the miracle-worker who promised to send his Spirit to his disciples
togivethemnewlife(cf. Jn 15:26; 16:7; 13-14),isthusveryappealingto
usFilipinos.TheHolySpirit,sentbytheFatherandtheRisenChrist,draws
usFilipinosintoacommunitywhereinsuperstitionandenslavingmagicare
overcomebyauthenticworshipoftheFatherinspiritandtruth (cf. Jn
4:23).InChristscommunity,theChurch,toeachpersonthemanifestation
oftheSpiritisgivenforthecommongood(1 Cor 12:7).ThissameSpirit,
which empowered Jesus the miracle worker, is active in his disciples,
unitingthemintheteachingoftheapostles,andincommunityfellowshipof
thebreakingofbreadandprayerthroughChristtheirLord(LG 13).
F.

The Filipino Way

45. ButacceptingJesusChristasrespondingtotheseessentialFilipino

traits has historically come about and continued in a typical Filipino

manner.TheoutstandingcharacteristicoftheChurchinthePhilippinesisto

bea pueblo amante de Maria __ apeopleinlovewithMary.Evenbeforethe

comingoftheSpanishmissionaries,therewasasmalldarkimageofthe
BlessedVirgin,knownonlyascomingfromthesea,veneratedonthe
shoresofManilaBay.Thusoriginatedthedevotionto Nuestra Seora de Guia,
Our Lady, Guide of the Way, the oldest extant image of Mary in the
Philippines(PCP II 153).
46. ThetypicallyFilipinoapproachtoChrist,therefore,is with and
through Mary. DevotiontoMaryhasalwaysbeenintimatelyintertwined
withChrist.ThetwocentralmysteriesofourFaithinChrist:themysteryof
the Incarnation celebrated at Christmas, and of Redemption celebrated
duringHolyWeek,aredeeplymarkedbythevenerationofMary.Thisis
portrayedgraphicallyintheSimbang Gabi (Misa de Gallo or de Aguinaldo)
andthepanunuluyan atChristmastime,andtheSalubonginEasterSunday
morning(NCDP 242).
Marian devotionandpietyseem conaturaltousFilipinos.Maryis
deeply involved ineach of the fiveFilipinocharacteristics leadingusto
Christ.ThefamilyaltarinsomanyFilipinohomeswitnessesto Mary as
mother of Jesus and our spiritual mother.Thussheisatthecenterofour familyorientedness.Ascelebrationandmeal-oriented,MarysmonthofMayisnotedforthe
fiestasinherhonorandpilgrimagestohershrines.Forsuffering in life,Maryis
veneratedasthe Mater Dolorosa,theSorrowfulMother,whose Perpetual Help,
compassionandloveissoughtthroughpopularnovenasanddevotions.
As bayani-oriented, we have Mary as our Queen, the loving mother of
ChristourKing.Moreover,sheistheyoungmaidenwhoselife commitment:
Beitdonetomeaccordingtoyourword,isrepeatedthriceeverydayinthe
Angelus. Finally, as spirit-oriented, Mary is venerated precisely as the
womanuponwhomtheHolySpiritcame,thatheroffspringwouldbecalled
Son of God (cf. Lk 1:35). The many Lourdes grottos throughout our
countrytestifytoourFilipinoattractiontohermanyapparitions.
47.

48. DevotiontotheBlessedVirginMary, Ang Mahal na Birhen, has

greatly helped many simple Filipinos to remain Catholics. Their deep
devotiontotheMotherofGodhasbeenthestrongestforcekeepingtheirfaithalive
(cf. AMB 67). Mary has been and remains the central inspiring force in
bringing about a deeper evangelization of the massesofourpeople,the

safeguardforthepreservationofourCatholic Faith,andtheprincipleofdeeper
andfullerevangelization(AMB 72-73).
G.

The Filipino Catholic

49.FromthisMarianapproachtotheseriesoffiveFilipinocharacteristics
interrelated with essential traits of Jesus Christ, a rough sketch of us
FilipinoCatholicscanbedrawn.WearefirstofallfamilycenteredFilipinos
whocaneasilytalktoGodtheFatherthroughHisonlybegottenSonmade
man,ourLordJesusChrist.OurdevotiontotheSto. NioandtheMahal na
Birhen revealsfundamentaldepthsofourownselfidentity. Secondly,we
findmeaninginourlivesandlearntofacethehungerandpovertyaroundus
inencounteringJesusasEucharistinourparishcommunity.Aroundthe
tableoftheLord,weFilipinoCatholicsaredrawnbyprayertoshareour
time,energyandverylives,fortheserviceofourneedybrethrenandforthe
buildingupoftrulyChristiancommunitiesofjustice,loveandhealing.
50.Third,asFilipinoCatholics,becausewehavemetChristtheSuffering
ServantinhisPassion,wecanprayaboutsinandforgiveness,aboutjustice
and reconciliation, about the suffering and Passion of our own Filipino
peopletoday.Wehavethestrengthtoofferourselvesasbreadbrokenfor
theworld,togetherwithJesus,becausewebelievewithunshakeablehope
thattheCrucifiedOneisRisenfromthedead,victoriousoversin,deathand
theworld.
51.Fourth,weCatholicFilipinos,resilientasthebamboo(kawayan)and
sturdy as the narra, commit ourselves to Christ, our heroking, in deep
gratitudeforthegiftoffaithandforbeingFilipino.Lastly,ourworldvision
asCatholicFilipinosisgraduallytransformedbyChristsSpiritintheworld
inourChurchcommunity.
InthedepthsoftheFilipinospiritisalongingforkaayusan,fororder
outofchaos,alongingforthelifethatthecreativeSpiritofJesusgivesasa
gift, a gift which is likewise a challenge (cf. PCP II 257). Through
sacramental encounters with the Risen Lord, we experience his Spirits
healingandstrengtheningpower.InChristsSpirit,weCatholicFilipinos,
inspiredbyMary,theHolyVirgin,ourMother,areconfirmedinourwitness
toJesusbyourserviceofourbrethren,andourperseveringprayerforour
beloveddead.

52. Who, then, are Filipino Catholics? We are a people who have
experienced in one way or another that our Filipino identity, meaning,
suffering, commitment and world-view areall tied to Jesus Christ.Likea
diamondwithathousandfacets,Christisabletorevealtoeverypersonand
nation,theirveryownunity,truthandvalue.ThusweFilipinoCatholicsare
peoplewho:

as baptized into discipleship of Jesus Christ, discover our identity as

adopted children of our Father and as members of Christs Body, the
Church, inspired by Mary our Mother;
in the breaking of bread around the table of the Lord, find meaning in
sharing ecclesial fellowship with one another and with Christ, their
Priest and Eucharist;
in meeting the Crucified Savior are sustained in the sufferings and
hardships of life, and receive forgiveness for their sins through his
Sacraments;
commit ourselves to our Risen Lord and his mission through the gift of
Faith, celebrated in great Hope in the Sacraments, and lived out in Love
and service of their fellowmen;
form our world-vision led by the Spirit of the Risen Christ,
experienced in the Christian community, the Church, which sustains us
in our pilgrimage of life-in-Christ; and
approach and live out this Christian life within the powerful inspiring
presence of Mary, our Mother and Model.

INTEGRATION

53.Thisdoctrineaboutthe identity, meaning, suffering, commitment

and world view of Filipino Catholics is lived out according to Christian
morality, especiallyChristsbasiccommandmentoflove.WeFilipinosarebynature
personcentered, spontaneously giving priority to personal feelings, emotions,
relationships,beyondanylegaldemandsorimpersonaltasks.Christsmessage

andSpiritcontinuetopurifythisnaturalpersonalismofunduefamilycenteredness
andelitisttendencies.ForwhileournaturalenvironmentasFilipinosisalways
thefamily,thebarkada,relativesandfriends,Christiansocialmoralityleads
usbeyondtheselimitedgroupstothelargercommunityscommongood.
54.Evenmorestrikingisourlove for celebrating.OurChristianidentity
asFilipinosisnaturallyboundupwithChristian worshipinourcelebration
ofChristmas, Holy Week, fiestasandMarian Feasts__eachinaveryspecial
Filipino manner. Again, Christs Spirit works from within to purify the
warmpietyofCatholicFilipinodevotionsfromallsuperstitiouspractices
andmagicalfaithhealers.AuthenticSpiritinspiredChristianprayerhelps
directthesesimpleexpressionsofheartfeltlovethroughChristtotheFather.
OfparticularimportancearethetraditionalFilipinoMarian devotionswhich
drawonandexpressthedeepyearningsoftheCatholicFilipino.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

55.WhoareChristians?
Christians are men and women who are baptized in the faith that Jesus
Christ is the Son of God who became man to be Savior of all. United in
the Church as Christs people of God, they live out this faith in
personal conviction, committed witness, and Spirit-inspired worship of
God their Father.
56. How can we become more truly Filipino by becoming more truly
Christian?
By discovering and proclaiming Jesus Christ in our personal and
national Filipino culture, we Filipino Catholics invite Christ to purify
and heal us, and enrich us with fuller life in his Spirit in the Church.
57. How does the Church relate being Christian with our Filipino
culture?
There is a mutual relationship:

being Christian is part of our Filipino identity,

maturing in Christian Faith comes only from personally interiorizing
Jesus message in our Filipino ways of thinking, loving and valuing.
The Church teaches that we Filipino Christians must know our own
culture, and by our Christian Faith in Christ, purify, guard, develop, and
perfect it.
Likewise,wemustinculturateourCatholicFaithintoourFilipino
ways.(Cf.AG21;PCPII20211.)
58.WhataresomeofthebasiccharacteristicsoftheFilipino?
Filipinos are family-oriented, meal-oriented, patient and longsuffering, hero-followers, and firm believers in the spiritual world.
59.

How does Jesus Christ as presented in Catholic teaching correspond

to Filipino character traits?
Jesus Christ as Son of God and Son of Man:
brings us into the family of God our Father;
nourishes us as Eucharist;
redeems us as Suffering Servant;
calls us to personal commitment to Him as our Risen Hero-King;
is experienced in his community, the Church;
gives us his Mother Mary to be our Mother in grace.

60.WhatisourvocationasCatholicFilipinosinAsia?
We are called both personally, as individual believers, and ecclesially,
as members of the Church, to share Jesus Christ with our Asian
brethren by word and witness, through active commitment to truth,
justice, freedom and universal Christian love.
This means going forth in-spirited to renew the face of the world
__ the wider world of Asia and beyond, giving of ourselves unto the
renewal and unity of Gods whole creation (PCP II 7).
Our vocation is to move from being truly Church of the Poor,
through Renewed Integral Evangelization, toward becoming a real
Community of Disciples of Christ before the world (cf. NPP).

Chapter 2

Gods Call: Revelation

Eternal life is this: to know you, the only true God, and
him whom you have sent, Jesus Christ.
(Jn 17:3)

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus

Christ, who has bestowed on us in Christ every spiritual
blessing in the heavens! God has given us the wisdom to
understand fully the mystery, the plan he was pleased to
decree in Christ, to be carried out in the fullness of
time: namely, to bring all things in the heavens and on
earth into one under Christs headship. In Him you too
were chosen.
(Eph 1:3,9-10,13)

OPENING

61. ItpleasedGod,inHisgoodnessandwisdomtorevealHimself...By
this revelation, then, the invisible God, from the fullness of His love,
addressesmenasHisfriends,andmovesamongtheminordertoinviteand
receivetheminHisowncompany (DV2). Christianlifeisbasedonthe
convictionthatGodhasspokentousandthatthecentraltruthsofourFaith
aregiveninthisrevelation.TheChristianScripturesattestthatintimespast
Godspokeinvariedwaystoourfathersthroughtheprophets;inthis,the
finalage,HehasspokentousthroughHisSon(Heb1:12).

CONTEXT

62. ButhowdoesthisideaofrevelationrelatetoordinaryFilipino life?

Theanswerisinourpersonalrelationships.Oneofthebestthingsyoucansayabouta
Filipinois: Maramisiyangkakilala (Heknowsmanypeople),or Maraming
nakakakilalasakanya(Manypeopleknowhim).Ontheotherhand,oneoftheworst
thingstosayaboutaFilipinois Walasiyangkakilala (Nobodyknowshim),or
Walangkumikilalasakanya (Noonegiveshimrecognition).Soinourfamily
relationshipsandfriendshipswerevealourpersonalselvestoothers,andopenlyreceive
theirselfgivingtous.ThisiswhatupliftstheFilipino.
63. Nowthefirstonetoknowus,thefirstonetoshowusrecognitionand
reach out to establish a personal relationship with us __ to become our
kakilala __ isGod.OnlyinrelationtoGoddowebecomeourfullselves.
OnlyincomingtoknowGoddowegrowtothefullstatureofourtrue
selves.ButhowdowecometoknowtheonetrueGod?
64. PerhapsfewcountriesintheworldcancomparetothePhilippineswhen
itcomestotryingtomakeGodknown.Newspapers,radio,TVandmovies
arefilledwithnewpreachers,religiouscelebrations,publicdevotions,and
neverendingappealsfornewchapelsandchurches.Faithhealersaboundin
every community. Selfproclaimed mediums claim to lead their gullible
devoteesinmysteriouswaystosupposedlyclosercontactwithGod,orthe
Sto. Nio, or the Blessed Virgin Mary. With so many different people
claimingtorevealGod,whocanwebelieve?HowdoestheonetrueGod
actuallyrevealHimselftoustoday?

EXPOSITION

I.GODREVEALSHIMSELF
A. InCreation

65. The first way God reveals Himself to us is through creation. The
heavensdeclarethegloryofGod,andthefirmamentproclaimsHishandiwork(Ps
19:1).Increation,manholdsaspecialplace.Godsaid:Letusmakemaninour
image,afterourlikeness(Gn1:26).GodevengivesusashareinHisown
creativity:Befertileandmultiply;filltheearthandsubdueit(Gn1:28).
Godcreatesthewholeworldforus,tosupportusinlifeandrevealsHimself
tousthroughHishandiwork.Sincethecreationoftheworld...Gods
eternal power and divinity have become visible, recognized through the
thingsHehasmade(Rom1:20).

66. Our Fourth Eucharistic Prayer clearly expresses this recognition of

GodsSelfrevelationthroughcreation:
Fatherinheaven,YouaretheoneGod,livingandtrue...
Sourceoflifeandgoodness,
Youhavecreatedallthings
TofillYourcreatureswitheveryblessing
AndleadallmentothejoyfulvisionofYourlight...
Father,weacknowledgeYourgreatness:
AllYouractionsshowYourwisdomandlove,
YouformedmaninYourownlikeness,
andsethimoverthewholeworld
ToserveYou,hisCreator,andtoruleoverallcreatures.
NaturalSigns
67. ForusFilipinos,then,theworldandeverythinginitarenaturalsignsof
God__theinitialwayGodmakesHimselfknowntous.Yetinoureveryday
experience,wemeetnotonlylove,friendship,thegoodandthebeautiful,
butalsosuffering,temptationandevil.Allcreationhasbecomeaffectedby
sin__ sinenteredtheworld,andwithsindeath(Rom5:12).Thenatural
signsoftheCreatorhavethusbecomedisfiguredbypollution,exploitation,
injustice,oppressionandsuffering.SoGodchosetorevealHimselfina
second,moreintimateway,byenteringintothehistoryofthehumanrace
Hehadcreated.
B.

InScripture,throughSalvationHistory

68. The Bible recordsGodsenteringintoaspecial covenant relationship

withHischosenpeople,theraceofAbraham,thepeopleofIsrael.Iwill
dwellinthemidstoftheIsraelitesandwillbetheirGod(Ex29:45).Again,
weprayintheEucharisticPrayerIV:
Evenwhenmandisobeyedyouandlostyourfriendship,
Youdidnotabandonhimtothepowerofdeath,
Buthelpedallmentoseekandfindyou.
Againandagainyouofferedacovenanttoman,
andthroughtheprophetstaughthimtohopeforsalvation.
BiblicalSigns
69. GodrevealedHimselfinstages.IntheOldTestament,Godrevealed
Himselfthroughbiblicalsignsmadeupofbothdeedsandwords.Hemade
covenantswithNoah,withAbraham,andwithMoses.Heperformedgreat
worksforHisChosenPeople,andproclaimedtheirsavingpowerandtruth
throughthe prophets words(cf.DV2;CCC5664).Throughchosenmen
and women __ kings, judges, prophets, priests and wisemen, God led,
liberated,andcorrectedHispeople.Heforgavetheirsins.Hethusrevealed
HimselfasYahweh,HewhoiswithHispeople.HeistheLord,amerciful
and gracious God, slow to anger and rich in kindness and fidelity (Ex
34:6). Today,throughHisinspiredwordintheOldTestament,Godstill
revealsHimselftous,andinspiresustorespondtoHiscovenant.
70. Yet,evenGodsrevelationinhistorywasweakenedbytheinfidelities
andhardnessofheartofHisChosenPeople.ButGodsolovedtheworld,
thatinthefullnessoftime,HesentHisonlySontobeourSavior,likeusin
allthingsexceptsin(cf.Jn3:16;Gal4:4;Heb4:15;CCC65).JesusChrist
completedandperfectedGodsrevelationbywordsandworks,signsand
miracles,butaboveallbyhisdeathandgloriousresurrectionfromthedead
(DV 4). Thus the Risen Christ, prefigured in the Old Testament and
proclaimed by the apostles, is the unique, irrevocable and definitive
revelationofGod.
C. IntheChurch

71. But Gods definitive revelation in Jesus Christ did not stop with
ChristsascensiontohisFather.Jesushimselfhadgatheredaroundhima
group of disciples who would form the nucleus of his Church. In this
Church,theGoodNewsofJesusChristwouldbeproclaimedandspread
totheendsoftheearthbythepoweroftheHolySpirit,sentdownuponthe
apostlesatPentecost (cf.Acts1:8). Whatwashandedonbytheapostles
compriseseverythingthatservestomakethePeopleofGodlivetheirlives
inholinessandincreasetheirfaith.InthiswaytheChurchinherdoctrine,
lifeandworship,perpetuatesandtransmitstoeverygenerationallthatshe
herselfis,allthatshebelieves(DV8;cf.CCC7779).PCPIIsummarizes
thisbystatingthatSacredScriptureandthelivingtraditionoftheChurch
transmittoustheteachingsofJesus(PCPII65).
Liturgical/EcclesialSigns
72. GodcontinuestomanifestHimselftodaythroughthe Holy Spirit in the
Church.HeispresentintheChurchspreachingthetruthofScripture,inits
witnessofloving service,andthrough thecelebration ofitsChristgiven
Sacraments. Christs revelation in the Church is the new and definitive
covenant[which]willneverpassaway.Nonewpublicrevelationistobe
expectedbeforethegloriousmanifestationofourLord,JesusChrist(1Tim
6:14;Ti2:13)(DV4).
73. Insummary,then,FilipinoCatholicsexperienceGodsSelfrevelation
today. First, God shows Himself in the natural signs of the beauty and
abundanceofournaturalresourcesandourrichFilipinoculture.Second,the
biblicalsignsinGodsinspiredWordinScripture,thebookoftheChurch,
revealHim.Third,throughtheChurchs liturgicalsigns,weencounterthe
RisenChristintheSacraments. Finally,GodmakesHimselfknowntous
throughtheecclesialsignsoftheChurchsproclamationoftheCreedandin
hermoralteachingsandcommitmenttoservice.
D. InOtherReligions

74. But many Filipino Catholics ask if nonChristians receive Gods

revelation.TheChurch,inherpropheticmissionofreadingthesignsofthe
timesandofinterpretingtheminthelightoftheGospel (GS4),discerns
the seedsoftheWord inthehistoryandcultureof all menofgoodwill.
Thus,evennonChristianswhodonotknowtheGospelofChristorhis
Church,butwhoneverthelessseekGodwithasincereheart,and,movedby
grace,tryintheiractionstodoHiswillastheyknowitthroughthedictates
oftheirconscience,mayachieveeternalsalvation(LG16).
75. ForwhateveristrueandholyinnonChristianculturesandreligionsis
acceptedbytheCatholicChurchsinceitoftenreflect[s]arayofthattruth
which enlightens all men. Filipino Catholics, therefore, should
acknowledge,preserveandencouragethespiritualandmoraltruthsfound
amongnonChristians,alsotheirsociallifeandculture(NA2).
PCPIIprovidesguidelinesforthisinterreligiousdialogue.Itmustbe
basedfirmlyonthefactthatsalvationinJesusChristisofferedtoall,and
thattheChurchistheordinarymeansofsalvationsinceshepossessesthe
fullnessofthemeanstosalvation(cf.UR3).Thismakespossibleopenness
inunderstandingthereligiousconvictionsofothers.[For]dialoguebased
onhopeandlovewillbearfruitintheSpirit(RMi56)[PCPII11213].
II.JESUSCHRIST:
AGENT,CONTENTANDGOALOFREVELATION
76. NeverthelessweCatholicsmustwitnessto[our]ownfaithandwayof
life in the Catholic Church which proclaims, and is dutybound to
proclaim,withoutfail,Christwhoistheway,thetruthandthelife(NA2).
JesusChristishimselfboththemediatorandthefullnessofallRevelation
(DV2;cf.CCC65).
PCPIIputsitsharply:WearefollowersofChrist,hisdisciples.Wetrace
hisfootstepsinourtimes,toutterhiswordtoothers.Tolovewithhislove.
To live with his life . . . To cease following him is to betray our very
identity(PCPII34).FilipinoCatholics,therefore,recognizeinJesusChrist
thegoal,thecontent,andtheagentofGodsSelfrevelation.
A. Goal

77. Asgoal,Jesusisthekey,thecenterandthepurposeofthewholeof
manshistory(GS10),inwhoseimageweallaretobeconformed(cf.Rom
8:29). ForitisthroughtheRisenChristthatweshallsharetheTrinitarian
divinelifeofFather,SonandHolySpirit.Thereforeourpresentearthlylife
isachallengetoputontheLordJesusChrist,asSt.Pauladmonishesus
(cf.Rm13:14).
B.

Content

78. But Christ is not only the goal of Gods revelation, He is also its
content, the Revealed One. In himself, Jesus reveals both God and
ourselves.Christ,thenewAdam,intheveryrevelationofthemysteryof
theFatherandofHislove,fullyrevealsmantohimselfandbringstolight
his most high calling (GS 22). Our Faith centers on Christ precisely
becausewebelievewearecalledtounionwithhim,whoisthelightofthe
world,fromwhomwegoforth,throughwhomwelive,andtowardswhom
ourwholelifeisdirected(LG3).
C. Agent
79. Finally,besidesbeingthegoalandcontentofRevelation,Christisalso
its agent, themediator (cf.DV2). Godisone.Onealsoisthemediator
betweenGodandmen,themanChristJesus,whogavehimselfasaransom
forall(1Tim2:56).Christisrevealerthroughhispartincreation,through
his becoming man, through his hidden and public life, and especially
throughhispassion,deathandresurrection.Afterhisresurrection,theRisen
ChristcontinueshisrevelationbysendingushisHolySpirit,theSpiritof
truth(cf.DV4).
80. ButhowdoestherevealingChristtouchtheFilipinoCatholictoday?Clearly,
throughhisChurch,thepeopleofGod,unitedinhisname.Theonemediator,Christ,
establishedandeversustainshereonearthhisholyChurch,thecommunityoffaith,
hopeandcharity,asavisibleorganizationthroughwhichhecommunicatestruthand
gracetoallmen(LG8).TheChurchherselfreceivesChristsrevelation.Sheregards
theScriptures,takentogetherwithsacredTradition,asthesupremeruleofherfaith.

FortheypresentGodsownWordinanunalterableform,andmakethevoiceofthe
HolySpiritsoundagainandagaininthewordsoftheprophetsandapostles(DV21).
III.WHEREWEFINDGODSREVELATION
A. ScriptureandTradition
81. TheSacredScriptures,collectedintheBible,aretheinspiredrecordof
howGoddealtwithHispeople,andhowtheyrespondedto,remembered,
andinterpretedthatexperience.TheScripturesarose,then,astheexpression
of the peoples experience of God, and as a response to their needs.
Collectively,theScripturesformTheBookofthePeopleofGod __ the
bookoftheChurch.TheBiblewaswrittenbypersons from thepeopleof
God,forthepeopleofGod,abouttheGodexperienceofthepeopleofGod
(NCDP131).
82. TheScriptures,then,arenevertobeseparatedfromthepeopleofGod
whoselifeandhistory(Tradition)formedthecontextoftheirwritingand
development.Thisisbestshowninthe threestages of howtheGospels
wereformed.
Firststage,thelifeandteachingofJesuswhatJesus,whilehelived
amongus,reallydidandtaughtforoureternalsalvation,untilthedayhe
was taken up. Second stage, oral tradition. After Jesus Ascension, the
apostleshandedontotheirhearerswhatJesushadsaidanddone. Third
stage,thewrittenGospels.Thesacredauthors,inwritingthefourGospels,
selected certain elements that had been handed on orally or already in
writtenform,otherstheysynthesizedorexplainedinviewofthesituationof
theirchurches,whilepreservingtheformofproclamation.Butalwaysin
suchawaythattheyhavetoldusthehonesttruthaboutJesus(DV19;cf.
CCC126).
ThisshowshowthewrittenGospelsgrewoutoforaltradition,and
were composed in view of the concrete people of God of the early
Christian communities. Through His inspired Word in Scripture, God
continuestorevealHimselftoustoday.

83. SacredTraditionandSacredScripture,then,areboundcloselytogether.
..flowingoutfromthesamedivinewellspring,movingtowardsthesame
goalandmakingupasinglesacreddepositoftheWordofGod(cf.DV9,10).
Traditioncanbetakeneitherastheprocessbywhichdivinerevelation,coming
fromJesusChristthroughtheapostles,iscommunicatedandunfoldedinthe
community of the Church, or as the content of the revelation so
communicated.ThusthelivingTraditionoftheChurch,whichincludestheinspired
wordofGod inSacredScripture,isthechannelthroughwhichGodsself
revelationcomestous.
84. As Sacred Scripture grew from Tradition, so it is interpreted by
Tradition__thelife,worship,andteachingoftheChurch.Traditiondepends
onScriptureasitsnormativerecordofChristianoriginsandidentity,while
ScripturerequiresthelivingTraditionoftheChurchtobringitsScriptural
message to the fresh challenges and changing contexts confronting
Christiansineveryage.
BiblicalInspiration
85. TheSacredScripturesaresaidtobeinspiredinaspecialsense__not
justassomeartistorauthormaybeinspiredtopaintorcompose.Rather,
biblicalinspiration meansthatthesacredandcanonicalbooksoftheOld
andNewTestaments,wholeandentire,werewrittenundertheinspirationof
theHolySpirit,sothatwecancallGodtheirauthorandtheBiblethe
WordofGod(cf.DV11;CCC1056).Godchosecertainhumanauthors,
whoastrueauthorsmadefulluseoftheirhumanpowersandfaculties,yet
were so guided by the Holy Spirit who so enlightened their minds and
movedtheirwills,thattheyputdowninwritingwhatGodwantedwritten.
86. Biblicalinspiration,then,isacharismreferringtothe specialdivine
activity, communicated to individual authors, editors, and compilers
belongingtothecommunity,forthesakeofthecommunity.Itproducedthe
sacredtextsbothoftheOldTestamentandtheNew.Thesetextsgroundthe
apostolicChurchwhichremainsuniquelyauthoritativefor usandforall
generationsofChristians.

87. ButtheHolySpiritsworkinScripturetouchesmorethanitshuman
authors: in some fashion it also touches both the proclaimers and the
hearersoftheword.InthesacredbookstheFatherwhoisinheavencomes
lovinglytomeetHischildren,andtalkswiththem(DV21).Scripturethus
supportsandinvigoratestheChurch (cf.CCC13133). Itstrengthensour
faith,offersfoodforoursouls,andremainsapureandlastingfountforour
spirituallives.ThroughtheSpiritGodswordislivingandeffective(Heb
4:12).ButwerealizethatwhatwaswrittenintheSpiritmustbeproclaimed
andheardintheSpirit.
TheCanonofScripture
88. Becauseofdisputes,theChurchfounditnecessarytomakeadefinitive
list,acanonofthebookswhichhavebeentrulyinspiredbyGodandthus
haveGodfortheirauthor(cf.CCC120).TheCanonofScriptureisdivided
into the books written before Jesus life (the Old Testament) and those
writtenafter(theNewTestament).GuidedbytheHolySpirit,theChurch
determinedtheinspiredandnormativeNTbooksintermsoftheirapostolic
origin,coherencewiththeessentialGospelmessage,andconstantuseinthe
Churchsliturgy.Afteralongdevelopment,theChurchfinallyacceptedas
inspired,sacred,andcanonical,the46booksoftheOldTestamentandthe
27booksoftheNewTestamentthatwefindinourCatholicBible.
InerrantSavingTruth
89. Since all of Scripture was written, compiled and edited under the
inspiration of the Holy Spirit, we must acknowledge that the books of
Scripture,firmly,faithfullyand withouterror,teachthattruthwhichGod,
for the sake of our salvation, wished to see confided to the Sacred
Scriptures(DV11;cf.CCC107).InrecognizingtheBibleasnormative,the
Churchconfessesthatwhenproperlyused,Scriptureimpartssavingtruth
thatcanbereliedupontobringusintodeepercommunionwithGod.
90. But we must recognize that the Bible is a collection of historical
accounts, doctrinal teachings, poems, parables, ethical exhortations,
apocalypticvisionsandmanyotherforms.Itwaswrittenoveraperiodof
morethanathousandyears,separatedfromusbyalmosttwentycenturies.

Therefore,itisnoteasytodeterminepreciselywhatisthesavingtruth
which God wills to impart to us through a particular book or text of
Scripture.
Inaddition,theCatechismoftheCatholicChurchremindsusthat
theChristianFaithisnotareligionoftheBook.Christianityisthereligionofthe
WordofGod,notawrittenwordunabletospeak,buttheincarnateandliving
Word.SothattheScripturesdonotremainadeadletter,itisnecessarythatChrist,
theeternalWordofthelivingGod,bytheHolySpirit,opensourmindsto
understandthem(CCC108).
B.

InterpretingScripture

91. St.PaultellsusthatallScriptureisinspiredbyGodandisusefulforteaching__
forreproof,correction,andtraininginholinesssothatthemanofGodmay
befullycompetentandequippedforeverygoodwork(2Tim3:1617).But
the problem, of course, is how to faithfully and accurately interpret
Scripture.FortheFilipinoCatholic,theanswerisclear.Thetaskofgiving
anauthenticinterpretationoftheWordofGodhasbeenentrustedtothe
livingteachingofficeoftheChurchalone(DV10).
FourFactors
92. AtleastfourfactorsplayasignificantpartininterpretingScripture:(1)
theinspiredhumanauthorsintention;(2)thetextitself;(3)thereaderofthe
text;and(4)thecommonhorizonconnectingtheoriginalcommunitycontext
ofthetextwithourChristiancommunityreadingittoday.
93. First, the humanauthor.Commonsensetellsustofindoutwhatthe
inspiredhumanauthorhadinmindwheninterpretingatext.Thisinvolves
some basic idea of the social, economic, and religious conditions of the
authorsintheirparticularhistoricalsituations(cf.DV12;CCC110).
94. Second, the text itself. We have to look at its literary form (e.g.,
historicalnarratives,propheticoracles,poemsorparables)whichtheauthor
isusing(cf.DV12.)

Inaddition,thetextmustbeviewedwithintheunityofthewholeBible(cf.CCC
112).BothOldandNewTestamentsarereadbyChristiansinthelightoftheRisen
CrucifiedChrist.TheNewTestamentsownuseofOldTestamentevents,personsand
thingsastypesforeshadowingitsown,exemplifiesthis dynamicunity ofthetwo
Testaments.Forexample,AdamandMelchisedekaretypesofChrist(cf.Heb6:20
28);thefloodforeshadowsBaptism(cf.1Pt3:2021);mannainthedesertisthetype
oftheEucharist(cf.Jn6:4851,CCC12830).
Somethingofthehistoryofthetextsinterpretations,especiallyitsuse
intheChurchsliturgy,canbeveryhelpful.*
95. Third, the readers/hearers. We are constantly asking Scripture new
questionsandproblems,drawnfromourownexperience.EveryFilipino
CatholicwantstoknowwhattheScripturemeanstome/us.Atthesame
timewerecognizethattheBiblebringsitsowncultureofmeaningsand
frameworkofattitudesthathelpform,reformandtransformus,thereaders,
into the image of Christ. We must let the Bible form us, even while
conscious that we are reading it in the light of our own contemporary
experience.
InseekingwhattheScripturetextmeansforme/us,weneedtoconsiderthe
witnessofferedinthelivesofholymenandwomenintheChurchthroughthecenturies.
AnyauthenticinterpretationofthetextfortheChristiancommunitytodaymustbein
continuityandharmonizewiththistraditionofmeaningthathasgrownoutofthetexts
impactonChristiancommunitiesthroughtheages(cf.DV21;CCC13133).
96. Fourth,isthe commonhorizon whichfirstunitesallthebooksofthe
Bible into a basic unity, and second, links together the context of the
Scripturaltextanditstraditionwithourpresentreadingcontexttoday.This
horizonisthenewandeternalcovenantGodhasestablishedwithusinHis
IncarnateSon,JesusChrist.IninterpretingScripture,weseekthetruththat
Godwishestocommunicatetoustoday,throughScripture.Inthisweare
guided by the living teaching office of the Church which exercises its
authorityinthenameofJesusChrist,notassuperiortotheWordofGod,
butasitsservant(DV10).
97. ThusweseethatinthesupremelywisearrangementofGod,Sacred
Tradition, Sacred Scripture and the teaching office (Magisterium) of the
Church are so connected and associated that one of them cannot stand
withouttheothers.Workingtogether,eachinitsownwayundertheaction

oftheoneHolySpirit,theyallcontributeeffectivelytooursalvation(DV
10).

INTEGRATION

98. ThedangeristhatallthisdoctrineaboutRevelationanditssourcesin
ScriptureandTraditionwillremainonlyasheadknowledge,leftbehind
inourdailyliving.ButGodistouchingus,callingustorelatetoHimin
thought,wordanddeed.Itisinandthroughourdailylifeexperiences __our
everydaydealingsinfamily,workandrecreation __aswellasinprayerand
theSacraments,thatGodisclosetous.ScriptureandTraditionillumineour
experiencesintwoways:1)byshowingushowtoactasdisciplesofJesus
Christ,and2)byhelpingusdiscernGodsactioninourdailylives.
99. Showingushowto act asbelieversinJesusChrististhegoalof
Catholic moral teaching. TheFilipinoCatholics conscience isgradually
formedthroughScriptureandtheChurchslivingtradition.Wearedrawnto
the lifestyle of a son/daughter of the heavenly Father, following Jesus
Christ,theIncarnateSon,strengthenedandinspiredbytheindwellingSpirit,
andlivingintheChurch,Christsowncommunity.TheCommandmentsof
God and Christs Beatitudes do not impose burdensome obligations that
restrictourgenuinefreedom.Rather,theyrevealandprotectourinalienable
dignity as human persons by specifying the moral duties of each and
everyone.Godscalltojusticeandhonestycreatesourauthenticfreedom.
100. To discern Gods action in our daily lives demands a spiritual
sensitivitythat comesonlyfromauthenticChristian prayer and worship.
This means that our personal prayer is grounded in Gods revelation in
ScriptureandtheChurchslivingtradition.Onlythenarewesuretoworship
in Spirit andin truth (Jn4:24). Allthe typicalFilipinodevotions and
formsofreligiositymustultimatelybeviewedinthelightoftheGospel.For
JesusChristtaughtustoprayOurFather(cf.Mt6:913)andgaveusthe

sacramentofhislovetobeoursacrificialworshipofhisFatherintheHoly
Spirit.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

101. WhatisRevelation?
RevelationisGodspersonallovingcommunicationtousofwhoHeis
andHisplantosaveusallinHislove.ItisGodsreachingouttousin
friendship,sowegettoknowandloveHim.
102. HowdoesGodrevealHimself?
GodrevealsHimselfin:
Creating us and everything we see, hear and touch __ from the
beginningtillnow[naturalsigns];
His words and deeds in Sacred Scriptures record of salvation
history,completedandperfectedinHisSonmademan,JesusChrist
[Biblicalsigns];
His continuing presence by the Holy Spirit in His people, the
Church;[ecclesialsigns];
Theprayerandsacramentalworship,doctrine,andmoralserviceof
theChurch;[liturgicalsigns];
Hisinteriorpresence(Grace)inourconscienceandinalltheevents
of our daily lives, world events, recognized in the signs of the
times.
103. HowcantheInfinite,PureSpirit,God,communicateHimselftousin
thislife?
GodrevealsHimselftousthroughthe deeds Heperformedinhistory
andthewordswhichproclaimthedeedsandclarifytheirtruemeaning
(cf.DV2.).ThesewordsanddeedsshowGodspresenceamongusand
Hissavingpurposeforus.
104. HowimportantisJesusChristinGodsRevelation?

ForChristians,itisJesuswhois:
theRevealerofGodourFather,
himselftheImageandWordofGod;and
theFinalGoalofGodsrevelation,ourultimatedestiny.
105. HowdoesChristrevealGodtoustoday?
Christ reveals God to us primarily through the Church, its Sacred
ScriptureandlivingTradition,throughwhichtheHolySpiritcomesto
us.

106. TowhomdoesGodrevealHimself?
Godwants all mentobesavedandcometoknowthetruth (1Tim
2:4), andinwaysbothhiddenandclear,calls all to Christ,whoisthe
goal,theobject,andtheagentofGodsSelfrevelation,andthereallight
whichenlightenseveryman(Jn1:9).
107. HowarewetounderstandGodsinspiredWordinScripture?
UndertheinspirationoftheHolySpirit,Scripturegrewfromthelife,
worshipandteachingoftheearlyChurch.SotheChurchisitsauthentic
interpreter,undertheactivehelpofthesameHolySpirit.
108. WhatdowemeanbytheBiblesinerrantsavingtruth?
ThroughtheHolySpiritscharismofinspiration,thehumanauthorsof
theBiblesetdownfaithfullyandwithouterrorthetruthGodwishedto
conveyforoursalvation(cf.DV11;2Tim3:1617).
109. HowdoweCatholicsgettoknowSacredScripture/theBible?
CatholicsheartheBibleproclaimedateveryMass.Readingsfromboth
OldandNewTestamentsarecarefullyselectedandarrangedaccording
totheChurchsliturgicalyear.
In addition, parishes sponsor Bible study groups and encourage a
CatholicBibleineveryhomeforfamilyreadingandprayer.
110. HowweretheGospelsformed?
TheGospelswereformedinthreestages:first,Jesusownteachingin
his earthly lifetime; second, the oral tradition in which the apostles

passedonwhatJesushadsaidanddone;and third, theputtinginto

writingoftheGospelsthatwehavetillthisday.
111. HowdoweCatholicsinterpretScripture?
IninterpretingSacredScripture,wesearchout:(1)thehumanauthors
meaning;(2)the context ofthetextinrelationtothewholeBible;3)
withinourownsearchformeaning;(4)undertheguidanceoftheHoly
Spirit through the authentic interpretation of the Magisterium, the
teachingChurch.
112. HowimportantisSacredScriptureinourdailylives?
GodcontinuestospeaktouspersonallythroughHisinspiredWordin
Scripture,thereby
helpingustounderstandthetruemeaningofthedailyhappeningsin
ourlives,
guiding our moral behavior toward authentic freedom and loving
serviceofothers,and
drawingusintoprayerfulunionwithChrist,ourWay,ourTruthand
ourLife,in hisChurch.
113. HowhastheBiblecometous?
BiblecomesfromtheGreekwordBiblia,meaningbooks.Sothe
Bibleisreallyacollectionofbooks.Thecontentwasfirstpassedon
byoraltraditionoveralongperiodoftimebeforeitwasputinwritten
form.
TheOldTestamentwascomposedinHebrewandtranslatedintoGreek
aroundthe 2nd and 3rd centuriesbeforeChrist.TheNewTestament
wascomposedinGreekduringthe2ndhalfofthe1stcenturyA.D.

* Traditionallyfour senses ofScripturehavebeendistinguished: literal:

themeaningintendedbytheoriginalauthor,providingthebasisforall
othersenses;allegorical:apointbypointinterpretationofthetextsseries
of actions as symbolic of a meaning metaphorically implied but not
expresslystated; moral: themeaningforourinstruction,asalessontous(1
Cor10:11); anagogic:the mysticalmeaning,interpretedinthelightofits

eternalsignificance.Thefoursensesweresummarized:theliteral,teaches
whathappened;theallegorical,whatistobebelieved;themoral,whatis
tobedone,theanagogic,towardswhatwemuststrain(cf.CCC11519).

Chapter

Our Response: We Believe

Faith is confident assurance concerning what we hope for,

and conviction about things we do not see.
(Heb 11:1)
Faith is a personal relationship with Jesus Christ as Lord
and Savior, and through him, with the Father, through the
Holy Spirit, a decision to commit oneself to Christ, follow
him, strive to know and accept the truths he continues to
teach through his Church.
(Cf. PCP II 64-65)

OPENING

114. For most people, faith simply means believing in God. Christian
Faith isbelievingintheGodrevealedbyJesusChrist. CatholicChristian
Faith means believing that Christ reveals God to us in and through the
CatholicChurch,thebodyofChrist,unitedintheHolySpirit.Believing
heremeansrealizingthatGodiscallingustoshareHisdivinelife __thatis
Hispagpapakilalatous.FaithisourpersonalresponseasdisciplesofChristof
acceptinghimasLordandSavior.ItisourPleasecomein!toChristwho
standsatthedoorandknocks(Rv3:20)(PCPII64).Buthowdowecome
toknowthewaytorespondtoHim?Whatisthisresponsewecallfaith?

115. Weusefaithtodaytomeandifferentthings.Sometimesitmeansour
totalresponsetoGodsrevelation.Itistoknow,tolove,tofollowChristin
theChurchhefounded (PCPII36). Orwecanusefaithtomeanthe
virtue (believing)asdistinct fromhopingandloving. Faith inthissense
means our personal knowledge of God in Christ, expressed in particular
beliefs inspecific truths bywhichweadheretoChrist.Inthischapterwe
take faith to mean our whole life in Christ, but with primary focus on
personallyknowingChristasourTruth.Themoralactivityoflovewillbe
thefocusofPartIIofthisCatechism,ChristourWay,whileourChristian
hopewillbedevelopedespeciallyinPartIII,ChristourLife.

CONTEXT

116. ThePhilippinesisnotedforbeingtheonlyChristiancountryinAsia.Christian
Faithisoneofthedistinguishingcharacteristicsofourpeople.Yettodayitiscommonto
hearFilipinoCatholicsacknowledginghowlittletheyknowoftheirChristianFaith.
ManyadmittheytaketheirChristianFaithforgranted.Itenterstheirlivesmostly
through religious ceremonies attached to family celebrations such as baptisms,
marriages,funerals,andhouseblessings.Itisafaithoftraditionalpiouspractices,and
sometimesevenofsuperstitions,drawnfromourFilipinosocial,religious,andcultural
environment.Suchafaithisdangerouslyopentoproselytizingbyotherreligioussects
ofallkinds,orcorruptedbytheattractionsofworldlysecularism(cf.Mt13:49,1823).
117. PCPIIdescribesthissituation:
Formostofourpeopletodaythefaithiscenteredonthepracticeof
ritesofpopularpiety.NotontheWordofGod,doctrines,sacramental
worship(beyondbaptismandmatrimony).Notoncommunity.Noton
buildingupourworlduntotheimageoftheKingdom.Andwesayitis
becausetheunchurched,thevastmajorityofourpeople,greatlylack
knowledgeofandformationinthefaith(PCPII13).
OftenthisiscalledFolkCatholicism.

118. TodaymanyFilipinoCatholicsyearnforamorematureCatholicfaith
andprayerlife.Butcertaindivisivetrendsandattitudesarealsowidespread.
Some preach Christian doctrine in such a fundamentalist way that they
ignorethewiderdemandsofChristiancharityandservice.Otherssostress
activeideologicalcommitmenttojusticeandthepoorastopracticallydenyall
value to prayer and worship. Finally, still others faith is marked by an
individualistic piety, often accompanied by an exaggerated bahala na
fatalism. These excesses or distortions give a false picture of authentic
Catholic Faith. They also show how important it is to understand what
CatholicFaithreallyis,andhowitshouldoperateinourdailylives.

EXPOSITION

I.FAITHINHUMANRELATIONS
119. FaithinitsbroadestsenseisacentralrealityinFilipinolife.Itisan
everydaynaturalfactorinallourhumanrelationshipsanddailyactions.
Forexample,inacceptingthewordofothers,wealreadyshowourfaith
(paniniwala) inthem.Wereadilyobeythedirectionsofthoseoverus,at
home,atwork,inourcommunities(pagsunod).Weevenentrustourselves
andourwelfaretoothers: doctors,teachers,judges,civicleaders,notto
mentioncooks,jeepneydrivers,etc.Withoutsuchbasichumanfaithwhich
includes believing acceptance, obedient action and personal entrusting,
human life would be impossible. Faith as a human reality, therefore, is
centraltoourdailylives.
120. For Filipinos, this can be seen most clearly in our family life and
friendships. We grow up, nurtured and supported by the trust, love and
fidelityofourfamily.Wematurethroughaprocessofformingpersonal
friendships,firstaschildren,thenasteenagers,finallyasadults.Butineach
case,thereisagradualrevelationofourowninnerselftoourfriend,anda
freeacceptanceofourfriendsselfrevelation.Ifthisfriendshipistogrow
andmature,itmustincludeaturningtowardtheother,aconversion.We

acknowledgeourneedandtrustintheothersfriendshipbylisteningtoand
identifyingwithourfriend.
121. Filipinosdoallthisspontaneously,naturally,butnotwithoutdifficulty.
Sometimesweturnaway,orrefusetolisten,orarerejectedbytheother.But
genuinefriendshipscreatemutuallovingknowledgeofeachother.Inthem
weexperiencesomethingthatliberatesusfromourownnarrowness,and
opensustofullerlifeandlove.Werealizethatfriendshipfreelyofferedus
byanother,alsodemandsourfreeresponse.Itisaresponsethatisneverjust
oneact,butalongprocessofgrowingintimacywithourfriend.Inevitably,
othersamongourfamiliesandassociatesareeventuallyinvolved.Especially
God.
II.FAITHINGOD
122. FaithinGodisgroundedinGodsownrevelationthroughhiswords
and deeds in salvation history. It is confirmed by the many reasons for
believingthathavebeenworkedoutthroughoutthecenturies,respondingto
thebiblicalchallenge:Alwaysbereadytogiveanexplanationtoanyone
whoasksyouforareasonforyourhope(1Pt3:15).
A. CharacteristicsofChristianFaith
TotalandAbsolute
123. AlreadytheOldTestamentcontrastedfaithinmaninwhomthereisno
salvationwithfaithintheLordwhomadeheavenandearth...whoshallreign
forever (cf.Ps146:3,56,10;Jer17:58).OnlyFaithinGodcallsfora total and
absolute adherence (cf.CCC150). Christ himself provides, especially in his
Passion,DeathandResurrection,thebestexampleofthistotalandabsolute
commitmenttoGod.
Trinitarian
124. ForusChristians, FaithisouradherencetotheTriuneGodrevealed
throughJesusChristourLord.ItisourfriendshipwithChristandthrough
ChristwiththeFather,intheirHolySpirit.ThroughChristswitnesstohis

Fatherinhisteaching,preaching,miracles,andespeciallyinhisPassion,
DeathandResurrection,wecometobelieveinChristourSavior,inthe
Father,andintheHolySpiritsentintoourhearts.OurFaithasCatholics,
then, consists in our personal conviction and belief in God our Father,
revealedbyJesusChrist,HisowndivineSonmademan,andtheirpresence
tousthroughtheHolySpirit,intheChurch(cf.PCPII64;CCC15152).
Loving,MaturingandMissionary
125. OurChristianFaithistrulylifegivingandmatureonlythroughlove,
forthemanwithoutlovehasknownnothingofGod,forGodislove(1Jn
4:8). AndtobeChristian, thislovemustbeinseparablyloveofGodand
loveofneighbor,likeChrists.Itthusimpelsustomission,toevangelize,
bybringingotherstheGoodNews(cf.1Cor9:16).Suchamissionaryspirit
isthetest ofauthenticFaithbecauseitisunthinkablethatapersonshould
believe in Christs Word and Kingdom without bearing witness and
proclaimingitinhisturn(cf.EN24;PCPII6771,402).Thismeansweare
allcalledtoshareinChristsownthreefoldmissionaspriest,prophetand
king(cf.PCPII11621;LG1013).
InformedandCommunitarian
126. PCP II insists that Catholic Faith must be informed, that is
believingJesuswords,andacceptinghisteachings,trustingthathehas
the words of eternal life (cf. Jn 6:68; NCDP 147). It must be
communitarian since it is the Church that transmits to us Christs
revelationthroughSacredScriptureanditslivingTradition,andalonemakes
possibleforusanadequatefaithresponse(cf.PCPII65).
Inculturated
127. ThisCatholicfaithinGodandinJesusChristisneverseparatedfrom
thetypicalFilipinofaithinfamilyandfriends.Ontheonehand,weliveoutourfaithin
Godpreciselyinourdailyrelationshipswithfamily,friends,fellowworkers,etc.Onthe
otherhand,eachoftheseisradicallyaffectedbyourCatholicFaithinGodour
Father,inJesusChristHisonlybegottenSon,ourSavior,andintheirHoly
Spiritdwellingwithinusingrace.Thisishowallwillknowyouformy

disciples:yourloveforoneanother(Jn13:35;cf.PCPII7273,162,202
11).

B.

TheThreeEssentialDimensionsofFaith

128. VaticanIIexplainsthisfaithresponseasfollows:Byfaithmanfreely
commitshisentireselftoGod,makingthefullsubmissionofhisintellect
and will to God who reveals, and willingly assenting to the Revelation
givenbyHim(DV5).ChristianFaith,then,toucheseverypartofus:our
minds(believing),ourwills(doing),andourhearts(trusting).Letusbriefly
examineeachaspectinturn.
Believing
129. FaithinvolvesourbasicconvictionsasChristians.Forifyouconfess
withyourlipsthatJesusisLord,andbelieveinyourheartthatGodraised
himfromthedead;youwillbesaved(Rom10:9).JohnsumsuphisGospel
with:ThesethingshavebeenrecordedtohelpyoubelievethatJesusisthe
Messiah,theSonofGod,sothatthroughthisfaithyoumayhavelifeinhis
name(Jn20:31).
Faith, then, is knowing, but not mere head knowledge of some
abstracttruths.Itislikethedeepknowledgewehaveofourparents,orof
anyone we love dearly. Christian Faith, then, is personal knowledge of
JesusChristasmyLordandmyGod(Jn20:28).Christsolemnlyassures
eachofus:HereIstandknockingatthedoor.Ifanyonehearsmecalling
andopensthedoor,Iwillenterhishouse,andhavesupperwithhim,andhe
withme(Rv3:20).
Doing
130. Butbesidesbelieving,faithisalso doing.AsSt.Jameswrites:My
brothers,whatgoodisittoprofessfaithwithoutpracticingit?(Jas2:14).
Christhimselftaught:NoneofthosewhocryoutLord,Lordwillenter
theKingdomofGod,butonlytheonewho does thewillofmyFatherin
heaven(Mt7:21).Faith,then,isacommitmenttofollow(obey)Godswill

forus.ThisweseeexemplifiedinMarysIamtheservantoftheLord.Let
itbedonetomeasyousay(Lk1:38).
PCP II brings out this doing dimension of faith as witnessing
throughlovingserviceofourneedyneighbors.Inourconcretesituation,
particularlyurgentisthecallfor:1)deedsofjusticeandlove;and2)for
protectingandcaringforourendangeredearthsenvironment (cf.PCPII
7880).
131. Ofcourse,werealizethatweoftendonotdowhatweaffirminfaith.
Butthisawarenessofourfailuresemphasizesallthemoretheessentialplace
ofbehaviorinauthenticChristianFaith.Italsomakesusmoreconsciousof
ourneedforChristsSpirittoliveoutourfaithinouractions.Forapart
frommeyoucandonothing(Jn15:5).Beforethisfaithcanbeexercised,
manmusthavethegraceofGodtomoveandassisthim;hemusthavethe
interiorhelpsoftheHolySpirit,whomovestheheartandconvertsitto
God(DV5).
Entrusting/Worshipping
132. Beyondbelievinganddoing,faithisalsoentrustingoneselfintoGods
hands.Abraham,ourfatherinfaith,atGodscommandlefteverythingtoset
outforaforeignland.AgainstallhumanoddsMosestrustedYahwehtofree
the Hebrews from their slavery in Egypt. In the New Testament, Jesus
workedsignsandcuresonlywiththosewhotrustedinhim.Hepromisedthe
possessedboysfather:Everythingispossibletoamanwhotrusts (Mk
9:23).
133. Faith,then,isfromtheheart __theloving,trusting,andhopinginthe
LordthatcomesfromGodsownlovefloodingourhearts.Thistrusting
Faithlives andgrowsthroughprayer andworship __ personal heartfelt
conversation with God that is the opposite of mindless, mechanical
repetition of memorized formulas. Genuine personal prayer and group
prayerfindboththeir inspirationalsource andsummit ofperfectioninthe
Liturgy,theCatholiccommunitysofficialpublicTrinitarianworshipofthe
Father,throughJesusChristourLord,intheHolySpirit(cf.PCPII7477).

C. FaithandThreeClassicQuestions
134. ThesethreeaspectsofourChristianFaith__ believing,doing,prayerful
trusting __respondtothethreeclassicalquestionsposedtoeverypersoninlife,andto
St.Augustinesfamoustripledefinitionoffaith.TothequestionWhatcanIknow?
ChristianfaithrespondsthatwecanknowGodasOurFatherandChristasOurLord
(credereDeum/Christum).KnowthatwebelongtoGod...thattheSonofGodhas
comeandhasgivenusdiscernmenttorecognizetheOnewhoistrue(1Jn5:19
20).PagkilalasaAma,saAnakatsaEspirituSanto.
135. WhatshouldIdo?isansweredcurtlybyKeepHiscommandments(1Jn
2:3),whichmeanstoloveindeedandtruthandnotmerelytalkaboutit (1Jn
3:18). ThisdemandsactingonthecredibilityofGodsteachingsinChristas
trueanddependable(credereDeo/Christo).
136. Finally,tothequestionWhatmaywehopefor?ChristianFaithcelebratesin
prayerandsacramenttheunshakeablehopethatneither death nor life, neither
angels nor principalities, neither the present nor the future, nor powers;
neitherheightnordepthnoranyothercreature,willbeabletoseparateus
fromtheloveofGodthatcomestousinChristJesus,ourLord(Rom8:38
39). Inbrief,thishopemeanstobelieveinGodwithyourwholeheart,withyour
wholesoul,andwithallyourmind(Mt22:37),entrustingourselvestoHiminlove
(credereinDeum/Christum).
D. FaithandSalvation
137. Butfaithisnotsomeanswerbox __ itisnotsomethingwehave,
keep,andown.Rather,realfaithisaforcewithinusthatbythepowerof
ChristsHolySpiritgraduallyworksatransformationinourdailythoughts,
hopes,attitudesandvalues.
Inreligiousterms,weknowthatfaithisnecessaryforsalvation __itis
the beginning of our salvation (cf. Trent, ND 1935; CCC 161). For
withoutfaithitisimpossibletopleaseGod(Heb11:6).Fromexperience
werealizethatfaithbringsus fullerlife whichcanbedescribedby three
basicvalues:genuinepersonalmaturity,freedomandhappiness.

Maturity
138. Faithisagrowthinpersonalmaturitybecauseithelpsusputchildish
waysaside(1Cor13:11).ItdevelopsabasichonestyinusbeforeGodand
manbymakingusawareofthesacrificesdemandedbyauthentichuman
love. It grounds our own selfidentity in the fact that we are sons and
daughtersoftheFather,redeemedbytheBloodofChristourSavior,and
inspiredbytheirindwellingHolySpirit.

Freedom
139. FaithinChristfreesusfrompreferringdarknessratherthanlight(Jn
3:19),thepraiseofmentothegloryofGod(Jn12:43).Withoutfaithin
God,weareatthemercyofcarnalallurements,enticementsfortheeye,the
lifeofemptyshowsothattheFatherslovehasnoplaceinus (1Jn
2:1516). AsScripturewarnsus:theworldwithitsseductionsispassing
away,butthemanwhodoesGodswillenduresforever(1Jn2:17).
SpiritualJoy
140. Insoliberatingus,faithinChristfostersthevalueofspiritualjoy.So
Maryproclaimed:MysoulproclaimsthegreatnessoftheLord,andmy
spirit rejoices in God my Savior (Lk 1:4647). John the Baptist was
overjoyedtohearChristsvoice__thatismyjoy,anditiscomplete(Jn
3:29).Christhimselftaughthisdisciplessothatmyjoymaybeyours,and
yourjoymaybecomplete(Jn15:11),ajoynoonecantakefromyou(Jn
16:22).ForChristianFaithisourresponsetoChristsGoodNews,lived
in the Spirit whose fruits are love, joy, peace, patience, endurance,
kindness,generosity,faith,mildnessandchastity(Gal5:22).
III.PARADOXICALCHARACTERISTICSOFFAITH
141. ChristianFaithpresentsuswithanumberofparadoxesthathelpus
graspitscomplexreality.
A. Certain,YetObscure

142. ThefirstisthatFaithisbothmostcertainyetobscure(cf.CCC157
58,164). Incommonusagewespeakoftakingthingsonfaithwhenwe
arenotsure.Weliveinasecularagewheretobesuremeansbeingableto
prove it byexperiment andscientificmeans. But this is a rationalistic
illusion. We have been brainwashed by our own creation of todays
scientifictechnology.
143. AsFilipinos,werealizethatnoneofourmajorpersonaldecisions,norourbasic
idealsandattitudestowardslife,freedom,love,etc.could ever be proven by
scientificexperiment.Ourfamily,ourfriends,ourcommunity,ourvocation
inlife__alldependonthevision,inspirationandstrengthwecallfaith.It
isthemostcertainofallweknowbecauseitisthefoundationuponwhich
webuildourlives.Buthowarewesureofthisfaithfoundation?
144. Suchasurefoundationcouldnevercomefromourselves,orfromotherlimited
menorwomen.Itcouldneverarisefromsomeselfevidenttruth,orsomelogical
deductionthatcompelsassent (CCC156). Allthese needtobe,themselves,
groundedonsomeunshakeablefoundation.OnlytheveryWordofGodcouldpossibly
offersuchafoundation.FaithiscertainbecauseitrestsonGodwhorevealsHimselfin
thepersonofJesusChrist,presenttousinHisSpirit.WearecertainofourFaith
because it is our personally committed loving knowledge based on the
convincingsignsofGodrevealingHimselfinJesusChrist,andpresenttous
inHisChurchthroughword,service,fellowship,andsacrament.
145. But this certainty of Faith does not mean everything is clear and
obvious.Onthecontrary,webelieveGodisMystery,thatis,Heisalways
morethanwecaneverfullycomprehend.St.Paulteachesus:Nowwesee
indistinctly,asinamirror(1Cor13:12).Wewalkbyfaith,notbysight(2
Cor5:7). Butthisobscuritywhichweexperience even in our deepest human
relationsdoesnotdestroyfaithsfirmness.Weinstinctivelyrecognizethat
persons,andespeciallytheallpersonalGod,canneverbereducedtobeing
provenbyscientificexperiment.
B.

Free,YetMorallyObliging

146. Faithssecondparadoxisthatitisbothfreeandmorallyobliging(cf.
CCC160). OurChristianFaithisa free response.Noone,notevenGod,
forcesustobelieve.
GodcallsmentoserveHiminSpiritandintruth.Consequentlytheyareboundto
Himinconsciencebutnotcoerced.Godhasregardforthedignityofthe
humanpersonwhichHehimselfcreated:thehumanpersonistobeguidedbyhis
ownjudgmentandtoenjoyfreedom(DH11).
WeFilipinosexperiencethisparadoxicalcombinationoffreedomand
obligationinourfamilyrelationshipsandfriendships.Personswholoveus
themosthavethemostclaimonus,yetforceustheleast.Wenaturally
respondtotheminlove.God,whobylovingusthemosthasthegreatest
claimonus,leavesandkeepsusmostfree.
C. Reasonable,YetBeyondNaturalReason
147. A thirdparadox isthatChristianFaithisboth reasonable, yet more
thannaturalreason(cf.CCC15556).ChristianFaithisinnoconflictwithourreason.
Onthecontrary,onlyrationalcreaturescanbelieve.Yetfaithitselfisagracethat
enlightensourminds.Unlessyoubelieve,youwillnotunderstand(Augustinesquote
ofIs7:9).OurfaithinChristilluminesourreasonbecausewebelievehimwhoclaims
Iamthelightoftheworld.Nofollowerofmineshalleverwalkindarkness;no,he
shallpossessthelightoflife(Jn8:12;cf.VaticanI,ND135).
D. AnAct,YetaProcess
148. A fourth paradox highlights Faith as both a particular act, yet
perseveranceinalifelongprocessthatisthebeginningofeternallife(cf.
CCC16263).JohnsGospeldeclares:Eternallifeisthis:toknowyou,the
onlytrueGod,andhimwhomyouhavesent,JesusChrist.(Jn17:3).But
thisfaithinChristismuchmorethanasingle,personaldecisionforChrist.
ItisanenduringwayoflifewithintheChristiancommunity,theChurch.In
factitistheprincipleofournewlifeinChrist,whichgivesusaforetasteoflife
withhiminheaven.St.Paulwrote:ThelifethatInowliveisnotmyown;Christis
livinginme.Istilllivemyhumanlife,butitisalifeoffaithintheSonofGod,who
lovedmeandgavehimselfforme(Gal2:20).FaithasfollowingChristmustbe

graduallyandperseveringlydevelopedsothatitcomestotoucheveryaspectofour
lives,throughoutourwholelives.
E.

AGift,YetOurDoing

149. Faiths fifth paradoxisthatitisboth agift, agracefromGod,yet

somethingwedo(cf.PCPII68;CCC15355).ItisagiftbecauseNoone
cancometome,Jesussaid,unlesstheFatherwhosentmedrawshim(Jn
6:44).St.Paulconfirmsthis:NoonecansayJesusisLord,exceptinthe
HolySpirit (1Cor12:3). OurChristianFaith,then,isnotmerelyofour
owndoing.ItdependsuponGodfortwothings:first,Godsfreegiftof
revealingHimselfthroughoutsalvationhistory;second,forthegraceofthe
HolySpiritsinteriorilluminationandinspirationwhichgivestoalljoyin
assentingtothetruthandbelievinginit(Vat.I,DS3010;ND120).
150. ButGodsgiftoffaithdemandsourfreecooperationwithothers.St.
Paulexplainsthis:Faith,then,comesthroughhearing,andwhatisheardisthewordof
Christ (Rom 10:17). Our hearing of Christs word today depends on the
preachingandteachingjustasitdidinthetimeoftheApostles (cf.Mt
28:20; Acts 2:42; 4:25). This hearing means not only listening to the
Word of God in Scripture and to Church teaching. It also involves
discerning Gods presence to us through events in our lives, our
companions,ourinnerthoughts,yearningsandfears,etc.Inbrief, faithis
alsoouractiveresponsetothewitnesstoChristandtheGospelgivenusby
others.Thisactiveresponseismotivatedandinspiredbytheprayerand
worshipwesharewithourfellowmembersofChristsChurch.
F.

Personal,YetEcclesial

151. Faithssixthparadoxisitspersonalyetecclesialnature.Itisfirstofall
theChurchwhobelievesandthussupportsandnourishesourfaith(cf.CCC
16869).Wereceivedthegraceoffaithwhenwewerebaptizedandreceived
intotheChristiancommunity,theChurch.WithinourChristianfamiliesand
ourparishcommunity,thefaithimplantedinBaptismgrowsandmatures.
Through catechesis, through the Sacrament of Confirmation, through the
WordofGodpreachedandexplained,andespeciallythroughtheEucharistic
celebrationofChristsPaschalsacrifice,wegrowinfaith.

OurpersonalfaithinChristissupportedandintensifiedbyourfellow
membersintheparishorBCC,accordingtoGodsownplan.ForHehas
willedtomakemenholyandsavethem,notasindividualswithoutanybond
orlinkbetweenthem,butrathertomakethemintoapeople(LG9).
152. Christian faith has many different adherents and forms, even in our
country.ButacentralfeatureofCatholicFaithisitsecclesialstructure.God
always revealed Himself in the Old and New Testaments in terms of a
community.Moreover,thisrevelationhasbeenhandeddownthroughthe
Churchs tradition to us today. It is in the Church that we Catholics
experiencethepoweroftheRisenChristthroughthegiftoftheHolySpirit.
ItisintheChurch,thebodyofChrist,thattheCatholicFilipinomeetsChrist
in Gods Word in Scripture, in Church teaching, in the liturgical,
sacramentalpraiseandworshipofGod,andintheministryofserviceofone
another.
153. ChristispersonalSaviortoFilipinoCatholicsnotasprivateindividuals,
butas members ofa community ofsalvationwhereinwemeetJesusand
experience his saving power. Faith is never just something private or
individualistic,butasharingintheChristiancommunitysfaith.Thisfaithis
inlivingcontinuitywiththeApostolicChurch,aswellasbeingunitedtoall
theCatholiccommunitiestodaytheworldover.VaticanIIwelldescribesthe
originsofthisecclesialdimensionoffaith:
154. Asthefirstbornofmanybrethren,andbythegiftofhisSpirit,Christ
established,afterhisDeathandResurrection,anewbrotherlycommunion
amongallwhoreceivedhiminfaithandlove;thisisthecommunionofhis
ownbody,theChurch,inwhicheveryoneasmemberswouldrendermutual
serviceinthemeasureofthedifferentgiftsbestowedoneach(GS32).
IV.MARY:MODELOFFAITH
155. ManyFilipinoCatholicsprobablylearnmoreaboutFaithfromtheir
devotiontotheVirginMarythananyotherway.Thisisperfectlygrounded
in Scripture which portrays Mary as the exemplar of faith. Through her
YesattheAnnunciation,Marybecomesthemodeloffaith(AMB35;cf.

CCC148).LukestressesthecontrastbetweenMarysfaithandthedisbelief
ofZacharybyElizabethsgreeting.BlestisshewhotrustedthatLords
wordstoherwouldbefulfilled(Lk1:20,45).JohnPaulIIwritesthatin
theexpressionBlestareyouwhobelievedwecanrightlyfinda kindof
key whichunlocksforustheinnermostrealityofMary,whomtheangel
hailedasfullofgrace(cf.RMa19).
156. Mary perfectly exemplifiedthe commondefinitions of faith as full
submissionofintellectandwillandtheobedienceoffaith(Rom16:26;
1:5;cf.DV5).Butshediditpersonally,
withallherhumanandfeminineI,andthisresponseoffaithincludedboth
perfectcooperationwiththegraceofGodthatprecedesandassists,andperfect
opennesstotheactionoftheHolySpirit,whoconstantlybringsfaithtocompletion
byhisgifts(DV5;cf.LG56).
LukecarriesthisthemeofMarysfaithintohissecondinspiredbookwhere
he describes her presence among those who believed in the apostolic
communityaftertheResurrection(cf.Acts1:14).
157. Mary is truly an effective inspiration to us because she constantly
exercisedfaithinalltherealitiesofordinary,dailyliving,eveninfamily
crises. Lukes account of the finding in the Temple offers a perfect
example(cf.Lk2:4152).Thereisthefirststageofastonishmentatseeing
Jesusinthetemple,inthemidstoftheteachers.Astonishmentisoftenthe
beginningoffaith,thesignandconditiontobreakbeyondourmindset
andlearnsomethingnew.MaryandJosephlearnedsomethingfromJesus
thatday.
158. Second,thereisdistressandworry,realanguishandsuffering.Aswith
theprophets,GodsWordbringsgoodandbadfortune.Marywasalready
takinguptheCrossofthediscipleofChrist.Third,thereisoftenalackof
understanding. BothMaryandJoseph,andlatertheTwelve,couldnot
understand what Jesus meant. Faith is not clear insight but seeing
indistinctly,asinamirror(1Cor13:12).
Finally,thereisthefourthstageof searchwhereinMarydidnotdrop
theincidentfromhermind,butratherkeptallthesethingsinherheart.
Faith is a continual search for meaning, for making sense of what is

happeningbyuncoveringwhatlinksthemtogether.Likethescribewhois
learnedinthereignofGodMaryactedliketheheadofahouseholdwho
bringsfromhisstoreroomboththenewandtheold(Mt13:52).
159. SincefaithisthekeytoMaryswholelife,fromherdivinemotherhood
toherfallingasleepintheLord,herlifeisareal pilgrimageoffaith
(LG58). Thatmakesherourmodelandsupportinfaith.Butbeyondour
individualfaithlives,JohnPaulIIhasbroughtoutitswidersignificance.
IwishtodrawonthepilgrimageoffaithonwhichtheBlessedVirgin
advanced...ThisisnotjustaquestionoftheVirginMotherslife
story,ofherpersonaljourneyoffaith...Itisalsoaquestionofthe
historyofthewholepeopleofGod,ofallwhotakepartinthesame
pilgrimageoffaith(RMa5;cf.1418).

INTEGRATION

160. Faithisarealitytouchingourwholeselves __ourminds(convictions),

ourhandsandwill(committedaction)andourhearts(trust).Theobjective
aspectsofChristianfaith,exemplifiedindoctrine(theCreed),morals(the
Commandments)andworship(theSacraments),alsomanifestfaithasan
integral whole. ChristianFaith, then, isnotsomethingfragmented. Itisa
living way of life that integrates our minds, wills, and hearts with its
doctrine, morals, and worship, within a sustaining community of fellow
disciplesofChrist.
161. Tounderstandthe doctrine ortruthofwhatfaithis,then,demands
recognizing its moral and worship dimensions (doing and praying).
Scripture constantly insists on this. The way we can be sure of our
knowledgeofChrististokeephiscommandments(1Jn2:3).Andtheway
toprayisthroughhim,withhim,inhim,intheunityoftheHolySpirit,all
gloryandhonorisyours,almightyFather,foreverandever.Amen.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

162. Whatdoesfaithmeanindailylife?
Faithingeneralmeansthewayweknow,accept,andrelatepositivelyto
others,especiallythemutualtrust,love,andfidelity weexperienceinfamily
andfriendships.
163. WhatismeantbyCatholicfaith?
CatholicFaithistoknow,love,andfollowJesusChristinhisBody,
theChurch(PCPII36).
Itisthatattitude,activity,andprocessbywhichwe,empoweredby
Godsgrace:
freelycommitourentireselvestoGod,
offerourliberty,ourunderstandingandourwholewilltoGodwho
revealsHimselfandHisplan,and
willinglyassenttoHisRevelation(cf.DV5).
164. WhatdoesfaithascommittingourentireselvestoGodentail?
FaithasalivingresponsetoGodincludes:
ourminds,believinginGodwhocallsustosalvationinJesus;
ourwillandhands,doingGodswill,and
ourhearts,entrustingourselvestoGodinprayerandworship.
165. WhataresomebasiccharacteristicsofChristianFaith?
ChristianFaithis:
total,absolutecommitment,
tothe BlessedTrinity: ourheavenlyFather,JesusChrist,hisown
divineSonmademan,andtheirHolySpirit,
inalovingknowledge
thathelpsusgrowandmatureasFilipinos,
withinourFilipinocultureandvalues,and
sendsusforthtospreadtheGospel.
166. HowimportantisFaith?

Faithisnecessarytobecomeourtrueselvesandthusgainoursalvation,
thatis,unionwithGod:Father,SonandHolySpirit.
TothethreehumanclassicquestionsFaithresponds
WhatcanIknow?GodourFatherandChristourLord.
WhatshouldIdo?LoveothersasChristdoes.
WhatmayIhopefor?Christspresenceandlifeeverlasting.
167. WhatdoesfaithinChristdoforus?
FaithinJesusChrist:
helps us to grow into adult persons who can relate to others
responsiblyandmaturely;
liberatesusfrombeingenslavedbysin;and
opensustodeepjoyandhappinessintheLord.
168. WhataretheparadoxicalcharacteristicsofFaith?
OurChristianFaithisatonceboth:
certainenoughtodiefor,yetamysterybecauselikelove,thereis
alwaysmoretounderstand;
afreepersonalresponsetoGod,yetmorallybindinginconscience;
reasonable,yetbeyondournaturalwaysofknowing;
anindividualactofourgracedreason,yetalsoalifelongprocess;
a gift ofGodthroughbothRevelationandinteriorinspiration,yet
somethingwedonobodycanbelieveforus;
apersonalindividualresponse,yetonlypossibleasamemberofthe
Christiancommunity,theChurch.
169. Howcanwebesureofourfaith?
Faithissomethinglikethelovingknowledgewehaveofourfamilyand
friends.Wearesureoftheirloveandwetrytorespondtothem.
Likewise,throughGodsRevelationinChrist,weareabsolutelysureof
Hisloveforus,andtrytorespondthroughthegiftoffaith.

Chapter

Our Unbelief
What an unbelieving lot you are! . . . how long
can I endure you? . . . Everything is possible to a
man who trusts. Then the father cried out: I do
believe, help my lack of trust!
(Mk 9:19, 23-24)

Stop murmuring, Jesus told them. No one can

come to me unless the Father who sent me draws
him; I will raise him up on the last day. . .You will
surely die in your sins unless you come to believe
that I Am.
(Jn 6:43f; 8:24)

OPENING

170. Christ, throughout the Gospels, constantly called for faith. Jesus
praisedtheRomancenturionforhisgreatfaith (cf.Mt8:810). Hechided
thosewhoworriedtoomuchaboutfoodandclothingfortheirweakfaith(cf.
Mt6:30).HecouldnotworkmiraclesamongtheNazareansbecauseoftheir
lack of faith (cf. Mk 6:5). On the stormy lake, Jesus asked his terrified
apostles:Whyareyoulackinginfaith?(Mk4:40).AndathisLastSupper,
JesussaidtoPeter:Ihaveprayedforyouthatyourfaithmaynotfail(Lk
22:32).

171. WeknowfromexperiencethatChristianFaithmeetsallkindsof
different receptions among us, and within us, throughout our lives.
Sometimesinourthinkingweputconditionstobelieving,likethedoubting
Thomas: I will never believe it without probing the nailprints in his
hands...(Jn20:25).Atothertimes,ouractionsbelieourfaith,likeSt.
Peters triple I do not know the man (Mt 26:72). Or perhaps in our
trustingandhoping,webegintodoubt,likethedisciplesofJohntheBaptist:
Areyouhewhoistocome,orarewetolookforsomeoneelse? (Lk
7:20).

CONTEXT

172.ThefaithoftheFilipinoCatholictodayisexposedtomanypressures
andtemptationstowardunbelief.OurwholesocialcontextofChristianfaith
andtheChurchhaschanged.Before,Filipinoslivedinamorestablesociety
in which the Church held a dominant position. Unbelief was generally
restrictedtocertainnonpracticingindividualswhowerepursuedpastorally
bytheChurchtoreturntothesacraments.TodayweFilipinosliveina
societyintransition,inwhichmanyreligiousandantireligiousvoicesare
raised throughout the land. Whole subgroups are drawn away from the
CatholicFaith.TheChurchspastoralresponseisfocusedoncreatingnew
parishandChurchstructures,suchasBasicChristianCommunities,to
communicatetheGospelmoreeffectively.

173.VaticanIIdescribedthisverysituation:

greaternumbersarefallingawayfromthepracticeofreligion.Inthe
past,itwastheexceptiontorepudiateGodandreligiontothepointof
abandoningthem,andthenonlyinindividualcases;butnowadaysit
seemsamatterofcoursetorejectthemasincompatiblewithscientific
progressandanewkindofhumanism(GS7).

174. In the Philippines, our problems of unbelief often result from

overstressingoneessentialdimensionofthefaith,whileneglectinganotherequallybasic
dimension.FundamentalistsarestrongonJesusastheirpersonalSavior,onloveofthe
Bibleandcarefortheirmembers,butarefrequentlyclosedtoCatholictradition,
developmentofdoctrine,sacramentallifeandthewidersocialconcerns(cf.PCPII219,
22328). Activists takeupthethrustforjusticeandidentificationwiththe
poor with such zeal that they find little time for prayer or sacramental
worship.Some Charismatics aresodedicatedtoSpiritfilledcelebrations
thattheserviceofneighborisneglected.Allthreegroupsfrequentlylackthe
balanceandproportionthatisonemarkofauthenticCatholicFaith.

EXPOSITION

175. What, then, are the principal obstacles to authentic Christian Faith in the
Philippinestoday?TheparadoxesofFaithdescribedinChapter3indicatesomeof
them. Faiths certitude and reasonableness can lead some to rationalistic
dogmatism,whileitsobscurityopensothersto superstition.Faithasagift
sometimesinducesabahalanafideism.Stressingthefreedomoffaithhas
ledsometoaselfcentered,subjectivisticfaith.Eventhepersonalcharacter
of faith can be misunderstood to mean private, rejecting any
communitariandimension.
TheobstaclestoauthenticfaithtodayamongFilipinoscanbegrouped
accordingtohowtheytoucheachofthethreebasicdimensionsoffaith
itself:believing,doing,andworshipping.

I.OBSTACLESTOBELIEVING,
DOING,WORSHIPPING

A.Unbeliefvs.Believing

176. InScripture,theproblemofunbeliefamongthepeopleofGod,as
distinct from the idolatry of the pagans, is a constant scandal. Three

principaltypesofnotbelievingcanbepickedoutwhichremainrelevant
today.FirstisthesimpledenialthatGodexists,orthatJesusChristisLord,
theonlybegottenSon.Thefoolsaysinhisheart,ThereisnoGod(Ps
14:1).Whoistheliar?HewhodeniesthatJesusistheChrist(1Jn2:22).
Usually such denials are caused by erroneous ideas about both human
beings and God (cf.CCC2126). Theirexaggeratedideaofbeinghuman
causestheirfaithtolanguish....OthershavesuchafaultynotionofGod
that...theirdenialhasnoreferencetotheGodoftheGospels(GS19).

177. Second, the opposite type of unbelieving is seeking special

knowledgeintoonesfateandfuture.Divination,sorceryandmagic have
alwaysbeencondemned.Lettherenotbefoundamongyou...afortuneteller,
soothsayer,charmer,diviner,orcasterofspells,noronewhoconsultsghosts
andspiritsorseeksoraclesfromthedead(Dt18:1011;cf.CCC211517).
Todaywestillhavefaithhealers,privatevisionariesandthelike,whoplay
upon the credulity of simple Christians and draw them into such
abominationstotheLord(Dt18:12;cf.NCDP136).

178. A third obstacle to Christian believing is the natural self

centerednessorpridethattemptseveryonetoseeanydependenceonGodas
againsthumanfreedomandselffulfillment.Fromthisattitudearisescurrent
skepticism, doubts and incredulity. They say: what modern person
couldpossiblyacceptsucholdfashionedbeliefs!(cf.CCC208889).
Thismindsetisbasedonafalseimage:1)ofGodassomeauthoritarian
Judge,arbitrarilyimposingHiswillonus;and2)ofourfreedomastotally
independentofGod.

Response

179. PCP II has proposed that the basic help we need to face these
challengesisclearlyaRenewedCatechesisthatgroundsrenewalinsocial
apostolateandworship.BasicallythisinvolvesacatechesisthatisChrist
centered,rootedinthelivingWordofScripture,andauthenticallyFilipino
andsystematic (cf.PCPII15664).Theaimistocommunicatethetrue
teachingoftheGospelmessagepresentedinafittingmanner(cf.GS21).
ThebasictruthpresentedinScriptureisthatGodcreatedusfreewith
relativeautonomy.Godwillsourowngood.Butthisinnowaydeniesour

completedependenceonGod.WithouttheCreatortherecanbenocreated
world(cf.GS36).

180.OnlyinseeingeverypersoninrelationtoGodwhoistheauthorand
finalgoalofall,istruehumandignitypreserved.Ourtruedignityrestson
thefactthatwearecalledtocommunionwithGod.AsVaticanIIstated:

Ifweexist,itisbecauseGodhascreatedusthroughlove,andthrough
lovecontinuestoholdusinexistence.Wecannotlivefullyaccordingto
truthunlesswefreelyacknowledgethatloveandentrustourselvesto
ourCreator(GS19).

181.TheRisenChristshowsushowtocarryonarenewedcatechesisin
a fitting manner in his encounter with the two disciples on the way to
Emmaus.Christfirstwalkedalongwiththetwodoubtingdisciples,listening
totheirstory. Second heinterpretedforthemeverypassageofScripture
whichreferredtohim(Lk24:27).Finally,inbreakingbreadwiththem,he
offeredthemthechoiceofbelieving.
SoChristtodayleavestohisfollowershiswordandfoodforthejourneyinthe
sacramentoffaithinwhichnaturalelements,thefruitsofourcultivation,are
changedintohisglorifiedBodyandBlood,asasupperofhumanfellowship
andaforetasteoftheheavenlybanquet(GS38).

182.Insummary,then,Christiandoctrineorteachingisalivingandlife
givingrealitythatdevelopsthroughtheagesundertheinspirationofthe
HolySpirit.Furthermore,believinginChristcanneverbereducedtomere
acceptance of true teaching. For in Christ the believer sees salvation:
Althoughyouhaveneverseenhim,youlovehim,andwithoutseeing,you
nowbelieveinhim,andrejoicewithinexpressiblejoytouchedwithglory,
becauseyouareachievingfaithsgoal,yoursalvation(1Pt1:89).
Thissalvationisapresentreality,affectingeverythingwethink,anddo,
andhopefor,everydayofourlives.

B.Unbeliefvs.Doing

183. But there is a practical atheism that has always been more
commonthananytheoreticalunbelief:Filipinoswholivetheirlivesasif

Goddidnotexist.LiketheHebrewsofold,theydonotaskthespeculative
question:DoesGodexist?Rathertheyareconcernedwiththepractical:
IstheLordinourmidstornot? (Ex17:7) Dowehavetoworryabout
Him?WillGodhurtusinanyway?
ThesepracticalatheistsareindifferenttoGodslove.Thisshowsin
their ingratitude, tepidity andspiritual sloth (cf.CCC2094). Theyfailto
recognizethesignsofGodspresence.Howlongwilltheyrefusetobelieve
inMe,despiteallthesignsIhaveperformedamongthem? (Nm14:11).
Todaythisblindnesscanoftenbetracedtotwogeneralcauses.

184.First,thereisthepragmatic,secularisticmentalitythatmeasuresall
humansuccessintermsofeconomicandsocialemancipation (GS20).
PCPIIspeaksofaprevailingconsumerisminoursociety(PCPII634).
St. John describes the basic abiding causes within each of us our
concupiscenceofthisworldlyview:Carnalallurements,enticements
fortheeye,thelifeofemptyshow __ allthesearefromtheworld (1Jn
2:16).

185. Second,evenmorepertinenttoourPhilippinecontextascausing
unbeliefinbehavioristhepovertyandinjusticeamongus.PCPIIhasstrong
wordstosayaboutthesenationalcausesforoursinfulness:Inthepoverty
andunderdevelopmentofournation,initsconflictsanddivisions,wesee
thehandofhumansinfulness,particularlythegraspingpawsofgreedfor
profitandpower(PCPII266).

186. Greatnumbersofpeopleareacutelyconsciousofbeingdeprived ofthe

worldsgoodsthroughinjusticeandunfairdistribution(GS9).Inthemidst
ofhugenumbersdeprivedoftheabsolutenecessitiesoflifetherearesomewholivein
richesandsquandertheirwealth....Luxuryandmiseryexistsidebyside(GS
63).PCPIIspeaksofhow

theChristianconsciencemustrecoilatthesinscommittedagainstthe
poor:somanyworkersdeniedjustwagestomaintainlivingstandards
ofthefew...somanypoorfarmerstillinglandstheywillneverown
...somucheconomicandpoliticalpowerusedselfishlytoservethe
few...(PCPII267).

187.Suchinjusticeisamajorcauseofunbeliefnotonlyintheexploited
andoppressed,butalsointhosewhocommittheinjustices.Theseexploiters
denyGodinpracticebyrejectingtheGodgivenrightsoftheirvictims.The
oppressed,fortheirpart,cometodenyGodbecausetheycannotseethetruth
oftheChristianvisionandpromiseintheirdailylives.Unbeliefindoing,
then,graduallybecomesa cultural reality forpeoplesufferingwidespread
injustices.

188. Thiscultureofunbeliefcantakeonsystematicforminpoliticalor
economic structures which deny basic human rights. Filipino Marxists
blamereligiousfaithtogetherwithfeudalism,bureaucraticcapitalismand
imperialismfortheproblemsofPhilippinesociety (cf.PCPII265). They
claimthatreligionisasocialpacifier,promisingthepoorandoppresseda
heavenlyrewardiftheyonlyremainsubservientnow.

Response

189. Thehelpprescribedby PCPII tofacethisunbeliefindoingourfaithisa

RenewedSocialApostolatetowardsSocialTransformation (cf.PCPIIDecree
Arts.15;2027;andPCPIIDocument16566;256329).TotheMarxistswereplythat
Christneverpromisedaheavenlyrewardtodonothingfollowers,(thosewhocryout
Lord,Lord).RewardisonlyforthosewhodothewilloftheFather(cf.Mt7:21).
Genuine Christian Faith, in its ethicalprophetic role, fosters basic
human personal and social values. It shapes the lifestyle of Christians
according to Gospel priorities and authentic human responsibility and
justice.Outsideofsuchfaith,thereislittlethatcancheckthesinofthe
worldwhichremainstheperduring,universalsourceofmansexploitation
ofman.

190.PCPIInotonlypresentsthecurrentsocialteachingsoftheChurchin
amannerrelevanttoourconcretePhilippinesituation.Italsostressesthe
actualwitnessandconcretecontributionsalreadybeingofferedbysomany
individuals,BCCs,NGOs,etc (cf.PCPIIDecreesArt.42,4;andPCPII
Document390).
Besides the material help thus offered, the deeper, more lasting
contributionmaywellbeinshowing goodexample byputtingthefaith
intopractice.Suchgoodexampleisespeciallyeffectivewhenjoinedwith

reliableguidanceanddirectioninessentialChristianattitudesandresponses
totodayschallenges.TheCatholicChurchinthePhilippinescanrightfully
claimtobeespeciallyblessedonbothaccounts.

C.Unbeliefvs.Trusting/Worshipping

191.Inthisthirdareaoffaithworshiponecommonattackcomes
from some contemporary psychologies which charge that religion is an
illusion,aninfantileprojectionofthelostfatherfeature.Theyclaimthatwe
inventafathergodtoprovidesecurityagainstourfearsinthishostileworld.
ConsequentlytheyattackthegroundforChristianHope,thusleadingsome
todiscouragementandeven despair. Othersaretemptedto presumption:
eitherpresumingonhumancapacitiesalone,orondivinemercywithout
repentanceandconversionofheart(cf.CCC209192).

192.PCPIIpresentsanoppositeformofunbeliefrelativetoworship.
InthePhilippinesworshiphas,unfortunately,beenoftenseparatedfrom
thetotalityoflife.Theliturgyisnot seenasthesourceandapexofthe
Churchslife.Ratheritisseenasonedepartmentoflife,withoutanintimate
connectionwithsocial,economicandpoliticallife(PCPII167).
Itisalsotruethattoooftencertainpopularpiouspracticesandcustomsmay
appear more like superstition and selfcentered, privatized attitudes than
authenticChristianprayer.

Response

193. Thewaytorespondtounbeliefattacksagainstfaithasworshipis
obviouslyARenewedWorship(cf.PCPII16781).ThePlenaryCouncil
prescribedoneaspectoftheneededremedy:

ThereisanurgentneedtostresstoFilipinoCatholicsthatthewhole
oflifemustbeanactofworship,asSt.Paulpointsout(cf.Rom12:1).
WecannotworshipGodinourchurchesandshrines,andthendisregard
Himinthedailybusinessoflife(PCPII168).

194. Renewingtheworshipofourpeoplerequiresrenewingtheir prayer

lifeandpopularreligiouspractices.Regardingthelatter,PCPIIcounselsthat

ourattitudehastobeoneofcriticalrespect,encouragementandrenewal.These
practicesmustleadtotheliturgy.TheyhavetobevitallyrelatedtoFilipinolife,
andservethecauseoffullhumandevelopment,justice,peaceandtheintegrityof
creation.Wemusthavethecouragetocorrectwhateverleadstofanaticismor
maintainspeopleinfantileintheirfaith.

Yet,itadds,atthesametime,seeinghowmanyofourpeoplecherishthese
religiouspractices,wemustusethemasvehiclesofevangelizationtoward
worshipinSpiritandtruth(PCPII175).
Nowthebasisforrenewingourprayerlifeandreligiouspracticesis
surelytheChurchsTrinitarianprayer.

195. Trinitarian Prayer/Worship. The function of the Church is to

renderGodtheFatherandHisIncarnateSonpresentandasitwerevisible,
whileceaselesslyrenewingandpurifyingherselfundertheguidanceofthe
HolySpirit(GS21).ItistheCatholicworshipofFather,SonandSpiritin
theChristiancommunitythatcanmosteffectivelypurifyandhealourprayer
of illusion and individualistic selfcenteredness. For Trinitarian prayer
callsusawayfrominauthenticfaithseekingprivatesecurity,tooutgoing
selfgivinginsharingChristsandtheChurchssavingmissionofloving
service.
Thisishowallwillknowyouformydisciples:yourloveforoneanother
(Jn13:35) shownintheserviceofeachoneofmyleastbrothers (Mt
25:40).

196.Christianprayer,then,isnochildishprojectionofafatheridolora
BabyJesusservingasescapeimagesfromthepainofgrowthandloveinthereal
world. Secular psychologys objection actually touches the abuse of
religiousfaithratherthanitsauthenticreality.GenuineChristianprayerand
hopearebased,rather,onmaturepersonalrealizationofGodsPRESENCE,
andourconsequentgratitude,thanksgiving,adorationandloveofHim.

197. Trinitarian prayer drawstheCatholic Filipino,bytheindwelling

HolySpirit,intosharingChristsownexperienceof Abba,Father,whose
willbedoneonearthasinheaven (LordsPrayer). Beingrootedinthe

Churchs worship of Father, Son and Spirit, the Catholic Filipino is

motivated to the greatest social responsibility, inspired by the Trinitys
infiniteinterpersonal,creative,andredeeminglove.FilledwiththisLove,
CatholicstogetherintheliturgyrespondwitharesoundingAmen!tothe
finaleofalltheEucharisticPrayers:

Throughhim[RisenIncarnateSon],withhimandinhim,
intheunityoftheHolySpirit,
allgloryandhonorisyours,AlmightyFather,
foreverandever.

198. Trinitarian prayer can also help Filipino Catholics in the inter
religiousdialoguediscussedinPCPII.WhilethePlenaryCouncilfocused
on the principles for the evangelizing mission to Filipino Muslims,
Buddhists,Taoists,etc, (cf.PCPII11015), itimpliedthelargermission
extendingtoallourfellowAsianswhofollowthegreattraditionalreligious
culturesoftheEast.
Commitment to Christ, the Incarnate Word of God, grounds the
ChristiandialoguewithbothMuslimandJewwhoalsorevereGodsWord.
TheBuddhistgoalisreleasefromallhumandesiresintothesilentstillness
ofNirvana.ThisrelatestotheChristianworshipofthe Father,whomno
onehaseverseen(Jn1:18)andwhomChristianmysticshaveexperienced
asnothing,nothing,nothing...of ourworldlyconsciousness.Finally,
Advaitan HinduismcanbeapproachedthroughtheChristianexperienceof
theHolySpirit,thesourceofonenessbetweentheselfandGodwhodraws
allmentogreatercommunioninlove.

II.OBSTACLESTOBELIEFINSELFBECOMING

199. Besides the obstacles to authentic faiths three basic objective

dimensions(what webelieve,doandworship),otherstouchthe subjective
factors(howwebelieve,doandworship)inournaturalprocessofmaturing
intheFaith.Worthyofnoteisthecommonmisconceptionamongmany
Filipinoyouththatquestioninginmattersoffaithissinful.Thisarises
fromafalseview,commonlyinstilledbygoodintentionedbuterroneous
religiousinstruction,thatfaithissomethingtobesimplyacceptedfrom

higherauthorities.Inactualpractice,sincethisviewismostoftenimbibedin
childhood, it later becomes an easy excuse for not taking personal
responsibilityforonesownreligiousconvictions.

Response

200.WhathelpsthemosthereisourongoinginitiationintotheChristian
Faith involving the active participation of family, friends, BCCs, parish,
Catholic community, etc. Christ and the Church call us to intelligent
discipleship,inwhichweuseallourfacultiesofmind,will,imaginationand
affections.
Wemustclearlydistinguishbetweentwodifferentmindsets.Thefirst
is honest questioning that seeks through personal study, reflection and
dialogue,toknowourLordbettersowecanloveHimmoreardentlyand
follow Him more closely. The second is a selfcentered attitude of real
doubting,when,likedoubtingThomas,weputpriorconditionstobelieving
inGod(Iwillnotbelieveitunless...[Jn20:25]).

201. Our life of faith challenges us to constant growth in religious

understanding,moralvisionandpractice,andauthenticprayer.Thisismade
possible for us when we are strengthened and confirmed by our fellow
CatholicsunitedinthelocalChurch,Christsowncommunityofdisciples.

INTEGRATION

202.TheExpositionhasshownthatchallengestoauthenticfaithcanarise
from anyof itsthreebasicobjectivedimensionsofdoctrine,moralsand
worship.TheobstaclestouchFaithpreciselyaslivedoutinourparticular
personalandsocialenvironment.WeareFilipinosofthe20thcentury,living
inaspecificeconomic,political,social,cultural,andreligiouscontext.The
challengestoauthenticfaithforustakeonverydefinitefaces.Itisin
courageouslyconfrontingthesetogetherinourChristiancommunitiesthat
werespondtothelovingcallofChristourLord.


203.IfwedonotbelievebasicCatholicdoctrinewecertainlywillnot
bemotivatedtoobeyfundamentalCatholicmoralprinciples,norparticipate
meaningfullyinCatholic worship.Whether becauseof pride,distrust,or
indifferentnegligence,wewillnotcommitourselvestotheserviceofothers
forChristssake,norbeconcernedforauthenticworshipofthelivingGod
revealed by Jesus Christ. Thus, rejecting belief in God, Christ and the
Churchinvolvesmanyevilconsequencesforindividuals,families,andthe
communityatlarge.

204.SoweaskGodtohelpforourlackoffaithastheonlymeansof
cominggraduallytothetruthofourselves,ofothers,andofGod,inour
thoughts,ourmoralacts,andourprayer.OnlyinChristandtheSpiritcan
weperseveringlyrespondtothechallengesoflifeinChristtoday.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

205.Doeseverybodyhavefaith?
Everyonehasnaturalfaith,believinginsomethingorsomeone.
BelievinginGodisGodsgiftwhichHeofferstoeveryoneindifferent
ways.Godwantsallmentobesavedandcometoknowthetruth(1
Tim2:4).
Butexperienceshowswecanmisuseourhumanfreedomandreject
Godsoffer,orturnawayfromGodthroughsin.

206.WhatchallengesconfrontourlifeoffaithinChrist?
OurlifeoffaithinChristischallengedby
ourownprideandsinfulselfcenteredness;
thepoverty,sufferingandinjusticeofsomany,contrastedwiththe
indifferenceandbadexampleofothers;
religious ignorance, misrepresentation of the Gospel, onesided
practices,and
atheisticdoctrinesandconsumeristattitudesandvaluespervading
ourenvironment.


207.Howisfaithhinderedbyonesidedpractices?
ExaggeratedstressononedimensionoftheFaithtendstomisrepresent
thatverydimensionandignoretheothers.
IfFaithisreducedtoonly:
doctrine,aninsensitiveprayerlessdogmatism,outoftouchwithreal
life,oftenresults;
anactivistthrustforjustice,faithcanbecomeanideological,unjust
pursuitofonesownends;
prayers,devotions,andchurchgoing,faithbecomesasubstitutefor
realpracticalChristiancharity.

208.Whoaretodaysunbelievers?
Unbelieverstodayare:
eitherpracticalatheistssointentonacquiringriches,reputationor
powerthattheyhavenotimeforGod;
orotherswhoclaimspecialknowledgeandpowerfromGod,beyond
theordinary.
NeitherrepresentauthenticChristianFaithinJesusChrist.

209.Howcanwerespondtodoctrinalunbelief?
We need a renewed catechesis in the truth of the Christcentered
Gospel,callingustorespondinChristianserviceofourneighborand
authentic worship of our loving Father in Spirit and truth, in the
Christiancommunity.

210.HowcanwerespondtotheunbeliefofNOTdoing?
A renewed social apostolate shows the essential human value of
followingChristtodayinconcreteserviceofthepoorandoppressed
thatleadstowardsocialtransformation.

211.HowcanwerespondtotheunbeliefofNOworship?
PCP IIs call for a renewed worship means helping all Filipino
Catholics to truly understand Christian worship of God our Father,
throughChristHisSonmademan,intheirHolySpirit.
Itmeanslearningtointegrateourpersonalpopularreligiositywiththe
Churchsliturgicalworship.ThisisachievedonlyifweworshipGodin

faith, byrelatingpersonallytoJesusChristasmembersofHisBody,
theChurch,andnotmerelygoingthroughsomeexternalrituals.

212.Whathelpsusrespondtothechallengesoffaith?
Wecanrespondadequatelytothechallengesoffaithonlythroughthe
HolySpirit, workingwithinus;throughourfamilyandfriends,and
through the Churchs teaching and its sacraments, especially the
Eucharist.

213.Howdowegrowinfaith?
We grow in our Catholic faith by deepening our understanding of
Christssavingmessage(believing),bydoingthetruthinChristian
service, and by celebrating in authentic prayer and sacramental
worshipthroughChristintheHolySpirit.

214. HowcanwehelpthosewhosincerelydoubtandquestionChristian
faith?
Wecanhelpthosewhodoubtaboutfaithby:
clarifying the very act of believing, through common examples
drawn from their own interpersonal relations in family life and
friendships;
explainingthechieftruthsofourfaith(theCreed)andhowtheyare
livedinChristianmoralvaluesandsacramentalworship;and
showingthemhowtheChristianFaithgroundsanddevelopsbasic
Filipinoculturalvalues,bothpersonalandsocial.

215.DoesChristianFaithchange?
ThebasictruthsofChristianFaithremainbutas living and vital,not
staticanddead.Asliving,authenticFaithisconstantlyledbytheSpirit
torespondtothenewchallengesintheworld,withnewexpressions
andnewemphases,preciselyinordertoremainfaithfultotheabiding
truthoftheGospel.

Chapter

Catholic Doctrine:
Christ Our Truth
If you live according to my teaching, you are truly my
disciples; then you will know the truth, and the truth will set
you free.
(Jn 8:31-32)
This is the Christ we proclaim, while we admonish all men
and teach them in the full measure of wisdom, hoping to make
every man complete in Christ.
(Col 1:28)

OPENING

216. ChristianFaithiscenteredonJesusChrist,whoishimselftheWay,the
Truth,andtheLife(Jn14:6).AstheTruth,Christisthereallightwhichgives
lighttoeverymancomingintotheworld (Jn1:9). HerevealstheFather
(cf.Jn14:6)andsendstheHolySpirit,theSpiritofTruth(cf.Jn14:17)who
guidesustoalltruth(cf.Jn16:13).ThroughChristwebecomeconsecrated
intruth(cf.Jn17:19),walkinthepathoftruth(cf.2Jn4),actintruth(cf.
Jn3:21), shareintheworkoftruth (cf.3Jn8) andworshipinSpiritand
truth(cf.Jn4:24).
217. Catholicdoctrineexpressesthe truth thatChristourLordbringsus.
Thistruthdoesnotresolvealltheproblemsandriddlesofourdailylives.It
doesnottaketheplaceofourplanningwhatweshoulddo,orsharingour
experienceswithothers,andlearningfromthem.But,asChristianswhoare
opentoChriststruthinfaith,wehaveadirectionandabasicinsightinto
life.Wearebetterabletoworkoutourownpesonalresponsetothebasic

humanquestions:WhoamI?,WhyamIhere?,HowamItorelateto
others?...Christstruthgiveseachpersonthestrengthtomeasureupto
hissupremedestiny(GS10).

CONTEXT

218. ThereisarealchallengetodayfortheCatholicFilipino.Fromallsides
questionsarebeingaskedabouttheCatholicFaiththatuptofairlyrecently
wasacceptedbymostFilipinos.Why doyouworshiptheBlessedVirgin
Mary?Catholicsareasked.Why doyoucollectstatuesofSto.Nio?
Whyconfesstoapriest?IsJesusreallydivine?Whyinterfereinpolitics
andtakepartindemonstrationsandstrikesinbusinessaffairs?...
219. Theneedto understand thepracticeoftheCatholicFaith,then,has
becomesuddenlyurgent.IntheFirstLetterofPeterweareadmonished:
Shouldanyoneaskyouthereasonforthishopeofyours,beeverreadyto
reply,butspeakgentlyandrespectfully (1Pt3:1516a). Nolongerisit
enoughforaCatholictosay:Idontknowwhy,butthatsjustthewaywe
doithere.Moreover,knowingwhyweCatholicspracticeourCatholic
Faith in this way obviously does not come from memorizing prepared
formulas.Rather,itmeansgrowingandmaturinginourpersonalfaithin
ChristourLord,withinhisBody,theCatholiccommunity.

EXPOSITION

220. ThetruththatChristbringsusisbothagiftofGodandatask.Asgift,Christs
truthisbothlifegivingandliberating.IftheSonfreesyou,youwillreallybefree(Jn
8:36).Atthesametime,itisanongoingtaskof1)discerningthetruth,and2)
professing it with courage. Moreover we have to gradually learn to
distinguishthespiritoftruthfromthespiritofdeception(1Jn4:6).The

naturalmandoesnotacceptwhatistaughtbytheSpiritofGod....The
spiritualman,ontheotherhand,canappraiseeverything(1Cor2:1415).
Oncerecognized,wemustprofess thetruthinloveandgrowtothefull
maturityofChristthehead(Eph4:15).
221. CatholicdoctrinebringsusthetruthofChrist.Itisthistruthwhich
grounds our moral behavior and our prayer/worship. First, regarding
morality, we know we are committed to the truth when we keep Gods
commandments.Hiscommandmentisthis:wearetobelieveinthenameof
HisSon,JesusChristandaretoloveoneanotherasHecommandedus(1
Jn3:23). Faiththatdoesnothinginpracticeisthoroughlylifeless (Jas
2:17).Second,asCatholicswemustworshipinSpiritandtruth(Jn4:24).
TrueworshipisofferedonlythroughChrist,fornoonehaseverseenGod.
ItisGodtheonlySon,everattheFathersside,whohasrevealedHim(Jn
1:18).
222. FortheFilipinoCatholic,therefore,tobelieveinChristmeansacting,
feeling,hoping,trusting,loving,praying__allsupportedandinspiredbyone
basicconviction:Godisone.OnealsoisthemediatorbetweenGodand
men,themanChristJesus,whogavehimselfasaransomforall(1Tm2:5
6). Ormoresimply:JesusisLord (1Cor12:3). Andnoonecansay
JesusisLordexceptintheHolySpirit(1Cor12:3).FaithinChrist,then,
isessentiallyTrinitarian.ThusPCPIIconcludes:
WemustreturntoChrist,centerourlifeofdiscipleshipwhollyinHim,
becomeacommunityaftertheimageoftheDivineTrinityitself__that
wemaybecometrulyHispeople(PCPII660).
I.HISTORYOFTHECREEDS
223. ItisatourBaptismthatwefirstreceivedtheruleofFaith,theCreed.
Creed, from the Latin Credo which means I believe, presents the
essentialtruthsoftheChristianFaith.ThetwoprincipalCatholicCreeds,
presentedsidebysideintheVaticans CatechismoftheCatholicChurch,
are:1)theApostlesCreed,recitedatSundayMassinthePhilippines,which
isanelaborationoftheearlyRomanCreedofthethirdcentury;and2)the

Nicene Creed, which was promulgated by the First Council of

Constantinople in 381. It confirmed the faith of Nicea, the first
EcumenicalCouncilheldin325(cf.CCC185,19496).TheseCreedswere
createdandhandeddownthroughCatholicTraditionbytheMagisterium,
theteachingChurch.ThroughthemwetouchthelivingcoreoftheChristian
proclamation.
A. BiblicalCreeds
224. MostFilipinoCatholicsreceivetheCreedininfantbaptismthroughourparents.In
adultbaptismwecanreceiveitpersonally.TheCatholicCreedshavehadalonghistory
inScriptureandTradition.FirsttherearetheBiblicalCreedsorprofessionsoffaith
fromtheOldTestamenttimes.IndeedtheLordwillbetherewithus,majestic;yes,the
Lordourjudge,theLordourlawgiver,theLordourking,Heitiswhowillsaveus(Is
33:22).TheLordisGodandthereisnoother(Dt4:35).
IntheNewTestament,theearlyproclamationsoffaithcenteredonthe
RisenChrist:TheGodofourfathershasraisedupJesuswhomyouputto
death,hanginghimonatree.HewhomGodhasexaltedatHisrighthandas
rulerandsavioristobringrepentancetoIsraelandforgivenessofsins
(Acts5:3031).
B.

LiturgicalandCatecheticalCreeds

225. OutoftheearlypreachingoftheGoodNewsofChristsresurrectiondeveloped
theliturgicalacclamationsoftheearlyChristiancommunities:ThereisoneLord,one
faith,onebaptism;oneGodandFatherofall,whoisoverall,andworksthroughall,and
isinall(Eph4:56).Astheearlychurchesdeveloped,sodidthecreeds.Fortheywere
neededin catecheticalinstruction toprepareconvertsforbaptism.Thesecreeds
quicklytookonafixedformasSt.Paulexplicitlystates:
Brothers,IwanttoremindyouofthegospelIpreachedtoyou,which
youreceivedandinwhichyoustandfirm.Youarebeingsavedbyitat
thisverymomentifyouholdfasttoitasIpreachedittoyou.Otherwise
youhavebelievedinvain.IhandedontoyoufirstofallwhatImyself
received,thatChristdiedforoursinsinaccordancewiththeScriptures;
thathewasburiedand,inaccordancewiththeScriptures,roseonthethirdday;
thathewasseenbyCephas,thenbytheTwelve(1Cor15:15).

226. The early creeds were professions of faith used in Baptisms that
narrated the saving events which grounded the faith of the Christian
communities(cf.CCC18789).ThreeeventsdominatedtheChristianstory:
Godscreatingact,HisredeemingactinJesusChrist,andHissanctifying
presenceinallintheHolySpirit.Fromthesenarrativeelementsgrewthe
TrinitarianpatternoftheclassicCreeds.FirsttheFatherasCreator,then
theSon,whobecameman,diedandrosefromthedeadforourredemption,
and third,the HolySpirit unitingusinChristsChurch (cf.CCC19091).
ButthisTrinityisseenthrougha Christocentric focus,foritis through,
with,andinChristthatwelearnandexperiencetheFatherandHolySpirit.
C. TheCreedToday
227. ButformostFilipinoCatholics,the Creed isusuallyjustsomething
memorized as children in school or with the local parish catechist. It is
recited__ moreorlessattentively,togetheratSundayMass.Rarelyperhaps
haveFilipinosbeentaughthowthe twelvearticles oftheCreedforman
organic unity. That is, how they fit together in wonderful harmony and
coherence. Nor have ordinary Filipino Catholicsbeencatechizedinhowthe
creedalstatementsarenotdeadpropositionsbutlivingtruths whichhavedeveloped
throughthehistoryofChristiancommunities,theChurch.Unfortunately,fewFilipino
CatholicshavebeentaughthowrelevanttheCreedaltruthsaretodayforus
becausetheyaresaving,liberatingtruths(cf.NCDP17279).
II.OBJECTIONSTOTHECREED
228. OnebasicobjectiontodayisthatformanyFilipinoCatholicstheCreed
remains too often merely an impersonal, abstract, and irrelevant dead
formula.ThrougharenewedcatechesisthatPCPIIiscallingfor,wemust
beabletoshowhowtheCreedisanirreplaceablemeansforrenewingour
Faith. It proclaims a personal and communitarian faithnarrative of the
mightyactsofGod,instrikingimagesandstory,drawnfromGodsown
inspiredbiblicalword.

229. OthersobjectthattheCreedandCatholicdoctrineingeneralimpedeChristian
unity.Doctrinedivides,serviceunites,theyclaim.Buttoneglectthetruthsproclaimed
intheCreedcansoonleadtomindlessactivismthatcannotsustainitselfbecauseitlacks
asolidfoundation.TheCreedaltruthsprovidethebasicgroundfortheChristianmoral
criterianeededforjudgingwhatismorallyrightandjustifiedandwhatisnot.Creed,in
Latin:Credo,hasbeenlikenedtotheLatincardo,meaninghinge,thatuponwhich
everythingintheChristianFaithturns.
230. AmoreseriousobjectionagainsttheCreedisthatitmakesCatholic
Faithseem likealist of doctrinesrather thanapersonalcommitmentto
Jesus Christ. But this mistakenly separates personal from truth, pious
enthusiasmfromGodsownselfrevelationinChristJesus.What is true,
however,isthatmanywhorecitetheCreedinpublictogetherdonotseemto
relateittotheBible.TheydonotseetheconnectionbetweentheGospelandthe
personal/communitarianCreedalproclamationofGodinChrist.Inthistheyfailto
followSt.Paul:
Weproclaimthetruthopenly...thesplendorofthegospelshowingforth the
gloryofChrist,theimageofGod...ForGod...hasshoneinour
hearts,thatweinturnmightmakeknownthegloryofGodshiningon
thefaceofChrist(2Cor4:2,4,6).
231. TheCreed,then,bringsustoJesusbysituatinghiminthegreatactsof
God,andsoliberatingusfrommisguidedpietyandpossiblesuperstitions.TheCreedis
likeaskeleton,aframeworkoftruthsthatundergirdsourrelationtoJesus,toGod,
toourfellowmen,andtoourwholelife.Ahumanskeletonisnotthewhole
living person, but gives a framework and rigidity without which no one
couldliveormove.LikewisetheCreedisnotthewholeofourlivingfaith.Butits
twelvearticlesorjointsgivethestructuralsupportnecessaryfortheauthenticgrowth
andvitalityofourpersonalcommitmenttoChrist(cf.CCC191).
III.FUNCTIONSOFTHECREED
232. ThroughthecenturiestheCreedhasservedtheChurchandindividual
Catholic believers in many different ways. Three functions have been
especiallyvaluable:1)asasummaryofCatholicbeliefs;2)asa pledgeof
loyaltytoGodandChurch;and3)asaproclamationofselfidentity.Eachof

thesemainfunctionscoversanumberofparticularroleswhichtheCreed
hasplayedinChristiantradition.
A. SummaryofBeliefs
233. As a summary of basic Catholic beliefs, the Creed has been an
indispensable means of Faith for both the Church and the individual
Catholics.FortheChurch,theCreedwascreated:1)forcommunicatingthe
Christianmessagetotheworld;2)for grounding itsowneverdeepening
insight into Christs truth; 3) for uniting Catholics in their common
commitment to Christ; and 4) for interreligious dialogue with non
Christians(cf.NCDP169).
234. ThehistoryoftheCreedsactuallymanifests threebasicaspects ofCatholic
doctrine.First,theCreedsbringoutinauniquewaytheinnerunityandcoherenceof
thedoctrinesoftheFaith.Second,theyshowthedoctrinaldevelopment.Astheearly
ChurchmovedfromproclaimingChristastheRisenSaviortoamoredeveloped
teaching,socredalstatementsdevelopedfromthe kerygmatic tothe catechetical.
Third,theCreedshaveproventheirrelevancetoeveryage.TheCreedsoftheearly
Churchcouncilsbecameacceptedasthestandardorruleoffaith,flowingfromthe
NewTestamentsinsistenceonsounddoctrine(cf.1Tim4:6;6:20;2Tim1:13f;
4:3).Theyhaveconsistentlyfulfilledthisfunctionuptothepresentday(cf.NCDP172
76).
B.

PledgeofLoyalty

235. TheCreedfunctionsasapledgeofloyaltytoGodandtheChurch.TheCreeds
arepublicconfessionsofChristianfaithintheTriuneGod.Forifyouconfesswith
yourlipsthatJesusisLord,andbelieveinyourheartthatGodraisedhimfromthedead,
youwillbesaved(Rom10:9).ThustheCreedofferspraiseandthanksgivingsinceit
proclaimsthetruthofChristsothatatJesusname,everykneemustbend,inthe
heavens,ontheearth,andundertheearth,andeverytongueproclaimtothegloryof
GodtheFather:JesusChristisLord!(Phil2:1011)
236. BesidespraisingGod,theCreedalsoprofessesloyaltytotheChurch
ofthelivingGod,thepillarandbulwarkoftruth(1Tim3:15).Inthissense
theCreedbecomesanapologeticfortheChurchsfaith,givingreasonfor

thishope(1Pt3:15)anddefendingthefaithagainstallwhowouldoppose
thetruth,andwithpervertedmindsfalsifythefaith(2Tim3:8).
The Creed thus responds to PCP IIs insistence on an apologetic
catechesis:Sinceitsbirth,Christianityhasbeenthesubjectofattacks
fromwhichithashadtodefenditself.Jesushadtoanswertoobjections
tohisteachings,astheGospeltestifies.St.Paulhadtoanswerearly
Christianerrors,andchargedhisdisciplestoprotectthefaithfulfrom
themwhilekeepingpurethedepositoffaith.Apologeticshasalways
beenpartofthepastoralandtheologicaltraditionoftheChurch.We
musttodaybewillingandabletodefendourteachinginpublicfora.
(PCPII222)
C. ProclamationofIdentity
237. The Creed helps ground the Catholic believers selfidentity. In
proclaimingtheCreed,weFilipinoCatholicsacknowledgethatourbasic
personal identityis drawn fromGods initiativeinrecreatingus through
Christ and the Holy Spirit into one community. Each of us, asbaptized
Catholics,candeclarewithSt.Paul:ThelifeIlivenowisnotmyown;Christisliving
inme.Istilllivemyhumanlife,butitisalifeoffaithintheSonofGod,wholovedme
andgavehimselfforme(Gal2:20).ToeachofhisdisciplesChristsays:Itwasnot
youwhochoseme,itwasIwhochoseyoutogoforthandbearfruit (Jn
15:16).
238. ForindividualFilipinoCatholics, theCreed,then,identifieswhowe
CatholicsareandwhatwestandforasdisciplesofChrist,unitedinhis
Church.Inthisfunction,thepublicrecitationoftheCreedatSundayMass
helps us in a number of ways. First, it unites us into one worshipping
Catholiccommunitywhichofferseachofusstrengthandsupport.Second,it
suppliesthebasisforguidingouraffectivereligiosityanddevotionalpiety,
andforjudgingthenumerousreligiousgroupsandsectsthathavemultiplied
so quickly in our country in recent years. Third, it helps especially in
interpretingourdailylifeexperiencesinatrulyCatholicmanner.Fourth,it
groundsanopenandfreedialoguewithnonChristianFilipinogroupsand
individuals(cf.NCDP170).

239. ProclaimingtogetherourcommonheritageasCatholicsintheCreed
canuniteusasfewotherthingscould.Wehavetheassuranceinstanding
beforeothersofenjoyingacommongroundthatisdeeperandmorelasting
than anything we could possibly create ourselves. The Creed can be an
effectivemeansbywhichwegraduallydeveloparealpersonalsenseof
belongingintheCatholicChurch,afeelingofbeingathome.

INTEGRATION

240. Catholic doctrine presentingthetruthofChrist,assummarizedinthe

Creed,hasalreadybeenshown,byitsverynature,tobelinkedtopublic
worshipandthanksgivingtoGod.WithoutsolidgroundinginChriststruth,
prayerandworshipinevitablyslideintopioussentimentalism,ritualism,and
even superstitious idolatry.Ontheother hand,withoutsincere,authentic
prayerandworship,manyareledtogivecredencetofalsehood,because
theyhavenotopenedtheirheartstothetruthinordertobesaved(2Thes
2:11,10).
241. The inner link between the doctrinal truth of Christ and Christian
moral behavioriswellstressedbySt.Paul.Hecontrastshowpaganslive
withemptymindsanddarkenedunderstandingwiththeEphesianswhohave
beentaughtthetruththatisinJesus,namely:
thatyoumustlayasideyourformerwayoflifeandtheoldselfwhich
deterioratesthroughillusionanddesire,andacquireafresh,spiritual
way of thinking. You must put on that new man created in Gods
image,whosejusticeandholinessarebornoftruth.(Eph4:2124).
242. AScripturalexampleofthisintegrationcanbeeasilycomposed:to
believeintheLordJesus(Acts16:31)meanstokeephiscommandments
(1Jn2:3), andto pray throughhim,withhim,andinhim (Eucharistic
Prayer), repeating the ancient Christian plea Come, Lord Jesus (Rv
22:20).

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

243. WheredoCatholicsfindthebasictruthsoftheirlives?
CatholicdoctrineexpresseshowweCatholicsfindinJesusChrist andinthe
HolySpirit,bothsenttousbyourheavenlyFatherintheChurch,the
basisofwhoweare,whyandhowwearetolive,andwhereourfinal
destinyis.
244. Is it not enough to love one another, without knowing Catholic
doctrine?
No,weneedtoknowCatholicdoctrinetobeableto:
determinehowtoloveauthenticallyasChristians;
givereasonforourserviceandworshipasCatholics;
growinourrelationtoChristandoneanother,andsobuildupthe
Christiancommunity.
[Byobediencetothetruthyouhavepurifiedyourselvesforagenuine
loveofyourbrothers(1Pt1:22).]
245. WhatisCatholicdoctrine?
CatholicdoctrineistheexpressionofthetruthwhichChristbringsus,addressed
toourminds(whatreallyis),ourwills(howtodothetruth,actintruth)andour
hearts(trueloveandworship).
[Letusloveindeedandintruth,andnotmerelytalkaboutit(1Jn
3:18).]
246. WhatarethebasicCatholicdoctrines?
The basic Catholic doctrines are summarized in the Creed which,
groundedinSacredScripture,presents GodasFatherCreator,who
sent His Son Jesus Christ to redeem us, and the Holy Spirit in the
Churchtodrawustolifeeverlasting.
247. WhyistheCreedimportant?

Creedshavehadanimportantroleinevangelizingallnationsinthe
Christian Faith, as the New Testament and Church liturgy and
catechesis clearly testify. All Creeds manifest the same Trinitarian
pattern,andChristocentricfocus.
248. HowareCatholicsinitiatedintoCatholictruths?
AtBaptism,theCreedisusedtoexpressthenewlifeofcommitmentto
ChristintheHolySpirit,withintheChristiancommunity,theChurch.

The Creed proclaims the truths upon which our lives as sons and
daughtersoftheFatherdepend.
249. HowdoestheCreedrelateustoChrist?
TheCreedpresentstheBlessedTrinity,Father,SonandHolySpirit,
fromaChristocentricperspective.IthighlightsChristssavingPaschal
MysteryasthekeytounderstandGodstotalrelationshipwithus,from
creationtoourfinaldestiny.
250. WhydosomeraiseobjectionsagainsttheCreed?
Some reject the Creed as a collection of impersonal, abstract and
irrelevantdeadformulasthatmakeChristianFaithintoalistofthings
tobelieve.
These objections completely misunderstand the true nature of the
Creed. Yet, unfortunately, they represent how the Creed appears to
manyofthefaithful.
251. Howdowerespondtotheseobjections?
OurresponseissimplytoshowhowtheChristiancommunitiesfrom
theNewTestamenttimesusedtheCreedstoevangelize,proclaimtheir
FaithinChrist,anddiscernbetweenGospeltruthanderror.
252. WhatdoestheCreeddoforourlifeoffaith?
TheCreedactslikea skeleton supplyingtheframeworkandsupport
neededforlivingandgrowing(maturing)inourCatholicFaith.
253. WhataretheprincipalfunctionsoftheCreed?
TheCreedfunctionsinthreeprincipalways:

 asasummaryofCatholictruthsneededtocommunicateandinstruct
intheGospel;
asprofessionofloyaltytoGodandtotheChurch;and
asadeclarationofourownselfidentityasdisciplesofChrist,reborn
inhisSpiritwithinhisbody,theChurch.
254. HowdoestheCreedfosterChristianliving?
TheCreedprovidesthebasicdoctrinalgroundforauthenticChristian
living.Thisincludes:
ourlovingserviceofoneanotherinbuildingupthelocalChristian
community,and
oursacramentalworshipofGodinSpiritandtruth.

Chapter

God, the Father Almighty

I am God the Almighty. Walk in my presence . . .

(Gen 17:1)

For us there is one God: the Father, from whom all things
come and for whom we live; and one Lord, Jesus Christ. . .

(1 Cor 8:6)

OPENING
255. ThecentralfocusofreligiousFaithisGod,thefirstandthelast(Is
44:6).Allimportant,then,ishowweperceiveandpictureGod.Fromthe
MosaicCovenantatMountSinai,Christiansinheritaverypositiveimageof

God.TheLord,theLord,amercifulandgraciousGod,slowtoangerandrichin
kindnessandfidelity(Ex34:6).ThePsalmistsingsPraisetheLord,forheisgood....
GreatisourLordandmightyinpower (Ps147:1,5;cf.Rv15:34). Today
more than ever an accurate personal understanding of God is urgently
needed.
256. TheChristianCreed,ofcourse,presentsaTriuneGod:Father,Son,and
HolySpirit.ThethreeDivinePersonsstructuretheCreedandthiswhole
Catechism:theFatherinthisPart1,withtheSon,whosemoralteachingis
takenupinPart2,andtheHolySpiritinPart3.LiketheCreed,webegin
immediatelywithGodtheFather,towhomChristourLordtaughtustopray
(cf.Lk11:2).

CONTEXT
257. OnethingnoticeableaboutFilipinosishowspontaneouslytheyrelate
toGod.AtypicalexampleofthisisthefollowingexcerptfromtheTagalog
Pasion.*
ODiossaKalangitan,
HaringSangkalupaan,
Diosnawalangkapantay,
Mabait,lubhangmaalam
Atpunongkarunungan.

OGodinheaven
Kingoftheuniverse,
Godwithoutequal,
Kind,wise
Andfullofknowledge.

IkawangAmangtibobos
Nanangungulilanglubos,
Amangdimatapustapos,
Maawaitmapagkupkop
Sataonglupatalabok.

ThouarttheAbsoluteFather
[Whoart]completelyalone
Fathereternal,
Mercifulandadoptive
Towardsearthenmen.

258. Nor is this Godrelatedness only a thing of the past. Even now,
whereveryouseeanewhousingdevelopmentgoingup,achapelissureto
rise.Thereseemstobenolimittothenumberofdifferentreligiousgroups
throughouttheland.AmongFilipinos,itistakenforgrantedthatGodis

centraltotheircommunitylifeandwelfare,aswellasfamilyandindividual
interests.
259. But who is this God so central to life? How is He served and
worshipped?Somewhocontributetobuildingachurchorchapelarerarely
seen afterwards in Church worship or activities. The old phrase Kasal,
Binyag, Libing Christians describes not only these generally absentee
believers.ItalsopointsoutthecommonfactthatsomanyFilipinoshave
neverbeenproperlycatechizedintheirChristianFaith.ManycomplainI
neverunderstoodwhatweweredoing.ForsuchChristians,whoisthisGod
thatissotakenforgrantedthatHeisoftenseeminglyignored?
260. TheCreedispresumedtobetheofficialsourceforclarifyingwhoGod
is,and how wearerelatedtoHim.Buttherealityisoftenquitedifferent.
WhenFilipinosarecatechizedintheauthenticChristianimageofGodand
of His worship, they are usually surprised to discover so many of their
FilipinoculturalvalueswithinthebasicChristiancatechesis.Forexample,
childrens respect and utang na loob to their parents exemplify our
commonhumangratitudetoourheavenlyFather.Bahalana,understood
positively, relates the Filipino to Gods providential care. Malasakit
pictureswellGodsunrelentingcareforman,hiscreature.Evenourvalueof
kagandahangloob expresses Gods perfect interior goodness that ever
seekstobringoutthebestinus.
261. TheopeninglineoftheCreedpresentsuswith threedescriptionsof
God:GodistheFather,theAlmighty,andtheCreatorofheavenandearth.
Inthischapterweshallfocusonthefirsttwo,FatherandAlmighty,leaving
the detailed treatment of Creator for Chapter 7. But three preliminary
pointsmustfirstbemade.

EXPOSITION
I.PRELIMINARYPOINTS

262. The first point is the power of these descriptions to lift us out of
ourselvesandfocusoureyesonGod,andwhatHehasdoneforusthrough
history.ThereisnofalsereligioussentimentaboutwhatwedoforGod,or
on our obligations.TheCreedliberatesusfromsuchselfcenterednessby
directingallourattentiontothe ONEGODwhoisLove.Asaprayer,the
Creedteachesustobelieve,totrust,togroundourselvesnotinwhatwefeel,
wedo,wewant,orweare,butratherinwhatGodis,Goddoes,Godwills,
andGodoffersinusandforus.
263. The second preliminary observation concerns the proper identity of
God described by these terms. It is true that the Creed responds to the
general,universalhumanneedforGod.Asthedeerlongsfortherunning
waters,somysoullongsforyou,OGod.AthirstismysoulforGod,the
livingGod(Ps42:23).Throughouthistory,menandwomenhaverelated
toGodastheyhaveexperiencedHiminthebeautyandgoodnessofnature
andintheirownhistory(cf.Rom1:20).
264. Old Testament. Moreover God has specially revealed Himself in
salvationhistorytotheIsraelitesasrecordedintheOldTestament.Thereis
but OneGod whoistobeloved (Dt6:45), whorevealsHis Name I
Am(cf.Ex3:14), whois Truth (2Sm7:28) and Love (cf.Hos11:1;
CCC20021).TobelieveinsuchaGodaffectsourwholelifetremendously.
ItmeansrealizingthemajesticgrandeurofGod(cf.Jb36:26),livingwithin
theactionofHisgrace (cf.Ps116:12), withcompleteconfidenceinHis
Providence,recognizingtheunityanddignityofeveryperson(cf.Gn1:26),
andthetaskofcaringforallcreation(cf.CCC22227).
265. ButtheGodoftheCreed,whilefirmlybasedonthisOldTestament
revelation,isspecificallytheGodrevealedintheconcreteexperiencesof
Easter and Pentecost, the God revealed by Jesus Christ. He is the God
experiencedbythedisciplesoftheRisenChrist,intheSpirit.Fatherinthe
Creedmeansfirstandforemost FatherofourLordJesusChrist, and
onlyinviewofthat,Fatherofallmen.
266. IdentifyingtheCreedsFatherthusexpressesthebiblicalportrayalof
JesusuniquerelationtotheFather.WhenPhilipaskedJesus:Showusthe
Fatherandthatwillbeenoughforus,Jesusreplied:Whoeverhasseenme
hasseentheFather....DoyounotbelievethatIamintheFatherandthe

Fatherisinme?...itistheFatherwholivesinmeaccomplishingHis
works(Jn14:910).Thisbringsustothethirdpreliminarypoint,namely,
theTrinityasthespecificChristianimageofGod.
267. BlessedTrinity/Grace.TheGodrevealedbyJesusChristis,ofcourse,
theBlessedTrinity,thecentralMysteryoftheChristianFaithandofour
Christianlife.NoonehaseverseenGod.ItisGodtheonlySon,everatthe
Fathersside,whohasrevealedHim (Jn1:18). Jesus,theIncarnateSon,
revealstoustheEternalFather,andhisownunitywiththeFather (cf.Jn
10:30).TogetherwiththeFather,theRisenChristsendstheirHolySpirit,a
spiritofadoptionthroughwhichwecry, Abba, Father!TheSpirititself
giveswitnesswithourspiritthatwearechildrenofGod...heirsofGod,
jointheirswithChrist(Rom8:1517;cf.CCC23267).
268. ThisTrinitarianimageofGodispresenttousfromtheveryinception
ofourChristianlife.WewerebaptizedinthenameofFather,Son,andSpirit
(cf.CCC249).Baptismisacontinuingrealityinourlivesthroughwhichweare
calledtosharetheirdivinelifeofloveevennowonearththroughGrace,in
theobscurityoffaith,andafterdeathintheeternallightofheaven(cf.CCC
265).MeanwhileoureveryprayerasCatholicsisbegunwiththeSignofthe
Cross:InthenameoftheFather,andoftheSon,andoftheHolySpirit
(CCC 232). And our community Eucharistic celebrations begin with a
greetingsuchas:ThegraceoftheLordJesusChrist,theloveofGod,and
thefellowshipoftheHolySpirit,bewithyouall (2Cor13:13).Inbrief,
ourwholeChristianlifeismarkedbytheTrinity.
269. WiththisgeneralbackgroundonGodinOldTestamentandChristian
perspectives, we can now begin to study the meaning of the Creeds
FatherandAlmighty.
II.GODASOURFATHER
270. Howisitpossible,proper,andtruetocallGod our Father?Five
basicreasonscanbegivenwhyGodisourFather.
OurCreator

271. First,themostobviousreasonisbecauseHe created us.Thussays

God,theLord,whocreatedtheheavensandstretchedthemout,...Who
givesbreathtoitspeopleandspirittothosewhowalkonit:I,theLord,have
calledyou...Ihavegraspedyoubythehand;Iformedyou(Is42:56).
AsChristians,weknowfurtherthatwearetruly[Gods]handiwork,
createdinChristJesus(Eph2:10).
OurProvider
272. Second, God is our Father because He provides for our needs. The
Psalmistacclaims:TheLordismyshepherd;Ishallnotwant (Ps23:1).
HesentusJesus,theGoodShepherd,whotaught:IfGodclothesinsuch
splendorthegrassofthefield...howmuchmorewillheprovideforyou,O
weakinfaith!(Lk12:28)
OurRedeemer
273. Third,GodisourFatherbecauseHehasredeemedus.You,Lord,are
our Father, our Redeemer you are named forever (Is 63:16). This
redemptionisafurthersignofourFatherslove.Godsolovedtheworld
thatHegaveHisonlySon,thatwhoeverbelievesinhimmaynotdie,but
mayhaveeternallife(Jn3:16).
GodsIndwellingSpirit
274. Fourth,asourFather,GodsendsHisSpirittoshareHisdivinelifewithus.If
weloveoneanother,Goddwellsinus,andHisloveisbroughttoperfection
inus.ThewayweknowweremaininHimandHeinusisthatHehasgiven
usofHisSpirit(1Jn4:1213).
OurSelfIdentity/Destiny
275. Lastly,aswithJesushimself,GodasourFathergroundsourownself
identity.ForweareallessentiallychildrenofGod,destinedforlifeeternal
withHim.Abba,FathercapturesinawordthatuniquerelationshiptoGod
enjoyedbyJesusChrist.InthisrelationshipJesusinvitesallofustoshare.
TobeaChristian,then,meanstoacknowledgethatallpersonsarecalledto
beadoptedsons/daughtersoftheFather,inChristJesus.Thusfilialloveof
GodourFathercallsforlovingserviceofourfellowmen.

OurMotherlyFather
276. ThesereasonswhyGodisFatherarecertainlynotaffirmingthatGod
is sexual, that is, masculine rather than feminine. Gods fullness of life
embracesboththepaternalandmaternaldimensionsoflove,andinfinitely
more!IsaiahdescribeshowGodpromisesasamothercomfortsherson,so
will I comfort you (Is 66:13). Christ described his desire to gather
Jerusalemschildrentogetherasamotherbirdgathersheryoungunderher
wings(Mt23:37).
ButtoreallyappreciatethatGodis trulyourFather, wehavetogo
backtothebiblicalnarrativeofthegreateventsofsalvationhistory.

III.GODREVEALEDASFATHERINSCRIPTURE
A. YahwehintheOldTestament
277. TheOldTestamentpresentstheinspiredstoryofGodformingHisown
peoplebyestablishingaspecialrelationshipwiththem.Thiscovenantwasa
call to fuller life and salvation. First God called Abraham out of his
homelandandpromisedhim:Iwillmakeofyouagreatnation,andIwill
blessyou(Gn12:12).ThroughAbraham,Godpromised:allthenations
oftheearthshallfindblessing allthisbecauseyouobeyedmycommand
(Gn 22:18). Thus God showed Himself to be a personal God, eager to
endowhispeoplewithland,materialpossessionsandcountlessdescendants.
__

278. Thecallof Moses givesanevensharperpictureof Godasliberating

Hispeople.OutoftheburningbushtheLordsaid:Ihavewitnessedthe
affliction of my people in Egypt and have heard their cry of complaint
againsttheirslavedrivers....Comenow,IwillsendyoutoPharaohtolead
mypeopleoutofEgypt(Ex3:7,10).GodshowedHimselfFathertothe
IsraelitesbychoosingthemtobeapeoplepeculiarlyHisown.Thiswas
notbecausetheywerethelargestofallnations,butsolelybecauseHeset
His heart on them and loved them (cf. Dt 7:68). For their part, the
IsraelitesweretoobserveGodscommandments,theTenWords,toguide
themtowardfullerfreedomasHischildren(cf.Ex20:117).

279. ThesubsequenthistoryoftheIsraelitesshowedthesameinfidelities
which we ourselves experience today in our relationship with God. Yet,
despitetheirstubbornunfaithfulness,Godremainedfaithful.Heestablished
acovenantwith David andpromisedhim:Iwillraiseupyourheirafter
you...Iwillbeafathertohimandheshallbeasontome(2Sm7:12,14).
After the Exile, God promised through the prophets a New and Eternal
Covenant:IwillbetheirGod,andtheyshallbemypeople(cf.Jer31:31
34).
ThisistheimageofGodgivenusintheOldTestamentanddescribed
intheFourthEucharisticPrayer:
Father,weacknowledgeyourgreatness.
Allyouractionsshowyourwisdomandlove...
Evenwhenwedisobeyedyouandlostyourfriendship
Youdidnotabandonustothepowerofdeath,
buthelpedusalltoseekandfindyou.
Againandagainyouofferedacovenanttous,
Andthroughtheprophetstaughtustohopeforsalvation.
ThisistheimageofGodthatJesuscametobringtofulfillment.
B.

JesusAbbaRelationship

280. JesusrelationtotheFatherisunique.TheOldTestamentcommonly
referred to the God of our Fathers. It names God as Father only in
elevenplaces,andneverindirectaddress.ButJesusconstantlyspeaksof
GodasFather(over170timesintheNewTestament).Thisisespeciallytrue
atcrucialpointsinourLordslife hisBaptism,hisTransfiguration,hisLast
Supperwithhisapostles,andespeciallyinhisPassionandDeath.Ineachof
thesecriticalmoments,JesusexperiencedthisspecialrelationtoGod,his
Abba. HelivedasSonofhisFatherbyhisfiliallove,obedience,and
complete dedication to his Fathers will. Jesus also realized that this
experiencewasuniquetohim:NooneknowstheFatherbuttheSon and
anyonetowhomtheSonwishestorevealHim(Mt11:27).
__

__

281. JesustaughtthatGodistheFatherofall,andinstructedhisdisciplesto
praytoGodasOurFather(Mt6:9).Inthisherevolutionizedtheideaand
imageofGod.ForJesus,theFatherwasnotanauthoritarianpaternalistic

God,butaGodincrediblycommittedtous,Hisadoptedchildren.Herains
downtheJustOne,Immanuel,Godwithus.HeisaforgivingFatherwho
runsouttogreetHisprodigalrepentantson (cf.Lk15:20). HeisaFather
whocannotbebribed,orcajoled,orfooledinanyway.Buthisloveforus
goesbeyondallbounds.HeevensendsHisonlybegottenSontodieonthe
Crosstobringsalvationandnewlifetousall.
282. ProclaimingGodasFather,asAma,Tatay,istorealizeGodsplacein
ourownselfidentity.OurdeepestselfistobeHisadoptedsonordaughter.
Werecognizethetremendous utangnaloob weoweGodourFatherwho
sustainsuseverymomentofourlives.Butwealsocometorealizeour
responsibilitytoorderourlivesaccordingtoGodslovingwill.HisFatherly
love desires only our utmost good. Gods will is that we grow into the
fullnessofourcapacities,untoourperfecthappiness.Thuswearemostour
trueselves,mostcreative,whenweobeyHiswill.Trustingcompletelyin
His Fatherly Providence frees us from all depressing fear, through an
authentic,positivebahalanaattitude.
IV.ALMIGHTY
283. GodtheFatherisdescribedas Almighty, theonlydivineattribute
cited in the Creed. Its importance can be explained under three specific
qualities. We believe Gods power is: 1) universal; 2) loving; and 3) a
mystery(cf.CCC268).
284. Universal. God the Fathers power is universal because He is
PANTOKRATOR,theCreatorandrulerofallthings,infinitelybeyondany
humanfatherweexperienceonearth (cf.CCC268). Thisstopsusfrom
fallingintoanyfalsesentimentalismregardingGodourlovingFather.We
believe:Herulesandcompassesallthings,fortheheightsoftheheavens
andthedepthsoftheabyssesandthelimitsoftheworldareinHisHand
(St.TheophilusofAntioch).
285. SointheOldTestamentwereadofYahwehSabaoth,LordofHosts,
andElShaddai,Lordofthemountain,whoshowedHispowerparticularly
in the Exodus liberation. With strong hand and outstretched arm you
broughtyourpeopleIsraeloutofEgyptamidsignsandwondersandgreat
terror (Jer 32:21). In the New Testament Gods power is revealed in

Christssignsormiracles,andespeciallyinhisResurrection (cf.CCC
269).
286. Godsalmightypowerismanifestedas universal inthatHeisboth utterly
beyond us (transcendent), and yet more intimately within us (immanent)
thanwearetoourselves.HisuttertranscendenceisexpressedbyIsaiahthe
prophet:Ashighastheheavensareabovetheearth,sohigharemyways
aboveyourways,andmythoughtsabove yourthoughts(Is55:89).Butthe
sameprophetseesthistranscendenceinGodsholiness:Holy,holy,holyisthe
Lordofhosts!(Is6:3)ThiswerepeatintheSanctusofeveryMass.
This same quality of holiness brings out Gods universal immanent
presence.SotheSanctuscontinuesIsaiahstext:Alltheearthisfilledwith
hisglory!(Is6:3).
287. Loving.NowsinceweallexpectGodtobeallpowerful,almighty,we
mightmisswhatismoststrikingaboutthedivinepowerintheBible.Foras
withtheideaofFather,theBibleactuallyrevolutionizes thenotionofGodas
almighty. Thebiblicalalmightyisnotsomeimpersonal,arbitrary,self
seekingforce,imposingterroronallcreatures.Rather,theFathersalmighty
poweristherecreatingpersonalenergyofnonviolentLove.
288. This loving power of the Father, His kagandahangloob, is
revealedespeciallyinChristourLord,presentamongusintheSpirit.God
keepsusasHis segullah theappleofHiseye.Hisalmightyloveis
foreveryearningtodomoreforus,inthespiritof malasakit, asChrist
picturedforallinhisparableoftheGoodShepherd (cf.Jn10:11;CCC
270).
__

289. AMystery.YetproclaimingGodasFatherAlmightydoesnotblindthe
Christian to all the evil in the world. Sin and the suffering of countless
peoplearemuchtoorealtomakelightof,orexplainawaybysomeflimsy
excuse.Thustheeverpersistentquestion:IfGodisreallyallpowerful,why
cantHewipeoutallevil?OurChristianFaithdoesnotgiveusanyeasy
answertothismystery.Butitdoesofferussomebasictruthstofortifyus
againstmeaningless,despairingsuffering(cf.CCC309).
290. MysteryofGodsPowerlessness.Godspowerismysterybecauseit
sooftenappearsas powerlessness. Thisismostsharplymanifestedinthe
PassionandDeathofChrist.WithSt.Paulwe proclaimChristcrucified,a

stumblingblocktoJewsandfoolishnesstoGentiles,buttothosewhoarecalled...
ChristthepowerofGodandthewisdomofGod.ForthefoolishnessofGodis
wiser than human wisdom, andtheweaknessofGodisstrongerthanhuman
strength(1Cor1:2325).Thus,Godspowerlessnesscallsforththeexclamation:
Mayyouknow...theimmeasurablescopeofhispowerinuswho
believe.ItislikethestrengthheshowedinraisingChristfromthedead
and seating him at his right hand in heaven, high above every
principality,powervirtue,anddomination,andeverynamethatcanbe
giveninthisageorintheagetocome.Hehasputallthingsunder
Christ'sfeetandhasmadehim,thusexalted,headoftheChurch(Eph
1:1922;cf.CCC272).

Moreover,wefirmlybelievethatGod,whoraiseduptheLord,will
raiseusalsobyHispower(1Cor6:14).
291. MysteryofEvil. Inapproachingthismysteryofevil,we first affirm
ourunshakeablebeliefthatGodourFatherisconcernedpreciselywitheach
and every one of us, here and now, in all our troubles and sufferings.
Second,ourFaithtellsusthateviloriginatedintheFallofthefirstpersons,
andnotfromanydefectinGodorhiscreativepower.Third,bypicturingthe
Fall of Adam as a dramatic event, the Bible situates moral evil in the
mysteryof freedom,notinthelimitationsofallcreatures.Sinistheresult
notofourbeingtaolamangonlyalimitedhumanperson!butof
ourfreechoiceofevil(cf.CCC311).
292. Thebroadermysteryofallsufferingandevilintheworld,physicalas
well as moral, has to be viewed in terms of our interrelated worldin
process. We realize the world is developing through an evolutionary
processwhichinvolvesourownfreeselfdevelopmentinsociety.Theonly
powerthatpreventstheevilsoftheworldfrombecomingintolerableand
totallydevastating,isGods.
GodtheFatherhasenteredintothisprocessbysendingHisSononHis
redemptivemission,andsendingtheHolySpirittocontinueChristswork
onearth.Hecontinuestotakeuponhimselfthesinandsufferingofthe
world,andthustransformswhatwouldbethecauseofultimatedespairinto
asourceofhope,nowandforeternallife.

293. OurChristianfaiththusoffersusspiritualstrengthtofacethehuman
conditionratherthananyintellectualsolution.Theevilintheworldis
not some problem to be solved, but a mystery to be faced. Three
faces of evil fate, sin and death can never be answered by any
rationalisticheadknowledge.Whataloneiseffectiveisavibrantspiritual
life of believing, hoping and loving God, our Father Almighty, through
ChristJesusourLordandSavior,intheirindwellingHolySpirit.
SowecanpointtotheOldTestamentnarrationof Joseph (cf. Gn 45:8;
50:20), andChristsPaschalMysteryintheNewTestament,toshowhow
Godcandrawgoodfromevil.SincewerelyonHisinfinitelovingpowerandmercy.
weknowthatGodmakesallthingsworkforgood,forthosewholoveGod(Rom
8:28;cf.CCC31214).
__

__

INTEGRATION
294. When we proclaim in the Creed the truth that God is Father and
Almighty,wecommitourselvestoacertainvisionandstyleoflife.The
convictionthatGodisourAlmightyFatherprovidesthebasisnotonlyfor
allmeaninginlife,butalsoforourmoralactionandbehavior,andourtotal
prayer life. God is proclaimed as the ground for all our most precious
values:howwewanttothinkandact,beandpray.
295. MoralLife.ThefirstCommandmentgivesusaperfectexampleofthis
connection between believing in God our almighty Father, and acting
accordingly.First,thetruth:I,theLordamyourGod,whobroughtyouout
ofthelandofEgypt,thatplaceofslavery (Ex20:2;Dt5:6). Thenthe
action:Youshallnothaveothergodsbesidesme(Ex20:3).
Our utang na loob before God our Father means rejecting all other
gods whethertheybewealthandpossessions,reputationbeforemen,or
worldlypowerandsuccess(cf.Mt4:111).Itmeansrejectingthesplitlevel
typeoflifeoftheChristianwhogiveslipservicetotheLordonedayaweek
(orless!)andactsnobetterthanapagantherestofthetime.Believingin
GodouralmightyFatherdemandsareal conversionofheart whichalone
__

can motivate the radical change in lifestyle that constitutes authentic

Christianlife.
296. Thesocialdimensionofthisauthenticlifestylerejectsallexclusivism
caring only forourownfamily, barkada,grouporregion.Forthisdenies
thatweareallbrothersandsistersunderGod,ourheavenlyFather.Christian
Faith calls for social maturity that recognizes our responsibilities in the
community.Pakikisamamustbebalancedbybayanihan.

__

297. Prayer Life. The place of God as Father almighty is central to all
Christianprayer.IntheEucharisticCelebrationwebeginwithconfessing
our sins to almighty God. In the Gloria we worship, give thanks and
praisethealmightyGodandFather.ThisistheworshipinSpiritandin
truth (Jn4:24) thatChristproclaimed.Thisisthewayour utang before
Godisexpressedinprayerandworship.
PCPII haschallengedFilipinoCatholicstorootoutallsuperstitious
practicesandbeliefinoccultpowersandspirits.Christcametoliberateus
fromsuchfearsandidolatries.Theynotonlyenslaveus,butopenourfaith
toridiculebeforeothers.
298. Ourprivatedevotionsmustbegroundedintheauthenticliturgicalprayerofthe
Church,forthereisonlyONEGODandHimaloneshallyouadore(Mt
4:10;Dt6:13). TheChurchsprayerinsuresthatourprivatedevotionsare
notcompletelytakenupwithconstantpetitions,butincludetheessential
dimensionsofadoration,thanksgivingandpraise.Finally,sincerepersonal
convictionthatGodistrulyouralmightyFathermaybethebestsafeguard
againstemptyritualism.Insteadoffocusingontheexternalrituals,oron
superficial emotional sentimentalism,strongattachmenttoouralmightyFather
inspiresauthenticspiritualmovementsoftheheart(cf.NCDP103,167,327,
430).

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

299. HowdomostFilipinosrelatetoGod?

Ingeneral,mostChristianFilipinosthinkofGodastheirallpowerful
FatherwhoistheLordofall.
This image conforms well with many traditional Filipino cultural
values.
300. HowdoestheCreeddescribeGod?
TheCreedaffirmsGodasAlmightyFather,Creatorofallthings,with
the divine Sonmademan Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit, thus
presentingtheHolyTrinity.
301. WhatisthespecialvalueoftheCreedsfirstassertion?
ByproclaimingbeliefinGod,theFatherAlmighty,theCreedliftsus
outofourselvesandcentersusontheONE GOD whoisLOVE,and
notonourmeagerselves.
302. HowdoesGodenterintoourlives?
Godentersourlivesinourexperiencing:
ourowninnersearchformeaningandhappiness;
the beauty and goodness of nature and our family, friends and
neighborsaroundus;
ourFilipinohistoryandculture;andespecially,
GodspublicRevelationinsalvationhistoryasrecordedintheOld
andNewTestaments,andclimaxedinJesusChrist.
From the greatness and the beauty of created things their original
author,byanalogy,isseen(Wis13:5).
Sincethecreationoftheworld,invisiblerealities:Godseternalpower
anddivinity,havebecomevisible,recognizedthroughthethingshehas
made(Rom1:20).
TheheavensdeclarethegloryofGod,andthefirmamentproclaims
Hishandiwork(Ps19:2).
303. WhataresomeoftheBiblesmostbasicfaithaffirmationsaboutGod?
Scriptureaffirms:Hear,OIsrael,theLordisourGod,theLordalone!
(Dt6:4),andIamtheLordyourGod...youshallhavenoothergods
besidesme(Ex20:23;Dt5:67).TheoneGodisasavingGod.This
iseternallife:toknowyou,theonlytrueGod,andhimwhomyouhave
sent,JesusChrist(Jn17:3).

ChurchteachingsummarizesadescriptionofGodasfollows:
ThereisonetrueandlivingGod,CreatorandLordofheavenand
earth,almighty,eternal,immeasurable,incomprehensible,infinitein
intellectandwillandineveryperfection...oneuniquespiritual
substance, entirely simple and unchangeable . . . really and
essentiallydistinctfromtheworld,mostblessedinandofHimself,
and inexpressibly exalted above all things that exist or can be
conceivedotherthanHimself(Vat.I,DS3001,ND327).
304. HowdidGodrevealHimselfinsalvationhistory?
First,throughtheCovenantHemadewiththeIsraelitesthroughMoses,
YahwehrevealedHimselfastheOneGodwhoisTruthandLove.
Second,through hispersonalknowledgeandintimacy,Jesus,theonly
begottenSon,taughtusthatGodisourFather.
Moreover,theFatherandChristarepresenttousbysendingtheirSpirit
intoourhearts.
305. HowdoweexercisethisTrinitarianrelationship?
OurconstantandcontinualrelationtotheBlessedTrinity:
startedwithourBaptisminthenameofFather,Son,andHolySpirit;
continues in every Christian prayer begun with the Sign of the
Cross,markedbyourGlorybe...and
isstrengthenedinourEucharist/thanksgivingtotheFather,through
memoryofHisSonsPassion,DeathandResurrection,madepresent
throughthepoweroftheHolySpirt.
306. WhydoChristiansaffirmthatGodisFather?
TheCreedaffirmsGodisFatherbecauseJesustaughtustorelateto
God as Our Father (Mt 6:9). Jesus own experience of God as
Abba(Father),wasthebasisforhisteaching.Noonehaseverseen
God.ItisGodtheonlySon,everattheFathersside,whohasrevealed
Him(Jn1:18).
307. WhatdoesthenameFathertellusofGod?
FathertellsusthatGodis personal,closetous,notanimpersonal
force,distantandfaroff.Hecaresforusevenwithmotherlylove(cf.Is
66:13;49:15;Hos11).GodtheFatherthereforeisnotapatriarchalor
paternalisticauthoritarianGod.RatherHeisaGodwhowelcomesand

celebratesthereturnofeverysonordaughterwhowasdeadandhas
comebacktolife,whowaslostandisfound(cf.Lk15:24,32).
308. WhatdoesalmightytellusofGod?
AlmightyaffirmsGodasallpowerful,firstasCreator,abletodoall
things(cf.Jb42:2)andRulerofallthings(Pantokrator),secondlyas
Love shown in Christs Cross and Resurrection, subjecting all other
powerstotheultimatesustainingpresenceofHislove.
Ah Lord God, you have made heaven and earth by your great
might,withyouroutstretchedarm;nothingisimpossibletoyou (Jer
32:17).
Ashighastheheavensareabovetheearth,sohigharemyways
aboveyourways,andmythoughtsaboveyourthoughts(Is55:9).
309. IfGodisFatherandAlmighty,whydoesHeallowsomuchevil
andsuffering?
First,muchevilintheworld,especiallyphysicalevil,resultsfromthe
kindoflimiteduniverseinwhichwelive.
Second, moral evil and much of human suffering come from mans
abuseofhisfreedominsin.
Third,muchcourage,generosity,forgiveness,hopeandsacrificearise
fromtheworldssufferingsandevils.
Finally, Christs Paschal Mystery shows how God draws out of the
depthsofevilthevictoryoftheRisenChristandhistransforminglove.
ThroughChristandinChrist,lightisthrownontheriddleofsuffering
anddeath,whichapartfromhisgospel,overwhelmsus(GS22).
WeknowthatGodmakesallthingsworktogetherforthegoodof
thosewholoveHim(Rom8:28).

Chapter

Creator of Heaven
and Earth

In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth . . .

The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament
proclaims His handiwork.
(Gn 1:1; Ps 19:2)

He [Christ] is the firstborn of all creation. In him everything

in heaven and on earth was created . . . all were created
through him and for him, . . . In Him everything continues in
being.
(Col 1:15-17)

OPENING

310. We all ask, at one time or another, Where does everything come
from? ThePsalmistreplies:BythewordoftheLordtheheavenswere
made;bythebreathofHismouthalltheirhost...Hespoke,anditwas
made;Hecommanded,anditstoodforth(Ps33:6,9).
Weask:Whatisthepurposeofitall?Whatisthemeaningofourlife
andofdeath?(Cf.CCC282.) Christiandoctrineaffirmsthatthemost
perfect answer to these questionings is to be found in God alone, who
createdusinHisownimage...andthisanswerisgivenintherevelationof
ChristHisSonwhobecameoneofus(GS41).

CONTEXT

311. ThemostspontaneousFilipinoimageofGodisthatof Creator (cf.

NCDP199).ManyFilipinofolklegendsdescribeGodscreativity.Onetale
narrateshow,afterGodhadmoldedalltheotherpartsoftheworld,He
shook his hands free of clay, and so formed the 7,141 islands of the
Philippines.Anothertalehumorouslydescribeshowafterbakingtheblack
and white races, God produced the perfect human person, the Filipino

kayumanggi. These and other Filipino creation myths indicate how

indigenoustoFilipinocultureisGodtheCreator.
312. ButtodaytheFilipinoCatholicsbeliefinGodasCreatorofheavenand
earthfacesnewchallenges.Forexample,howcantheGenesisaccountof
creation in six days be reconciled with the modern scientific theory of
evolution?Or,ifGodcreatesandsustainseverything,thenbahalana,allis
decidedalready.Oragain,evenifGodcreatedtheworldatthebeginningof
time,whathasthatgottodowithouropportunitiesandproblemstoday?
313. Suchdifficultiesindicatetheurgentneedforabetterunderstandingof
whattheCreedmeans:1)inproclaimingGodasCreatorandstressingHis
creativeaction;2)indescribingwhatHecreatedasheavenandearth;and
3)inproposingthisnotassomethingprovenbyscientificreason,butas
basicconvictionsinourpersonalactoffaithasChristians.

EXPOSITION

314. TheCatholicdoctrineofcreationbasicallyaffirmsthat:1)theworld
andeverythinginitcomesfromthelovingpowerofGodwhoisitsultimate
Origin, Ruler,and Goal;2)allcreatedthingsandhumanhistoryhavea
meaning, purpose, and destiny; and 3) the life of every person is not a
private possession, but is created, sustained and guided now by the
creative,savingwillandloveofAlmightyGod.
CreationisthefoundationofGodssavingplanandthebeginningofsalvation
historywhichculminatesinChrist(cf.CCC280).TherevelationofGodscreating
everythingisinseparablefromtherevelationandrealizationofHiscovenantwithHis
people(cf.CCC288).
I.CREATOR
315. CreatorisperhapsthemostfundamentalimagewecanhaveofGod.
ItsetsGodapartfromallcreatedthingsastheonlyUncreatedReality.At

thesametime,itrelatesHimtoeveryperson,placeorthingastheirPrimary
Causeforexisting.ThusGodtheCreatorisbothtranscendent(beyond)all
He made, yet immanent (remaining) in it, constantly sustaining it in
existence(cf.CCC300).
316. ButtheCreatorweproclaimbyfaithintheCreedisnotsimplysome
philosophicalFirstCause.HeisratherthesavingGodoftheCovenant.Thus
thePsalmistsings:Howmanifoldareyourworks,OLord!Inwisdomyou
havewroughtthemall__theearthisfullofyourcreatures(Ps104:24).And
MaytheLordblessyoufromZion,themakerofheavenandearth (Ps
134:3;cf.CCC287).
317. LikewisetheprophetIsaiahpresentstheoracleoftheLord:Thussays
theLord,yourredeemer,whoformedyoufromthewomb:IamtheLord
whomadeallthings (Is44:24). Again,evenmoreforcefully,theprophet
declares:
ForthussaystheLord,theCreatoroftheheavens,whoisGod,the
designerandmakeroftheearth,whoestablishedit...IamtheLord,
andthereisnoother...ThereisnojustandsavingGodbutme.Turn
tomeandbesafe,allyouendsoftheearth,forIamGod;thereisno
other!(Is45:18,22).
TheBlessedTrinityIstheCreator
318. TheCreedlinksCreatordirectlywithFatherAlmighty.Thishas
ledtothe oversimplified,mistakenidea thattheFatheralonecreates(and
the Son alone redeems, and the Holy Spirit alone sanctifies). Actually,
ChristianFaithteachesthatallthreeDivinePersonsacttogetherasONE
GOD in creating, redeeming and sanctifying. Here we affirm God the
FathercreatesthroughHisSon,JesusChrist,intheHolySpirit.ThusSt.
Paul wrote: For usthereisoneGod,theFather,fromwhomallthings
come,andforwhom welive;andoneLordJesusChristthroughwhom
everythingwasmadeandthroughwhomwelive,andtheHolySpiritwho
giveslife(1Cor8:6;2Cor3:6;cf.Jn1:13;Col1:1517).

319. St.IrenaeusexplainedhowGodisFather,Creator,Author,whomade
allthingsthroughHisWord(Son)andWisdom(Spirit),whoarelikeHis
twohands(CCC292).
ForwithHim(Father)werealwayspresenttheWordandWisdom,the
SonandSpirit,bywhomandinwhom,freelyandspontaneously,He
madeallthings,sayingLetusmakemanafterourimageandlikeness
(Adv.Her.,Bk.3,Chap.20,sec.1).
320. ChurchteachingconfirmsthattheonetrueGod:Father,Son,andHoly
Spirit,istheCreatorofallthings(CouncilofFlorence,ND408).Theworks
oftheTrinity,infact,statesLeoXIII,areundividedjustasundividedistheessenceof
theTrinity,becauseasthethreeDivinePersoncannotbeseparated,theylikewise
operateinseparably.(EncyclicalDivinumillud,May9,1897.Cf.DS3326).Therefore,
thoughtheworkofcreationisaltributedtotheFatherinparticular,itisequallya
truth of faith that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit together are the one,
individualprincipleofcreation(CCC3166).
II.GODSCREATIVEACTION
321. God commits Himself to us by His free creative activity. Genesis
describescreationintwoaccounts.Inthefirst(Gen1:12:4a)Godappears
asthesovereignLordwhoestablishescreationinaformalsixdaypattern.
Thesecondaccount(Gen2:4b25)presentsGodinacloserrelationshipwith
humanbeings.HecreatesandsettlesthemintheGardenofEden,andputs
them over all other creatures. Both accounts are obviously not modern
scientificdescriptionsofhoweverythingcametobe.Rather,theypresentthe
religiousfaithinsightinto why allthingsexist,andwhatistheirultimate
meaningandsignificance.
322. AnotherpicturesquebiblicalimageoftheCreator,closetotheFilipino
creation myths, is that of the potter forming clay into whatever kind of
objecthedesires.CanInotdotoyou,houseofIsrael,asthispotterhas
done?saystheLord.Indeed,likeclayinthehandofthepotter,soareyou
inMyhand,houseofIsrael(Jer18:6).

A. BiblicalandScientificAccounts
323. The difference between these biblical accounts and a scientific
explanationofcreationcanbecomparedtotwowaysofdescribingawork
of art, for example, a beautiful portrait painting. The how (scientific)
explanationfocusesonthematerialsused,thesize,weight,age,colorsand
thewholemechanicsofportraitpainting.Adifferenttypeofexplanationis
thewhywhichinterpretsboththeartistsmotivationsandintentions,and
the meaning and truth of the portrait itself. The portrait reveals the
characterandpersonalityofthepersonportrayed.
Bothtypesofexplanationarevalidandnecessary.Theycomplement
eachotherandtogethergiveafullerunderstandingofthepainting.
324. TheGenesisaccountsofcreationfocusonthewhy,themeaningand
purpose of everything. The Bible does not teach how heaven was
constructed but how to get there, as John Paul II once remarked. The
Genesisaccountsneitherteachnoropposethescientifictheoryofevolution.
Thesixdaysdonotmean24hoursolardays(thesunwasnotmadetillthe
4thday).Theyaresimplytheinspiredauthorswayofpresentingina
BiblicalpoemthereligioustruthswhichGenesisproclaims.Todaywecould
donobetter.
325. TheBiblepresentsGodscreativeactivityas asimpleactofspeech.
GodsaidLettherebelight(Gn1:3).ForHespoke,anditwasmade;
Hecommanded,anditstoodforth(Ps33:9).Thisclearlyrejectsthepagan
mythsaboutthegodsmortalcombatwithevilforcesandpowers,orof
someblind,aimlesscosmicgenerationofeverythingbychance.Instead,the
BibleproclaimsoneCreator,sourceofallthatexists,byafreelovingactof
Hisdivinewillandwisdom.Howmanifoldareyourworks,OLord!In
wisdomYouhavewroughtthemall!(Ps104:24)
OLordourGod,Youareworthytoreceivegloryandhonor...for
Youhavecreatedallthings;byYourwilltheycametobeandweremade!
(Rv4:11;cf.CCC295).
B.

ChurchTeaching

326. The Churchs teaching on creation is clearly set forth by the First
VaticanCouncil:
ThisoneandonlytrueGod,ofHisowngoodnessandalmightypower,
notfortheincreaseofHisownhappiness,norfortheacquirementof
Hisperfection,butinordertomanifestHisperfection...withabsolute
freedomofcounsel,fromthebeginningoftime made atonceoutof
nothingbothordersofcreatures,thespiritualandthecorporeal,...and
thenthehumancreature,whoasitweresharesinbothorders,being
composedofspiritandbody(ND412).
327. Thisteaches,first,thatGodcreatesoutofHisdivinegoodness,toshare
Hisgoodnesswithothers, not becauseofanyneedorimperfection. Second,He
creates by a free, intentional, purposeful act, not by any sort of natural
emanationsuchasthepantheistspropose,orbyanynaturalevolutionthat
woulddenyGodsfreedom.Third,Hecreatesoutofnothing,thatis,not
fromanymatteroranygodsalready existing (cf.CCC29698). Allsocalled
dualisticviews(matterasevilvs.spiritasgood)arerejected.Bothspiritualand
corporealcreaturesaregood.
ButwhatpreciselyhasGodcreated?Whatistheobjectofhiscreative
act?
III.CREATEDREALITY
328.ContrarytosomeAsianreligiousviews,ourChristianfaithproclaims
all creation as real (not an illusion), intelligible (not meaningless and
purposeless)andgood(nothingcreatedisintrinsicallyevil)(cf.CCC299).
ThisChristianvisioncanbesummarizedasfollows:
1) as a product of divine wisdom, creation is intelligible and
meaningful;therefore
2) evilisnotanessentialornecessarydimensionofourexistence;and
thus
3) creationisopentoGodssavingactivity,and
4) ourpresentliveshaveaninnerdivinepurposewhichwecandiscern
infaith.
A. TwoConsequences

329. Allcreation,then,isbothutterlydependentuponGod(contingent),and
atthesametime,preciselybecauseofthatdependence, realandgoodin
itself.Thismeansthatthereisnothingintheworldthatmustbefeared,but
alsothereisnothingthatshouldbeworshipped!Wecanexplainthisbriefly
asfollows.
330. First,sinceeverythingdependsonGod,thereisnopowerincreation
thatcanrivalGod.ForIamcertainthatneitherdeathnorlife,neitherangels
norprincipalities,neitherthepresentnorthefuture,norpowers;neitherheightnordepth
noranyothercreaturewillbeabletoseparateusfromtheloveofGodinChristJesus,
ourLord(Rom8:3839).ThereforeChristiansareliberatedfromtheanxiousdreadof
anypowerorforceintheworld,visibleorinvisible,oranymagicalsnare.
331. But second,neitheristhereinallcreationanythingtobeworshipped.
IdolatryhasbeenthemarkofourinfidelitybeforeGodsincethebeginning.
Todayinourincreasinglysecularisticenvironment,thetemptationtoidolize
wordlysuccessisgreaterthanever.Yetrejectingsuchtemptationsmustnot
leadustodenyingtherightfulautonomyofcreatedthings,asproposedby
Churchteaching.
332. VaticanIIexpressesitthisway:
Createdthingsandsocietieshavetheirownlawsandvalueswhichwe
mustgraduallycometoknow,useandorganize;thisisinaccordance
withthewilloftheCreator.Itisbyvirtueoftheirverycreationthatall
thingsareprovidedwithastability,truthandgoodnessoftheirown,
withtheirownlawsandorder.Wemustrespectallthis...(GS36;cf.
CCC33940).
333. Thisdoesnot,ofcourse,denytheessentialdependenceofallthingson
God,andmoreimportantly,ofourconsciousreferencetotheCreatorinour
useofthem.ForwithoutGod,creaturesvanishintonothingness (cf.CCC
338).
B.

ManasCrownofCreation

334. ChristianfaithteachesthatmanisthecrownandkeytoGodscreation.
Accordingtothealmostunanimousopinionofbelieversandunbelievers
alike,allthingsonearthshouldberelatedtohumanpersonsastheircenter
andcrown (cf.GS12;cf.CCC343,356ff). ThePsalmistexpressesthis
vividly:
Trulyyouhaveformedmyinmostbeing;
youknitmeinmymotherswomb.
IgiveyouthanksthatIamfearfully,wonderfullymade.
(Ps139:1314)
Andagain:
Whatismanthatyoushouldbemindfulofhim,
orthesonofmanthatyoushouldcareforhim?
Youhavemadehimlittlelessthantheangels,
andcrownedhimwithgloryandhonor.
Youhavegivenhimruleovertheworksofyourhands,
puttingallthingsunderhisfeet(Ps8:57).

C. VisibleandInvisible:Angels

335. TothephraseheavenandearththeNiceneCreedaddsallthings
visibleandinvisible.Thisimpliesthatearthrefersnotonlytoourplanet,
buttoallrealityvisibletous.Incontrast,heavensignifiestheinvisible
spiritualworldofGod,suchastheangels.Angelsaresaidtobepurespirits,
centeredonChrist (cf.Mt25:31;Heb1:6).St.Augustineexplainsthatthe
termangeldoesnot designatetheir nature,butrathertheir functionas
ministeringspiritssenttoservethosewhoaretoinheritsalvation (Heb
1:14).TheGospelsspeakofthecareofangels(Mt4:11;l8:10;26:53).As
purelyspiritualcreaturesangelshaveintelligenceandwill:theyarepersonal
andimmortalcreatures,surpassinginperfectionallvisiblecreatures,asthe
splendoroftheirglorybearswitness(CCC330).
Angelshadavitalroleinthehistoryofsalvation.TheOldTestament
givesthesepowerfulspiritualcreaturesdifferentnameswhichrevealboth
their function andtheirdifferent degreeofperfection. Theyarecalled:angels,
archangels,cherubim,seraphim.Theyplayimportantrolesbothinthelifeof
individualslikeLot,Abraham,Isaac,Jacob,Tobiah(cf.thebookofGenesis
and of Tobit). . . and in the life of the People of God, especially by
protectingthemduringtheExodus(cf.,forinstance,Ex14:1920).Indeed,

angelsandarchangels,throughouttheOldtestament,arenotonlymembers
ofGodscourtinheaven,butalsosignsandinstrumentsofGodsloveand
careforHispeople.
336. Angels were also closely associated with the earthly existence and
missionofourLord.FromtheIncarnationtotheAscension,thelifeofthe
WordIncarnateissurroundedbytheadorationandserviceofangels...
They protect the child Jesus in his infancy, serve him in the desert,
strengthenhiminhisagonyintheGarden(CCC333).JesusistheirLord
whocouldcalllegionsoftheminhisdefense(cf.Mt26:53).Whenherose
fromdeath,itwassomeangelswhoannouncedtothewomenthegreatevent
(cf.Lk24:46andparallels). Theywillescorttheglorious SonofManat
theendoftimewhenhewillcometojudgeallhumanbeings(cf.Mt25:31).
The infant Church experienced the protection of Gods angels
especially intime of persecution or difficulties, likein thecase of Peter
savedfromjailandPaulstrengthenedagainstforthcomingtrials (cf.Acts
12:611,and27:2325). AllthroughthecenturiestheChurchhasenjoyed
the protection and guidance of angels, whether as Gods People, or as
communities and individuals in difficulty. In response that the Church
honorstheangelsintheliturgyandencouragesallbelieverstotrustintheir
helpandliveintheirpresence.
337. Godsabsolutelyindividualizedandpersonalloveforeveryhuman
beingismanifestedalsoinhisassigningtoeachofus anangeltobeour
guardianandmentor Besideeachbeliever,wroteSt.Basil,standsan
angel as protector and sheperd, leadinghim tolife (cf. CCC 336). The
realityofthe guardianangels isoneofthemostconsolingandinspiring
truthsofourfaith.Frominfancytodeathhumanlifeissurroundedbytheir
watchfulcareandintercession(CCC336).
Love,obedienceandgratitude totheguardianangelisbynomeans
somethingforchildrenonly.Itisforallthosewhocarefortheirown
good,andhowtoappreciatethesignsofGodslove.Inourspontaneous
opennesstothesupernaturalandtheworldofspirits,weFilipinoshaveno
difficultyinacceptingtheexistenceoftheangelsandreveringthem.Many
ofus,atBaptism,aregiventhenamesAngelo,Angela,Gabriel,Raphael,
and especially Miguel. We trust in the protection and guidance of our
guardianangels,particularlyinmomentsofneed.

D. NewCreation
338. FromaChristianperspective,allcreationisseenasorderedto,and
perfected in, the New Creation brought about by the PassionDeath
ResurrectionofChristourLord,theAlphaandOmega,theBeginningand
theEnd(Rv21:6;cf.2Pt3:13).ThismeansthatifanyoneisinChrist,he
isanewcreation.Theoldorderhaspassedaway;nowallisnew.Allthis
hasbeendonebyGodwhohasreconciledustoHimselfthroughChrist...
(2Cor5:17).
IV.MEANINGOFCREATION
FORHUMANPERSONS
339. We Filipinos naturally tend to take everything personally. Creation
therefore becomes more meaningful for us when seen from a personal
perspective. From this view, three personal aspects of creation are
particularly helpful in leading us to a more dynamic understanding of
creation.
First,moststrikingisthesenseofGodscontinuingcreativity,asgoing
onnow(cf.CCC301).OurCreatorcallsintobeingthosethingswhichhad
notbeen(Rom4:17).HeistheGodwhogivestoalllifeandbreathand
everythingelse....InHimweliveandmoveandhaveourbeing(Acts
17:25,28).Thefirstpersonalaspectofthedoctrineofcreation,then,isthat
Godiscreating,sustainingeachofusinexistence,now!Howcouldathing
remain,unlessyouwilledit;orbepreserved,haditnotbeencalledforthby
you?(Wis11:25).
Asecondpersonaldimensionistheresponsibilitywithwhichallhuman
personsareinvested:Letusmakemaninourimage,afterourlikeness.Let
themhavedominionoverthefishofthesea,thebirdsoftheair...allthe
creatures that crawl on the ground (Gn 1:26). God puts purpose into
creation,andhumanpersonsconstituteitsorganizingforce.
340. PCPIIlaysgreatstressontheUniversalPurposeofEarthlyGoodsandthe
IntegrityofCreation.WithbothitdetailsourresponsibilitiesasFilipinoCatholics
regardingprivatepropertyandecologicalcareoftheearth(cf.PCPII297303;321

24). VaticanIIhasproposedthebasicgroundsgivenusbyourCreatorforthis
responsibility:
CreatedinGodsimage,wewerecommandedtoconquertheearthwith
allitcontains,andtoruletheworldinjusticeandholiness;wewereto
acknowledgeGodasCreatorofallthingsandrelateourselvesandthe
totalityofcreationtoHim,sothatthroughourdominionoverallthings,
thenameofGodwouldbemajesticinalltheearth(GS34).
341. Thisresponsibility,then,alsoinvolvesourhumansolidarity,that
firmandperseveringdeterminationtocommitoneselftothecommongood,
i.e.,thegoodofallandofeachindividual,becausewearereallyresponsible
for all (PCPII295;cf.SRS38).Wearecalledtoexerciseresponsible
STEWARDSHIPoverallcreation.Suchastewardshipisexercisedinour
dailyactivitieswhichwecanrightfullyconsiderasaprolongationofGods
continuingworkofcreating,andaservicetoourfellowmenandwomen.Onesign
oflivingFaithisthatwerealizeGodsgraceful,supportingpresenceinallourgood
thoughts,words,anddeeds.FarfrombeingincompetitionwithGod,werecognizein
thedepthsofourheartsandminds,thetruthofChristssimpleassertion:apart
frommeyoucandonothing(Jn15:5).
342. A third personalcharacteristicoftheChristiandoctrineofcreationis
theCreatorspromisetobewithHiscreatures.Fearnot,Iamwithyou;be
notdismayed,IamyourGod(Is41:10).SothePsalmistcanconfidentlysing:Our
helpisinthenameoftheLord,whomadeheavenandearth(Ps124:8).Againstallthe
deepsetfearsandanxietiesbesettingusall,ourlovingCreatoroffersus:1)ahopeof
ultimatefulfillmentofallouryearnings;2)abasicvisionorpatternoftherelative
importanceofthings,sowecanorderourlivesaccordingly,and3)apromiseofinner
strengthandpeaceofsoulunifyingourlives.
V.DIVINEPROVIDENCE
343. WeFilipinoChristianshavedeeptrustinGodsallknowingandloving
Providence.ForHeistheCreator,whocoverstheheavenswithclouds,whoprovides
rainfortheearth;whomakesthegrasssproutonthemountains,andherbsforthe
serviceofmen(Ps147:8).ByHisprovidenceGodprotectsandgovernsallthings

whichHehasmade.Hereachesfromendtoendmightilyandgovernsallthingswell
(Wis8:1;cf.CCC302).FornothingisconcealedfromHim;allliesbareandexposed
totheeyesofHimtowhomwemustrenderanaccount(Heb4:l3).Thisincludeseven
thosethingswhichareyettocometoexistencethroughthefreeactionofcreatures
(VaticanI,ND413).
344. The special Providence of God concerns man, the crown of His
creation (cf.CCC307). Somehaveexplainedhowwearetheimageof
Godbyreasonofourrationality,orbecauseofourspiritualsoul,orinview
ofourcapacitytomakemoraljudgments.VaticanIIputthestressonmans
interrelationships,manincommunity,startingwiththemostbasichuman
communitydescribedinGenesis:maleandfemaleHecreatedthem(Gen
1:27). Forbyhisinnermostnaturemanisasocialbeing,andunlesshe
relateshimselftoothershecanneitherlivenordevelophispotential(GS
12).
345. GodsspecialProvidencerelativetomanssocialnatureisespecially
evidenttodayinthecommonthrusttowardunity __ despiteallthetragic
obstacles impeding its accomplishment. So Vatican II stresses this basic
unityofthehumanfamilyunderGod:
Allpeoplesformasinglecommunity;theiroriginisone,forGodmadethe
wholehumanracetodwellovertheentirefaceoftheearth.Onealsoistheir
finalgoal,God.Hisprovidence,themanifestationsofHisgoodness,His
planofsalvation,extendtoallmen(cf.1Tim2:4)untilthemomentwhen
theelectwillbegatheredintheHolyCitywhoselightshallbethegloryof
God,whenthenationswillwalkinHislight(cf.Rv21:23f;NA1).
346. WeknowthatGodsprovidencedoesnotabolishallevilandsuffering
from the world. But it does offer the believing Christian the spiritual
strengthandhopeneededtofacetheseevilsandrefusetobeovercomeby
them(cf.CCC30914).Andsowepray:Butdeliverusfromevil.Amen
(Mt6:13).

INTEGRATION

347. Moral Dimensions. PCP II gives being created in the image and
likenessofGodassureChristianbasisforourinalienabledignityandour
socialresponsibilities (cf.PCPII296;PP).WearecalledtoimitateGod
ourCreatorbothinworkingandalsoinresting,sinceGodHimselfwished
topresentHisowncreativeactivityundertheformof workandrest(LE
25).
Thus the conviction that God is creating every human person
continuallyinHisownimageandlikenessistheimmediatesourceforthe
secondof thegreat commandments: Youshallloveyour neighbor as
yourself(Mt22:3738).
348. The ecology crisis today highlights further our moral obligation,
flowingfromourGodgivenstewardshipovertheearth,notonlytouseits
goods responsibly, but to treat them with real respect as gifts from our
Creator.Thetremendousadvancesinmodernscienceandtechnologyhaveheightened
thismoralresponsibilityimmeasurably,sincenow,forthefirsttimeinhistory,we
havethephysicalcapacitytoimproveorcompletelydestroyourearthly
home. PCP II has called for a comprehensive theology of
STEWARDSHIP [which] makes ecology a special concern of the social
actionapostolate...inviewofmakingeveryoneatruestewardofGods
creation(PCPIIDecrees,Art.31,1).
349. WorshipDimensions.VaticanIIdeclares:Thefaithfulmustlearnthe
deepestmeaningandvalueofallcreation,anditsorientationtothepraiseof
God (LG36). ThisisexpressedintheliturgywherethedoctrineofGod,
Makerofheavenandearth,isrepeatedconstantly.Twoexampleswillsuffice.
IntheOffertoryoftheMassthecelebrantprays:Blessedareyou,LordGodofall
creation,throughyourgoodnesswehavethisbreadtooffer,whichearthhasgivenand
humanhandshavemade.AgainattheSanctus,thewholecongregationprays:Holy,
holy,holyLord,Godofpowerandmight,heavenandeartharefullofyourglory.
ClearlyGodasCreatoriscentraltotheliturgy.
350. The specifically Christian insight into the worship dimension of
creation is expressed in the Paschal Mystery. Thus we are truly His
handiwork,createdinChristJesustoleadthelifeofgooddeedswhichGod
prepared for us in advance (Eph 2:10). The good works of this new

worshipforallthosewhoarerecreatedinChristarenowheresummarized
moresimplyandsharplythanintheancientprayer:soliDeogloria__toGod
alonebetheglory!

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

351. WhatdoesGodisCreatorofheavenandearthmean?
To create means to put and keep something in existence. God is
CreatorbecauseHeputsandsustainseverythinginexistence.Heisthe
maker and finalgoal ofeverythingthatexists,allthingsvisibleand
invisible.
352. Whyisthedoctrineofcreationimportantforustoday?

ThetruthofcreationmeansthatGodslovingcreativitybuildsintoeach
ofusa meaning, purpose and destiny whichnothingcantakeaway
fromus.
353. WhatdoesthetermCreatortellusaboutGod?
Creator means God is absolutely unique and different from
everything else as the only Uncreated Reality, but also related
intimatelytoeverythingthatexistsbyHissustainingcreativepower.
354. WhoisGodtheCreator?
The Triune God: Father, Son and Spirit, is the Creator. The Father
createsthroughhisWord(Son)intheirHolySpirit.
355. DoChristiansholdaspecialideaofcreation?
Yes,forChristianseverythinginheavenandonearthwascreatedin
Christ,...allwerecreatedthroughhim,andforhim.Heisbeforeall
elsethatis.Inhimeverythingcontinuesinbeing(Col1:1617).
356. IsGodcreatingnow?

Yes, God continues to create and to sustain in existence the whole

worldandeverythinginit.Ateverymomentoftheirexistence,Godis
theultimateoriginandsource,unifyingcenter,andfinalgoalofall
things.
357. DoestheGenesisaccountofcreationcontradictthescientifictheoryof
evolution?
No. In affirming that God is the ultimate cause of all that exists,
GenesisgivesitsultimatemeaningandpurposeWhy theworld
exists.Itdoesnottreat how thephysicalworldcametobeinits
presentcondition,whichiswhatthetheoryofevolutiontriestoexplain.
358. WhydoesGodcreate?
Godfreelycreatesoutofsheerlove,toshareHisowndivinelifeand
goodness. CreationisthefirststepinGodsplanofsalvationforall
throughJesusChrist.
359. HowdoesGodcreate?
GodtheFathercreatesthroughasimpleactofHisdivineWord,the
Son,inthepoweroftheHolySpirit.EachdivinePersonintheBlessed
Trinityisactiveintheonedivinecreativeact.
ThroughHim[theWord]allthingscameintobeing,andapartfrom
Himnothingcametobe(Jn1:3).
360. Whateffectdoesbeingcreatedhaveoneverything?
Beingcreatedmeansallthingsareequalinbeingtotallydependenton
Godfortheirveryexistence,andtherefore
nottobefearedorworshipped,but
respected for their own Godgiven, builtin stability, truth and
goodness,withtheirownlawsandvalues.
361. Whoisatthetopofallcreatures?
ChristianFaithteachesthathumanpersonsarethecenterandcrownof
allthingsonearth.

ThisisconfirmedbyChristscomingtosaveusallfromsinandraise
alltoaNewCreationthroughhisPassionDeathResurrection.

362. Howiscreationapersonaltruthforus?
Godis personallypresentandsustainingeachofus now inourdaily
lives. Moreover He calls each of us to personal responsibility in
solidaritywithothersforthecommongoodofallandoftheearthitself.
363. Arethereinvisible,spiritualrealities?
ScriptureaffirmsthatGodscreationincludespurespirits,angels,who
serveGodasinstrumentsofHisDivineProvidenceforus.
AngelsplayedanactiveroleintheOldTestament,inthelifeofJesus
andoftheChurch.Godentrustseachhumanbeingtotheguidanceand
protectionofaguardianangel.
364. WhatisDivineProvidence?
GodcontinuestosustainandcareforeverythingHecreated(general
Providence),with specialProvidence indrawingsinfulmankindback
toHimselfthroughtheredemptivesacrificeofChristandthegraceof
theHolySpirit.
WeknowthatGodmakesallthingsworktogetherforthegoodof
thosewhohavebeencalledaccordingtoHisdecree...ForIamcertain
thatneitherlifenordeath...noranyothercreaturewillbeableto
separateusfromtheloveofGodthatcomestousinChristJesus,our
Lord(Rom8:28,3839).

Chapter

The Fall from Glory

They certainly had knowledge of God, yet they did not glorify
Him as God or give Him thanks; . . . their senseless hearts
were darkened . . . they exchanged the glory of the immortal
God for images representing mortal man, birds, beasts, and
snakes.
(Rom 1:21-23)

The secret force of lawlessness is already at work. . . We are

bound to thank God for you always, beloved brothers in the
Lord, because you are the first fruits of those whom God has
chosen for salvation, in holiness of spirit and fidelity to truth.
He called you through our preaching of the good news so that
you might achieve the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ.
(2 Thes 2:7,13-14)

OPENING

365. The preceding chapter described the goodness of all creation, and
especiallyofhumanpersonscreatedinGodsownimage,crownedwith
glory(Ps8:6).Godisinfinitelygood,andallHisworksaregood.Yetour
dailyexperiencemanifestssomuchinusthatisnotgoodoursinfulness
(cf.CCC385). Ourhappinessingoodnessandvirtueiscounteredbythe
miseryofevilandsin(cf.GS13).
Moreover,theevilweexperienceis notjustourownindividualsins.
PCPII alertsusto sinfulsocialstructures __ habitualpatternsofhuman
interactionareinfectedbysin(PCPII82).Webecomeawareofawhole
networkthatoppressesandenslaves:thestructuresofviolenceandbrutality,
prostitution and adultery, poverty and injustice. These are some of the
devastatingconsequencesofwhatCatholicdoctrinecallsoriginalsin.
366. VaticanIIbrieflyrecountedtheGenesisnarrativeoftheoriginofthis
situation.AlthoughsetbyGodinastateofrectitude,thefirsthumanbeings,
enticedbytheEvilOne,abusedtheirfreedomattheverystartofhistory.They
liftedthemselvesagainstGod,andsoughttoattaintheirgoalapartfromHim.Although
theyhadknownGod,they didnotglorifyHimasGod,buttheir senseless
heartsweredarkened,andtheyservedthecreatureratherthantheCreator
(cf.GS13).

CONTEXT

367. Usually we Filipinos are ever ready to excuse our own and others
faults:Sapagkattayoytaolamang.Whilethisisadmirableforpatience
andforbearance,ittooeasilyavoidshonestlyfacingevilandsin.Itmakes
lightoftherealpersonalharmcausedbysinstopersons,familiesandwhole
communities.WeofteninterpretourmisfortunesaspunishmentfromGod
foroursins(tadhana),orasatestfromGod(pagsubok).Butthiscanleadus
toconcentrateonthepunishmentratherthantherealevilofsinitself.
368. Whatreallybothersmostofusisnotsomuchthemoralevilofsinas
thefeelingofshame (hiya), oflosingfacebeforeothers.Theexclamation
Sorry!isusedsofrequentlyincommonspeechtomeansomethinglike
pasensiya thatitnolongerexpressesanygenuinesorroworcontrition,
withfirmintentionofchangingonesways.
369. But perhaps the more common obstacle to living as outgoing,
charitable, forgiving Christians in daily life is the intense concern we
normally feel for family, friends and relatives kamaganak.
Unfortunately,thisofteniscombinedwithcomplete unconcern forothers.
Anothercommonproblemariseswhen,withthefamiliar bayanihanspirit,
somesociallyorientedprojectisbegun.Toooftenitfailsbecauseofthe
ningaskugondefectofnotfollowingthroughwhentheinitialenthusiasm
wanes.

EXPOSITION

370. ThemostfundamentalaspectoftheChurchsdoctrineoforiginalsinisnotso
muchuniversalsinfulnessasuniversalsalvation.Thesinfulnessisthetragic
backgroundneededtounderstandGodslovingplantosaveallmen.Onlyin
thelightofthisRevelationofGodsincredibleloveforuscanweclearlyseethe
realityofsin(cf.CCC387).ThisfocusonGodsredeemingloveflowsfromthe

earliest tradition handed on by St. Paul: Christ died for our sins in
accordance with the Scriptures (1Cor15:3). TheGoodNewsisnotabout
originalsinbut ofGodsredeeminglovethroughJesusChristintheHoly
Spirit.
371. ThustheChurchchantsonthemostsolemnvigiloftheLiturgicalYear,
theVigilofEaster:
Father,howwonderfulyourcareforus!
Howboundlessyourmercifullove!
ToransomaslaveyougaveawayyourSon.
Ohappyfault,OnecessarysinofAdam,
whichgainedforussogreataRedeemer!
I.SCRIPTUREONOURHUMANFALL
A. Genesis
372. WhatthebookofGenesispresentstous,then,isthestoryoftheFallof
the human race within Gods plan of creation and redemption. Genesis
describeshow,attheoriginofourrace,manandwomanturnedawayfrom
GodtheirCreatorindisobedienceandpride,thusrejectingGodsfriendship.
TheywantedtobelikeGod (Gn3:5), butwithoutGod,aheadofGod,
andnotaccordingtoGod(CCC398).
Behindthedisobedientchoiceofourfirstparents,ScriptureandChurch
Tradition see imaged in the serpent (Gn 3:15), an evil force called
Satanorthedevil.Jesushimselfwastemptedbythedevil(Mt4:111)
whomhecalledmurdererfromthebeginning,aliarandthefatheroflies
(Jn8:44). Thedevilandtheotherdemonswereindeedcreatednaturally
good by God, but they became evil by their own doing (CCC 391).
Scripturegiveswitnesstothedisastrousinfluence,ofthesecreatedpersonal
beingscalledalsofallenangels.Theirpowerislimitedbytheprovidence
ofGodwhomakesallthingsworktogetherforthegoodofthosewhohave
beencalledaccordingtohispurpose(Rom8:28).(CCC39195)
373. In rebelling against God, man and woman destroyed their original
harmonywith:

eachother(theyrealizedtheywerenaked),
others(CainsmurderofhisbrotherAbel),
thecommunity(TowerofBabel),
nature(cursedbetheground...)(cf.CCC400f)

Finally,sincemanandhiswifewerenowexcludedfrompartakingof
thefruitofthetreeoflife(cf.Gn3:2224),deathwillbetheirs,Foryouare
dirt,andtodirtyoushallreturn(Gn3:19).
374. TheGenesisnarrativepresentsthreemomentswithwhichweareall
veryfamiliar:temptation,sin,andjudgment.Butwemustnotimaginethat
theauthorofGenesiswassomehowpresentintheGardenofEden.Rather,
hisaccountisadivinelyinspiredinterpretationofthesituationofsininthe
worldofhisownday.Wheredidallthisevilcomefrom?Whatistheorigin
ofthisconditionofuniversalsinfulness?(cf.CCC401)
TheGenesisnarrativeofTheFallistheinspiredScripturalresponse
tothisfundamentalhumanquestionofeveryage.NotGod,buttheoriginal
manandwoman,arethesourceofmoralevil.AndnotjustEverymanlike
theMedievalplays,butthefirstmembers,theorigin,ofourhumanrace.
Thisalonecanexplaintheuniversalityofevilinourrace,andthemoralevil
whichweexperienceinourworldtoday.Yetthefinalbiblicalwordisnot
thathumanbeingsareevilbutthatGodisSavior.
B.

St.Paul

375. InadditiontotheGenesisaccountoftheFall,St.Paulinsistsstrongly
onthefactthatAllhavesinnedandaredeprivedofthegloryofGod(Rom
3:23;cf.5:12).ButheisequallyinsistentthatJustasinAdamalldie,soin
Christallwillcometolifeagain(1Cor15:22).Forifbytheoffenseof
theonepersonalldied,muchmoredidthegraceofGodandthegracious
giftoftheonepersonJesusChristaboundforall(Rom5:15;cf.CCC399
401).
II.CHURCHTEACHINGONORIGINALSIN

376. FromsuchbiblicalsourcestheChurchteachesthatAdam,thefirstman,
bytransgressingGodscommandmentinparadise,atoncelosttheholinessandjustice
inwhichhehadbeenconstituted;anddrewuponhimself...death.Theholinessand
justicereceivedfromGodwaslostnotonlyforhimbutalsoforhisdescendents
(Trent,cf.ND5089;CCC404).WeFilipinostoday,asmembersoftherace
ofAdam,donot inherithis personalsin, butratherthe sinful condition
startedbyhisoriginatingsin. Itisaconditioninwhicheachofusis
personallyinvolved.Whatweinherit,thekasalanangmana,isthestate
ofsinfulnessinwhichweallareborn.
ThisuniversalsinfulnessisconfirmedbytheclearGospelproclamation
thatallareredeemedbyChrist.Putbriefly,itisadogmaofourChristian
Faiththatweallneedtoberedeemed.
377. Firstofall,indescribingoriginalsintodaywespeakofthesinofthe
world (Jn 1:29; CCC 408). This means the polluted atmosphere into
whichweallareborn.Itisthesocialdimensionoforiginalsin:thesinful
structures of injustice, oppression and exploitation that PCP II so
emphasizes today in its thrust for social renewal and transformation (cf.
PCPII26171).
378. Second, there is the personal interior dimension of original sin, the
heartofdarknesswithinuswhichisinallmen,propertoeach(Trent,
ND510).Weexperiencethisaspectoforiginalsinespeciallyinoneofits
effects that remains even after Baptism, called concupiscence.
Concupiscenceitselfisnotsin,butisrathertheinclinationwhichcomes
fromsinandinclinestosin(ND512;cf.CCC4056).
ThisindicatesthatthesacredhistorynarratedintheBibleisreenacted
in some way in each of us. Through the grace of the redeeming Christ
receivedinBaptism,wearecalledtowrestlewith,manfullyresistthis
situationandinteriorinclinationtosin(ND512).
379. ThisChurchdoctrinemerelyechoestheBiblicalexhortation:Letus
lay aside every encumbrance of sin which clings tous and persevere in
runningtheracewhichliesahead;letuskeepoureyesfixedonJesus,who
inspiresandperfectsourfaith(Heb12:12).

380. Third,thereistheratificationoforiginalsinbyourpersonalsinful
thoughts,wordsanddeeds.Oursinsconstitutearealpartofthesinofthe
worldforothers,justastheirpersonalsinsarepartofthesinoftheworld
forus(cf.NCDP221).
381. Forourselves,ourconcupiscencemanifestsitselfincertainsourcesor
rootsofsinstraditionallycalledthesevencapitalsinsfromwhichmany
sinsspring.Thesesinsplaguenotonlyindividualsinners,butalsohavea
corporate dimension. They thrive in various ways among social groups,
institutionsandvarioussocialstructures.
Thesinsusuallyidentifiedascapitalinclude:pride:exaltingoneself
beyond what is due and true; lust: disordered desire for, or inordinate
enjoymentofsexualpleasure; anger:destructiveaggressiveness; gluttony:
excessiveindulgenceinfoodordrink;envy:begrudgingotherstheirtalents,
success and wishing them evil; covetousness: desiring what belongs to
others,leadingtodishonesty,stealing,andinjustice;andsloth:lazinessand
escapefromexertingdueeffort.
382. Thesecapitalsinscanbecomparedtotheworksofthefleshwhich
St. Paul enumerates: lewd conduct, impurity, licentiousness, idolatry,
sorcery,hostilities,bickering,jealousy,outburstsofrage,selfishrivalries,
dissensions,factions,envy,drunkenness,orgies,andthelike (Gal5:19
21).
DescriptiveDefinitionofOriginalSin
383. Originalsincanbedescribedas thestateinwhichwearebornas
membersofthehumanrace. Wearethussituatedinasinfulhistorythat
affectsourcapacitytoloveGodaboveall,tobecomeourtruefullselves,
andachieveourdestiny.

Itiscalledoriginalsinceitdatesfromtheoriginofourhumanrace.
Thismeansitisuniversal:allneedtoberedeemed.

Itiscalled sin notbecauseitisapersonalsinfulthought,word,or

actiononourpart,butbecauseitisastatecontrarytoGodswill.Itis
an obstacle to that positive loving relation to Him and His whole
creationforwhichwearecreated.

384. ThisCatholicdoctrineshouldnotbedifficulttounderstandsinceweall
experiencethisinclinationtoevilandalackofharmonywithinourselves,
with others and with all created things. Genesis describes these
consequencesoftheFallasthedirectresultoftherefusaltoacknowledge
Godasthecreativesourceofallandfinaldestinyforeveryhumanperson.
TheBiblefrequentlyhighlightsthisexperienceofdisharmonybydescribing
life as a dramatic struggle between good and evil, between light and
darkness(Ecclesiastes;Isaiah;Romans.)
385. Our experience of this personal disharmony within us is strikingly
describedbySt.Paulscryofanguish:WhathappensisthatIdo,notthe
goodIwilltodo,buttheevilIdonotintend...WhatawretchedmanIam!
Whocanfreemefromthisbodyunderthepowerofdeath?YetPauls
answercomesimmediately:AllpraisetoGod,throughJesusChristour
Lord!(Rom7:1920,2425).
386. Moreemphasizedtodayarethesocialconsequencesoforiginalsin.Yet
inmanycurrenteffortstobringpeace,justice,andeconomicbettermentto
all,theobstacleofsintendstobepassedover.Sinisnotanactivecategory
incurrent socialsciences, whichevensomewellmeaningChristiansseem
tothinkwillbringsalvation.
Buttosoignorethefactofourwoundedhumannature,ourinclinationtoself
centerednessandpridehasledtograveerrorsintheareasofeducation,politics,social
actionandmorals(CCC4079;cf.CA25).
387. AsFilipinoswithadeepculturalCatholictradition,weshouldbeable
torecognizetheveryfruitfulcontributionsofthesocialscienceswithout
idolizingthem.Wewill notultimatelybesavedbyany newfiveyear
economicplan,ornovelpoliticalstratagem.Onlybyrespondingasbestwe
can to the grace of Christ our Lord, will all our economic, social and
politicalactivitiesbesalvific.
388. VaticanIIgivesusaglimpseofthedepthandextentofthisresponse:
Foramonumentalstruggleagainstthepowersofdarknesspervadesour
wholehumanhistory.Thebattlewasjoinedfromtheveryoriginsofthe
worldandwillcontinueuntilthelastday (cf.Mt24:13;13:2430).
Caughtinthisconflict,weareobligedtowrestleconstantlyifweareto

clingtowhatisgood.Norcanweachieveourownintegritywithout
valianteffortsandthehelpofgrace(GS37).
389. Finally, we all must face the ultimate test of our lives: death. Our
naturaldeepfearanddreadoftotalannihilationandextinctioncanmake
deathatraumatictest.Bodilydeathaswenowexperienceitisduetothe
Fall:
BecauseGoddidnotmakedeath,nordoesHerejoiceinthedestruction
oftheliving.ForHefashionedallthingsthattheymighthavebeing...
It was the wicked who with hands and words invited death, and
considereditafriend,andpinedforit,andmadeacovenantwithit,
becausetheydeservetobeinitspossession(Wis1:1314,16).
390. St.Paulalsobringsoutclearlytherelationofdeathtosin:Justas
through one man sin entered the world, and with sin death, death thus
comingtoallmeninasmuchasallsinned(Rom5:12).Buthedoesthisto
showthatassinreignedthroughdeath,gracealsomayreignbywayof
justiceleadingtoeternallifethroughJesusChristourLord (Rom5:21).
VaticanIIrepeatsthismessage:
Godhascalledus,andstillcallsus,tocleavewithallourbeingtoHim
insharingforeveralifethatisdivineandfreefromalldecay.Christ
wonthisvictorywhenherosetolife,forbyhisdeathhefreedusfrom
death(GS18).
III.ORIGINALSINANDFILIPINO
CATHOLICLIFE
391. TherealityoforiginalsinisbroughthometomostFilipinosbytwo
prominentaspectsofourCatholiclife.The first isourpracticeof infant
Baptism.Infantswhoofthemselvescannothaveyetcommittedanysinare
trulybaptizedfortheremissionofsins(Trent,ND511).Thisisbecauseas
membersoftheraceofAdamtheyareaffectedbyitssinfulness.Theyare
influencedbothinteriorlyastheygrowup,andexteriorlythroughthewhole
sinfulsituationalenvironment.
InthesacramentofBaptism,thechildisblessedinthenameofthe
MostHolyTrinity.ThisbindstheinfantthroughtheRisenChristinthe
poweroftheHolySpirittothepeopleofGod,theChurch,representedby

the parents, the sponsors, the whole family and friends, and the local
Christiancommunity.
392. Baptism wipes away original sin in the sense that the baptized
receivestheHolySpiritwhomakespresentthesalvificloveoftheRisen
Christ and the Father. This grace enables the baptized to grow up in a
Christianwayoflife:ChristisHead,theSpiritisinnerforce,theheavenly
Fatheriscreativesourceandfinaldestiny,andthelocalChurchistheplace
ofredemption.
393.VaticanIIdescribestheChristianperspectiveintowhichthebaptizedis
introduced.
All human activity, constantly imperiled by our pride and deranged
selflove,mustbepurifiedandperfectedbythepowerofChristscross
andresurrection.For,redeemedbyChristandmadenewcreaturesin
the Holy Spirit, we are able, and indeed ought, to love the things
createdbyGod...receivethemfromGod,andrespectandreverence
themasflowingconstantlyfromthehandofGod(GS37).
394. ThesecondaspectofFilipinoCatholiclifethatbringsouttherealityof
originalsinisdevotiontoMary,theImmaculateConception.Despitemany
commonmisunderstandingsofthisCatholicdoctrine,FilipinoCatholicsare
taughttopraytoMaryconceivedwithoutoriginalsin.Marywas,fromthe
firstmomentofherconceptioninthewombofhermother,gracedbyGod
inviewofhermissiontobecomethemotherofGodsonlybegottenSon
accordingtotheflesh.Atnomomentwassheunderthepowerofsin.This
singulargraceandprivilegeofMarywasaccomplishedbyalmightyGod
inviewofthemeritsofJesusChristtheSaviorofthehumanrace (ND
709).
395. Marys Immaculate Conception, therefore, shows Christs power in
overcomingsin,andholdsoutthepromisetousall.Forifwetrytoimitate
MarysperfectlovingfidelitytoGodbystrugglingvaliantlyinthepowerof
theSpirittoavoidsinandfollowChristfaithfullyinourdailylives,wetoo
mayonedaybefreedfromsinandlivefullyinGodslove.Catholicsthe
worldover,throughthecenturies,havefoundthatsinceredevotiontoand
venerationofMaryisanextraordinarilyefficaciousmeanstowardthatgoal.

INTEGRATION

396. TheCatholic doctrine onoriginalsinnaturallygoeswith creation,sinceit

modifiesthebelieversviewofallreality.Aswithcreation,itisChristourLordwho
offerstherealinsightintothisreality.FornotonlydoweseeChristinsharper
lightastheLambofGodwhotakesawaythesinoftheworld(Jn1:29)__
ourSavior.Wealsoseeourselvesandoursinfulworld,withallitstragedies,
trialsandfrustrations,asimmediatelytouchedbyGodourFather,through
HisonlybegottenSonmademan,Risenfromthedead,andinTheirHolySpirit.
GodourSavioriswithuspreciselyinourexperienceofcombattingthisuniversal
sinfulness.
397. Thisdoctrineoforiginalsinradicallyaffectsourmoralperspectiveand
vision. We begin to understand thedepth of the power of evil ranged
againstourattemptstofollowChristfaithfullythroughthought,wordand
deed.ThepersonalandsocialdemandsofresponsibleChristianlivingwould
beoverwhelmingifitwerenotforChristspromisetobewithusalwaysin
hisSpirit.AndthispresenceofChristandhisSpiritisfeltonlythroughan
activeprayerandsacramentallife.
398. In worship,amoreaccurateunderstandingoforiginalsinwouldhelp
theFilipinoCatholictowardafardeeperappreciationofBaptism.Insteadof
a social ceremonial ritual which by some magic supposedly washes
awaysinfromanapparentlyinnocentchild,Baptismwouldbeseenasa
realforcethroughoutourChristianlives.Baptismcallsforourpersevering
efforttofollowChristineverythingwedo.Our Baptismalvows, repeated
everyEaster,mustbetakenseriouslyasarealisticcommitmenttoChrist.
Only through the power and inspiration of the Spirit, sent by the Risen
Christ and the Father, can we be faithful to them. We make them as
membersofthelocalChurch,theChristiancommunitywhosestrengthand
supportareabsolutelyessentialforouractiveCatholiclife.

399. Abettergraspoftherealityoforiginalsinwouldalsobothinspireamoreintense
prayerlifeaswellashelppurifyitfromselfcenteredness.Apureandopenheart,
childlikesimplicity,andintensesorrowforsinandfirmpurposeofamendment,
arenotqualitiesthatcomenaturally.Whenpresent,werecognizethemasgiftsofthe
Spirit.Thus,theworshipdimensionofourCatholicFaithisalsointrinsicallyinfluenced
bytheconditiondescribedbythedoctrineoforiginalsin.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

400. Whyistheresinandevilintheworld?
TheBibleteachesthatsinandevilcomenotfromGodwhocreated
everythinggood,butfromthewillfuldisobedienceofmanwhoabused
hisGodgivenfreedomatthedawnofhistory.
401. Whatdoesoriginalsinmean?
Originalsincanrefertotwothings:
thefirstoriginatingsinwhichbroughtevilandbrokennessintothe
world;or
originatedsin,ortheactualsinfulstateintowhichweareborn,the
essenceofwhichistheprivationofsanctifyinggrace,andsomeof
whoseconsequencesareevidentintheoutsidesinfulsituation(sinof
the world), and the inner effect of disordered desires
(concupiscence)weallexperiencewithinus.
402. WhydoestheBibletreatoforiginalsin?
TheBiblesGoodNewsnarratesthehistoryofsinintheworldto
bringoutourneedforGodsredeeminglovethroughJesusChristinthe
HolySpirit.
403. WhatdoesGenesisteachaboutoriginalsin?
Genesis narrates the primordial account of the originating sin of
AdamandEveanditsconsequencesforthemaswellasinthespreadof
evilinordertoaccountfortheevilwhichweallexperiencetoday.

404. WhatdoesSt.Paulteachaboutoriginalsin?

St.Paulteachesthatjustasthroughonemans[Adams]disobedience
allbecamesinners,sothroughonemans[Christs]obedienceallshall
becomejust(Rom5:19).
405. HowdoesChurchteachingexplainoriginalsin?
TheChurchclarifiesthatwedonotinheritAdamspersonalsin,butits
consequences,thatisthatasmembersofthehumanrace,weareborn
deprivedofsanctifyinggrace,intothesinfulconditionintheworldwith
ourweakenedhumannatureresultingfromhissin.
406. Inwhatdoesoriginalsinconsistandwhatisrelatedtoit?
Originalsinessentiallyconsistsintheprivationofsanctifyinggrace,the
conditioninwhichallhumanbeingsareborn.
Relatedtoitare:
thesinoftheworld (Jn 1:29) describingthesinfulenvironment
intowhichweareborn;
theheartofdarknessinuswhichweexperienceinconcupiscence;
and
theconnectionbetweenoriginalsinandpersonalsins.
407. Whyisitcalledoriginalsin?
Itiscalled
originalbecauseitsrootsintheorigins ofthehumanracealone
explainitsuniversality;
sinnotbecauseitisapersonalsinfulthought,wordordeed,but
becauseitisastatecontrarytoGodswill.Itaffectsourcapacityto
loveGod,becomeourtrueselves,andachieveourdestinywithour
fellowmenandwomen.
408. How do we experience this heart of darkness within us due to
originalsin?
St.Paulaptlydescribesthisexperience:Ido,notthegoodIwilltodo,
buttheevilIdonotintend(Rom7:19).Thedesiretodorightisthere
butnotthepower(Rom7:18).
409. Whatismeantbyconcupiscence?

Concupiscenceisthatdeepseateddisorderinourappetitesanddrives
that is the rootcause of many of our personal sins; through Gods
redeeminggracewearestrengthenedtoovercomethisdisorderwithin
us.
410. Whatismeantbycapitalsins?
Capitalorrootsinsarebasicevilinclinationsordisvalues(pride,lust,
anger,gluttony,envy,covetousness,sloth)whicharetheoriginofmany
sinful thoughts, words or deeds. They manifest the evil tendencies
withineachofuswhicharetheeffectoforiginalsin.
411. HowdoesBaptismtakeawayoriginalsin?
Baptismtakesawayoriginalsinbybringingtothebaptizedthegiftof
theHolySpirit,Godssaving,sanctifyingpresence.
The indwelling Holy Spirit in the baptized makes them adopted
sons/daughtersoftheFather,coheirswithJesusChrist,andincorporates
themintohisBodytheChurch.
412. Whydowebaptizeinnocentbabies?
Infant baptism is not to take away any personal sins __ the baby
obviouslycannothavecommittedsin.
Rather, Baptism is to grace the child with the gift of the Holy Spirit,
within the Christian community of parents, sponsors and neighbors, to
effectively symbolize the Christian atmosphere needed for growing up as a
disciple of Christ in faith, hope and love.

Chapter

God Promises a Savior

You will know that I, the Lord, am your God when I free you
from the labor of the Egyptians and bring you to the land
which I swore to give.
(Ex 6:7-8)

With the Lord is kindness and plenteous redemption.

He will redeem Israel from all their iniquities.
(Ps 130:7-8)

OPENING

413. Promiseisoneofthekeywordsoflove.TheOldTestamentstoryof
Gods love for His people centers on His promise of salvation. I have
witnessedtheafflictionofmypeople...Ihaveheardtheircry...soIknow
wellwhattheyaresuffering.ThereforeIwillcomedowntorescuethem
(Ex3:78).ThatGodknowsthesufferingofHispeopleshowsHimasone
wholovesandcaresfortheoppressed,theafflicted,thepoorandthehungry.
414. ImmediatelyafternarratingtheFallofmanandwoman,andthespread
ofwickednessthroughouttheworld,withthecovenantofNoahafterthe
Flood,thebookofGenesisshowsGodsconcernforallmankind(cf.Gn9:9
11.1).Hisloveencompassesallnationsinspiteof theirsinfulnessanddivisions.
Hisplanistogatherthemallinoneholypeople.Andhebeginstoactualizehis
planwiththecallofAbrahamandthethreefoldpromiseofland,ofdescendants,
andofamission.ThesethreeelementsshowthatGodisnotlimitedbyplace
ortime,butactsonauniversalscale,coveringallpeoplesonthefaceofthe
earth.TheGodwhosavesistobefoundwheresufferingandbrokennessare
mostsevere,andwheretheneedforHisgraceisgreatest.

CONTEXT

415. MostFilipinoshaveanaturalattractionfortheWordofGodintheOld
Testament.IntheirearlyyearstheylovetoheartheBiblestoriesofthegreat
figureslikeMoses,Jonah,David,Samson,Solomonandthelike.AtSunday
MasstheyhearreadingsfromtheOldTestament.Today,Biblestudygroups
(Bibliarasal) arequitepopular,andBiblepreachersofallkindsareheard
constantly throughout the land. PCP II boasts of Lay Ministers of the
WordinmanyBasicEcclesialCommunities,particularlythosewhohave
beencommissionedafterappropriatetraininginRegionalBibleCenters(cf.
PCPII605).
416. ButhowwellpreparedaremostFilipinoCatholicstorespondtothe
aggressive proselytizing of many Born Again and biblical
fundamentalists?TheseactiveevangelistsoftendisturbthetypicalFilipino
Catholicwithafloodofbiblicaltextsquotedfrommemory,oftentakenout
ofcontextandinterpretedaccordingtoapresetantiCatholicbias.Thus
theychargeCatholicswithnotobservingtheSabbathasthedayofworship,
orwithviolatingtheBiblicalprohibitionagainstmakingimagesofGodand
anyothercreature,orofeatingblood(cf.PCPII21819).
417. Many Catholic Filipinos find difficulty in responding to these
challengessincetheirfamiliaritywiththeOldTestamentisoftendominated
byliteralacceptanceofwhattheBiblesays.Thebiblicaldramasaretaken
assimplestories,withoutdiscerningtheunderlyingdeepermeaning.Thus,
distorted ideas arise about God as being a fearful Judge exacting dire
punishment for every sin. Or about Old Testament morality erroneously
conceivedintermsofaneyeforaneye,atoothforatooth(Ex21:24).
418. SomereactbyrejectingthevalidityofthewholeOldTestamentforus
today.Otherswanttoknowwhichpartsremainbindingonus.Formany,the
OldTestamentissimply obsolete sincewealreadyhavethefulfillmentof
Gods Promise of a Redeemer in Jesus Christ. Besides, they see little
relevanceforthemselvesintheancienthistoryofafaroffpeoplewhohave
littleincommonwithFilipinosofthe20thcentury,fastapproachingthe
21st!
PCPII, inrecognizingtheproblem,spokeofthechallengetoreadand
study,prayoverandlivethewrittenWordofGod.Itexpressedthestrong

desire that the Bible, read in the Church, occupy the place of honor it
deservesineveryCatholicheart,homeandparish(PCPII224:1).

EXPOSITION

I.VALUEOFTHEOLDTESTAMENT
419. ThetruthisthattheOldTestamentisthelivingWordofGod,sharper
thananytwoedgedsword.Itpenetratesanddividessoulandspirit,joints
andmarrow;itjudgesthereflectionsandthoughtsoftheheart(Heb4:12).
ThePromiseofsalvationisasimportantforustodayasitwasforthe
Israelitesbecausesalvationisnotathing,amaterialgift,buttheliving,
transformingpresenceofGodwithinus.Wearepilgrims,journeyinginthe
lightandbythestrengthofGodsabidingpromise:Iwillbewithyou(Ex
3:12).
420. Thus Gods Old Testament Word is necessary for us today, and
throughoutourlivestounderstandChristourSaviormorefully. PCPII
insistedthat
nothingandnoonespeaksbetteroftheIncarnateWordofGodthanthe
ScriptureasWordofGod.WhentheBibleisreadintheChurch,itis
Christhimselfwhospeakstous(cf.SC7).TheBiblemustonceagain
become the primary catechetical book. Familiarity with the Bible
throughprayerfuluseandstudyofitshouldcharacterizetheCatholic
faithful,forignoranceoftheScripturesisignoranceofChrist(DV5;
PCPII159).
421. JesushimselfthustaughttheEmmausdisciples,beginningwithMoses
andalltheprophets,interpretingeverypassageofScripturethatreferredto
him(Lk24:27).ThebasicreasonforthisinsistenceontheScripturesisnot
theFundamentalistsattack,butthefactthattheplanofsalvationisfoundas

thetrueWordofGodintheOldTestament bookswhich,writtenunderdivine
inspiration,remainpermanentlyvaluable(DV14).
II.CANONOFTHEOLDTESTAMENT
422. ThebiblicalPromiseofSalvationintheOldTestamentisnotprimarily
aquestionofanindividualtextorevenaseriesoftexts.Rather,thewhole
OldTestamentisathreepartpresentationofthesavingactsofGod.First,
thereistheTorah,thehistoricalbooksrevealingGodinthehistoryofHis
Covenant Promises to Israel. Second, the prophets Word of the Lord
promises deliverance from slavery and exile. Third, the writings of the
sages, the poets and the visionaries offer inspired means for discerning
Godssavingpresenceindailylife(cf.CCC702).

ThisOldTestamentcanonissummarizedinJeremiah:
Itwillnotmeantheloss
ofinstruction[Torah]fromthepriests,
norofmessages[word]fromtheprophets,
norofcounselfromthewise(Jer18:18).
A. Torah/HistoricalBooks
423. ThefirstfivebooksoftheOT,calledthe Pentateuch,constitutethe
coreofthe Torah,orLaw.Butunlikeourlawstoday,theOldTestament
TorahwasformedgraduallyasanarrativememoryofGodscovenantwith
Hispeople.Itistheauthoritativeresponsetoquestioning:Lateron,when
yoursonasksyouwhattheseordinances,statutesanddecreesmeanwhich
theLordhasenjoinedonyou,youshallsaytoyourson:
WewereonceslavesofPharaohinEgypt,buttheLordbroughtusout
ofEgyptwithhisstronghand,andwroughtbeforeoureyessignsand
wonders...toleadusintothelandHepromisedonoathtoourfathers.
ThereforetheLordcommandedustoobserveallthesestatutesinfear
of the Lord, our God, that we may always have as prosperous and
happyalifeaswehavetoday...(Dt6:2024).

424. Vocation.TorahorLawheresignifiesamoralbindingthatisat
oncea vocation,a gift anda wayoflife. TheOldTestamentTorahisan
openended,imaginativenarrativeofIsraelshistoricalpublicexperienceof
theirCovenantGod.Toanyonetodaywhothinkslifeismadeuponlyof
onesownimmediateprivateexperiences,theTorahinsistsontheessential
place of the communitys heritage and the handing down of a living
tradition.
425. AtthecenterofIsraelsmemoryisthe CovenantMaker, Godwhois
withHispeopleandforHispeople.
Hear,OIsrael!...Benotweakheartedorafraid;beneitheralarmed
norfrightened...ForitistheLord,yourGodwhogoeswithyouto
fightforyouagainstyourenemies(Dt20:34).
ThedecisiveeventinIsraelshistorywasthe Exodus fromEgyptand
the Sinai Covenant. TheIsraeliteswerecommandedbyGodtorelivethis
greatcovenantmomentofliberationeachyearbycelebratingthe Feastof
thePassover.
You shall observe this as a perpetual ordinance for yourselves and your
descendants....Whenyourchildrenaskyou,Whatdoesthisriteofyoursmean?
youshallreply:ThisisthePassoversacrificeoftheLord,whopassedoverthe
housesoftheIsraelitesinEgypt(Ex12:2427).
426. Commandments. For their part of the Covenant, the Israelites were
calledtokeeptheTenWordsgiventoMosesatMountSinai(cf.Ex20;
Dt5:621). TheseCommandmentswereto liberate them,astheirpreface
declares:I,theLord,amyourGod,whobroughtyououtofthelandof
Egypt, that place of slavery (Ex 20:2). But they also demanded of the
people a fateful decision: a persevering commitment to the liberating
CovenantGod:
Here,then,Ihavetodaysetbeforeyoulifeandprosperity,deathand
doom.IfyouobeythecommandmentsoftheLordyourGod...you
willlive.If,however,youturnawayyourheartsandwillnotlisten...
youwillcertainlyperish(Dt30:1518).
427. Inbrief,theGodoftheCovenantbroughtsalvationtoHispeopleby
His active presence. When infidelities weakened this presence, God

promised a New Presence in a New Covenant, fashioned by a Promised

Savior.AsChristiansweenterthisNewPaschalCovenantmadeinChrist
through our Baptism. But unfortunately, like the Israelites of old, the
CovenantGodsPromiseoflifeisoftenforgottenortakenforgranted,and
ourCovenantresponseinourBaptismalPromisesonlyrarelyrecalled.
B.

TheWordoftheProphets

428. Weoftenconfuseprophetwithafortuneteller(manghuhula)whopredictswhat
thefutureholdsinstoreforus.ButtheOldTestamentprophetswerenotlikethat.They
weremencalledbyGodtospeakHiswordtothepeople,interpretingtheirpresent
situationinthesightofGodandtellingthemwhatHewoulddowiththem.Mostofall,
theprophetscalledthepeoplebacktotheCovenant. FordespiteGodsconstant
fidelity,Israelshistoryisaseriesofinfidelities.AfterthefirststageofGodssavingacts
inliberatingHispeoplefromtheirslaveryinEgypt,asecondstageconcernstheir
deliveranceproclaimedbytheprophets,bothbeforeandaftertheExile,ifonly
theywouldturnbacktotheLord.
429. Conversion.Thispropheticwordcomesasasurprise;itisawordof
passion,bringingnewhopeattheverytimewhenthingswerecompletely
hopeless.ItisthewordoftheLord,freeandunaccommodating,breaking
allconventionalexpectations.Itisawordofconversion:turnbacktoGod.
Amosadmonishes:
SeektheLord,thatyoumaylive...
Seekgoodandnotevil;
ThentrulywilltheLord,theGodofhosts,
bewithyouasyouclaim!(Am5:6,14)
Isaiahechoesthesamecalltoconversion:
Washyourselvesclean!
Putawayyourmisdeedsfrombeforemyeyes;
Ceasedoingevil;learntodogood.
Makejusticeyouraim:redressthewronged,
Heartheorphansplea,defendthewidow(Is1:1617).
430. The peoplesconversion isnotjustselfmade.Rather,itisalsothe
workoftheirsavingGod:Fearnot,forIhaveredeemedyou;Ihavecalled

youbyname:youaremine(Is43:1).Withinthisgraceofconversionisthe
promiseofforgiveness.IsaiahgivesGodsside:
Comenow,letussetthingsright,saystheLord.Thoughyoursinsbe
likescarlet,theymaybecomewhiteassnow;thoughtheybecrimson
red,theymaybecomewhiteaswool(Is1:18).
TheprophetJoelhighlightstheneedforgenuineinteriorrepentancetogain
Godsmercy:
Returntomewithyourwholeheart,withfasting,
andweeping,andmourning;
Rendyourhearts,notyourgarments,
andreturntotheLordyourGod.
ForgraciousandmercifulisHe,slowtoanger,
richinkindness,andrelentinginpunishment(Jl2:1213).
431. Godscallthroughtheprophetstorepentanceendswithanincredible
promise.EzekieldescribesYahwehspromisethus:
Iwillgiveyouanewheart
andplaceanewspiritwithinyou,
takingfromyourbodiesyourstonyhearts
andgivingyounaturalhearts.
Iwillputmyspiritwithinyou
andmakeyoulivebymystatutes(Ez36:2627).
Moreover, this deep interior renewal activated by Gods grace is
workednotjustwithintheindividualalone,butespeciallyamongthewhole
people. The days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new
covenantwiththehouseofIsrael(Jer31:31).
432. ThemessianicpropheciesforetellingreaterdetailtheSaviorwhowill
bringaboutthepromisednewCovenant.ThisSaviorwillshowa special
loveforthepoor and justice willbehisconcern.Heshalljudgethepoor
withjustice,anddecidearightforthelandsafflicted(Is11:4).Thisisthe
nametheygivehim:TheLordourjustice (Jer23:6). See,yourking

shallcometoyou;ajustSaviorishe,meek,andridingonanass (Zech
9:9).
433. ServantSongs. Isaiahpresents four Servantsongswhichprovidea
startlingnewimageofhowGodwillrealizeHispromiseofsalvation.The
missionofthissufferingServantistoestablishjustice:
HereismyservantwhomIuphold,
MychosenonewithwhomIampleased,
UponwhomIhaveputmyspirit;
Heshallbringforthjusticetothenations(Is42:1).
Thescopeofhissavingworkisuniversal:
Iwillmakeyoualighttothenations,
thatmysalvationmayreachtotheendsoftheearth(Is49:6).
434. Moststrikingofallisthecharacteristic lifestyle ofthisServant:his
willingnesstosuffer.
Igavemybacktothosewhobeatme,
mycheekstothosewhopluckedmybeard.
MyfaceIdidnotshieldfrombuffetsandspitting(Is50:6).
TheServantssufferingwasnotforhispersonalsin,butforthesinsof
others.
Hewaspiercedforouroffenses,
crushedforoursins;
Uponhimwasthechastisementthatmakesuswhole,
byhisstripeswewerehealed.
Wehadallgoneastraylikesheep,
eachfollowinghisownway;
ButtheLordlaiduponhimtheguiltofusall(Is53:5f).
435. ButtheprophetsdidmorethanprophesyaMessiahKingandSuffering
Servant.Theircalltoconversionwasaradicalupheaval.TheLordtouched
Jeremiahs mouth and told him: This day I set you over nations and
kingdoms,torootupandtoteardown,todestroyandtodemolish,tobuild

andtoplant(Jer1:10).Theoldworldiscomingtoanend:rootedupand
torndown,destroyedanddemolished. Godisbringinganewworldinto
existence:buildingandplantingit.Thisistheplanproposedforthewhole
earth...TheLordofhostshasplanned,whocanthwarthim?(Is14:2627)
436. Prophetic Hope. There are always those who, overcome by the
tragediesoflife,claimsuchanewworldisimpossibleevenforGod.To
themtheLordrepliedthroughtheprophet:IamtheLord,theGodofall
mankind!IsanythingimpossibletoMe?(Jer32:2627).ThusGodmakes
Himself the firm foundation for the hope held out to the people by the
prophets.
437. Thisprophetichopeis, firstofall,groundedonthememory ofGods
greatsavingactsinthepast.Looktotherockfromwhichyouwerehewn,
tothepitfromwhichyouwerequarried.LooktoAbraham,yourfather,and
to Sarah, who gave you birth (Is 51:12). Thus grounded, hope works
against the rootlessness with which modern secularism plagues us all.
Second,prophetichopelooksessentiallyalsotothefutureandtoposterity.It
thushelpsustoovercomeourexcessiveindividualism.Mysalvationshall
remainforever,andmyjusticeshallneverbedismayed(Is51:6).Third,in
freeingusfromtheguiltofsin,theprophetspromiseofGodsforgiveness
bringscomfort.Comfort,givecomforttomypeople,saysyourGod.Speak
tenderlytoJerusalem...herguiltisexpiated(Is40:12).
438. Fourth, the prophetic hope sketches a new life that drives out
resignationanddespair.
TheythathopeintheLordwillrenewtheirstrength,
theywillsoaraswitheagleswings;
Theywillrunandnotgrowweary,
walkandnotgrowfaint(Is40:31).
439. Lastly,theprophetichopeburstsoutofallnarrowpragmatic,utilitarian
viewsbyofferingavisionofthefuturethatonlyGodcancreate.
Lo,Iamabouttocreatenewheavensandanewearth;
Thethingsofthepastshallnotberememberedorcometomind.

Instead,thereshallalwaysberejoicingandhappinessinwhatIcreate
(Is65:1718).
440. GodisspeakingtoustodaythroughtheOldTestamentprophets as
much as in the days of old. The prophetic message is inspiring an
extraordinarilyactiveministryoftheCatholicChurchinthePhilippinesinitsthrustfor
justicethroughapreferentialoptionforthepoor.Thepropheticmessageofconversion,
ofhopeintheLord,offidelitytotheCovenantwithGodourSavior,remainsevernew
andeverrelevant.
Recognizingthis,PCPIIdecreedthat
asyllabusofbiblicalcatechesisforsocialinvolvementmustbeunder
taken. This biblical catechesis should be promoted and given
prominenceinevangelizationworkandintheChurchsprogramsofformation
andactionforsocialawareness(PCPIIDecrees,Art.21,34).
C. TheCounseloftheWise
441. ThethirdpartoftheOldTestament,calledtheWritings,presentsthe
discernment needed for ordinary daytoday living. The Psalms and the
WisdomliteraturepresenthowthefaithfulcandiscernthepresenceofGod
intheirdailylives.Howarethingsinterconnected?thewisemanasks.
CanGod,throughHisCovenantTorahand His prophetic Word, bring
salvationtoordinarydailylife?Whencecanwisdombeobtained,
andwhereistheplaceofunderstanding?(Jb28:12).
442. IntheWisdomLiterature,Jobrespondsbylookingnotonlybacktothe
confidentexperienceofGodssavingpresenceinthepast.Healsolooks
forwardtothedivineinscrutability:TheLordgaveandtheLordhastaken
away(Jb1:21).Thereismuchtolearnfromthecounselsofthewise.Be
notwiseinyourowneyes,feartheLordandturnawayfromevil(Prv3:7).
Onworkandleisure:Hewhotillshisownlandhasfoodinplenty,buthe
whofollowsidlepursuitsisafool(Prv12:11).Onrelatingtopeople:A
mildanswercalmswrath,butaharshwordstirsupanger(Prv15:1).
443. Someadviceliberatesbyexposingevilsthatenslave.Therearesix
thingstheLordhates,yes,sevenareanabominationtoHim;haughtyeyes,a
lyingtongue,andhandsthatshedinnocentblood;aheartthatplotswicked

schemes,feetthatrunswiftlytoevil,thefalsewitnesswhoutterslies,and
he who sows discord among brothers (Prv 6:1619). Others provide
somethingliketodaysvalueclarification.Itisbettertoharkentothe
wisepersonsrebukethantoharkentothesongoffools(Eccl7:5).
444. Jobs question, then, is answered by the vital interaction of life
experience and Lordexperience. Bothcometogetherin:Behold,the fear
of the Lord is wisdom, and avoiding evil is understanding (Jb
28:28). Thebesthumanknowledgeofsalvationisdiscerningobedienceto
theLord.
445. The Psalms present anotherdimensionofsalvation.Characteristicof
thePsalmsistheirdirectpersonaladdresstoGod,expressingdeepfaithand
trustintheLord.InthePsalmsallaspectsofdailylifeareencountered:

allplaceslikehouses,fields,roads,workshopsandsickbeds;

all occupations like eating, drinking, sleeping, getting up, working,

recreating;

all agesoflife,fromchildhoodtooldage,withallformsof personal

relations:manandwoman,parentsandchildren,brothersandfriends.
ThePsalmsrepeatIsraelsuniquehistory,andevenincludethewhole
of creation: the stars of heaven and earth, winds and clouds, trees and
flowers.
446. PsalmsofpraiseexpressthanksgivingforthesavingactsofGod,witha
pleaforHiscontinuedcare.PsalmsoflamentspeakofthedeliveranceGod
worksforHispeople.Bothmanifestthesharpconvictionthatweexistand
liveonlyasparticipatinginacommunityandindirectrelationshipwith
God.SalvationcomesfromGodtousascommunitymembers,notasself
madeliberators.Filipinosarenaturallydrawntothepsalmstoexpresstheir
utangnaloobforGodstremendouskagandahangloobwiththem.
447. DeeptrustinGod and Hispowertosave isthebasicthemeofthese
Psalms.Ononehandthereisbold,unreservedonenesswithGod.
Thoughmyfleshandmyheartwasteaway,
Godistherockofmyheartandmyportionforever(Ps73:26).

Ontheotherhand,atoughqualityispresent:themakingofadecision,
thechoosingofsidesandstandingfirmagainstothers.
Helpus,OGodourSavior,becauseofthegloryofyourname;
Deliverusandpardonoursinsforyournamessake;
Whyshouldthenationssay,WhereistheirGod?
Letitbeknownamongthenationsinoursight
thatyouavengethesheddingofyourservantsblood(Ps79:910).
448. ThefinalsalvificmessageofthePsalms,then,canbesummedupby
two notions: total commitment to the mystery of Gods nearness, and
concretedailyobediencetoHisTorah,HisCommandments.Thisrepeatsthe
distinctivemarksofIsraelinDeuteronomy:
ForwhatgreatnationistherethathasgodssoclosetoitastheLord,
ourGod,istouswheneverwecalluponHim?Orwhatgreatnationhas
statutesanddecreesthatareasjustasthiswholelawwhichIamsetting
beforeyoutoday?(Dt4:78).
449. AGodsonearandaTorahsorighteous__thesearethegroundsforthe
promisedsalvation.You,OLord,arenear,andallYourcommandments
arepermanent(Ps119:151).Thepromiseofsalvationmeansthis:
LetYourkindnesscometome,OLord,
YoursalvationaccordingtoYourpromise...
AndIwillkeepYourlawcontinuallyforeverandever.
AndIwillwalkatlibertybecauseIseekYourprecepts(Ps119:4145).
450. IntheNewTestament,wemeetChristourLordrespondinginsimilar
fashiontothesamequestionaboutsalvation.Whentherichyoungmanasked,
WhatmustIdotoinheriteternallife?Jesusreplied:Keepthecommandments[a
Torahsorighteous]...Ifyouwishtobeperfect,...come,followme![aGodsonear]
(Mk10:1722).InJesusChristourSavior,Godiswithus,forus.ThereforeobeyHim!

INTEGRATION

451. TheOldTestamentobviouslyserveswiththeNewasthemajorsource
ofallthreebasicdimensionsoftheCatholicFaith: doctrine,morals, and
worship.ItistemptingtolinkthethreepartOldTestamentcanon(theTorah,
theProphetsandtheWritings)todoctrine,moralsandworshiprespectively.But
thiswillnotdo:eachmajorpartoftheOldTestamentcontainselementsof
allthreedimensionsofourFaith.
452. Moreover,thereisgoodreasonfornottryingtokeepthethreepartsof
the Old Testament canon too clearly apart. For all three parts are so
intimatelyrelatedthatinthecomplexeditingprocessofcreatingtheOld
Testamentinitsfinalwrittenform,muchoverlappingresulted.Forexample,
theclaimsoftheTorahmovedintothePropheticbooks,whiletheprophetic
wordbecameimportantforinterpretingboththeTorahandtheWritings.
Finally,theWisdombooksandthePsalmshelptoappreciateboththeTorah
andtheProphets.
453. Doctrinal Dimension. Nevertheless, the Old Testaments inspired
narrative grounds most of the basic doctrines of our Catholic Faith. For
example, regarding God, He is the Father and Creator, who will send a
Saviortoredeemusfromsin,andcreatewithinanewheartandamongusa
newpeople,throughHisSpirit.
Thereforewerecognizetodayhowonesidedandunbalanceditwasto
picturetheOldTestamentGodasthegreatavenging,vindictiveJehovah.
Ratherwefind
Yahweh the shepherd who seeks out the lost, brings back the
strayed(Ez34:16),
avinekeepercaringforhisvineyard(cf.Is5:17),
thesaviorwholovedIsraelasafatherloveshisson(cf.Hos11:1),
andwiththetendernessofamotherforthechildofherwomb(cf.Is
49:15).
Yetallthispreparesforagreaterrevelation,forultimatelyonlyJesusChrist,
theSon,everattheFathersside(Jn1:18)canrevealthefullmysteryof
thelivingGod.

454. MoralDimension. The moral codeoftheTenWordsatSinaistill

groundstheNewCovenantsmoralstance,asJesushimselfpresentedit.
Moreover, the mystery of moral evil, sin, is dramatically presented in
GenesisandthroughouttheOldTestament.Perhapsevenmoreimportantis
how sins socialnature, andthecorrespondingcalltoliberatingactionare
mostpowerfullydescribedbytheprophets,astodaysliberationtheology
clearly manifests. In addition, the book of Proverbs provides ample
examplesofcommonsenseadvicefortraininginwiseconduct,inwhatis
right,justandhonest(Prv1:3).
455. WorshipDimension. TheChurchsliturgical worshipintheEucharist
celebrationdrawsdirectlyontheJewishsynagogueserviceofGodsWord
inSacredScripture,andespeciallyonIsraelsgreatfeastofthePassover.
ThispracticesimplybuildsonChristsownexampleattheLastSupper.
Moreover,especiallyinIsraelssongs,thePsalms,theCatholicChurchfinds
theinspiredexpressionofherdeepestspirituallongings.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

456. WhatisthevalueoftheOldTestamentforChristianstoday?
TheOldTestamentgivesusthelivingWordofGodthatbringsGods
promise of salvation to us. Salvation is not a material thing, but a
spiritualrealityonlygraduallyunderstoodthroughitspromise.
TheOTprovidesthebackgroundforinterpretingourownexperienceas
wellasthewords,example,andpresenceofChristourSavior.
WhentheholyScripturesarereadintheChurch,itisChristhimself
whospeakstous(SC7).
457. WhereisGodsPromiseofsalvationfoundintheOT?
GodsPromiseofsalvationisfoundinallthreepartsoftheOT:the
Law (Torah),the Prophets,andthe Writings (theWisdombooksand
Psalms).
458. WhatdoestheLawteachustodayaboutGodsPromise?

TheOTCovenantLawwasGodsgreat gift toHispeople,offering

themaspecialvocationandwayoflifeasacommunityheritage.
TheLawrevealsaGodforandwithHispeople,whosecommandments
aremeanttoliberateHispeople,despitetheirinfidelitiestowardHim.
459. WhatdotheProphetssayofGodsPromise?
TheprophetsinterpretthepresentsituationasviewedbyGod.They
constantlycallfor conversionofheart workedwithinHispeopleby
GodHimself.
460. How,accordingtotheProphets,wouldGodaccomplishthis?
ThemessianicpropheciesforetellaMessiahKingwhobringssalvation
tohispeoplepreciselyasaSufferingServant.
Theycallthepeopletoradicalconversion,to turnback toYahwehs
Covenantbyrenouncingevilanddoingjustice.
461. Whatismeantbyprophetichope?
TheprophetsgroundedthehopeofsalvationonGodHimself,basedon
thememoryofYahwehssavingactsinthepast,butalwayslooking
towardafuturenewlifethat,throughGodscreativepower,drivesout
allresignationanddespair.
462. WhatpromiseofsalvationdotheWritingsgive?
TheWisdombooksremindushowtobefaithfultoGodindailyactions
andevents.
Proverbstakeupthepracticalmoralwisdominordinarydailylife.
Jobwrestleswiththedeepestmysteriesofevilanddeath.
463. WhatisthespecialvalueofthePsalmsfortheChristian?
TheChurchhasadoptedthePsalms,theprayersChristused,toexpress
theNewCovenantcreatedbytheTriuneGod.
ThePsalmsaresongpoemsofpraise,lament,thanksgiving,repentance
__
arisingfromthedeepestlongingsofthehumanheartanddrawingon
GodssavingactsamongHispeople.
They express total personal commitment_to God, the Savior of His
people,indailyobediencetoHisLaw.

Chapter

10

Jesus Christ:
Mission and Person
And you, he said to them, who do you say that I am?
Simon Peter answered, You are the Messiah, the Son of the
living God!
(Mt 16:15-16)

Thomas said, My Lord and my God!

(Jn 20:28)

OPENING

464. ThecenterofourChristianFaithisJesusChrist.Henceheisthe
heartandcenterofcatechesis (cf.PCPII1579;CCC42629).Thusthe
chiefaimofthisCatechismistoputFilipinosnotonlyintouchbutin
communion,inintimacy,withJesusChrist:onlyHecanleadustothelove
oftheFatherintheSpiritandmakeusshareinthelifeoftheHolyTrinity
(CT5).LikePCPII,thisCatechismintendstobeavenueformeetingwith
Christ.ItisdirectedtowardaNewEvangelizationbasedonthepreaching
of Christ Crucified to todays Filipinos and Asians. . . To proclaim the
wonderfulredemptiveactsofChristourLord,fromAparritoJolo.Tore
animateourlifeinChristJesus;touniteallthingsinhim(cf.Messageof
theCouncil;PCPII7).
ThisisthefirstofthreechaptersfocusingdirectlyonJesusasheis
presentedtoustodaythroughtheteaching,witnessandprayerlifeofthe
CatholicPeopleofGod,theChurch.

465. Atacriticalpointinhispublicministry,Jesusaskedhisdisciples:
WhodoyousaythatIam? (Mt16:15) Thissamequestionisposedto
eachandeveryChristianFilipinotoday.Itsuniqueimportanceisthatour
ownselfidentityandlifemeaningaspersons,FilipinosandCatholics,rests
onourpersonalresponse.Totrulyknowourselvesandtheultimatemeaning
ofourlivesweneedtocontemplatethefaceandtheheartofChrist(PCP
II36).
Thischaptertakesupthe mission and identity ofJesusChrist.Thetwo
following chapters develop the central truths of his Paschal Mystery as
proclaimedintheEucharisticacclamation:Christhasdied,Christisrisen,
Christwillcomeagain.

CONTEXT

466. AstheonlyChristiannationofSoutheastAsia,weFilipinoscanbe
proudofourfaithinJesusChrist.Chapter1picturedtheCatholicFilipinoin
termsoffiveimagesofChrist:asSonofGodandSonofMan,asEucharist,
as Suffering Servant, as King,and as Miracle worker,within aMary
inspiredapproach.Herewewishtofocusonhowtocometoadeeper,truer
understanding of what Jesus Christ does and who he is. This tells us
somethingofboththerealJesusChristlivingtoday,andofourdeepfelt
values and needs as Filipinos, our kalooban, as redeemed disciples of
Christ(PCPII34).
467. ThreepopularFilipinoimagesofChristareparticularlyexpressive.
FirstistheSantoNio(theHolyChild)imagingtheinnocence,simplicity,
childlikewonderofChrist.WhilerespondingtotheFilipinosnaturallove
for children,thechildimageof Christcan sometimes foster a onesided
focus which neglects the mature, adult Christ and the demands of
responsiblediscipleship.
A second commonimageis HesusNazareno, picturingthesuffering
Jesus and inspiring many folk devotional panata. This image of Jesus
sufferingloveisveryconsolingtonumberlessFilipinosindirepovertyand
hardships.Yet,unlessitisbalancedbytheimageoftheRisenChrist,the

Victoroversinanddeathitself,itcanfosteracertainselfcentered,passive
fatalistic attitude that impedes free, creative response to everyday
challenges.
468. AthirdpopularimageofChrist,commoninjeepneysandtricycles,is
theSacredHeart,whosemeekandmildcountenanceinviteslikeattitudesin
his followers. Traditional Filipino courtesy and patience in the face of
sufferingarethusreligiouslygrounded.Butthissereneimageneedstobe
relatedtoChristtheLiberator,inspiredbyhismissiontolightafireonthe
earth (Lk12:49). ItisthisimageofChrist,liberatingusbothwithinour
personallivesandsocialstructures,thathascapturedthespecialattentionof
manyFilipinostoday.
469. Two realities dominate the present Philippine context of preaching
Christ. On the one hand, the startling growth of Born Again and
FundamentalistgroupsindicatesawidespreadyearningamongFilipinosfor
acloser,morepersonal,intimaterelationshipwithJesusChrist.PCPIIdoes
nothesitatetoadmitthattheChurchhasfailedinmanywaystosatisfythe
spiritualhungerofmanyofthefaithful.Thiswemustcorrect(PCPII223).
On the other hand, the continuing violence in armed conflicts and
kidnappingmanifeststhedeepsetcryofsomanyFilipinostodayforsocial
liberation. They are seeking a way to break out of the injustices and
oppressive structures that exploit them. It is in this concrete Philippine
context that Jesus Christ must be approached today. As Church of the
Poor,weFilipinoCatholicsmustbewillingtofollowJesusChristthrough
povertyandoppressioninordertocarryouttheworkofsalvation(PCPII
135).

EXPOSITION

I.PRESUPPOSITIONS
470. First,wemustrecognizethattoreallyknowJesusChristisalifelong
task.Thisistheexperienceofallwhobelieveinhim.Itislifelongbecause

toknowJesusistoknowtheonlyonewhomGodhasraisedup (Acts
2:32),whotakesawaythesinoftheworld(Jn1:29),whoistheonlySon
oftheFather,fullofgraceandtruth(Jn1:14).Itislifelong,too,because
only in Jesus Christ do we come to know our own true selves, and the
deepestmeaninganddestinyofourlives(cf.GS22;PCPII34).
471. Second,knowingJesusisaliving,changing, growing and deepening
experience.Itisnotlikeknowingsomefactofinformation,orknowinghow
todosomething,someskill.Rather, knowingJesusmeans enteringintoa
personalrelationshipwithhim. As PCPII declares,thebelieverlivesin
JesusandJesuslivesinhim (PCPII66). Knowinghim animatesand
liberatesusinawaylikenootherrelationshipcouldpossiblydo.
Concretely,mostFilipinoCatholicslearnofJesuswhentaughttheir
prayersasyoungchildren.WelearnaboutJesus,bornoftheVirginMary,
hismother,andrecitetheHailMary.OurparentstakeustoSundayMass
wherewelearntolistentoChriststeachingandhisworksofpowerby
hearingtheproclamationoftheGospelsGoodNews.WepraytheCreed
togetherwiththewholecongregation.
472. Third,theJesuswecometoknowisboththe historicalearthlyJesus
andthe RisenChristoffaith. Onecannotbeseparatedfromtheother.St.
PaulexemplifiesthisinhisdescriptionoftheGospel:
thegospelconcerningHisSon,whowasdescendedfromDavidaccordingtothe
fleshbutwasmadeSonofGodinpoweraccordingtothespiritofholiness,byhis
resurrectionfromthedead:JesusChristourLord
(Rom1:34).
473. Fourth,toknowJesusmeansbeingcommittedtofollowinghim,being
hisdisciple(cf.PCPII34,44).Asexpressedinapopularsongafewyears
ago, to see Christ more clearly involves loving him moredearlyand
followinghimmorenearly.ThereisnoauthenticknowingJesusChristoutsideof
personalcommitment tohisteachingandwayoflife.KnowingJesusmustmakea
differenceinourlives.Itmustaccompanylovingserviceofothersinlivingfaith(cf.Jas
2:17).Otherwiseitisknowledgethatpuffsup,ratherthanbuildsup(1Cor8:1).
PCP II declares: expressing our faith through deeds of justice and love is
particularlyurgentinthePhilippines(PCPII80).

474. FromthispracticalnecessityoffollowingJesusinordertoknowhim
adequatelyflowsafifthbasicprinciple:thatwecometoknowwhoJesusis
from what he did, his salvific mission. This is exemplified by one
Eucharistic acclamation which proclaims: Lord, by your Cross and
Resurrectionyouhavesetusfree.YouaretheSavioroftheworld!Johns
Gospelwaswrittenaccordingtothesameprinciple:Jesusperformedmany
othersignsaswell....Butthesehavebeenrecordedtohelpyoubelievethat
JesusistheMessiah,theSonofGod,sothatthroughthisfaithyoumayhave
lifeinhisname(Jn20:3031).SoweturntotheGospels,whichfaithfully
handonwhatJesus,theSonofGod,whilehelivedamongus,reallydidand
taughtforoureternalsalvation(DV19).
II.MINISTRYOFTHEHISTORICALJESUS
475. TheirreplaceablestartingpointforknowingChrististhe historical
Jesus.SoitwaswiththefirstdisciplesofChrist,whoseEasterproclamation
assertedthattheGodofourfathershasglorifiedhisServantJesus,whom
youhandedoveranddisownedinPilatespresence (Acts3:13). Soitis
with us Filipino Catholics today: we come to personal faith through the
ChristiancommunityswitnesstoJesushistoricallife,interpretedwiththe
helpoftheinspiredScripturesandofthecontinuedinspirationoftheHoly
Spirit in the living Tradition of the Church. The life and work of the
historical Jesus alone provides the basic ground for confessing Jesus as
ChristtheLord.
476. WhytheHistoricalJesus? WeproclaimintheCreedthattheSonof
Godcamedownfromheavenforusandoursalvation.Scripturelikewise
declares: The Father sent His Son as Savior of the world (1 Jn
4:14).Thismeansfirst,thatGodsentHisSonasanofferingforoursins(cf.
1Jn4:10).Second,hecametorevealtousGodslove,thatwemighthave
lifethroughhim(cf.Jn3:16).Third,hecametobeourmodelforsanctity,
sothat,fourth,wecouldshareinhisdivinesonship(cf.2Pt1:4;CCC456
60).
AtChristmasSt.Augustinepreached:HewhowastheSonofGod,for
youhasbecometheSonofman,sothatyouwhowerechildrenofmen,
mightbecomethechildrenofGod.Thathemightgiveusofhisgoodthings,
hesharedwithusourinfirmities.

477. AftersituatingitsworkintheLightsandShadowsofthePhilippines,
PCPIIchosetopresentitsMessagewithTheWayofJesus,followedby
TheCallofJesusToday,togroundourChristianlifeofDiscipleshipin
Community__TheChurch(PCPII37144).Theactualworkorministryof
JesuswassummedupbyVaticanIIinthefollowingdescription:
JesusChristspeaksthewordsofGod (cf.Jn3:34), andaccomplishes
thesavingworkwhichtheFathergavehimtodo....Hedidthisbythe
totalfactofhispresenceandselfmanifestation __bywordsandworks,
signsandmiracles,butaboveallbythisdeathandresurrectionfromthe
dead,andfinallybysendingtheSpiritoftruth(DV4).
478. FollowingVaticanII, PCPII describedChristas prophet,priest and
king (cf. LG 1013; PCP II 5761). In this chapter we shall sketch the
ministry of the historical Jesus under two main headings: prophet and
Savior.TheexpositionofJesusasKingwillbedevelopedintermsofChrist
ourMoralNorminChap.15.JesusasPriestisexplainedinthesectionof
Chapter28entitledJesusChrist,theOneMediator/Priest.
A. JesusasProphet
479. Thevocationofabiblicalprophetoftenembracesthreetypicaltasks:1)
toproclaimthewordofGodwithauthority;2)toaccompanythiswordwith
signsandwonders(deeds);and3)tosufferamartyrsfate,death.Thisisthe
patternofJesusministrythatwefindintheGospelofMark.Jesusisa
prophetequaltoanyoftheprophets (Mk6:15). Hisministryincitedthe
Phariseestoaskforsigns(cf.Mk8:11),andhewasputtodeathforbeinga
falseprophet(cf.Mk14:65).
480. Jesus himself spoke of his own experience in terms of a prophets
rejectionbyhisownpeople (cf.Mk6:4) andcomparedhisownfatetoa
prophetsdeathinJerusalem (cf.Lk13:33). Butmostofall,Jesusliveda
propheticmissionbyreasonofhispossessionoftheSpirit.Inthesynagogue
ofNazareth,JesuscalmlyappropriatestohimselfthetextofIsaiah:The
spiritoftheLordisuponme;thereforeHehasanointedme.Hehassentme
tobringgoodtidingstothepoor... (Lk4:18).WhenaskedbyJohnthe

BaptistsdisciplesAreyouHewhoistocome?Jesusrespondsbyciting
hisworksoftheSpirit:
GobackandreporttoJohnwhatyouhearandsee:theblindrecover
theirsight,crippleswalk,lepersarecured,thedeafhear,deadmenare
raisedtolife,andthepoorhavethegoodnewspreachedtothem(Mt
11:45).
Weshallbrieflydevelopeachofthethreedimensionsoftheprophets
task__ word,deeds,andfate __asJesusgivesthemtheirfullestmeaningin
hisownministry.
Word
481. The teaching and preaching of Jesus centered on the Kingdom of
God, adynamicsymbolofGodsactivepresenceamongHispeople.For
Christ, this Kingdom, was grounded in the Old Testament hope for
Yahwehs presence (cf. Ps 91:1, 96:10; 97:1; 99:1 etc). This hope was
eschatological,thatis,something already presentbut notyet fully (cf.Mk
1:14f; Mt4:17). Withouteverdefiningprecisely what theKingdomof
Godis,Jesususesittoembracealltheblessingsofsalvation,asalvationof
Godsactivepresencewithinpeoplesdailylife,liberatingthem from the
enslavingpowerofevil,forlovingserviceoftheirfellowmen.
For Filipino Christians today, PCP II sketches the essentials of the
Kingdomasa giftofGod, madepresentinJesus,asa Task andasa
Promise(cf.PCPII3943).
482. ChriststypicalmethodofcommunicatinghiswordabouttheKingdom
wasbytellingstories,parables.Inthemhefocusedonthecommonlifeof
hislisteners,anddrewthemintorecognizingGodspresencetherein.Jesus
taughtthepeoplethatGodwastheirFather,notincompetitionwiththem.That
Hewasnotcallingthemoutoftheirownhumanity,butrathermakingtheirown
creativehumaneffortspossiblebyHisdivinepresence.
483. AnothercharacteristicofJesuspreachingwashispeculiaruse
of Amen. While Amen was customary in responding to anothers
assertion,Jesususeditrathertointroducehisownmessage.Jesus Amen

expressedauniqueblendofcertainty,authorityandpower.
Certainty, becauseJesusclaimedtobeexpressingonlywhathehears
fromtheFather.Idonothingbymyself.IsayonlywhattheFatherhas
taughtme(Jn8:2628).
Authority, becauseunliketheprophetsofold,Jesusspokeinhisown
name:Isolemnlyassureyou...(cf.Jn3:3,11;5:19,24,etc.)Jesusputs
hiswordaboveMosesandtheLaw.Youhaveheardthecommandment
imposedonyourforefathers...WhatIsaytoyouis...(Mt5:2148).
Power,becauseJesusclaimedauniquefilialrelationshipwithGodhis
Abba, Father.Andheclaimedthepowertosharethisrelationshipwith
others:
EverythinghasbeengivenovertomebymyFather.Nooneknows
theSonbuttheFather,andnooneknowstheFatherbuttheSon,and
anyonetowhomtheSonwishestorevealHim(Mt11:27).
Deeds
484. PetersPentecostdiscoursebeganwith:MenofIsrael,listentome!
Jesus the Nazorean was a man whom God sent to you with miracles,
wonders,andsignsashiscredentials.TheseGodworkedthroughhimin
yourmidst,asyouwellknow (Acts2:22). ButJesuswasnotthetypical
wonderworkercreatingabigshowtodrawcrowdsoffollowers.Rather
heworkedahealingministrywhichconstantlycalledtopersonalfaithand
discipleship(cf.PCPII84).
485. The direct connection between faith and healing works is clearly
affirmedbyChristinmanyofhissigns.Forinstance:
whenhecuredtheparalytic(cf.Mk2:112),andthewomanwiththe
issueofblood(cf.Mk5:2534);
whenhegavesighttotheblindBartimaeus(cf.Mk10:4652),andrestoredto
lifeJairusdaughter(cf.Mk5:2124,3543);
whenhecuredthecenturionsservantboyatCapernaum(cf.Mt8:5
13), and the daughter of the persistent Canaanite woman (cf. Mt
15:2128);

 whenhecleansedthetenlepers,ofwhomonlytheoneSamaritan
returnedtogivethanks(cf.Lk17:1119).
Inallthesecases,Christsmessagewasthesame:Yourfaithhasbeen
yoursalvation.Goinpeace(Lk7:50).Incontrast,inhisownhometownof
Nazareth,Jesuscouldworknomiracle,somuchdidtheirlackof faith
distresshim(Mk6:56).
486. ThefaithwhichJesuspraisedthroughouthisministrywasnottheself
righteous,legalisticfaithoftheScribesandPharisees.Rather,forthosewho
knewtheirownhelplessness,itwastheopenacceptanceofGodsfreegift
of loving, healing presence among them in Christ. Believing meant
reachingoutbeyondthemselvesandtheirneedtoembracethefreegiftof
Christslifegivingandhealinglove.Thisisthefaiththatsavesbecauseit
sharesintheverypowerofGod,activewithinourdailylives.
487. But beyond open acceptance, this faith which Jesus praises also
involvesdiscipleship:animplicitcommitment.Eachiscalledtoliveoutthe
giftoflifefreelygiven,inalltheconcretecircumstancesofonesdailylife,
byfollowingJesusway.ThisiswhatcomingtoknowJesusChristdemands
ofeverybeliever.EachhasamissionasChristhimselfhad,fromtheFather.
TopersonallyknowChrist,then,istounderstandthemeaningofonesown
concretelifeinviewofthelargerperspectiveoftheKingdomofGod:ofour
gracedunionwithGod(cf.PCPII62,67,79,85).
488. Besideshishealing,Christsministrywasnotedforhiscelebrationof
theKingdomintablefellowship.Henotonlyforgavesinnersandassociated
withtaxcollectorsandoutcasts (cf.Mk2:1517); heevenscandalizedhis
pious contemporaries by dining with them. Such tablefellowship
symbolized Christs whole mission and message of drawing all into his
FathersKingdom.Ihavecometocallsinners,nottheselfrighteous(Mk
2:17). ItprefigurestheeternalbanquetintheKingdomofGodinwhich
manywillcomefromtheeastandthewestandwillfindaplace,whilethe
naturalheirswillbedrivenoutintothedark(Mt8:1112).
489. TheimportanceofthistablefellowshipinJesusministryisconfirmed
bytwothings.Thefirstisthespecialimportanceamongtheearlydisciples

ofthebreakingofbread(Lk24:35;Acts2:46).Thismusthavecomefrom
Jesusownmannerism.ThesecondistheLordsprayerwhichChristtaught
his disciples. It summarizes the ministry of Christ in terms of Abba
(Father),theKingdom,bread,forgivenessandthefinaltest.Allofthese
referinonewayoranothertotablefellowshipandmore.Notjustvoluntary
comingtogetherbutthe koinonia,thetransformingcommunionwehave
intheEucharisticcelebrationasmembersofChristsBody.
Fate
490. Finallywecometothethirddimensionoftheprophet,tosufferamartyrsdeath.
Jesusreferredtosuchafate(cf.Lk13:3334).Moreover,hehadtheexampleofJohn
theBaptistbeforehim.Jesushimselfwasaccusedofblasphemybecauseheproclaimed
theforgivenessofsins,andofcastingoutdevilsbythepowerofBeelzebub(cf.Mk
3:22).
JesuswasconstantlyunderattackbytheJewishreligiousauthorities.
This was because he overturned the priorities of their religious practice,
especially in regard to the Sabbath Law and the Temple. He claimed
authorityovertheSabbathLaw (cf.Mk2:28;Lk6:5), andchallengedthe
legalisticapproachtoitsobservance(cf.Lk13:1017;14:16).Likewise,by
hissymboliccleansingoftheTemple,heexercisedasimilarcommandover
it(cf.Jn2:1322).
B.

JesusasSavior/Redeemer

491. Morethanbeingaprophet,Jesuswasproclaimed Savior/Redeemer

evenbeforehisbirth.YouaretonamehimJesusbecausehewillsavehis
peoplefromtheirsins (Mt1:21). TheverynameJesusmeansGodis
salvation. Today many Filipinos are strongly attracted to Jesus as their
personalSaviorwhogavehimselfupforme(Gal2:20).InoneEucharistic
acclamationweproclaim:Lord,byyourCrossandResurrectionyouhave
setusfree.YouaretheSavioroftheworld!ThusbothScriptureandthe
liturgyinviteustoseeChristourLordintermsofhissavingwork.
492. But with all the injustice, violence and senseless suffering rampant
throughouttheworldtoday,howcanwehonestlyacclaimJesusasSavior?Whatdoes
Christsaveusfrom?Toreplyeffectively,twobasicinsightsareessential.First,Christ

savesbytouchingthespiritualrootofalltheseevilsexperiencedtoday,namely,SIN
__
peoplesproud,selfseekingmoralattitudesandactsbeforeGodandwithone
another.Selfishnessenslaves.Everyonewholivesinsinistheslaveofsin....Thatis
why,iftheSonfreesyou,youwillreallybefree(Jn8:3436).
493. Second, thesalvationwhichChristhasalreadywonforallisnotyet
complete. Itmustbeaccepted,embracedandactedoutinthefreelivesof
believerstoday.
ForfreedomChristsetusfree;sostandfirmanddonotsubmitagainto
theyokeofslavery....Foryouwerecalledforfreedom __ butnota
freedom that gives free rein to the flesh; rather, serve one another
throughlove(Gal5:1,13;cf.1Pt5:610).
494. ChristssavingworkinhisPaschalMysteryistakenupindetailinthe
twofollowingchapters.HereweonlysketchbrieflytheworkofJesusas
Savior by indicating three basic dimensions of Christian salvation as
presentedinScripture.Asthroughoutsalvationhistory,Filipinostodayseek
salvation:1)fromthe cosmicdemonicpowersofevil; 2)fromenslaving,
oppressive forcesintheeconomic,sociopoliticalareas; and3)fromthe
absurdity and meaninglessness of personal life. In each area Christ has
workedhisuniquesalvation.
SavingfromCosmicEvil
495. InhispublicministryJesuswasnotedforcastingoutevilspirits.What
doyouwantofus,JesusofNazareth?Haveyoucometodestroyus?Iknow
whoyouare__theHolyOneofGod!(Mk1:24)Tobesavedheremeans
to be a new creation in Christ. If anyone is in Christ, he is a new
creation(2Cor5:17).
GodgaveyounewlifeincompanywithChrist.Hecancelledthebond
thatstoodagainstuswithallitsclaims,snatchingitupandnailingitto
thecross.ThusdidGoddisarmtheprincipalitiesandpowers.Hemade
apublicshowofthem,andleadingthemoffcaptive,triumphedinthe
personofChrist(Col2:1415).

YetthefightversusevilspiritscontinuesasSt.Peterwarnsus:
Staysoberandalert.Youropponentthedevilisprowlinglikearoaring
lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, steadfast in your
faith...TheGodofallgracewhocalledyoutohiseverlastinggloryin
Christ, will himself restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish those
whohavesufferedforalittlewhile(1Pt5:810).
SavingfromSocioPoliticalOppression
496. The Exodus liberation of the Old Testament is the background for
JesussavingworkasthenewMoses.Heteachesanewhierarchyofvalues
thatunderminedtheoppressivesocialstructuresofhisday(cf.Lk16:1415).
But how did Jesus actually liberate? First, he exposed the enslaving,
corruptingpowerofriches.Jesusshowedthatgivingwasbetterthantaking,
sharing more liberating than hoarding (cf. Lk 6:2930; 14:1314; Acts
20:35).
ForJesus,thekeytoeconomicliberationwastwofold:1)tofreehuman
heartsfromtheirgreedandselfseeking;and2)toinspirethemwithrespect
for others, sensitivity and compassion for the needy, and a generous,
outgoingloveforthoseinwant.
497. Second, Jesustaughtthatany power notrootedinmutualservicewas
enslavingandoppressive.Whoeverwantstorankfirstamongyoumust
servetheneedsofall (Mk10:4245). Love isultimately theonlypower
thatsetspeoplefree.
Third,Jesusliberatedhisfollowersfromthecommonsocialprejudices
thatboundthem.Thesewerethecustomarywaysofhonoringthewiseand
therichwhilediscriminatingagainstforeigners,women,publicsinnersand
outcasts.HetaughtconcernforthelittleonesoftheKingdom (cf.Mt
18:10).
498. Finally, Jesusfreedhiscontemporariesfrommereexternal,lega1istic
religious obedience to the Law by interiorizing and prioritizing its
obligations.

Woetoyou,scribesandPharisees,youhypocrites!Youpaytitheson
mintandherbsandseeds,whileneglectingtheweight,mattersofthe
law: justice and mercy and good faith. It is these you should have
practiced,withoutneglectingtheothers.Blindguides,youstrainoutthe
gnatandswallowthecamel!(Mt23:23f)
SavingfromLifesMeaninglessness
499. ChristsavedbybeingtherevelationoftheFather. Tohisfollowers
Jesuspromised:Ifyouliveaccordingtomyteaching,youaretrulymy
disciples;thenyouwillknowthetruth,andthetruthwillsetyoufree(Jn
8:31f).Histeachingssetusfreebecausetheyoffermeaningandpurposein
life,dispellingthedarknessofignoranceanddespair.Jesustaught:Iamthe
lightoftheworld.Nofollowerofmineshalleverwalkindarkness;no,he
shallpossesthelightoflife (Jn8:12).Ihavecomeintotheworldasits
light,tokeepanyonewhobelievesinmefromremaininginthedark(Jn
12:46).
III.THEPERSONOFJESUS
500. FromthisbiblicalsketchofJesusasProphetandSavior,whatcanwe
answertoJesusownquestion:WhodoyousaythatIam?(Mk8:29).We
couldbeginbyansweringwithPeter:YouaretheChrist.Wethusaffirm
thatthehistoricalJesusofNazarethistheMessiah,foretoldbytheprophets
(cf.Acts2:2932), anointedbytheHolySpiritasprophet,priestandking.
(cf.Acts10:38). HewassentbyGodtobringsalvationtotheworldand
fulfillallhistory(cf.CCC43640).
Buttofulfillthatmission,whomustJesusBE?Fromwhathehasdone,
canwediscoverwhoheIS?TheScripturesgroundthreefundamentaltruths
aboutthePersonofJesus:Jesusistrueman,trueGod,andone.(cf.CCC
480;NCDP189).
A. JesusOurBrother:TrueMan
501. TheScripturesandconstantteachingoftheChurchareoneinasserting
thatJesusistrulyaman.SotheCreedproclaims:Hewasconceivedbythe

poweroftheHolySpirit,andbornoftheVirginMary(cf.CCC48487).Tobeour
Savior,Jesushadtobecomelikehisbrothersineveryway,thathemightbeamerciful
andfaithfulhighpriestbeforeGodontheirbehalf,toexpiatethesinsofthepeople
(Heb 2:17). Born of a woman, born under the law (Gal 4:4). Jesus
progressedsteadilyinwisdomandageandgracebeforeGodandmen(Lk
2:52).Heexperiencedhunger(cf.Lk4:2),thirst(cf.Jn4:7),temptation(cf.
Mt4:111),deepemotions(cf.Jn11:33),andgreatpityforthepeople(cf.
Mt15:32).Inbrief,ScripturepresentsJesusasfullyhuman.
502. Inamemorablepassage,VaticanIIhasstressedChristshumanity:
HewhoistheimageoftheinvisibleGodishimselftheperfectman..
.Forbyhisincarnation,theSonofGodhasunitedhimselfinsome
fashionwitheveryman.Heworkedwithhumanhands,hethoughtwith
ahumanmind,actedbyhumanchoice,andlovedwithahumanheart.
BornoftheVirginMary,hehastrulybeenmadeoneofus,likeusinall
things,exceptsin(GS22).

503. Therecanbenodoubt,therefore,abouttheCatholicFaithsinsistence
onJesustruehumanity.ButformanyFilipinos,Jesusastrulyhumanisnot
afamiliarimage(cf.NCDP182).Theactualproblemisnotwiththetruthof
Jesusasman,butwithtranslatingthistruthintoaneverdeepeningpersonal
relationwithJesus,inourthinking,doingandpraying.
B.

OneLord,Jesus,theOnlySonofGod

504. TheChristianFaithstandsorfallsontheconfessionofJesusastheonly
SonofGod,ourLord(cf.CCC44150).Scripturegroundsthisconfessionin
two ways. First, Jesus as Gods Eternal Word coming down to take on
humannatureinthe Incarnation. TheWordbecameflesh,andmadehis
dwellingamongus,andwehaveseenhisglory,thegloryofanonlySon
comingfromtheFather,filledwithenduringlove(Jn1:14;cf.CCC461
63).
Second,JesusasliftedupattheResurrection.ThisistheJesusGod
hasraisedup,andwearehiswitnesses.ExaltedatGodsrighthand,...
knowbeyondanydoubtthatGodhasmadebothLordandMessiahthis
Jesuswhomyoucrucified(Acts2:32f,36).

ButbothapproachesleadtoJesusChrist,onepersonwhoistrulyman
andtrulyGod.
505. TwogreathymnsoftheNewTestamentproclaimChristsdivinityforalltime.
The first isinPaulsLettertothe Philippians,wherehequotesaBaptismalhymn
alreadyinuseintheearlyChurch.ThehymncoversthreestatesofJesus.First,his
priorheavenlyexistence:ThoughhewasintheformofGod,hedidnotdeemequality
withGodsomethingtobegraspedat(Phil2:6).
Second,hisearthlystatus:Heemptiedhimselfandtooktheformofaslave,
beingborninthelikenessofmen,...hehumbledhimself,becomingobedienttodeath,
evendeathonacross!(Phil2:78)
Andthird,hisexaltation:Becauseofthis,Godhighlyexaltedhimand
bestowedonhimthenameaboveeveryothername,thatatthenameof
Jesus,everykneeshouldbend,intheheavens,ontheearth,andunderthe
earth,andeverytongueconfess,tothegloryofGodtheFather,thatJESUS
CHRISTISLORD!(Phil2:911).
506. Thesecondhymn(Col1:1520)synthesizesthegrowingawarenessin
NewTestamenttimesofthePersonofChrist.First,HeisthenewAdam,
theimageoftheinvisibleGod,thefirstbornofallcreatures(Col1:15).
Second,heisdivine,For in himeverythinginheavenandonearthwas
created...allwerecreatedthroughhimandforhim.Heisbeforeallelse
thatis.Inhimeverythingcontinuesinbeing (Col1:1617). Third, Christ
possesses the primacy and fullness: It pleased God to make absolute
fullnessresideinhimand,bymeansofhim,toreconcileeverythinginhis
person,bothonearthandintheheavens(Col1:1920).
507. This New Testament assertion of Christs divinity underwent a
turbulenthistoryinpostapostolictimes.ThroughthecenturiestheChurch
graduallycametogreaterclarityandprecisioninproclaimingthedivinityof
Christ,andcreatedtheCreedswhichweusetothepresentday.TheCouncil
of Nicea (325) rejectedtheheresyofAriusandproclaimedfaithinone
LordJesusChrist,theSonofGod,theonlybegottengeneratedfromthe
Father,GodfromGod,LightfromLight,trueGodfromtrueGod,begotten,
notmade,oneinbeingwiththeFather(ND7).
508. St.AugustinecommentsontheNiceanCreedsLightfromLight:

JustastheFatherisageless,sotheSondoesnotgrow;theFatherhasnotgrown
old,norhastheSonincreased.RatherEqualbegotEqual;theEternalbegotthe
Eternal.Likeatemporalflamegeneratestemporallight:theflamewhichgenerates
thelightiscoterminouswiththelightwhichitgenerates.Fromthemomentthe
flamebegins,there islight.Showmeaflamewithoutlight,andIwill
showyoutheFatherwithouttheSon (TractsontheGospelofJohn,
20:8).
509. Butcontroversiescontinuedthroughthefollowingcenturyasvarious
heresies regarding Christ appeared. An orthodox consensus was finally
reached at the Council of Chalcedon (451) which defined the person of
Christas:
OneandthesameSon,ourLordJesusChrist,...thesametrulyGod
andtrulyman,...thesameoneinbeingwiththeFatherastothe
divinityandoneinbeingwithusastothehumanity,likeusinallthings
butsin.ThesamebegottenfromtheFatherbeforetheagesastothe
divinity,andinthelatterdaysforusandoursalvationwasbornasto
hishumanityfromMary,theVirginMotherofGod(ND614).
C. JesusIsOnePerson
510. TheScripturesclearlyaffirmthereisonlyonemediatorbetweenGod
andmen,theman,ChristJesus,whogavehimselfasransomforall(1Tim
2:5). EastershowshowJesusisbothGodsownSelfgifttous,andthe
perfecthumanresponsetoGod.ForitispreciselyJesustheCrucifiedone
whoisrisen (cf.Mt28:56).Paulwritesofthewonderful exchange:You
arewellacquaintedwiththefavorshownyoubyour Lord Jesus Christ:
howforyoursakehemadehimselfpoor,though hewasrich,sothat
youmightbecomerichbyhispoverty(2Cor8:9).
511. Thebasicreasoninghereisstraightforward:
UnlessJesuswastrulyman,hecouldnotsaveus.Hehadtobecome
likehisbrothersineveryway,thathemight...expiatethesinsof
thepeople(Heb2:17).

 UnlesshewasGod,hecouldnotredeemus,foronlyanallholy,
immortalGodcan:
1)freethewholehumanracefromsinanddeath,and
2)giveusashareinthefullnessofdivinelife.
512. Jesus,then,cannotbedivided.HeisonePerson,forthismanJesusis
theEternalSonofGodmademan. ThisistheGoodNewswhichthe
CatholicFaithproclaims.ThismanJesusistheSonofGodwhoknowsus
andlovesus.WecanadorethemanJesus,andpromotedevotiontohis
SacredHeart,preciselybecauseheisnotseparatedfromGod.Beforehim
withThomaswepray:MyLordandmyGod!(Jn20:28).
IV.MARY,MOTHEROFTHESONOFGOD
513. FormanyFilipinoCatholics,JesusChristhasbecomearealPersonin
theirlivesthroughtheirdevotiontoMaryhismother,whoknowshimbest.
Chapter1describedhowweFilipinosapproachChristwithandthroughour
devotiontotheBlessedVirginMary, AngMahalnaBirhen. Recently,our
Catholic devotion to Mary has come under increasing attack. We are
therefore called upon to deepen our understanding of the solid biblical,
doctrinal and liturgical foundations which ground our traditional Marian
piety (cf.AMB78). HereweshallbrieflytakeupMaryaspresented:in
Scripture,andinthedoctrinalteachingoftheChurch,regardingherrelation
toChrist.
A. MaryinScripture
514. Both Matthew and Luke present Mary with many allusions to great
figuresintheOldTestament.MatthewrecountsMarysvirginalconceptionofJesusas
fulfillingIsaiahsprophecy (cf.Mt1:23;Is7:14). Luke describesGodscalltothe
VirginMarytobecome,throughtheHolySpirit,thepoweroftheMostHigh,the
motherofJesus,SonofGod(cf.Lk1:2638;CCC487,495).Theangelsgreetingto
MaryrelateshertotheDaughterofZion(Zep3:1417).ThecomingoftheHoly
Spirituponher,andhercarryingtheChildinherwomb,picturesMaryas
thelivingArkoftheNewCovenantinChristherSon.

515. LukesaccountinspiredtheFatherstocompareMarywithEve.AsEve
acceptedthewordoftheserpentandgavebirthtodisobedienceanddeath,the
VirginMary,theNewEve,obedientlyreceivedthewordoftheangel,andthroughthe
poweroftheHolySpiritgavebirthtothelivingsalvationofallthroughtheSonofGod
(cf.LG56;CCC411,726;AMB55). Marys faith in accepting her virginal
conceptionofJesusrelateshertoAbraham,ourfatherinfaith,andthebirth
ofhissonIsaac,thechildofthepromise(cf.CCC165).Lukeconfirmsthis
byrelatingMarytotheperfectdisciplewhohearsthewordofGodand
keepsit(cf.Lk8:21;11:2728).
516. Earlyin Johns Gospel,Maryisdescribedas theMotherofJesus.
HerrequestpromptedthefirstoftheSignsofJesusandthemanifestation
ofhisglorysothathisdisciplesbelievedinhim (cf.Jn2:111). Jesus
replied,addressingherasWoman,thathisHourhadnotyetcome.But
Mary,ingreatfaith,alreadyassumedherfutureroleassharinginherSons
saving mission. She asked for a sign of the messianic benefits, at that
weddingfeast.Jesuscomplied.
LateinJohnsGospel,JesusHourhadcome.Mary,standingatthe
footoftheCross,isagainaddressedasWoman,andgivenasMotherto
thebeloveddisciplebythecrucifiedJesus(cf.Jn19:2527).
517. Thus Mary, the physical mother of Jesus our Savior, becomes the
spiritualmotherintheorderofgraceofall,particularlyofthedisciplesof
Christ(LG54,61).SheisclearlythemotherofthemembersofChrist...
sinceshecooperatedoutoflovesothattheremightbebornintheChurch
thefaithfulwhoaremembersofChristtheirHead (LG53,quotingSt.
Augustine;cf.CCC963).
TheconclusionofthisbriefScripturaloverviewofMaryisthatthereis
solidbiblicalfoundationforourtraditionalCatholicMarianpiety.
B.

MaryinCatholicDoctrine

518. OurFilipinoMarianpietyisalsosolidlygroundedonthedoctrinalteachingofthe
Church.VaticanIIpresentstheBlessedVirginMaryinthefinalchapterofitsDogmatic
ConstitutionontheChurch (LumenGentium). TheChurchsteachingonMaryis
presentedinfoursections:

 theRoleoftheBlessedVirgininthePlanofSalvation;
theBlessedVirginandtheChurch;
DevotiontotheBlessedVirginintheChurch;and
Mary,aSignofSureHopeandSolaceforthePilgrimPeopleofGod.
HereweshallbrieflydeveloponlyMarysrolewithChristinGods
Plan of Salvation. Chapter 23 will take up her role in the Church, and
chapter24,devotiontoMaryandsourceofhopeforthepilgrimChurch.
MotherofGod
519. ThetitleofVaticanIIsexpositionofMaryis:TheRoleoftheBlessed
VirginMary,MotherofGod,intheMysteryofChristandtheChurch(LG
Chap. 8). It begins with perhaps the oldest Biblical testimony:whenthe
designatedtimehadcome,GodsentforthHisSon,bornofawoman...thatwemight
receiveourstatusasadoptedsons(Gal4:45;LG52).Themostbasictruthand
theessentialcoreofMarysuniquedignityandroleinGodssalvificplanis
sharplyetched:
The Virgin Mary is acknowledged and honored as being truly the
Mother of God and of the Redeemer. Redeemed in a more exalted
fashion,byreasonofthemeritsofherSonandunitedtohimbyaclose
andindissolubletie,sheisendowedwiththehighofficeanddignityof
theMotheroftheSonofGod,andthereforesheisalsothebeloved
daughteroftheFatherandthetempleoftheHolySpirit(LG53).
520. EverythingweknowandrevereaboutMary,then,dependsuponher
unique, Godgiven vocation to be the Mother of God and of the
Redeemer. ThisdoctrineisexpressedeverytimewepraytheHailMary:
HolyMary,MotherofGod(cf.CCC495).ThisassertsnotthatMaryisa
goddess,butthatherSonistrulyGod.MarygivesJesuswhatanyhuman
mothergivesherbaby.Throughher,Jesusistrulyman.TheSonofMary
andtheSonofGodISoneandthesameperson,Emmanuel(AMB52).
WhatisuniquehereisGodsaction:theEternalSonofGodunitedtoHisPerson
thebabyconceivedinMaryswombbythepowerofthe HolySpirit.Thebaby
born of Mary was the Godman, Jesus. Thus the holy Fathers have
unhesitatinglycalledtheholyVirginMotherofGod(Theotokos,Godbearer)
(CouncilofEphesus;ND605).

BlessedVirgin
521. Mary, Virgin and Mother,manifestsGodsperfectlyfreeinitiativein
the Incarnation (Gods Word/Son becoming enfleshed, Jn 1:14). Marys
perpetualvirginityisnotsimplyabstentionfromsexualintercourse,butthe
positivevalueofperfectpersonalintegrityinhertotalgiftofselftoGod.
MarysvirginityfloweredintomaternitynotonlyforJesus,thefirstbornof
allcreation(cf.Rom8:29;Col1:15,18),butalsoforallwhowouldbeborn
againtonewlifeinhim(cf.Jn3:3;1Jn5:11;LG57;CCC499501).
TheVirginBirth,then,isnotaprivilegeaffectingonlyJesusandMary,
butapositivesignoftheFathersgracioussavinglovewhichadoptsusallin
sendingHisSon,andtheSpiritsbuildinganewPeopleofGod,theBodyof
Christ,theChurch.
522. AgainstcurrentattacksanddoubtsbothwithinandwithouttheChurch,
aboutMarysvirginalconceptionandmotherhood,aCatholicprofessionof
faith could calmly respond that Marys virginal conception is not just a
symbolicdescriptionorliterarydeviceofMatthewandLuketodescribe
Godsintervention,norisitmerelyahumanconstructtoinsistonJesus
divinity.Rather,itissimplythewayGodinfactchosetosendHisSon
intotheworld whenthefullnessoftimehadcome (Gal4:4). WeFilipino
Catholics believe this both from Scripture and from the constant and
consistentteachingoftheChurch.
TheImmaculateConception
523. Mary,therefore,hadtheuniquemissionfromGodtobeMotherofHis
Sonmademan, the Redeemer. She thus shares in a special way Jesus
salvificmission.Fromthismissionflowshersingulargraceandprivilegeof
the ImmaculateConception (cf.CCC490). ThissignifiesthatMarywas,
fromthefirstmomentofherconception,inviewofthemeritsofChrist
JesustheSaviorofthehumanrace,preservedimmunefromallstainof
originalsin(ND709).
The Immaculate Conception as Gods gift to Mary, therefore, is
doubly Christcentered: first, as given because she would be Mother of
Christ;second,asshowingthatnooneissavedapartfromChrist,eventhose

wholivedcenturiesbeforehim.InviewofthemeritsofChristmeans
MarywasmadeholybyherimmediaterelationshiptoChrist,thesourceof
grace,forwhomandtowardswhomallthingsarecreated(cf.Col1:1517).
TheAssumption
524. Moreover, thus preserved free from all guilt of original sin, the
Immaculate Virgin was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory
[Assumption] uponthecompletionofherearthlysojourn (LG59;cf.ND
715;CCC966).WithherAssumptiontojoinherSon,theRisenChrist,in
the fullness of her personality, Mary reveals the fullness of Gods
redeemingworkforallofus, asignofcertainhopeandcomforttothe
pilgrimPeopleofGod(LG68).
525. Both privileges of Mary, her Immaculate Conception and her
Assumption,arenotexceptionsthatseparateMaryfromus.Theyarerather
privilegesoffullnessandcompletion.Marysgraceis universallyshared;
herprivilegeisthatoffullness.BothprivilegesareconstitutedbytheSpirits
presence,inwhomweareallcalledtoshare.ThustheyputMaryatthe
inmostcoreofallhumanpersonsandoftheChurch.
Practicallyspeaking,thismeantthat,sinlesslikeChristhimself,Mary
wasnotblindedorconfusedbyprideorfalseselfcenteredness.Morefully
andtrulyhumanthanweare,Marythencantrulyappreciateourhuman
trialsandfailures.
ThesegracesweregiventoMarypreciselyinviewofheruniquerolein
GodsplantosaveallthroughChristsredemptivemission.

Mediatrix
526. AuthenticCatholicdoctrineteachesthatMarysintercessiondoesnotinanyway
detractfrom,oraddto,the uniquemediationofChrist (cf. 1Tim 2:56). Two
analogies help us to understand this. First, in Gods continuing act of
Creating, the one goodness of God is communicated diversely to all
creatures.Second,thepriesthoodofChristissharedinvariouswaysbothby
sacredministersandbyallthebaptized.Hence,inlikemanner,theunique
mediationofChristissharedbyall,sinceGodcallsalltocooperate,in
manifoldhumanways,inChristsredemptivemission(cf.LG62).Catholics

seeinMaryaspecial cooperationduetoher GodgivenrolewithinHis

savingworkthroughChristandtheSpirit.

INTEGRATION

527. Every Sunday during the Eucharistic celebration, Filipino Catholics

proclaimtheirfaithinJesusChrist,theonlySon,ourLord.Thedoctrineof
themissionandidentityofJesusChrististhecoreofeveryChristianCreed.
To affirm Jesus is Lord is the central conviction of the Christian
community.OnthetruthofChristasSonandSaviordependallthebasic
Catholic doctrines: of God as Triune Creator, of the Church as Christs
MysticalBody,ofredemptionfromsinbyChristsPaschalMystery,ofour
lifeofgraceintheHolySpirit,andofourfinaldestinywithGodineternal
life.
528. ThemoraldimensionsofChristsmissionandidentityareinnumerable.
ChristasSonandSaviorbecomesinpersonthefundamentalmoralnormfor
Christianaction.AthisTransfiguration,thelinkbetweendoctrinaltruthand
moralactionisexplicitlymade.Thetruth,ThisismybelovedSon,is
followedimmediatelybythemoralcommand,Listentohim! (Mk9:7).
ChristasprophetandSaviornotonlyleftuswithmoralteachings,especially
inhisgreatSermonontheMount(cf.Mt57).Moreimportantly,heinspired
auniquemoralvisionoflovingservice,andofferedtheinteriorpowerofhis
HolySpirittopursuethatvision.Thewaywecanbesureofourknowledge
ofJesusistokeephiscommandments.Themanwhoclaims,Ihaveknown
him,withoutkeepinghiscommandments,isaliar;insuchaonethereisno
truth(1Jn2:34).
529.ThebasicworshipdimensionofChristsmissionandpersonisfeltin
twoareas.Thereis first theplace of ChristinallChristianworship.The
centeroftheChurchsliturgyistheEucharisticSacrificeofhisBodyand
Blood,thesacramentalrepresentationandapplicationofChristssacrifice
ontheCross(cf.LG28;SC7,47;PCPII77,180).Christhimself,asSon

andSavior,isinPersonthePrimordialSacramentofGodspresenceamong
us. Second,thereistheyearningprayertoChristhimself,expressedinthe
ancientliturgicalrefrain:Maranatha!OLordcome!(1Cor16:22;cf.Rv
22:20). ManyofusCatholicFilipinosfinddevotiontoMary,Motherof
ChristandourMotheringrace,anaturalwaytoChrist.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

530. What conditions indicate a special yearning for Christ in the

Philippinestoday?
ThethirstforapersonalrelationshipwithChristourSavior(e.g.,intheBorn
Again), and for Christ the Liberator among the oppressed and
exploited,indicatesastrongyearningforChristamongmanyFilipinos
today.
531. WhatdoesknowingJesusChristentail?
GettingtoknowChristisagradual,lifelong,everdeepeningpersonal
relationshipwiththeJesusoftheGospels,presenttousnowinmultiple
waysastheRisenChrist.
Moreover,knowingChristmeansbeingcommittedtohim,beinghis
disciple.
532. HowdowecometoknowWHOJesusis?
WecometoknowwhoJesusIS,fromwhatheDIDandcontinuesto
DO.
Therefore,itisimportanttoknowthehistoricallifeandworkofJesus
throughconstantcontactwiththeGospels,inordertoknowinfaiththat
JesusChristisLord(Phil2:11).
533. WhydidGodbecomeoneofusinJesusChrist?
GodtheSonbecameoneofus:
foroursalvation,thatis:tosaveusfromtheslaveryofsin;
torevealtousGodsunendingloveforus;

 tobeourmodel,astheWay,TruthandtheLife;
toactuallyshareHisdivinesonshipwithus.
534. HowwasJesusaprophet?
Jesus,theBelovedSonoftheFatherandfilledwiththeHolySpirit,
perfectlyfulfilledthetaskofaprophet:
toproclaimtheWordofGod;
supportitbysignsandwonders,and
sealitwithhisownblood.
535. WhatdidJesusproclaim?
JesusproclaimedtheKingdomofGod,alreadypresentandathand
throughhim,butnotyetrealizedfully,asitwillbeattheendoftime.
This Kingdom summarized all the blessings of Gods presence
amongHispeople,liberatingthem from sin, for lovingserviceofone
another.
536. HowdidJesuspreachandteachtheKingdom?

Jesuspreachedandtaughtwith:
certainty,becausehetaughtonlywhatheheardfromhisFather;
authority, because he spoke in his own name, of what he knew
personally;
powerbecauseheclaimedauniquefilialrelationshipwithGod,his
Abba,Father.
537. WhatsignsandwondersdidJesusperform?
Jesus worked many miracles, wonders and signs, healing the sick,
freeingthepossessed,raisingthedeadtolife.
Throughthesesignshecalledallto faithinhim andto discipleship
which consists in following him in building the Kingdom through
lovingserviceofothers.
538. WhatwasJesusfateasaprophet?
Jesussufferedamartyrsdeathatthehandsofhisown,whokilled
boththeLordJesusandtheprophets(1Thes2:15).
TheGodofourfathershasraisedupJesuswhomyouputtodeath,
hanginghimonatree(Acts5:30;10:39).

539. WhyisJesuscalledSavior?
Asannouncedevenbeforehisbirth,theChildistobenamedJesus
becausehewillsavehispeoplefromtheirsins(Mt1:21).
LordbyyourCrossandResurrection,youhavesetusfree.Youarethe
Savioroftheworld.
540. HowdoesJesussave?

Jesussavesbymakingitpossibleforustoworkthroughoutourlives
againstSIN,thespiritualrootofalltheevilswhichweexperience.He
callsustoembraceandexercisehisliberatinggraceinallourmoral
actions,especiallybyworkingforjusticeandpeace.
541. HowdoesJesusliberatefromsocioeconomicoppression?
Jesusliberatesinthisareabyexposingthecorruptingforceof:
richesthatenslave;
selfseekingambitionthatknowsnobounds;
socialprejudicesthatoppressandexploitothers;
a legalistic attitude toward law that makes even Gods
commandmentsoppressiveandexploitative.
Positively,throughwordandexample,Christsavedbyinspiringmen
andwomenwiththeidealoflovingservice.
542. HowdidJesussavefromthemeaninglessnessoflife?
Jesus saved by dissipating the darkness of ignorance and prejudice
throughthelightofhisTruth,andbygivingmeaningandpurposeto
humanlife,evenitssufferings.
543. FromallJesusdid,whatcanwesayofwhoheIS?
SacredScripturegroundsthreefundamentaltruthsaboutthepersonof
Jesus.Heis:
trulyhuman,likeusinallthingsbutsin(cf.Heb2:17;4:15);
trulydivine,GodseternalWord,theonlySonoftheFather,fullof
graceandtruth,everattheFathersside,whohasrevealedHimtous
(cf.Jn1:14,18);
one, the one mediator between God and men (1 Tim 2:5). He
cannotbedivided.

Whenthedesignatedtimehadcome,GodsentforthHisSon,bornofa
woman,bornunderthelaw,todeliverfromthelawthosewhowere
subjectedtoitthatwemightreceiveourstatusasadoptedsons(Gal
4:45).
SimonPetersaidinreply,YouaretheMessiah,theSonoftheliving
God(Mt16:16).
544. WasthetruththatJesusistrueGodandtruemaneasilyunderstood?
TheearlyChurchonlygraduallycametoanaccurateexpressionofthe
divinityofJesus,culminatingintheNiceneCreedsprofessionof:
OneLordJesusChrist,theonlySonofGod,
eternallybegottenoftheFather,
GodfromGod,LightfromLight,trueGodfromtrueGod,
begotten,notmade,oneinbeingwiththeFather.
TheCouncilofChalcedonfurtherdefinedJesusas:
begottenfromtheFatherbeforetheagesastothedivinity,andinthelatter
daysforusandoursalvationwasbornastohishumanityfromMary,the
VirginMotherofGod(ND614).

545. WhydoCatholicsvenerateMaryasMotherofGod?
TheGospelsclearlyteachthatMarywaschosenbyGodtoconceive
andbearason,Jesus,whowillbecalledSonoftheMostHigh.(Cf.Lk
1:31.) MaryisthemotherofGodbecausesheisthemotherofJesus,
theGodman.
Elizabeth,filledwiththeHolySpirit,criedoutinaloudvoice,. ..
blessedisthefruitofyourwomb.ButwhoamIthatthemotherofmy
Lordshouldcometome?(Lk1:4143)
546. WhyisMaryexaltedastheBlessedVirginMary?
MarysvirginitymanifestsbothGodsfreeinitiativeineffectingthe
IncarnationofHisSon,andMaryscompletegiftofselftoGod.
547. HowisMaryourMother?

BesidesbeingthevirginmotherofJesus,MarywasgivenbyChriston
theCrosstobethespiritualmotheringraceofallhisdisciples.(Cf.Jn
19:2527.)
548. WhatisthemeaningandsignificanceoftheImmaculateConception
andtheAssumption?
ChosentobetheMotherofJesusourSavior,Marywasconceivedin
her mothers womb preserved free from all stain of original sin
(ImmaculateConception).Atherdeath,shewastakenupbodyandsoul
intoheaven(Assumption).
BothgracesarenotexceptionsseparatingMaryfromus,butprivileges
ofperfectionandcompletionthatenableMarytofulfillheruniquerole
inGodsplantosaveallthroughChrist,theoneMediator.
549. HowisMaryAdvocateandMediatrix?
St.PaulclearlyaffirmsthereisONEmediatorbetweenGodandmen,
ChristJesus(1Tim2:5).ButjustasJesuscallsalltofollowhimand
shareinhismissionasProphet,Priest,andKing,sohegaveMary,his
Mother,theuniquemissionofbeingmothertoallhisdisciples(cf.Jn
19:26).ThusJesusmakesMaryshareinhisownsavingmediatorship,
neitheraddingnordetractingfromitinanyway.

Chapter

11

Christ Has Died

The Son of Man has come not to be served but to serve

give his life in ransom for the many.

__

to

(Mk 10:45)

I solemnly assure you, unless the grain of wheat falls to the

earth and dies, it remains just a grain of wheat. But if it dies,
it produces much fruit.

(Jn 12:24)

OPENING

550. HavingseenthemissionandPersonofChristinChap.10,wenow
focusonhis Passion and Death, andtheirmeaningforFilipinoChristian
life. For suffering and death are two inescapable realities which every
humanpersonhastoface.DoesJesusChristhelpusaccepttheserealities
andevenfindmeaninginthem?
551. ThewholeearthlylifeofChristcametoitsclimaxinhisPaschal
Mystery, hissuffering,DeathandResurrection (cf.CCC571f;PCPII55,
85, 413). This chapter focuses on his suffering and Death, while his
Resurrection and glorification are treated in the next. Both chapters are
positive,presentingthesavingloveofGodinJesusChrist.
ForeventheCrossisuplifting.Inasecularsense,itwasthemeansofthemost
painfulanddegradingdeath.ButforusChristians,theCrossofChrististhesymbolof
salvation.AtBaptismwearemarkedwiththesignoftheCross.Throughoutlifewe
areblessedwiththissign,andsignourselveswithitinprayer.St.Paulwrotethe
CorinthiansthathewouldspeakofnothingbutJesusChristandhimcrucified(1
Cor2:2).
552. Nevertheless,theCrosshasalwaysbeen,andremainsformanytoday,
ascandal.Paulwrote:WeproclaimChristcrucified,astumblingblockto
theJewsandanaburditytoGentiles.Yethecontinued:buttothosewho
arecalled,Jews,andGentilesalike,Christisthepower of Godandthe
wisdomofGod(1Cor1:23f).
TheCrossisthesymbolnotonlyofChristssavingpower,butalsoof
our true selves. For it is the exemplar for all time of Jesus great
Paradox,recordedinallfourGospels:Whoeverwouldpreservehislife
willloseit,butwhoeverloseshislifeformysakeandthatoftheGospelwill
saveit(Mk8:35;cf.Mt10:39;Lk9:24;Jn12:25;PCPII86).

CONTEXT

553. DevotiontothesufferingJesus (PadreJesusNazareno) andthedead

Jesus,takendownfromtheCross(SantoEntierro)isverypopularamongus
Filipinos. This can be seen in many different Lenten and Holy Week
practices,especiallythosefocusingonGoodFriday.TherearetheStations
oftheCross,the flagellantes,the Pasyon chantedthroughoutHolyWeek,
andtheSenakulodramatizationsofChristsfinalweek.LentandHolyWeek
arealsofavoritetimesforFilipinostomakespiritualretreatsanddaysof
recollections.
ThesufferinganddeadJesusobviouslystrikesaveryresponsivechord
intheheartofusFilipinos.WeseeinthisJesusonewhocanidentifywith
usinourpoverty,sufferings,andoppression;onewhocanreachouttousas
aforgivingandhealingSaviorinourweaknessesandfailings.
554. But the very intensity of these devotions to the suffering Christ
unfortunatelyleadsattimestoexaggerations,andevensuperstitions.We
must have the courage to correct what leads to fanaticism or maintains
peopleinfantileintheirfaith (PCPII175;cf.12). Thesepiouspractices
can give a very onesided image of Christ which tends to enslave the
devoteesratherthanhealandliberatethem.
555. What,then,isthetruemeaningofChristssufferinganddeathforus,Filipino
Christians of today? Two contradictory but widely sharedattitudes seem
mostcommon.Onepiouslymakessufferingsomethingtobesoughtin
itself.Theother,inworldlyfashion,seesitassomethingtobeavoidedatall
costs. Both gravely misunderstand the authentic Christian approach to
sufferinganddeath.
Inthefaceofsuchmisleadingviews,itisallthemoreimportantforus
todevelopanaccurateandeverdeepeningpersonalunderstandingofthe
sufferinganddeathofJesusChrist.

EXPOSITION

556. TheCreedputsgreatstressonChristspassionanddeath.Immediately
followingbornoftheVirginMary,itproclaimsfiveactionsundergoneby
Jesus:suffered,wascrucified,died,wasburied,anddescendedtothedead.
ThischaptertakesupthesefiveactionsofChristourLordunderfive
generalthemes.First,anintroductorysectionontheCross,symbolofsaving
Love; second, Christs view of his suffering and death; third, its
characteristics; fourth, its profound effects of salvation and radical
conversion;andfinally,ChristsdescenttotheDead.
I.THECROSS:SYMBOLOFSAVINGLOVE
557. St.PaulexpressedthecoreoftheGoodNewsgivenhimasfollows:ForI
handedontoyouasoffirstimportancewhatIalsoreceived:thatChristdiedforoursins
inaccordancewiththeScriptures (1Cor15:3;cf.CCC601).Farfrombeinga
negative,depressingreality,thesufferinganddeathofChristhelpustograspfully,
withalltheholyones,thebreadthandlengthandheightanddepthofChristslove,and
experience this lovewhichsurpassesallknowledge (Eph3:1819). The
innocentChristspersonalpainandsufferingbringshometous,inaway
nothingelsepossiblycould,theevilanduglinessofsinanditspowerin
creatingpoverty,disease,hunger,ignorance,corruptionanddeath.Atruly
ChristiansenseofsinisagracereceivedatthefootoftheCross,within
thefeltexperienceofGodsoverwhelmingforgivingLoveinChristJesus.
558. ClearlyitisnottheverysufferingsanddeathofChristthatsaveus,for
thiswouldmakehistorturersandexecutionersoursaviors.Rather,weare
savedbyJesusperfectselfgivingloveforhisFatherandforus,alovelived
outtothedeath.InJohnsGospelJesusdeclares:TheFatherlovesmeforthis:thatIlay
downmylifetotakeitupagain.Noonetakesitfromme:Ilayitdownfreely(Jn
10:1718). Paul quotes an early liturgical hymn: He humbled himself,
obedientlyacceptingevendeath,deathonacross!(Phil2:8)
TodaysliturgyexpresseshowChrist,infulfillmentofhisFatherswill,
gavehimselfuptodeath...adeathhefreelyaccepted...Foroursakehe
openedhisarmsontheCross(EPIVandII).

559. TheCross,then,doesnotexaltpassivesufferingorweakness,assome
have exploited it in order to dominate others. It is, rather, the
transformationofsufferingandweaknessthroughactive,totalselfgiving
love.ForGodsfollyiswiserthanmen,andhisweaknessmorepowerful
than men (1 Cor 1:25). Gregory the Great describes this wondrous
exchange:
HewasmadefleshthatwemightpossesstheSpirit.
Hewasbroughtlowthatwemightberaisedup.
Heenduredblowsthatwemightbehealed.
Hewasmockedtofreeusfrometernaldamnation.
Hediedtogiveuslife.(HomiliesonEzekiel,II:4,20)
II.CHRISTSVIEW
OFHISSUFFERINGANDDEATH
560. Inourpresenttimes,somehavetriedtoexplainChristssufferingand
deathmerelyasthepoliticalexecutionofanonconformistrevolutionaryby
theRomancolonialpowers.Doubtlesstherewasapoliticalaspecttothe
Cross, but it surely was not its essential meaning as interpreted in the
inspiredwritingsoftheNewTestament.
TheApostolicFaithexpressedintheNewTestamentseesin Jesus
passion and death not just some incidental historical event of Jews and
Romans,butthesavingactofGodinJesusfreeselfsacrifice.ThusPeter
preachedonthefirstPentecost:Thisman[Jesus]...wasdeliveredupbythe
setpurposeandplanofGod;youevenmadeuseofpaganstocrucifyandkillhim...
(Acts2:23;cf.4:27f;CCC599).JesushimselfclearlyunderstoodhisPassion
andDeathashismissionfromtheFather,interpretedinthelightoftheOld
Testamentprophets.
561. AsHisMission.TheSynopticGospelsrecordJesustripleprediction
ofhissufferinganddeath(cf.Mk8:31;9:31;10:33f).Hebegantoteachthemthatthe
SonofManhadtosuffermuch,berejectedbytheelders,thechiefpriests,andthe
scribes,beputtodeath,andrisethreedayslater (Mk8:31). Thesepredictions
correspondwithothersayingsofJesus.CanyoudrinkthecupIshalldrinkorbe
baptizedinthesamebathofpainasI?(Mk10:38)Ihaveabaptismtoreceive.What
anguishIfeeltillitisover (Lk12:50). Andinhisparableofthe tenantsJesus

portraysthedeathoftheSonatthehandsofthevineyardswickedtenants
(cf.Mt21:3346).
562. FollowingtheOTProphets.Jesusinterpretedhiscomingdeathinline
withtheOldTestament prophets. OJerusalem, Jerusalem, youslaythe
prophetsandstonethosewhoaresenttoyou!(Lk13:34;cf.11:47,49).His
deathwasnecessarytofulfilltheScripture:Howslowyouaretobelieve
allthattheprophetshaveannounced!WasitnotnecessarythattheMessiah
shouldsufferthesethingsandenterintohisglory?(Lk24:25b26)Hesaw
hissufferinganddeathaspartofthecomingoftheKingdom,thetesthe
taughthisfollowerstoprayabout:Subjectusnottothetest(Lk11:4).
III.CHARACTERISTICSOF
CHRISTSSUFFERINGANDDEATH
A. Redemptive
563. JesussawhisPassionandDeathasredemptive,hisultimateservicein
theKingdom.TheSonofManhasnotcometobeservedbuttoservetogivehis
lifein ransom forthemany (Mk10:45). ThecenteroftheGoodNews
focusedsharplyontheredemptionwroughtinChristJesus.Throughhis
blood,Godmadehimthemeansof expiationforallwhobelieve(Rom3:24
25a). It was he who sacrificed himself for us, to redeem us from all
unrighteousnessandtocleanseforhimselfapeopleofhisown,eagertodo
whatisright(Ti2:14).
564.ThathisPassionandDeathareredemptiveisshownbyChristmost
clearlyinhisLastSupper.JohnintroduceshisaccountwithJesuswashing
hisdisciplesfeet.Jesusrealizedthatthehourhadcomeforhimtopass
fromthisworldtotheFather.Helovedhisowninthisworld,andwould
showhisloveforthemtotheend (Jn13:1). AndforJohn,noonehas
greaterlovethanthis,tolaydownoneslifeforonesfriends(Jn15:13).
MatthewsaccountofChristsinstitutionoftheEucharistexplicitlyasserts
its redemptivevalue: Thisismyblood,thebloodofthecovenant,tobe
pouredoutinbehalfofmanyfortheforgivenessofsins(Mt26:28).Christ

istheNewPaschalLamb,sacrificedtoredeemthepeople (cf.Jn19:36;
1:29,36).
565. Churchtraditionhasstressedthisredemptiveandsacrificalcharacter
ofChristsPassionandDeath.OurLordJesuswasonceandforalltooffer
himself to God the Father by his death on the altar of the cross, to
accomplishaneverlastingredemption (Trent;ND1546). Andagain,At
the Last Supper, onthe night he was betrayed,our Savior instituted the
Eucharistic Sacrifice of his Body and Blood. This he did in order to
perpetuatethesacrificeoftheCrossthroughouttheagesuntilheshould
comeagain(SC47).

566. Thus,inherliturgytheChurchpraysinthe5thEasterPreface:
Father,wepraiseyouwithgreaterjoythaneverinthisEasterSeason
WhenChristbecameourPaschalSacrifice.
AsheofferedhisbodyontheCross,
Hisperfectsacrificefulfilledallothers.
Ashegavehimselfintoyourhandsforoursalvation.
Heshowedhimselftobethepriest,thealtar,andthelambofsacrifice.
B.

FromSin

567. Christscoming,then,wastoexpiatethesinsofthepeople (Heb

2:17;cf.CCC601,606).PaulsummarizesJesussavingworkinfoursteps.
First,Jesusofferedasacrificeasbothpriestandvictim.ChristourPaschal
Lambhasbeensacrificed (1Cor5:7).Second, hegavehimself forour
sins,torescueusfromthepresentevilage(Gal1:4).Third,hethuscreated
anewCovenantwithGod.Thiscupisthenewcovenantinmyblood(1
Cor11:25).Fourth,allthisforusandoursalvation.Whenwewerestill
powerless,Christdiedforusgodlessmen (Rom5:6;cf.Eph5:2;1Thes
5:10).
568. Jesusredeemssinnersintwoways.First,heremovestheirsubjective
guiltbybringingthemGodspardonandforgiveness.Thusherestorestheir
relationshipoffriendshiptoGodwhichsinhaddestroyed. Second, Jesus
repairstheobjectivemoralharmandcontaminationcausedbysin,through

hisownactofreparationandexpiationwhichmakespossiblethesinners
ownactsofexpiation.
BoththesedimensionsareclearlyindicatedinChristsencounterwith
Zacchaeus,thewealthytaxcollector.InvisitingthehouseofZacchaeus,
Jesusliberatedhimfromhisguiltofsin:Todaysalvationhascometothis
house...TheSonofManhascometosearchoutandsavewhatwaslost.
ThisinspiredZacchaeustomakeupfortheobjectiveharmhehadcaused:I
givehalfmybelongings,Lord,tothepoor.IfIhavedefraudedanyoneinthe
least,Ipayhimbackfourfold(cf.Lk19:110).
569. Clarification.SomehavegravelymisunderstoodChristsexpiationas
picturingtheFatherpunishinghimcruellyforoursins,eventhoughheis
completelyinnocent.ThisisamonstrousviewofGodtheFather,andbadly
misinterpretstheNewTestament.TheFatherhatessin,notJesus.Jesusisthe
Fathersbeloved(Mk1:11etpassim).Hiswholelifewasaperfectofferingtothe
Father(cf.Jn4:34;6:38;CCC606).
Thetruthisthat JesussharestheFathersloveforussinners, and
freelyacceptedthecuptheFatherhasgivenhim(cf.Jn18:11;CCC609).
Jesussufferedwithsinners,asavictimforsinandsinners,andasavictimof
theLawandsin(cf.2Cor5:21;Gal3:13;Rom8:3;PCPII84).
C. ForUs
570. ButhowcanChristsSufferingsandDeathaffectussinners?Thekey
totheanswerliesinthebiblicalnotionofcorporatesolidarity.Isaiahsfour
Servant Songs (cf. Is 42:14; 49:16; 50:49; 52:1353:12) present a
mysteriousfigurechosenbyGodtogivehislifeasanofferingforsin,...
throughhissufferingmyservantshalljustifymany,andtheirguiltheshall
bear(Is53:1011).Christ,oneofus,couldtakeuponhimselfthesinofthe
world(Jn1:29)andofferhimselfasaLambofexpiation(cf.Lv14).
Todaythenotionofsolidarityhascomeintonewprominencerelativeto
social transformation,and humanitys relation to the Blessed Trinity (cf.
SRS3840;PCPII32,139,29496,306f,313,320,353).
571. TheGoodFridayliturgystressesChristscorporatesolidaritywithus
sinnersandhissufferingforus,quotingIsaiah:

Itwasourinfirmitiesthathebore,
oursufferingsthatheendured,...
Hewaspiercedforouroffenses,crushedforoursins;
Uponhimwasthechastisementthatmakesuswhole,
byhisstripeswewerehealed.
Wehadallgoneastraylikesheep,eachfollowinghisownway;
ButtheLordlaiduponhimtheguiltofusall(Is53:46).
572. St.Paulusedthisprincipleofsolidaritytoexplainbothourhumansinfulnessand
oursalvationinChrist(cf.Chap.8onOriginalSin).
Justasthroughoneman[Adam]sinenteredtheworld,andwithsin
death,deaththuscomingtoallmeninasmuchasallsinned...much
moredidthegraceofGodandthegraciousgiftoftheoneman,Jesus
Christ,aboundforall(Rom5:12,15).
573. Christdiedfor our sins (1Cor15:3), then, meanstwothings. First,
Jesusdied becauseof ourhumansinfulness. Second, hediedtoshowus,and
empowerus,toovercomesinanditseffectsinourbrokenworld.ChrististheWaywe
areenabledtobearthesinsofmany,notreturningevilforevil,norviolenceforviolence
inaviciouscycleofrevenge(cf.Mt5:3842).Christslovegivesusachancetolove
evenourenemies(cf.Mt5:44),forhehassentushisSpiritoflove.
574. But Christs redemption in no way makes us passive recipients.
Scriptureclearlyaffirms:
Christsufferedforyou...andleftyouanexample,tohaveyoufollow
inhisfootsteps...Hehimselfboreoursinsinhisbodyonthecross,so
that,freefromsin,wemightliveinaccordwithGodswill.Byhis
woundsyouhavebeenhealed(1Pt2:21,24).
Andagain:Youhavebeenpurchased,andataprice.SoglorifyGodin
yourbody(1Cor6:20).
575. Itistruethat Jesusactedonourbehalf: Whilewewerestill sinners,
Christdiedforus (Rom5:8). But hisgreatSacrificedoesnot makeourown
sacrifices unnecessary. Rather, it makes them possible as saving

realities. WearecalledbyChristtoshareinhissacrifice (cf. CCC

618).PCPIIexplainshowinthePaschalMystery
Jesusbroughtusintohispassoverfromsufferingtoglory,fromdeathto
life,fromourhumansinfulnesstohisgrace.Inthismysteryweashis
disciplesneedtoshare,findinginittherhythmandpatternofourown
life. . . By losing our life this way, we save it and grow in our
discipleshipofJesus(PCPII8586).
576. To know Jesus as our Redeemer, for St. Paul, meant sharing in his
sufferings. To the Philippians he wrote: I wish to know Christ and the
powerflowingfromhisresurrection;likewiseto know howtoshareinhis
sufferingsbybeingformedintothepatternofhisdeath(Phil3:10).Thus
Paulcouldboast:EvennowIfindjoyinthesufferingIendureforyou.In
myownfleshIfillupwhatislackinginthesufferingsofChristforthesake
ofhisbody,theChurch(Col1:24).
IV.PROFOUNDEFFECTSOFCHRISTSDEATH
A. Universal,Eschatological,EmpoweringSalvation
577. But whatmakesChristssavingloveunique? HowisChristdifferent
from all other martyrs through the ages? The answer lies in three
fundamental qualities of Christs saving love. It is: 1) universal, 2)
eschatological,and3)empowering.
First, Jesusdiednotforoursinsalone,butforthoseofthewhole
world(1Jn2:2;cf.CCC604).St.Paulexplains:Heindeeddiedforall,
sothatthosewholive,mightnolongerliveforthemselves,butforhimwho
fortheirsakesdiedandwasraisedup(2Cor5:1415).SoitisChristslove
thattransformsussowecanreallyleadanewwayoflife.IfGodhasloved
usso,wemusthavethesameloveforoneanother(1Jn4:11).
578. Christs Cross on Calvary stands as a symbol of his universal
redeeminglove. The horizontal barstretchesChristsarmstoembracethe
whole world of human suffering, while the vertical column points him
towardhisheavenlyFather,beyondtheboundsoftimeandspace.Thetwo

others crucified with him, one on either side (Jn 19:18) show Jesus
solidaritywiththewholehistoryofhumansuffering.Thecrucifiedbodyof
JesusChristspeaksauniversallanguagetoallmenandwomenforalltime.
579. Second,thissavingloveofChristiseschatological.Jesusdidnotdie
simplytoraiseourstandardofliving,ormakelifeeasier.Hediedthatthose
whofollowhimwillreceiveeternallifeintheagetocome (Mk10:30).
Moreover, third, this dimension is already present in us in grace,
empoweringussothatallouractionscanhavesavingpower.TheFather
sentHisSonassavioroftheworld.WhenanyoneacknowledgesthatJesus
istheSonofGod,GodremainsinhimandheinGod...Thewayweknow
thatweremaininhimandheinusisthathehasgivenusofhisSpirit(1Jn
4:14,13).Putbriefly,Godgaveuseternallife,andthislifeisinHisSon.
WhoeverpossessestheSonhaslife.WhoeverdoesnotpossesstheSonof
God,doesnotpossesslife(1Jn5:1112).
580. TheessenceoftheNewTestamenttheologyofsalvationinChristcan
besketchedin fourtruths. First, JesusChrististheSavioroftheworld;
thereisnosalvationapartfromJesus. Second, throughhissufferingsand
deathhehaswonforussinnersobjectiveredemption,thatis,reconciled
allwiththeFather. Third, hedidthisin lovingobediencetohisFathers
willandloveforus.Finally,hecallsustopersonalinteriorrepentancefor
our sins and a life of loving service of others, that is, subjective
redemption.
581. VaticanIIprovidesasimilardescriptionofChristsredemptivework
anditseffects:
Asaninnocentlambhemeritedlifeforusbyhisbloodwhichhefreely
shed.InhimGodreconciledustohimselfandtooneanother,freeingusfromthe
bondageofthedevilandofsin,sothateachofuscouldsaywiththeapostle:the
SonofGodloved...meandgavehimselfforme(Gal2:20).Bysufferingforus
henotonlygaveusanexamplesothatwemightfollowinhisfootsteps,buthe
alsoopenedupaway.Ifwefollowthispath,lifeanddeatharemadeholy
andacquireanewmeaning.
ConformedtotheimageoftheSon,ChristiansreceivethefirstfruitsoftheSpirit
(Rom8:23)bywhichtheyareabletofollowthenewlawoflove(GS22).

582. TwowaysofsummarizingChristasSavioralsohelpinrelatingtothe
widerperspectivesofourFaith.The first isfocusingon thebloodofJesus.
ThroughoutOldTestamentsalvationhistory,bloodwashighlysymbolic.Itcouldrefer
todeliverancefromdeath(cf.Ex12:7,13,22f)andlifeitself(cf.Lv17:1114).
Oritcouldmeansinoffering,cleansingfromsin(cf.Lv.16).Orbloodcould
meanthesealoftheCovenantatSinai(cf.Ex24:68).
ThesethreemeaningsweresupremelyrealizedinChrist,thePaschal
Lamb,whoseblooda)bringslife(cf.Jn6:5356),b)cleansingusfromall
sin(cf.1Jn1:7)andc)creatinganewCovenant(cf.Mk14:24).
ThehymntoChristintheLetterstotheColossianssummarizesthese
dimensionsneatly:
ItpleasedGodtomakeabsolutefullnessresideinhim[a],andbymeansofhim,to
reconcileeverythinginhisperson,bothonearthandintheheavens[b],making
peace[c]throughthebloodofhiscross(Col1:19f)
583. A second wayofsummarizingChristsredemptiveworkisto relate
ourbasichumanyearningsforlife,formeaning,andforlovingfellowship
totheTriuneGod.ForourdriveforlifeisfulfilledbyGodtheFather,the
livingandtrueGod(1Thes1:9).BysendingHisSon,thewisdomofGod,
He gives meaning andpurpose to our lives (Jn14:6). Andthis inspires
fellowshipbypouringoutHisloveinourheartsthroughtheHolySpirit
(Rom5:5;cf.2Cor13:13).
B.

RadicalConversion

584. ButwhatistheexperienceofthissalvationthatChristcallsusto?The
answerliesina radicalconversion ofheart. Wecanillustratewhatthis
means in four common Filipino types. First, some Filipinos dont really
believethatGodlovesthem,acceptsthemandcaresforthem.Theycannot
trustGod.TothemChristrevealsthatGodreallyistheirlovingFather
whoistrulycompassionate (cf.Lk6:36). Hislovewasrevealedinour
midstinthisway:HesentHisonlySontotheworldthatwemighthavelife
throughHim(1Jn4:9).

585. Second, otherslackallselfconfidence.Theirpoorselfimagemakes

themhesitanttoreachoutandsharewithothers.Theyarealwaysafraidof
what others might say. Christ saves them by revealing their inner
goodness.HislifeanddeathprovehowmuchtheymeantoGod.Inbringing
themGodsforgivenessandacceptance,Christradicallygroundstheirnew
positiveselfimage.
586. Third,someFilipinosfindithardtogetalongwithothers.Theytendto
holdgrudgesagainst anyonewho hurtthem. Christliberates themby
callingthemtoturntowardbeingaman/womanforothersinselfgiving
service.Throughwordandexample,Christtaughtthattruehappinessand
selffulfillmentcomefromforgivingothers,andhelpingthepoorandneedy.
Moreover, he empowers them for this service by sending them his own
lovingSpirit.ItisChristsSpiritthatbringsdeeplove,joy,peace,patient
endurance,kindness,generosity,faith,mildnessandchastity(Gal5:2223).
587. Lastly, tothosewhoseekhappinessinriches,reputationandpower,
Christgavetheexampleofrejectingthesetemptations (cf.Mt 4:111)and
urging simplicityoflife(cf.Mt6).Hecalledthepoorblessedbecausetheycould
moreeasilyrecognizetheirdependenceonGod.Hewarnedtherichagainstbeingtied
downbyconcernfortheirwealth.Heasks:whatprofitdoesamanshowwhogainsthe
wholeworldanddestroyshimselfintheprocess?(Mk8:36)Hisanswerwastopicture
thepoorLazarusinthebosomofAbraham,while the rich man suffered the
tormentsofthedamned(cf.Lk16:1931).
588. Inbrief,then,weexperienceoursinfulnessinour inability to1)trust
God,2)acceptourselves,3)relatepositivelytoothers,and4)controlour
basicdrivestowardriches,reputationandpower.Christsavesusby:

reimagingGodasourlovingFather,
groundingourowninalienableselfworthinGod,aswellas
thedignityofeveryotherperson;and
clarifyingtheauthentichierarchyofvaluesinlife.

JesuscoulddothisbecausehelivedtotallyforhisheavenlyFather,in
completeselfgivingserviceforothers.HewastheSacramentofGods
lovingpresenceandpower.WhoeverhasseenmehasseentheFather,he

toldPhilip (Jn14:9). Christshoweduswhatitmeanstobe:1) free from

servile fear of God, 2) free from selfdoubt, 3) free from negative
relationships with others, and 4) free from our own greed for riches,
reputationandpower.
589. But how does this saving power of the free Jesus touch ordinary
FilipinoCatholicstoday?Theanswerismultiplex.Christcomestous:1)in
his inspired Word of the Bible, 2) in his saving symbolic acts, the
Sacraments,3)inthecommunityofhisdisciples,thePeopleofGod,the
Church;andmostofall,4)inhisHolySpirit,indwellingwithinusingrace.
V.CHRISTSDESCENTTOTHEDEAD
590. ThelastactionofChristsPassionandDeathproclaimedintheCreed
is:Hedescendedtothedead.The first meaningofthisexpressionmay
simplybeaconfirmationofdiedandwasburied.Christtrulyandfully
underwentthefinaltestofallhumans,death (cf.CCC632).Butthescriptural
basisimpliesasecondmeaning,namely,Christssalvificworkonbehalfofthejust
whohaddiedbeforehiscoming(cf.CCC633).In1PeterwereadthatChrist
went to preach to the spirits in prison. The reason the Gospel was
preachedeventothedeadwasthat,althoughcondemnedinthefleshinthe
eyesofmen,theymightliveinthespiritintheeyesofGod (1Pt3:19;
4:6).
591. AreadingfromtheliturgyoftheHoursonHolySaturdaybeautifully
expressesthissecondmeaningofChristssalvificworkamongthedead:
Thereisagreatsilenceontheearthtoday.Theearthtrembledandis
stillbecauseGodhasfallenasleepinthefleshandhehasraisedupall
whohaveslepteversincetheworldbegan.Greatlydesiringtovisit
thosewholiveindarknessandintheshadowofdeath,hehasgoneto
freefromsorrowthecaptivesAdamandEve,hewhoisbothGodand
the son of Eve. The Lord approached them bearing the Cross, the
weaponthathadwonhimthevictory....IamyourGod,whoforyour
sakehavebecomeyourson.Iorderyou,Osleeper,toawake.Ididnot
createyoutobeheldaprisonerinhell.Rise,letusleavethisplace.The

enemyledyououtoftheearthlyparadise.Iwillnotrestoreyoutothat
paradise,butIwillenthroneyouinheaven.
592. A third implicationofChristsdescenttothedeadisthefundamental
ChristiantruththatallwhoaresavedareredeemedbyChristsPassionand
Death, whoseeffectsarenotlimitedbytimeorspace (cf.CCC63435).
ThisuniversalscopeofChristsredemptiveworkgroundsthepossibilityof
salvationevenforthosewhohaveneverheardoftheGoodNewsnor
knownJesusChrist(cf.LG16;NA2).

593. Finally,weknowthatJesusChrist,theSonofGodmademan,isthe
firstbornofthedead(Col1:18).ForSt.PaulexplainshowChrist,raised
fromthedead,isthefirstfruitsofthosewhohavefallenasleep.Justasin
Adamalldie,soinChristallwillcometolifeagain,buteachoneinproper
order:Christthefirstfruitsandthen,athiscoming,allthosewhobelongto
him(1Cor15:20,23).

INTEGRATION

594. TheCreedal doctrineontheSufferingsandDeathofChristproclaims

centraltruthsofourChristianFaith:GodasredeemingLove,andChristour
Savior,respondingtooursinfulhumancondition.Christ,theWordmade
flesh,whosegloryisthatoftheFathersonlySon(Jn1:14),neverreveals
theFathermoreintenselythanwhendyingontheCross,lovingtotheend,
cryingoutFather,intoyourhandsIcommendmyspirit(Lk23:46).The
gloryofGodshinesthroughtheCrucifiedChristasnowhereelse!When
youliftuptheSonofMan,thenyouwillrealizethatIAM....TheOnewho
sentmeiswithme.Hehasnotleftmealone.AndwhenIamliftedup
fromtheearth,Iwilldraweveryonetomyself(Jn8:28;12:32).
595. ChristsredemptiveDeathis,ofcourse,thegroundforthecenterofChristian
worship,theEucharist.TheEasterPrefacesproclaimthatChrist,ourPaschalsacrifice,
isthetrueLambwhotookawaythesinsoftheworld.Bydyinghedestroyedour

death;byrisingherestoredourlife.TheEasterProclamation(Exsultet)evendaresto
proclaim:
Father,howwonderfulyourcareforus!
Howboundlessyourmercifullove!
ToransomaslaveyougaveawayyourSon.
Ohappyfault,OnecessarysinofAdam,
WhichgainedforussogreataRedeemer!
596. ByhisPassionandDeathChristreacheddownintothedeepestrootsof
human alienation our separation fromGod,fromourselves, and from one
another.TheloveofthecrucifiedChristbecomesthe norm,thesource,the
means,andthefinalgoalofallChristianmorality.Christtellsus:Ifamanwishesto
comeafterme,hemustdenyhisveryself,takeuphiscross,andfollowinmysteps
(Mk8:34).ForThisismycommandment:loveoneanotherasIhavelovedyou(Jn
15:12).

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

597. WhatischaracteristicoftheChristianGoodNewsofsalvation?
CentraltotheGospelisChristsCrossofsalvation.TheCrossisthe
symbol of Christs Paschal Mystery (dying to rise to new life) and
Christiandiscipleship:
Whoeverwishestocomeaftermemustdenyhimself,takeuphiscross
eachdayandfollowme.Forwhoeverwishestosavehislifewillloseit,
butwhoeverloseshislifeformysakewillfindit(Lk9:2324).
598. HowdidSt.PaulsummarizetheGospel?
St. Paul summed up the Gospel he preached and had received by
stating:
ChristdiedforoursinsinaccordancewiththeScriptures,...hewas
buried;...heroseonthethirddayinaccordancewiththeScriptures
(1Cor15:15).

We proclaim Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and an

absurditytoGentiles,buttothosewhoarecalled,JewsandGentiles
alike,ChristthepowerofGodandthewisdomofGod(1Cor1:23
24).
599. HowdothesufferingsofChristsaveus?
Christsavedusnotbythephysicalsufferingstakenseparately,butby
hisperfectloveforhisFatherandforuswhichwasexpressedinhis
sufferingsanddeathforus.
600. WhydidChristsufferanddie?
Jesusfreelyandconsciouslywenttohisdeathtofulfillthemissionhe
had from his Father. He saw himself fulfilling the Old Testament
propheciesbygivinghislifeinransomforthemany(Mk10:45).
OurSaviorChristJesus...sacrificedhimselfforus,toredeemusfrom
all unrighteousness and to cleanse for himself a people of his own,
eagertodowhatisright(Ti2:14).
601. HowdoestheCreeddescribeChristsredemptivesacrifice?
The Creed describes five acts of Jesus redeeming sacrifice: he
suffered,wascrucified,died,wasburied,anddescendedtothedead.
602. HowdidSt.PaulsummarizeJesussavingwork?
St.PauldescribedtheredemptionwroughtinChristJesusinfour
steps:
Jesusofferedasacrificeasbothpriestandvictim;
toexpiateforoursins(cf.1Cor5:7;Gal1:4);
creatinganewCovenantwithGodinhisblood;
forusandforoursalvation(cf.1Cor11:25;Rom5:6).
603. HowdoesChristssavingloveredeemus?
Christredeemsusintwobasicacts:
He removesoursubjectiveguilt bybringingusGodspardonand
forgiveness,and
Herestorestheobjectivemoralorderbrokenbyoursinsthroughhis
lovingactofreparation.

604. HowcanJesusSufferingandDeathsaveus?

Becauseofhis corporatesolidarity withussinners,Jesuscouldtake

away the sin of the world (Jn 1:29) as the suffering Servant
foretoldbytheprophetIsaiah.
605. WhatisthemeaningofthesentenceChristdiedforoursins?
ItmeansChristdiedbecauseofoursins,andtoovercomeoursinfulness
anditseffectsintheworld.Thushemadepossibleourownrepentance
andsacrifices,toshareinhisredemptivework.
606. WhatspecialqualitiesmarkChristsRedemption?
ChristsredemptiveDeathisdifferentfromallothersinthatitseffect
is:a)universal,touchingall;b)eschatological,reachingtoeternallife;
andc)empoweringustoshareinhisredemptivework.
607. What is the significance of universal in describing Christs
Redemption?
Christdiednotforoursinsalone,butforthoseofthewholeworld(1
Jn2:2).Thus,
thereisnosalvationapartfromJesusChrist,
whowonobjectiveredemptionforallsinners,
by his loving obedience to his Fathers will and his love for all
mankind;
callingalltotruesubjectiverepentanceforsinandlovingserviceof
theirneighbor.
608. Why does Scripture emphasize redemption through the blood of
Christ?
IntheOldTestamentbloodsymbolizeslife,cleansingfromsin,and
sealoftheCovenantwithGod.
IntheNewTestament,Christsbloodbringsnewlife,takingawaythe
sinoftheworld,andestablishingtheNewCovenant(cf.Mk14:24).
609. IsitJesusalonewhosavesus?
No,itistheFatherwhosendsHisonlybegottenSontoredeemusfrom
our sins, andto givemeaning and purpose to our lives throughthe
fellowshipinspiredbytheHolySpirit.

Thusourredemption,likeourcreationandsanctification,isaworkof
theTriuneGod:Father,SonandSpirit.
610. WhatdoesJesusredemptiondemandofus?
Wearecalledtoradicalconversionofheart:
trustinginGod,ourlovingFather,
whogroundsourowninnatedignityandworth,
aswellasthatofallpersons,and
callsustofollowChristHisSoninselfgivingserviceandsimplicity
oflife.
611. HowdoesJesushelpustowardthisradicalconversion?
Jesusleadsusto:
basictrustinGodasourheavenlyFather,
deeper,moreauthenticselfrespect,
acceptanceofothersasHisbelovedchildren,and
authentichierarchyofvaluesineverydaylife.
612. HowdoesthishelpofJesusreachustoday?
Jesusfreesustodaybytouchingus
throughhisinspiredWordinScripture;
inhissavingsymbolicacts,theSacraments;
through the service and witness of his disciples in the Christian
community;and
especiallythroughhisHolySpirit,indwellingineachofus.
613. WhatisthemeaningofChristdescendedtothedead?
This means that Christ really and fully entered into the human
experienceofdeath,thathissalvificministryisuniversal,extendingto
all whohad died beforehim,andthatheis trulytheSavior of all,
includingeventhosewhohaveneverheardofhisGoodNews.

Chapter

12

Christ Is Risen
and Will Come Again

This is the Jesus God has raised up, and we are his witnesses.
Exalted at God's right hand, he first received the promised
Holy Spirit from the Father, then poured this Spirit out on us.
This is what you now see and hear.

(Acts 2:32-33)

If Christ was not raised, your faith is worthless. You are still
in your sins. . . If our hopes in Christ are limited to this life
only, we are the most pitiable people.

(1 Cor 15:17,19)

OPENING

614. The Resurrection of Jesus Christ is the primordial Christian

proclamation. The early Christian kerygma stands or falls with the
resurrectionandexaltationofthecrucifiedJesusasLORD (cf.CCC638).
Eventoday,whenwereadtheGospelaccountsofChristraisedfromthe
dead,weexperiencetheincrediblejoyandexcitementofthatunique,world
shakingevent.TheLordhasbeenraised!Itistrue!Hehasappearedto
Simon(Lk24:34).
ThischapterpresentstheResurrectionandAscension,theclimaxofour
LordsPaschalMystery,togetherwiththecreedaltruthofChristsSecond
ComingattheParousia.
615. ChristsResurrectionisfarfrombeingmerelythepersonal miraculous
returnfromthedeadwhichonemightexpectofthecrucifiedGodman.Theactual
event of Christ rising from the dead was the real starting point and
foundationforthebeginningsoftheChristianFaith:
fortheChristiancommunity,theChurch;
foradequateunderstandingofChrist,hisPassionandDeath;
forhowChristfulfilledtheOldTestamentprophecies;

 fortheapostoliccommissiontopreachChristtothewholeworld.
Simply put, without Christ risen from the dead, there would be no
ChristianFaith.

CONTEXT

616. WehaveseenhowmanyFilipinoCatholicsfocusalmostuniquely
onthecrucifiedJesus.Thisisunderstandable,givenourownsituationof
poverty and suffering. Nevertheless it can obscure the full, adequate
understanding of Christ, our Risen Savior. We have developed some
beautiful religious celebrations at Easter. There is the Salubong, which
dramatizesthemeetingoftheRisenChristwiththeBlessedVirginMary,
his Mother. In it, we can see how Marys deep sorrow is turned to
inexpressiblejoy.OrthecustomofdepictingthesleepingRomansoldiers,
awakenedbythechantingoftheEasterGloryandthegreatnoiseofthe
ringingChurchbellsannouncing:JesushasRisen!Thesoldiersrunoutof
theChurchingreatfrightandconsternation.
617. ButtheseEastercelebrationslackthesharp,personallyfeltdimension
so prominent in Good Friday celebrations, and Christmas devotions. We
FilipinoscaninstinctivelycompassionatewithasufferingSavior,anda
youngMotherwithhernewbornBabe.Buttheonceandforalleventof
Christrisingfromthedeadandappearingtohisdisciplesisdifferent.Itis
notsomethingfamiliartoourordinaryexperience.Soaspecialeffortis
neededbyusFilipinoCatholicsoftodayifwearetobecomemoreawareof
thefulltruthandrealityofChristsResurrection.Forthisistheuniquekey
todeeperpersonalunderstandingofthe livingChrist, andofourauthentic
livingouttheCatholicFaith.
618. AnotheraspectofourpresentPhilippinecontextisthestridentteaching
and preaching of various Fundamentalist groups. They seem particularly
fascinatedbytheSecondComingofChrist,andcreateimaginativescenarios
concoctedfromvariousbiblicaltextsaboutArmageddonandtheendofthe
world.AnaccurateCatholicunderstandingoftheCreedsHewillcome

againtojudgethelivingandthedeadwillgreatlyhelptodissipatethe
nervousanxietyandunrestsuchteachingcancause.

EXPOSITION

619. Thefollowingpagesshall first takeuptheimportanceandnatureof

ChristsResurrection;second,investigateitsNewTestamentwitness;third,
study Christs Ascension; and finally, look at Christs promised Second
Coming.
I.IMPORTANCEANDNATURE
OFTHERESURRECTION
A. SalvificImportance
620. St.PaulclearlyaffirmedthesingularimportanceoftheResurrectionin
declaring:IfChristwasnotraised,yourfaithisworthless(1Cor15:17).
ThismeansthatifChristisnotrisen,PaulandallChristianswouldthenbe
exposedasfalsewitnessesofGod,forwehavebornewitnessbeforeHim
thatHeraisedupChrist(1Cor15:15).Inbrief,ifChristbenotrisen,we
areallidolaters!
Butthetruthis:ChristISrisen,andhisresurrectionhasrevolutionized
boththeverynotionandimageofGod,andtheultimatemeaningandgoal
ofourveryownlives.
621. We can sketch the meaning and salvific importance of Christs
Resurrection in five points (cf. CCC 65155). First, his Resurrection
confirmedeverythingChristhaddoneandtaught. ItfulfilledbothJesus
triplepredictionofhisPassion,DeathandResurrectionintheSynoptics(cf.
Mk 8:31; 9:30; 10:32), and his triple prediction of being lifted up in
JohnsGospel (cf.Jn3:14;8:28;12:32). Christsexaltationvindicatedall

heclaimedtobe,ashehimselfassertedinhistrialbeforethehighpriest(cf.
Mk14:61f).
622. Second,throughhisResurrection,ChristfulfilledtheOldTestament
propheciespromisingaSaviorforalltheworld(cf.Ps110;Dn7:13).The
history of Gods Selfrevelation, begun with Abraham and continuing
through Moses, the Exodus, and the whole Old Testament, reached its
climaxinChristsResurrection,somethingunprecedented,totallynew.
623. Third, theResurrectionconfirmedJesusdivinity.St.Paulpreached
thatJesuswasdesignatedSonofGodinpoweraccordingtotheSpiritof
holinessbyhisresurrectionfromthedead(Rom1:4;cf.Phil2:78).Upon
seeingtheRisenJesus,Thomascriedout,MyLordandmyGod! (Jn
20:28).
624. Fourth,Christsdeathfreedusfromsin,andhisResurrectionbrought
usashareinthenewlife ofadoptedsons/daughtersoftheFatherinthe
HolySpirit.IfthenwehavediedwithChrist[freedfromsin],webelieve
thatweshallalsolivewithhim(Rom6:8).
625. Finally, theRisenChrististheprincipleandsourceofourfuture
resurrection.ThismeansJesusrosenotonlytoaglorioushigherstateof
lifehimself,butalsotobecomethesourceofthisnewlifeforall.Hewill
changeourlowlybodytoconformwithhisglorifiedbodybythepowerthat
enableshimalsotobringallthingsintosubjectiontohimself(Phil3:21).
InChristallwillcometolifeagain(1Cor15:22;cf.CCC65155).
626. This importance of the Resurrection is often missed. Two practical
problemsindicatethis.ManyFilipinoCatholicstodayseemtofeeluneasyifaskedto
explainthemeaningandimplicationsofChristsResurrection.Thismayindicatethat,
manymerelyacceptthefactthatChristhasrisenfromthedead.Buttheyhavenoidea
ofwhatthismeansnordotheyknowhowtoliveoutitsimplicationintheirlives.No
onehashelpedthemseehow JesusResurrectioncanbethebasicprincipleand
animatingforceforatrulyChristianwayoflife.Wearesavedonlyifwenotonly
confesswithourlipsthatJesusisLordbutalsobelieveinourheartsthatGod
raisedhimfromthedead(Rom10:9).

627. TheimportanceoftheResurrectionalsocallsfortheclarificationof
some common misleading conceptions. Some Christians treat the
ResurrectionsimplyasafactualproofoftheGospelmessage,withno
particularmeaninginitself.ButintheNewTestament,JesusResurrection
isnotonlyaproofoftheGospelmessage__itISalsothemessage!
Neither can the Resurrection be reduced to makingup for the
crucifixion,asifEasterwerelikesomerecompenceforGoodFriday!Onthe
contrary,ChristsResurrectionisthecentraleventofGodswholeplanof
salvation.ThisishowGodwillstosaveallpersonsforalltime.IntheRisen
Christanewagehasdawned,thelongreignofsinisended,abrokenworld
hasbeenrenewed,andweareonceagainmadewhole(EasterPref.IV).
B.

NatureoftheResurrection

628. TheResurrectionwas basically Jesus passagefromdeathtonew,

definitiveglorifiedlife.Thusitcanbedescribedfromthreepointsofview:
1)aspassage:aneventinhumanhistory;
2) astheglorifiedlifeoftheRisenChrist;and
3)aseffectedbytheBlessedTrinity.
629. First, asan event, ChristsResurrectionisboth historical and trans
historical.ItishistoricalintermsofthetestimonyofwitnessestotheRisen
Christ,theemptytomb,etc.Butitsurpassesandtranscendshistoryinthat
nooneclaimedtoseetheevent,noonedescribedhowittookplace,noone
canexplainwhatrisen,glorifiedexistenceisessentially.Therefore,the
passagetosuchanewstateoflifeisnecessarilyarealitydiscernedthrough
theeyesofFaith,notbythesenses(cf.CCC639,647).

630. Second,theglorifiedstateoftheRisenChristisbothlikeandunlike
the historical, earthly Jesus. He has personal continuity with his prior
earthly bodily existence. The Risen Christ reestablished direct relations
with his disciples, even with the marks of his Passion. For it was the
CrucifiedonewhomGodfreedfromdeathsbitterpangsandraisedup
again(Acts2:24).

Yet,theRisenChristalsoshowedacleardiscontinuitywithhisearthlystate.Inhis
risenstatehetranscendsthebodilylimitsoftimeandspace,andinauguratesthenew
andfinalcreation,thefinaldestinyofall.TheRisenChrististhefirstfruitsofthose
whohavefallenasleep...inChristallwillcometolifeagain(1Cor15:20,22;cf.
CCC645).

631. Therefore,ChristsResurrectiondidnotmeanareturntoearthlylife.TheRisen
ChristisnotlikeLazarus,thesonofthewidowofNaimorthedaughterofJairus
(cf.Jn11:43f;Lk7:15;Mk5:41f).Theywererevivedfromdeathtoresume
theirearthlyexistence,onlytodieagain(cf.Jn11:4344;CCC646).Christ
arosetoanentirelynewglorifiedexistence.Werecognizethisinthefact
thatChrist,raisedfromthedead,diesnomore;deathnolongerhaspower
overhim(Rom6:9).Thuswepray:Christisthevictimwhodiesnomore;
theLamb,onceslain,wholivesforever(EasterPref.III).

632. Third. As effected by the Trinity, the Resurrection represents the

definitive intervention of the Triune God into creation and our human
history.Asinalloutgoingdivineacts,theResurrectioniseffectedbyall
three divine Persons working together, but each according to the
distinctivenesspropertoeach(cf.CCC64850).
Thus,likethesourceofJesusdivinesonshipandmissionistheFather,so
toothedivinepowerraisingJesusfromthedeadhasitssourceintheFather
(cf.Acts2:24). Also,likeJesusveryconceptionintheVirginMary,the
divinepowerrevivifyingandglorifyingthedeadJesus,bodyandsoul,is
the HolySpirit.AndassharingequallytogetherwithFatherandSpiritthe
onedivinepower,theEternalSonworkshisownhumanitysresurrectionas
Jesuspromised.Ihavethepowertolaydownmylife,andtotakeitup
again(Jn10:18).
II.NEWTESTAMENTWITNESS
TOTHERESURRECTION
633. The New Testament gives witness to Christs Resurrection in three
basicways.First,theKerygmaorearlypreachingoftheGospel,proclaimed
thecentralimportanceofChristsResurrection.Thiswastrueforboththe
commissionandauthorityoftheapostles,andforgroundingtheChristian
Faithitself.Second,JesusPresence,bothintheRisenChristsappearances,

and then through the teaching, moral exhortation, and worship of the
Apostolic Church, witnesses to his Resurrection. The appearances of the
RisenChristilluminehowherelatestousthroughhiswitnesses,andthe
essentialneedforfaith.
634. Andfinally,theResurrectionisproclaimedastheChristiansfuture.It
indicateshowGodsaves,andillustratesthisbytheemptytomb.Theempty
tomb provides invaluable insight into our future by showing how God
actuallysavesusbodilyinChrist.Weshallbrieflyinvestigateeachofthese
threewaysofwitnessingtoChristsResurrection.
A. TheResurrectionasKerygma
635. TheearlypreachingcontrastsJesusdeathforsinwithhisResurrectionbyGod,
andconnectsthemwithhisappearancestohisdisciples andfulfillingScripture.
ChristdiedforoursinsinaccordancewiththeScriptures;...hewasburied;...
hewasraisedonthethirddayinaccordancewiththeScriptures;...heappearedto
Cephas,thentotheTwelve(1Cor15:3b5).Andagain:Webelieveintheonewho
raisedJesusourLordfromthedead,Jesuswhowashandedovertodeathfor
ourtransgressionsandwasraisedforourjustification(Rom4:2425).
636. In key texts, Jesus Resurrection is linked with the apostolic
commission:Paul,anapostlenotfromhumanbeingsnorthroughahuman
being,butthroughJesusChristandGodtheFatherwhoraisedhimfromthe
dead(Gal1:1).MatthewhastheRisenChristcommissioninghisdisciples
fortheirapostolicmission.Fullauthorityhasbeengiventomebothin
heavenandonearth;go,therefore,andmakedisciplesofallthenations
(Mt28:18l9). ThesetextsshowhowJesusResurrectiondirectlyaffected
thefirstapostolicmission,creatingthedailylifeandpracticeofthefirst
Christiancommunities.
637. ButtheResurrectionkerygmaisperhapsmostimportantforgrounding
the Christian Faith. For the Risen Christ not only crowns Gods Self
revelationinhistory.HealsoilluminesallofcreationasitscosmicLord,in
whomeverythinginheavenandonearthwascreated...allwerecreated
through him and for him (Col 1:16). This is the basis for the genuine

universality of Christian Faith. Through Christs Resurrection, a real

transformationofcreationwaseffectedbyGod.
638. We see some indication of this in Christian moral praxis and
spirituality.Bothrest firmlyontheRisenChristsactualpresenceinthe
world. Without the Resurrection, Christians might simply relate to the
historicalJesusasonereligiousleaderamongmany.Ortheymightrelateto
the Risen Lord like the transcendent God, leaving behind the historical
Jesusstory.Butthemysteryof theRisenChrist unitesinseparablythe
exaltedLordwiththecrucifiedManforothersinawaythatmakesthe
earthlylifeofJesuseternallyvalidandoperativeinourhistorytoday.
639. One particular phrase in the Easter kerygma is specially significant:
onthethirdday(1Cor15:4;Acts10:40).ThroughouttheOldTestament
the third day signified a special point in salvation history, not merely
numericaltime.Mosestoldthepeople:bereadyonthethirdday;foronthe
thirdday theLordwill come down onMount Sinai (Ex 19:11). Hosea
prophesied:Hewillreviveusaftertwodays;onthethirddayhewillraise
usup,toliveinhispresence(Hos6:2).IntheNewTestament,Jesusused
thephraseinpredictionsofhisPassion,ininvokingthesignofJonah(cf.Mt
12:40),andinofferingtheJewsasignofhisauthoritytocleansethetemple:
DestroythistempleandinthreedaysIwillraiseitup(Jn2:19).
B.

TheResurrectionasJesusPresence

640. In his discourse to Cornelius household, Peter describes the

appearances of the Risen Christ (cf. CCC 64143). They killed Jesus,
hanginghimonatree,onlytohaveGodraisehimuponthethirddayand
grantthathebeseen,notbyall,butonlybysuchwitnessesashadbeen
chosenbeforehandbyGod__byuswhoateanddrankwithhimafterherose
fromthedead(Acts10:4041).
UnliketheOldTestamentprophetsexperienceofhearingGodsword,
the disciples encounter with the Risen Christ is constantly described in
termsofseeing,sometimesevenwithtouching.Thewomenembraced
thefeetofJesus(cf.Mt28:9).Tohisdiscipleswhothoughthewasaghost,
theRisenChristsaid:Lookatmyhandsandmyfeet;itisreallyI.Touch
meandseethataghostdoesnothavefleshandbonesasIdo(Lk24:39).

TothedoubtingThomas Jesussaid:Takeyour finger andexaminemy

hands.Putyourhandintomyside(Jn20:27).
641. These appearances of the Risen Christ have three significant
characteristics.First,theyweredifferentfromvisionstotallywithinhistory
sincetheRisenChristshowedhimselfastranscendingtheordinarylimitsof
timeandspace.Second,exceptforPaul,theRisenChristappearedonlyto
thosewhocould identify himwiththeearthly,historicalJesus.Thesethus
becametheonceandforall originalwitnessesfoundingtheChurch.The
ApostolicAgeclosedwiththeirpassing;fromthenon,Christiansarethose
whohavenotseenandhavebelieved(Jn20:29).
642. Third,andmostimportantly,theappearancesdidnotremovealldoubts
nor the need for faith (cf. CCC 644). Some doubted that the one who
appearedwasreallyJesusofNazareth,othersthathewastheChrist.Areal
changeofheart,aconversion,wasneededtoseetheRisenChristasthe
apostleThomasandtheEmmausdisciplesclearlyshow (cf.Jn20:27;Lk
24:1335). Matthewdescribeshowthosewhohadentertaineddoubtsfell
downinhomage(Mt28:17).Thisconfirmsthefactthatfaithistrulyagift.
Noonecansay:JesusisLord,exceptintheHolySpirit(1Cor12:3).
St.ThomasAquinasexplainsthattheapostlessawthelivingChristafter
hisResurrectionwiththeeyesoffaith(ST,III:55,2ad1m).
643. But the presence of the Risen Jesus was not confined to his
appearances.Rather,Christsactivepresencewasintenselyfeltbytheearly
community,andlinkedwithlifeintheSpirit.Weourselves,although we
havetheSpiritasfirstfruits,groaninwardlywhileweawait theredemptionofour
bodies (Rom 8:23). Jesus presence was especially felt in three areas,
correspondingtoourpresentDoctrine,Morals,andWorship.First,as
sourceofthe teaching andauthorityoftheChristiancommunitysleaders.
Second,inthemoralexhortationsofthePaulineepistles.Andthird,inthe
communityworship,especiallyBaptismandtheEucharist.
Teaching
644. TheRisenChristcommissionedhisdisciples:Youaretoteachthemto
carry out everything I have commanded you (Mt 28:20). Jesus and the

Fatherabideinanyonewhoistruetomyword....Wewillcometohim
andmakeourdwellingplacewithhim(Jn14:23).Thisabidingpresenceis
effectedthroughtheHolySpiritwhowillinstructyouineverything,and
remindyouofallthatItoldyou(Jn14:26).FortheSpiritbearswitness
to the Risen Christ (cf. Jn 15:26). He will guide you to all truth. . .
announcetoyouthethingsthataretocome.Indoingthishewillgiveglory
tomebecausehewillhavereceivedfrommewhathewillannouncetoyou
(Jn16:1314).
PaulineMoralExhortation
645. The Risen Christs Paschal pattern of new life through death
determinestheshapeofallChristianlifeintheSpirit.ChristsResurrection
makes spiritually present He to whom every Christian belongs. So Paul
writes:ContinuallywecarryaboutinourbodiesthedyingofJesus,sothat
in our bodies the life of Jesus may also be revealed (2 Cor 4:10). He
exhorts his Corinthian converts: Christ, our Paschal Lamb, has been
sacrificed.Letuscelebratethefeastnotwiththeoldyeastofcorruptionand
wickedness,butwiththeunleavenedbreadofsincerityandtruth (1Cor
5:78).
LiturgicalWorship
646. TheRisenChristspresencewasexperiencedperhapsmostclearlyin
thesacramentalworshipoftheChristiancommunity.First,inbaptismyou
werenotonlyburiedwithhimbutalsoraisedtonewlifewithhimbecause
youbelieved inthe power of Godwhoraised himfromthe dead (Col
2:12). The Eucharist, for Paul, makes present Christs Paschal Mystery:
Everytime,then,youeatthisbreadanddrinkthiscup,youproclaimthe
deathoftheLorduntilhecomes(1Cor11:26).Johnstressesthenotionof
abidingpresencethroughtheEucharist:Whoevereatsmyfleshanddrinks
mybloodremainsinme,andIinhim(Jn6:56).
C. TheResurrectionandtheEmptyTomb
647. Byitself,thetraditionoftheemptytombdoesnotproveanything.
ButwhenlinkedtotheRisenChristsappearances,itisconfirmatoryofthe

Resurrection (cf.CCC640). Moreimportant,perhaps,iswhattheempty

tombindicatesaboutthenatureofoursalvation.ForthecorpseofJesuswas
asymboloftheultimatehumansin,andGodtookthatcorpseandmadeofit
thebeginningofthenewcreation.RedemptionintheCatholicsense,then,is
not escaping from this sinful world, buttransformingitwithallitseviland
suffering.Moreover,respectformaterialcreation,againstallformsofspiritualism,
isonceagainaffirmed.AsHehaddoneincreationandattheIncarnation,
GodonceagainenhancesmatterbyraisingChristfromthedead.
PCPIIstronglysupportsthisrespectformaterialcreationinitsappeal
forapassionatecareofourearthandourenvironmenttopreservethe
integrityofGodscreation(PCPII79,32124).
III.CHRISTSASCENSION
648. ButtheraisingofChristdidnotstopwithhisResurrectionfromthe
dead. An integralpartofChristsPaschalMysteryishis Ascension.The
RisenJesustoldMaryMagdalene:IamascendingtomyFatherandyour
Father, to my God and your God (Jn 20:17; cf. CCC 65960). Johns
Gospel neatly unifies all dimensions of Christs Paschal Mystery
(Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension) by Jesus assertion of being
liftedup(cf.Jn3:14;8:28;12:3233).Thesecorrespondtothepredictions
ofthePassion,DeathandResurrectionintheSynopticGospels (e.g.,Mk
8:31;9:31;10:3334).
Thepredictions of both thePassion andbeing lifted up have two
thingsincommon.Theyspeakof1)theSonofMan,and2)thedivine
imperative. SomusttheSonofManbeliftedup (Jn3:143). AndThe
SonofManhadtosuffermuch...beputtodeath,andrisethreedayslater
(Mk8:31).
649. The primarymeaningof beingraisedor liftedup isChristsexaltation,
sovereignauthorityandpowerovercreationandallhistory(cf.CCC66870).This
recallsaSufferingServantprophecyofIsaiah:See,myServantshallprosper,
heshallberaisedhighandgreatlyexalted(Is52:13).Italsoappearsintwo
ofPetersdiscoursesinActsexpressingbothResurrectionandAscension.TheGod
ofourfathershasraisedupJesuswhomyouputtodeath,hanginghimona
tree.HewhomGodhas exalted atHisrighthandasRulerandSaviorto
bringrepentancetoIsraelandforgivenessofsins(Acts5:3031).Referring

lifted up also to Christs Ascension to the Father, then, helps explain:

WhenyouliftuptheSonofMan,youwillcometorealizethatIAM(Jn
8:28). IAMwasthenameGodrevealedtoMosesinEx3:14,which
JohnsGospelusestobringoutthedivinityofJesus.
650. ButtheAscensionisalsoasavingeventforus.Christsreturntothe
FatherwasnecessaryforsendingtheSpirit:ItismuchbetterforyouthatI
go....IfIgo,IwillsendtheParacletetoyou(Jn16:7).JesusAscension
tohisFatherdidnotseparatehimfromtheworld.Rather,itmadehimeven
morepresenttohisdisciples.
TheLordJesuswastakenupintoheavenandtookhisseatatGods
righthand.TheElevenwentforthandpreachedeverywhere.TheLord
continuedtoworkwiththemthroughout,andtoconfirmthemessage
throughthesignswhichaccompaniedthem(Mk16:1920).
PaulalsostressesthissameactivepresenceofChristJesuswhodiedor
ratherwasraisedup,whoisattherighthandofGodandwhointercedesfor
us(Rom8:34).
651. ChristsAscension,then,bringsout anumberofbasictruths ofour
Christian Faith. First, the Ascension marks Jesus exaltation into the
heavenlyrealmofhisFather. Second, itdoesnotseparateChristfromus
becauseashepromised,fromheavenhedrawseveryonetohimself (Jn
12:32).Third,sincehelivesforevertomakeintercession,Christcontinues
toexercisehispriesthoodsinceheenteredheavenitself,thathemightnow
appearbeforeGodonourbehalf (Heb7:25;9:24).Finally, theascended
ChristasHeadoftheChurchgivesus,membersofhisBody,thehopeof
onedayenteringintoglorywithhim(cf.CCC66167).

652. The Preface of the Ascension summarizes these truths neatly as it

proclaims:
Christ,theMediatorbetweenGodandman,
JudgeoftheworldandLordofall,
haspassedbeyondoursight,
nottoabandonusbuttobeourhope.
Christisthebeginning,theheadoftheChurch;

wherehehasgone,wehopetofollow.
IV.CHRISTWILLCOMEAGAIN
653. WeareawareofthelivingpresenceoftheRisenChristamongusintheHoly
Spiritsentamongus.ButwealsoknowfromtheCreedthathewillcomeagainto
judgethelivingandthedead(cf.CCC68782).Inthefirsteucharisticacclamationwe
proclaim:Christhasdied,Christisrisen,Christwillcomeagain! Parousia,
meaningcomingorpresence,isthetraditionaltermforChristsSecondComing
asdivineJudge(cf.Mt24:3,27,37,39;1Cor15:23;etc.).TheSonofManwillcome
withhisFathersgloryaccompaniedbyhisangels.Whenhedoes,hewillrepayeach
manaccordingtohisconduct(Mt16:2728).
654. In the early days Christians prayed for this coming of Christ their
Savior: O Lord, come! Marana tha! (1 Cor 16:22; Rev 22:20). But
gradually this longing for their forgiving Savior gave way to gnawing
consciousnessofindividualsinfulnessandinfidelity.Theattitudeoflonging
fortheLordwasreplacedbysomethingakintotheOldTestamentprophetic
warnings.TheDayoftheLordwaspicturedasaDayofJudgment,a
DiesIrae(DayofGodsWrath).Inrecenttimestherehasbeenarenewalof
theNewTestamentstressonChristssavingpresence,andhisSecond
Comingasintroducingthefinalcompletionnotjustoftheindividualsbutof
thewholeworld.ThefinaldestinyofthehumanraceisultimatelyinGods
hands.
655. But confusion often arises today, partly due to the exaggerated
interpretations of the final day by some fundamentalist sects. They
overemphasize and interpret in literal fashion the poetic, apocalyptic
descriptionsoftheendoftheworldgivenintheBible,especiallyinDaniel
andthebookofRevelation.Biblicalliteratureofthistypehastobereadin
termsofitstypicalcharacteristics.
First,whileseeminglyarevelationofthefuture,apocalyptictextsactually
are usually a commentary on their own times. Second, the revelation is
generallypresentedinavisionordream,inwhichallegoricallanguageand
complicatedsymbolismareused.Third,thetextsattemptbysuchmeansto
portraythefinalendofworldhistoryandthefearfuldestructionofallthe
evilforcesintheworld.

656. Given such qualities of biblical apocalyptic literature, it is more

important for us, Filipino Catholics, to focus on the basic truths of the
Parousia.ThefirstisthattheRisenChristastheSonofManwillcometo
judgethelivingandthedead (2Tim4:1). TheLordhimselfwillcome
downfromheavenatthewordofcommand,atthesoundofthearchangels
voiceandGodstrumphet;andthosewhohavediedinChristwillrisefirst
(1Thes4:16).
Second,ChristsSecondComingwillbeunmistakablesinceitwillbe
accompaniedbyunprecedentedsignsintheheavensandontheearth.As
thelightningfromtheEastflashestotheWest,sowillthecomingoftheSon
ofManbe(Mt24:27).
657. Third,regardingwhentheParousiawilltakeplace,theGospelisveryclear.As
fortheexactdayorhour,nooneknowsit,neithertheangelsinheavennortheSon,but
theFatheronly(Mt24:36).Therefore,fourth,becauseitwillcomeunexpectedly,like
athiefinthenight(1Thes5:2),wemustbeconstantlyonthewatch!Stay
awake!Youdonotknowwhentheappointedtimewillcome(Mk13:33).
658. Lastly, becauseChristisalreadyinhisglory,andhassenthisSpirit
amongus,thetimeofsalvationhasalreadycome.Nowisthetimewhen
our salvation is being worked out in our daily acts with our neighbors.
WhentheSonofMancomesinhisglory,hewilljudgeouractsaccording
toonenorm:Asoftenasyoudiditforoneofmyleastbrothers,youdidit
forme(Mt25:31,40).

INTEGRATION

659. ThedoctrineofChristsResurrectionandSecondComingconstitutesacentral
partinourunderstandingwhoJesusChristIS.Withoutmuchspeculativereasoning,the
ordinaryCatholicFilipinoinstinctivelysensesthatChristasRisenSaviorandasJudge
mustbetrueGodandtruemaninsomeway.Heisbothoneofus,abletosympathize

withourweakness(Heb4:15),andyetcapableoftakingawaythesinoftheworld,
andgiventhepowertopassjudgmentonit(Jn1:29;5:27).Asrisenfromthe
dead,Christispresentandoperativeinourhumanhistory,theHeadofthe
Christiancommunities,theChurch.
660. Christian morality restspreciselyonthepresenceoftheRisenChrist
amongustoday,throughtheSpirithehassentintoourhearts.Fortheliving
Risen Christ is not merely some external model of 2,000 years ago,
proposedforourimitation.Heis,rather,a personalpresence throughhis
livingbiblicalWord,andinactivegracefilledpowerwithinus.TheRisen
Christspresence,bothpersonalandcommunitarian,inFilipinoCatholics,
is the abiding source of our authentic Christian moral discernment and
strengthforourdailylivingoutourChristianFaith.
661. Christian worship dependsforitsvalidityontheResurrection, forif
Jesusbenotrisen,hecannotmediateforusbeforetheFather,norbeexperiencedin
hisSacraments.TherealityoftheResurrectionwasbroughthomesharplyto
theearlyChristianspreciselyintheirexperienceofhimintheirworship.Today,
intheactiveliturgiesofthrivingparishesandBECs,weFilipinoCatholicsshare
thesameexperience.Wecometorecognizehiminthebreakingofbread
(Lk24:35).

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

662. WhyisitsoimportanttobelieveinChristsResurrection?
BecausetheRisenChrististhekeytooursalvationandallauthentic
knowledgeofGod.IfChristisnotrisen,ourfaithisworthless (cf.1
Cor15:17).
663. WhatisthemeaningandsalvificimportanceofChristsResurrection?
Christsresurrectionis not simplyafactofinformation,butrather,
togetherwiththeIncarnation,themostsignificanteventoftheChristian
Faith.It
confirmedallChristhaddoneandtaughtduringhispublicministry;

 fulfilledtheOldTestamentprophecies;
confirmedJesusastheonlySonoftheFather;
enabledChristtosharehisnewlifewithusasadoptedsonsand
daughtersoftheFather;and
willbetheprincipleandsourceofourresurrection.

664. WhatisthechallengesurroundingtheResurrection?
ThechallengetodayisnotinacceptingChristsResurrection,butin
livingouttheGospeloftheRisenChrist.
665. DoestheResurrectionprovetheGospelmessage?
ChristsResurrectionisnotonlytheproofoftheGospelmessage.ItIS
thecentralGospelmessageitself.
666. WhatdoesJesusChristrosefromthedeadmean?
Itmeansthat:
Jesuspassedfromdeathto
anew,definitiveglorifiedlife,
effectedbytheBlessedTrinity,and
isnowthesourceofthatnewlifeforall.
667. HowdoestheNewTestamentwitnesstoChristsResurrection?
The New Testament testifies to Christs Resurrection in four ways,
namely,inits:
Easterproclamationandapostolicmandate;
descriptionsoftheRisenChristsappearancestohisdisciples;
narrativeofthetraditionoftheemptytomb;and
accountoftheearlyChristiancommunitysexperienceoftheRisen
ChristspresenceintheHolySpirit.
668. Whatisanexampleoftheearlykerygma?
IntheFirstLettertotheCorinthiansSt.Paulwrote:Christdiedforour
sinsinaccordancewiththeScriptures;...hewasburiedandrosefrom
thedeadonthethirdday,...hewasseenbyCephas,thenbythe
Twelve(1Cor15:35).
669. HowdidtheRisenChristshowhispresenceintheworld?

TheRisenChristwasseenbyhisdisciples,butespeciallyexperienced
through the teaching, the moral exhortation, and in the liturgical
worshipoftheearlyChristiancommunities.
670. WhatdoestheAscensionmean?
ItmeansthattheRisenChristascendedtoheaventotakehisplaceat
therighthandoftheFather.
TheAscensionisasalvificeventfor ussinceChristsreturntothe
FatherwasnecessaryforsendingtheSpiritamongus,andforChrists
continuedmediatingonourbehalfaswellasforgroundingourhopein
ourownfutureresurrection.
671. WhatdoesChristsbeingliftedupreferto?
InJohnsGospelChristspeaksofbeingliftedupinreferringtohis
Crucifixion,hisResurrection,andhisAscensiontoheaven.
672. WhywillChristcomeagain?
TheRisenChristwillcomeagainatthe Parousia tojudgetheliving
andthedead.
Biblical accounts of Christs Second Coming are written in the
apocalypticgenreandmustbeinterpretedaccordingly.

673. WhenwillChristsSecondComingorParousiatakeplace?
Christ clearly affirmed that no one knows this, except the Father. It is
useless, therefore, to speculate on this when.

Chapter 13

Living as Disciples of Christ

What I just did was to give you an example: as I have done,

so you must do.
(Jn 13:15)

But only God, who created man to His own image and
ransomed him from sin, provides a fully adequate answer to
[mans basic] questions. . . revealed in Christ His Son who
became man. Whoever follows after Christ, the perfect man,
becomes himself more of a man.
(GS 41)

OPENING

674. ForChristians,morallivingissimplyfollowingChrist.Yetwhenmoralityis
mentioned,thefirstthingweoftenthinkaboutislaws,commandments,aseriesof
donts,anddirepunishmentsifwefail.ButChristianFaithismorethanasetof
truthstobebelieved;itisthewayofChristwhichleadstolife(cf.CCC1696).Itis
theGospelofChristbelievedandlivedwhichwilldecideourdestinyasChristians.
Fullnessoflifehereonearthmeansthat,inalltheinnumerableactions,eventsand
problemsofdailylife,wewalkwithJesusofNazareth,theChrist,whoistheWay,
theTruth,andtheLife(Jn14:6).
675. Christianmorallife,then,isabouttheGospel.Itisaboutgrowingin
loveandholiness.Itistheprocessofbecomingauthenticallyhuman(cf.RH
14). TheChristianmoralpersonisonewhoexperiencestheliberatingand
transformingpresenceofChrist,throughthegraceofhisSpirit (cf.2Cor
3:17;Jn8:32).Fromthisexperience,Christianscommitthemselves,intheir
moralattitudes,decisions,andacts,totheongoingprocessofliberatingand
transformingmenandwomenintodisciplesofChrist.ForChristishefrom
whomwegoforth,throughwhomwelive,andtowardwhomourjourney
leadsus(LG3).ThustheworldmaybefilledwiththespiritofChristand
maymoreeffectivelyattainitsdestinyinjustice,inloveandinpeace(LG
36).ThisisdevelopedinthePCPIIintermsofsocialtransformation(cf.
PCPII25674,43538).
676. ButwesoonfindthatthisfollowingofChristisnoteasy__lifeisfull
ofchallenges.Fromtheverydawnofhistoryhumanbeings,enticedbythe
evilone,abusedtheirfreedom.TheysetthemselvesagainstGodandsought

tofindfulfillmentapartfromGod....Theirsenselessmindsweredarkened
andtheyservedthecreatureratherthantheCreator(GS13;cf.CCC1707).
677. Lefttoourselves,wehavenopowertofulfillChristscommand: Be
perfect,justasyourheavenlyFatherisperfect(Mt5:48).YetGodstrengthensusby
lettingussharethelifeofChristJesus,throughtheHolySpiritreceivedinBaptism(cf.
Rom6:4).ThisSpirit,inunitingustoChrist,ourrisenSavior,asmembersofhisBody,
theChurch,liberatesandempowersuswithnewlifetorespondinourdailywordsand
deedstoGodslove(cf.CCC1742).Thus,asdisciplesofChrist,mutuallysupporting
oneanotherthroughthegraceoftheHolySpirit,wecometoexercise responsible
freedom accordingtoGodslovingdesign,asgraspedbyourgraduallyformed
Christianconscience.
678. ThischapterproposestheconstitutiveelementsofpersonalChristian
moralliving:themoralagent,humanpersons;ourbasicdignityinfreedom
andinpersonalmoralresponsibility;governedbyourconscience,theinner
guideformoralgrowthinvirtue,throughtheexampleofChrist,thegraceof
theSpirit,andtheFatherslovingmercy(cf.CCC17009).

CONTEXT

679. We,CatholicFilipinos,constitutingmorethan82%ofour population, are

rightlyproudof our Christian faith.We are especially fondof religious
processions,novenasandnumerousdevotionstoChristourSavior,toMary
and the other Saints. Our churches are crowded on Sundays and special
fiestas.Moreover,recentreligiousmovementsinourcountrysuchasthe
Cursillo,theCharismaticrenewal,theFocolare,andthelike,haveclearly
shownawidespreadyearningforcloserunionwithChrist.Agreatnumber
ofFilipinosareseekingwaystodrawclosertoChristtheirLord.
680. YetthisyearningforspiritualintimacywithJesusoftendoesnotseem
to touch the daily words and actions of some devotees. Their piety
frequentlyfailstoproduceactsoflovingservice,forgivenessandsacrifice.
HowcanmanypiousChurchmemberscontinuetoactasabusivelandlords,

usurers, oppressive employers, or unreliable employees? Why do many

graduatesofourbestCatholicschoolsturnouttobecorruptgovernment
officials,unfaithfulhusbandsandwives,orcheatingbusinessmen?There
seemstobeaseriousgapbetweenexternalritualexpressionofChristian
Faith,andauthenticdiscipleship:followingChristinaction.
681. Genuine Christianpiety,ofcourse,inspirestrueChristianwitnessand
service.ButinthePhilippinestoday,thechallengeof authenticChristianwitness
demandstwothings: a) interiorly,thatFilipinoCatholicsbreakthroughexternal
ritualism and social conformism to interiorize their devotional prayer and
sacramentalworshipdeeplyintotheirveryselves(kalooban);b)exteriorly,tocommit
themselvestoJesusChrist andtoallhestandsfor,indailypracticeofthefaith
according to Catholic moral principles and the guidance of the teaching
Church.

EXPOSITION

I.MORALAGENT:THEHUMANPERSON
682. Christianmorallifeissimplythecalltobecomelovingpersons,inthe
fullnessoflifewithothersincommunitybeforeGod,inimitationofJesus
Christ.Thekeytomorallife,then,isthehumanperson,consideredinthe
lightofbothreasonandfaith.Allhumanrights,personalandsocial,all
moraldutiesandresponsibilities,allvirtuesandmoralcharacter__alldepend
directlyontheanswerswegivetothequestions:whoamIasapersonin
community?asadiscipleofJesusChrist,inhisChurch?Inthewordsof
PCPII: HowtoliveasFilipinoChristiansinoursituationoflightsand
shadows?(PCPII35)
683. Thissenseofthe dignity ofthehumanperson hasbeenimpressing
itselfmoreandmoredeeplyontheconsciousnessofcontemporaryman
(DH 1). The inviolable dignity of every human person. . . is the most
preciouspossessionofanindividual,[whose]valuecomesnotfromwhata

person has asmuchasfromwhatapersonis (CL37). Hencethe

pivotalpointofourtotalpresentationwillbethehumanperson,wholeand
entire,bodyandsoul,heartandconscience,mindandwill(GS3).Butjust
whoorwhatISthehumanpersonaccordingtoreasonandChristianFaith?

684. PersonsinChrist.ForChristians,theanswercanonlybegroundedon
JesusChristhimself. InChristandthroughChrist,wehaveacquiredfull
awareness of our dignity, of the heights to which we are raised, of the
surpassingworthofourownhumanity,andofthemeaningofourexistence
(RH11).Forbyhisincarnation,theSonofGodhasunitedhimselfinsome
fashionwitheveryperson(GS22).
685. Christ reveals how the essential dignity of all persons is grounded
directlyontheirorigin,meaninganddestiny. Webelieveallpersonsare
createdbyGodinHisimageandlikeness(cf.Gen1:26)throughourLord
JesusChrist,throughwhomeverythingwasmadeandthroughwhomwe
live (1Cor8:6).Webelieveallare redeemed bythebloodofChrist (cf.
Eph1:7;Col1:14), andare sanctified bytheindwellingHolySpirit (cf.
Rom8:1416;1Cor6:19).Webelieveallpersonsarecalledtobechildren
ofGod(cf.1Jn3:1),destinedforeternallifeofblessedcommunionwith
theFather,HisRisenIncarnateSon,andtheirHolySpirit(cf.CCC1692).
686. But,despitetheirfirmbeliefinthesebasictruthsoftheChristianFaith,
manyCatholicsdonotrealizehowthesetruthstouchtheirdaytodaymoral
attitudes,actsandchoices.Onlyifthesecredaltruthsarelinkeddirectlywith
theFilipinosexperienceofthemselvesaspersons,willtheyinfluencetheir
moralliving.Hence,wehavetorelatethese Christiantruthstothecommon
experience of being a Filipino person. Although we tend to take these
characteristicsofourownpersonfor granted,weneverthelessneedtobecome
moreconsciousofthemtogainatrueknowledgeofselfandofourrelationships
toothersandtoGod.
II.PERSONSINEXPERIENCE
687. Personsare open and relational bynature.Nomanisanisland;we
growintoourfullselvesaspersonsonlyinrelatingtoothers.WeFilipinos

areoutstandinginthisregard:itissaidFilipinosarenever alone.We
realize being a person means being by others (our conception, birth,
upbringing), being with others (our family, friends, neighbors, business
associates),andbeingforothers(love,service).Thisishowwehavebeen
createdbyGod__ associalbeings.Thisishowwehavebeenredeemedby
Christ__asapeople.ThisishowtheHolySpiritworksnotonlywithinbut
amongusasthepeopleofGod,journeyingtowardourcommondestinyin
God.
688. Personsare consciousbeings,awareofthemselvesintheiroutgoing
acts.Wepossessthisselfawarenessthroughourknowingandfreewilling
(cf. CCC 17047; GS 1417). Thus we image in our small way the
Creatorsinfiniteknowingandloving.Thisisthebasisforourmorallife.
689. Personsareembodiedspirits.Thisstressestheunitybetweenourbody
andsoul.Ourbodiesareanessentialpartofourbeinghuman,notmerely
aninstrumentweuseaccordingtoourwhims.Contrarytothosewho
lookdownonthebody,andmakeitthesourceofallevil,ChristianFaith
regardsthebodyasgoodandhonorablesinceGodhascreateditandwill
raiseituponthelastday(GS14).Moreover,GodtheSonfurtherdignified
thebodythroughhis Incarnation __ TheWordbecamefleshanddwelt
amongus (Jn1:14). AndSt.Pauladmonishesus:Youmustknowthat
yourbodyisatempleoftheHolySpirit,whoiswithin __theSpirityouhave
receivedfromGod....So,glorifyGodinyourbody(1Cor6:1920).All
ourrelationshipswithothersandwithGodareexpressedthroughourbodies,
whicharethenaturalsacramentofourspiritualdepth.
690. Persons are historical realities. We are pilgrims ontheway, who
gradually,throughtime,becomeourfullselves.Inexercisingfreedom,we
decideforourselvesandformourselves;inthissenseweareourowncause.
We develop aspersonsindiscerniblestages,describedingreatdetailby
modern psychology. Salvation history narrated in the Bible shows the
dynamicinterplaybetweengoodandevil,successandfailure,withinthe
livesofthegreatbiblicalfigures.ItrecountshowGodprogressivelybrought
HisChosenPeopletoaclearerunderstanding,andhighermoralvision,of
theirownbeingandofGodHimself.

691. Persons are unique, yet fundamentally equal. Despite physical

differencesaswellasdifferingintellectualandmoralpowers,weinstinctively
realizethataspersons,insomebasicway,weareallequal.ThisiswhatourFaith
explains:AllmenareendowedwitharationalsoulandarecreatedinGods
image;theyhavethesamenatureandoriginand,beingredeemedbyChrist,they
enjoythesamedivine calling and destiny; there is here a basic equality
betweenallmen(GS29).Yet,eachofusiscalledtoimageGodinaunique
way__noonecantakeourplace,asitwere.ToeachofusChristsays:Fear
not,forIhaveredeemedyou;Ihavecalledyoubyname:youaremine(Is
43:1).Thus,withinthefundamentalequalityofallpersons,werecognizethe
uniqueidentityofeachperson.
692. Thisfundamentalequalityofallindividualpersonsalsogroundsthe
participation and solidarity of all peoples. Since God the Father is the
originandpurposeofallpeople,weareallcalledtobebrothers.Therefore,
ifwehavebeensummonedbythesamedestiny,whichisbothhumanand
divine,wecanandshouldworktogethertobuilduptheworldingenuine
peace(GS92).
III.HUMANFREEDOM

693. Throughouttheworldtodaythereisanunprecedenteddriveforfreedom,
forbreakingoutofalltheoldstructuresofpoliticaloppression,racialprejudice,
economicinjustice,andconstrictingculturalmores.Thedemandisincreasinglymade
thatmenshouldactontheirownjudgment,enjoyingandmakinguseofaresponsible
freedom,notdrivenbycoercionbutmotivatedbyasenseofduty(DH1).Sincethe
GospelofJesusChristisamessageoffreedomandaforceforliberation(ITL),we
recognizehereanauthenticsignofGodspresenceandpurpose...forauthentic
freedomisanexceptionalsignofthedivineimagewithinman(GS11,17).
694. ButitissoeasytoconfusehumanfreedomwithsimplydoingwhatI
want.Authenticfreedomisnottherighttosayanddoanything,butto
do the good (cf. CCC 1740). It is not my own individual private
possession,butasharedfreedomwithothersincommunity.Itisnotfound
inprejudice,deceit,orignorance,butintruth.Christswords,thetruthwill
setyoufree(Jn8:32),settruthasboththeconditionforauthenticfreedom

anda warningagainst everykindof illusoryfreedom,everysuperficial

unilateralfreedom,everyfreedomthatfailstoenterintothewholetruth
aboutmanandtheworld(RH12).Loversoftruefreedom[arethose]who
come to decisions on their own judgment and in the light of truth, and
governtheiractivitieswithasenseofresponsibility,strivingafterwhatis
trueandright (DH8). Thepillars ofthisfreedomare thetruthabout
JesustheSavior,thetruthsabouttheChurch,andthetruthaboutmanand
hisdignity(ITL,XI,5).
695. FreedomfromAuthentichumanfreedomhasmanyaspects.Ordinarily
webecomesharplyawareofthevalueofourfreedomonlywhenweare
forcedtodosomethingagainstourwill.Thenwerealizehowmuchwelong
tobefreefromthingsimposedonus.Butthisfreedomfromallrestraints
canoftenresultinfollowingselfishinclinationsorblindprejudicesrather
thanseekingwhatistrulygood.SoSt.Paulwarnsus:
ItwasforlibertythatChristfreedus.Sostandfirm,anddonottakeon
yourselvestheyokeofslaveryasecondtime!Mybrothers,remember
thatyouhavebeencalledtoliveinfreedombutnotafreedomthat
gives free rein to the flesh. Out of love, place yourselves at one
anothersservice.Mypointisthatyoushouldliveinaccordwiththe
Spirit and you will not yield to the cravings of the flesh (Gal
5:1,13,16).
AndSt.Peteradds:Liveasfreemen,butdonotuseyourfreedomasa
cloakforvice.Inaword,liveasservantsofGod(1Pt2:16).

696. Authentic freedom, therefore, involves first of all freedom from

everythingthatopposesourtrueselfbecomingwithothersincommunity.
Such,forexample,are interior obstacles likeignorance,orourdisordered
passions,fears,personalitydefects,badhabits,prejudicesor psychological
disturbances,andexterior forces,suchasviolentforceoreventhethreatofviolence.
Theseimpedimentstoauthenticfreedomarecommonlytracedtothreesources:
biological,whichincludeinheritedhandicapsanddefectsaswellasexternalsubstances
likedrugs; psychological,orinteriorcompulsions,includingthoseoriginatinginthe
unconscious;andsocialpressuressuchasthemanyeconomic,political,andcultural
obstacleswhichimpedetherighttofreedom(cf.ccc1740)

Allthesefactorsdiminishourfreedomandthusmoralimputabilityandour
responsibility(cf.CCC1735).Butthegreatestsingleobstacletoauthentic
freedom is SIN. Liberation to true freedom means first and foremost
liberationfromtheradicalslaveryofsin(Instr.onChristianFreedomand
Liberation23).
697. Freedomfor. Butthisfreedom from isobviouslydirectedtowardsa
secondfreedom,themoreimportantfreedomfor.Beyondbeingliberated
from alltheobstaclestoauthenticfreedomisthe freedomforgrowingas
fullpersonsandchildrenofGod,sharinginthelifeofChristourLiberator
throughhisSpirit.Itisthefreedomfoundinauthenticlove.Ofthismany
sided freedom we treat only of the personal dimension here; its social
dimensionsareexplainedinthenextchapter.
Twolevels oftheindividualpersonsfreedomforstandout:1)the
freedomofchoicebywhichIdirectmymoralacts,and2)thefundamental
freedomofmyveryself.Inthefirstlevel,wehavethefreedomtochooseto
actinthisorthatway,todogoodorevil.Butbyconsistentlychoosingtodo
thegood,wegraduallybecomefreelovingpersons,thesecondlevel(cf.VS
6568).Thisshowshowourpersonalfreedomforisbothaprocessanda
task. Through our free choices, striving to overcome the obstacles from
withinandwithout(task),wegraduallygrow(process)towardsauthentic,
maturefundamental(self)freedom.
698. FreedomoftheChildrenofGod.Thegoalofthisprocessandtaskof
personalfreedomistobesetfreefromslaverytocorruptionandsharein
thegloriousfreedomofthechildrenofGod(Rom8:21).Christhasfreedus
bygivingtoeveryonethepowertoconquersinandtorecoverthemeaning
ofourfreedomandsoattainthegoodandaccomplishourcallingaschildren
ofGod(cf.CCC1741).Freedomtoattainthegoodsimplymeanstoact
asJesusdid __ tomirrorinlifetheFatherhoodofGodasthe Fathers
adoptedsonsanddaughtersinJesus,theSon,andthroughJesusindwelling
Spirit.PromisedbyChrist,theHolySpiritiswithinuscreatingspaceforour
freedom andmakingusalive. WheretheSpiritof theLordis,thereis
freedom(2Cor3:17;cf.CCC1742).
699. ThusitisthepowerofChristsSpiritwithinusthatliberatesusfrom
sin,thelawanddeath(cf.Rom,chap.5),foralifeoflovingserviceofour

fellowmen,whereinwefindourtrueselvesbyimitatingChristJesus,our
Lord. For the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness,
generosity,faithfulness,gentleness,andselfcontrol(Gal5:22f).
700. ExerciseofResponsibleFreedom. Buthowdowelearntoexercise
ourfreedomresponsibly?AsChristians,wecometoknowwhatismoral
goodinthelightoftheGospelandhumanexperience.Forfaiththrowsa
newlightoneverythingandmanifestsGodsdesignforourtotalvocation,
andthusdirectsthemindtosolutionsthatarefullyhuman (GS11). This
newlightregardingourmorallifeworksthroughour conscience, the
mostsecretcoreandsanctuaryofaman,whereheisalonewithGod,whose
voiceechoesinhisdepths(GS16).Moralconscienceistheexpressionof
thedivinelaw,definingwhatisgoodandwhatisevil.Itimpelsustodothe
good andto avoidevil. It judges our behavior,approving whatis good,
condemning what is evil (cf. Rom 1:32; CCC 1778). Thus, it is our
consciencethatindicatesforushow,inourdailythoughts,wordsanddeeds,
wearetoloveGodandourneighbor.
IV.CONSCIENCE
701. FormostFilipinos,conscienceisunderstoodasakindofinnervoice
(tinigngbudhi)whichguidesusinourmorallife.Thiscanmeanourbasic
tendencytowardthegood,thevoicealwayssummoningustolovethegood
andavoidevil.Moreconcretelyitreferstoapplyingobjectivemoralnorms
toourparticularacts:thevoiceofconsciencecan,whennecessary,speakto
ourheartsmorespecifically:dothis,shunthat.Assuch,conscienceactsas
theproximatenormofpersonalmorality(VS60)fordiscerninggoodand
evil(cf.CCC1796).

Onourpart,weperceiveandacknowledgetheimperativesofthedivine
law through the mediation of conscience. In all our activity we are
boundtofollowourconsciencefaithfully,inordertocometoGod,for
whomwewerecreated(DH3).
Toobeyconscienceisourverydignity;accordingtoitwewillbejudged
(GS16;cfRom21:15f).

702. Acommonmisunderstandingariseshere.HowcanIbefreeifIam
bound, morally obliged, to follow the moral law and dictates of
conscience? This complaint is based directly on the misconception of
freedomasdoingwhatIwant.Ourbuiltintendencytowardselfcentered
useoffreedomissodeepthatonlytheliberatinggraceofGodcanhelpus
workagainstthisabidinginnereffectoforiginalsin(cf.GS17).
703. Thetruthisthatfreedomofconsciencecarrieswithitacorresponding
duty to respect the same freedom inothers. Each person has the right,
original in human nature, to be recognized and respected as a free and
responsiblebeing(cf.CCC1931;GS27).Moralobligation,then,farfrom
destroyingauthenticfreedom,pertainsonlytoourfreethoughts,wordsand
deeds,andguidesthemtowardtrue,genuinefreedom.Wheneverwetryto
freeourselvesfromthemorallawandbecomeindependentofGod,farfrom
gaininggenuinefreedom,wedestroyit.
Vatican II admirably capturesthisapparentparadoxof freedomand
moralobligationcoexisting:GodcallsustoserveHiminSpiritandin
truth.Henceweareboundinconsciencebutstandundernocompulsion...
wearetobeguidedbyourownjudgmentandtoenjoyfreedom(DH11).
704. Formation of Conscience. But our conscience is not something
automatic. It is gradually shaped through all the many and complex
factorsthatenterintoourgrowthtoChristianmaturity.Familyupbringing,
basiceducationandcatechesisintheFaith,ourculturalattitudes andvalues, the
friendswegrowwithinschool,andthelargersocialenvironmentofthe
community__allinfluencethedevelopmentofconscience.Crucialtocorrect
understandingofourconscienceisitsessential relationaldimension. Our
ongoing moral experiences, within which our consciences gradually take
shape,are neverisolated, butratheralwaysinvolvecountlessinteractions
withparents,guardians,relatives,friends,neighbors,teachers,religiousand
priests,withinthesocialgroupingsoffamily,school,parishandcommunity.
705. Whenthecircumstancesoflifechallengeuswithdifficultchoices,we
becomemoreawareofthe needtoformarightconscience. Incomplex
modern conditions, with new sensitivities (e.g., solidarity, social justice,
peace), new demands and hopes (equal rights, liberation movements,
feminism), moral judgments are more difficult and less certain. In such

cases, where there are often legitimate differences among Catholics, we

mustbecarefulnottoidentifyouropinionwiththeauthorityoftheChurch
(GS43).Rather,ourconsciencethereforeneedstobebothenlightenedand
informed(cf.CCC178385).
706. LevelsofConscience.Werealizethattheeducationofconscienceisa
lifelongtask.Fromtheearliestyears,itawakensthechildtotheknowledge
andpracticeoftheinteriorlawrecognizedbyconscience(CCC1784).
Dueweightbeinggiventotheadvancesinpsychological,pedagogical
andintellectualsciences.Childrenandyoungpeopleshouldbehelped
todevelopharmoniouslytheirphysical,moralandintellectualqualities.
Theyshouldbetrainedtoacquiregraduallyamoreperfectsenseof
responsibility. . . . Children and young people have the right to be
stimulated to make sound moral judgments based on a wellformed
conscience and to put them into practice with a sense of personal
commitment(GE1).
707. Forming a Christian Conscience. But to form the conscience of a
discipleofChrist, thekey isobviously ChristandhisSpirit, experienced
withinChristscommunity,theChurch.Theformativeprocesstakesplace
in faith and through prayer, by attending to the Word of God and the
teachings of the Church, and by responsiveness to the gifts of the Holy
Spirit.Criticalreflectionontheeventsandexperiencesofourlifehelpsusin
formingmoraljudgements.ItisinlivingoutthefaiththatweformourChristian
consciences.Twotypesofformativefactors,arestressed:1)heartfactorssuchas
readingandreflectingonJesusteachingandactions,andouraffectiveprayer
andsacramentallifewhereinweencountertheRisenChrist;and2)mindfactors
__
attendingtothesacredandcertaindoctrineoftheChurch,whosedutyisto
authoritativelyteachthatTruthwhichisChristhimself,andalsotodeclare
andconfirmthoseprinciplesofthemoralorderwhichhavetheiroriginin
humannatureitself(DH14).
708. TypesofConscience.St.Pauldistinguishesgoodpeoplefromthebad,
according to their faith and good or bad consciences. He admonishes
Timothy:Holdfasttofaithandagoodconscience.Some,byrejectingthe
guidanceofconscience,havemadeshipwreckoftheirfaith(1Tim1:19).

Hewarnsagainstthehypocrisyofliarswithbrandedconsciences(1Tim
4:2),andthosedefiledunbelievers...[whose]mindsandconsciencesare
tainted (Ti1:15).Thismanifeststhecriticalimportanceofconsciencefor
becominganauthenticpersonanddiscipleofJesusChrist.
709. Butevenwithinsincerebelievers,conscienceattimescanbeerroneous
__
wemistakenlyjudgesomethingthatisreallyeviltobegood,orsomething
good to be evil. Conscience frequently errs from invincible ignorance
withoutlosingitsdignity(GS16;cf.CCC179193).FormingaChristian
conscience, therefore, includes correcting any errors in conscience by
instructionintherelevantmoralvaluesandpreceptswhichprovideacorrect
visionofChristsmoralwitness.Themoreacorrectconscienceprevails,
themoredopersonsandgroupsturnasidefromblindchoiceandtrytobe
guidedbytheobjectivestandardsofmoralconduct(GS16).
710. Atothertimesweexperiencefeelingsofguilt __ whenwearebothered
byhavingactedagainstsomenormorrule.Theseguiltfeelingscanbea
resultofanauthenticChristianconscience__whenwehaveactedcontraryto
theGospel.Buttheguiltfeelingscouldalsobetheresultmerelyofshame
overbreakingsomesocialorculturaltaboo.Formationofanauthentic
Christian conscience here means clarifying the difference between true
moralguilt(atrueguiltyconscience)andpsychologicalguiltyfeelings
whichdonotnecessarilyinvolveanymoralfault.The[genuine]senseof
sindisappearswhenitbecomesidentifiedwithmorbidfeelingsofguiltor
withthesimplebreakingofrulesorpreceptsofthelaw(RP18).
711. Work of Conscience. Chapter 15 takes up moral norms which our
consciencesuseindiscerninggoodfromevil.Herewewishtotreatonlyof
whatmakesouractsgoodorevil.Whatdoesconsciencehavetodecideon?
Traditionally three dimensions of every moral act have been
highlighted:1)the actchosen, 2)the intention, and3)the circumstances
(cf.CCC175056). Thethreearedimensionsoftheonemoralact;hence
they must always be considered together to make an adequate moral
judgment.Fortofocusonlyontheactchosenwouldforgetthepersonal
agentandthecontext.Tostressonlytheintentionneglectstheobjective
natureofthemoralact:agoodintendedenddoesnotjustifyusingmeans

thatareevil.Finally,consideringonlythecircumstanceswouldbetoclose
oneseyestotheobjectivenatureoftheactchosen,andallmoralnorms.

INTEGRATION

712. The doctrines groundingtheintrinsicdignityofeveryhumanperson,

andthusoftheChristianswholemorallife,weresketchedabove(cf.#684
91).WeFilipinosnaturallythinkofGodasCreator,andinsomewayasthe
final destiny ofall.Yetformanyofus,bothtruthsseemveryfaraway
fromthehustleandbustleofeverydaymoralactivity. Amoredirectand
personal experience and motivation is needed. For this, something like
PaulspersonalexperienceoftheRisenChristinhismorallifeisneeded:I
speakthetruthinChrist:Idonotlie.Myconsciencebearsmewitnessinthe
HolySpirit (Rom9:1). IfthetruthsoftheCreedareallowedtoremain
abstractandimpersonal,theywillprovepowerlesstomotivatetheconstant
personaleffortneededtofollowChristfaithfullyasanauthenticdisciple
onewhohasgraduallylearnedhowtoloveindeedandintruth,andnot
merelytalkaboutit(1Jn3:18).
713. This essential need for motivation brings out the intrinsic place of
prayerandsacramentalworshipforChristianmorallife.Knowingwhatis
goodandevilisnotthesameasdoinggoodandavoidingevil.AgainPaulis
ourexample:heclearlyshowedthattheLawwasincapableofgivingthe
powertobefaithfultoit.OnlyChristthroughhisSpiritcanfreeusfromsin
anddeath,fortruelife.HencewithoutapersonalrelationshiptoChristour
Lord begun, nourished, developed, and sustained through prayer and
sacramentwehavenopowertoliveaschildrenofGod.
714. This chapter has presented the basic dimensions of the follower of
ChristinthelightofreasonandofFaith.ToliveasadiscipleofChrististo
respondtoGodas:

a) a human person:aconscious,historical,unique,relationalembodied
spiritwithinnatedignity __ created,redeemed,gracednowforeternal
lifehereafter;
b) afreeself,calledfromallenslavementstoanauthenticChristianvision
andcharacter,responsibleinpursuingtruegood,asdiscernedby
c) a Christian conscience, formed by directing ones freedom to the
personandmessageofJesusChrist,thecenteroftheChristiansself
becomingandidentity.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

715. WhatismorallifefortheChristian?
ChristianmorallifeisthefollowingofChrist:
inallourdailyfreeactions,valuesandattitudes,
empoweredbyChristsliberatingandtransformingpresence,
throughthegraceofhisSpirit,
withintheChristiancommunity.
ItissimplyrespondingtotheGospelcalltobecomelovingpersons,in
thefullnessoflifewithothersincommunitybeforeGod,inimitation
ofJesusChrist.
716. Whatproblemsdoesmorallifecommonlyraise?
Weallexperiencenumerouspressuresandtemptationsbothfrominside
ourselves and from without, against exercising our freedom
responsibly.Strangelyenough,wefinditdifficultto consistently do
goodandavoidevil.
717. HowdoesChristianFaithhelpusunderstandthissituation?
ScriptureandChurchteachinghelpusrecognizethissituationasthe
universal humancondition resultingfromtheFallattheoriginsof
ourrace.
Henceourpersonalmoralproblemshaveafoundationthatgoesdeeper
than anything we can handle by ourselves, without the redeeming
powerofChrist.

718. WhatisthekeytoChristianmorallife?
ThekeytoChristianmorallifeisourdignityashumanpersons,created
byGod,redeemedbyChrist,sanctifiedbytheSpirit,anddestinedfor
eternallifewithGod.
719. Howdoweexperienceourselvesaspersons?
We experience ourselves as embodied spirits, conscious of our
historical processofgrowingupanddeveloping,inconstant relation
with others with whom we are fundamentally equal, yet unique in
ourselves.
720. Whatisauthentichumanfreedom?
Authentic human freedom is a shared capacity with others in the
communityforchoosing__notanythingatall__butwhatisthegood,in
ordertobecomeourtrueselves.
Itinvolvesboth:
freedomfromwhateveropposesourtrueselfbecomingwithothers
incommunity,and
freedom for growing as full persons before God and our fellow
humanpersons,inauthenticlove.
721. Howishumanfreedomexperienced?

Weexperiencefreedommostnaturallyinourfreechoicestoactornot
toact,todoornottodosomething.Weacceptresponsibilityforthese
acts.

Besideourindividual freeacts thereisthe freedomofourveryself

formedgraduallybyourfreeacts.Oftencalledfundamentalfreedom
oroption,itisnotprimarilyapsychologicalterm,butratherrefersto
ourmoralbeingasahumanperson.
722. WhatismeantbyfreedomofthechildrenofGod?
ItmeansthefreedomwesharebythepowerofChristsSpiritwithinus,
thatliberatesusfromtheenslavementofsin,thelaw,anddeath,fora
lifeoflovingserviceofourfellowmen.
Thisdoesnotmeanthat
wehavenosin,nolawstoobey,andwewillneverdie;

butthatthegraceofGodoffersustherealpossibilityof:
breakingoutandovercomingtheslaveryofsin,
livingintruefreedomasguidedbylaw,and
transcendingourphysicaldeathbysharinginChristseternallife.
723. WhatisConscience?
Conscienceistheproximatenormofpersonalmorality,our ultimate
subjectivenormfordiscerningmoralgoodandevil,withthefeelingof
beingboundtofollowitsdirective.
Itistheinnervoice:
summoningustolovethegoodandavoidevil,by
applyingobjectivemoralnormstoourparticularacts,
andthuscommanding:dothis,donotdothat!
724. Ifwearemorallyobligedbyourconsciencetodogood,areweany
longerfree?
Weareexercising authentic freedominobeyingmorallawsandour
consciences.Theobjectionisbasedonthecommonerroneousideaof
freedomasdoingwhatIwant.

725. Howareourconsciencesformed?
Ourconsciencesareformedgraduallythroughthenaturaleducational
agentsofourfamilyupbringing,ourschooltraining,parishcatechesis,
andtheinfluenceoffriendsandsocialcontacts.
726. HowdoweformaChristianconscience?
A Christian conscience is formed gradually in faith and through
personalandecclesialprayerlife:
byattendingtotheWordofGodandtheteachingsoftheChurch,
byresponsivenesstotheindwellingHolySpirit,and
bycriticalreflectiononourconcretemoralchoicesandexperiences
ofdailylife.
Heart factors include reading and prayerful reflection on Jesus
teachingandactions,andourownprayerandsacramentallife.

Mind factors refer to a deepening in understanding of Sacred

Scripture and Church teaching, especially Catholic moral principles,
andsoundmoralguidance.
727. Whattypesofconsciencearethere?
Many different categories are used to describe the exercise of
conscience,butthemostfunctionalis:
correct conscience corresponds to objective moral values and
precepts;
erroneousconscience,onewhichmistakenlyjudgessomethingas
morallygoodwhichisobjectivelyevil.
Our moral responsibility is to develop a properly informed
conscience,andtocorrectanyerroneousconsciencewemayhave
had.
728. Whatmustourconsciencesdecideon?
Tojudgethegoodorevilofanact,ourconsciencesmustdecideonits
threeessentialaspects:
thenatureorobjectoftheact,
ourintentionasagentsordoersoftheact,and
thecircumstanceswhichaffectthemoralityoftheact.

Chapter 14

The Challenge
of Following Christ
Jesus appeared in Galilee proclaiming the Good News of
God: . . . The kingdom of God is at hand! Reform your lives
and believe in the Gospel!
(Mk 1:15)

The joy and hope, the grief and anguish of the men of our
time, especially of those who are poor or afflicted in any way,

are [shared] by the followers of Christ. For theirs is a

community composed of men who, united in Christ and
guided by the Holy Spirit, press toward the Kingdom of the
Father and are bearers of a message of salvation intended for
all men.
(GS 1)

OPENING

729. TheprecedingchaptersketchedthediscipleofChristasapersonwith
innatedignityshowninresponsibleuseoffreedomaccordingtoconscience.
ThischapterpresentsthesocialcontextofthemorallifeoftheChristian.
Weliveinaworldchangingataneverfasterpace,wheretraditional
moralvaluesandwaysofactingseemtodisappearovernight.Itisaworldof
sharpcontrasts,wheremassmediafloodmindandheartwithimagesof
success in opulent luxuryand power on onehand, and of failure in
unspeakablesuffering,destitutionandoppressionontheother.Thesesudden
upheavalsputinquestionnotonlyourdailybehavior,butmorebasicallyour
wholeChristianvisionoflifeandfundamentalmoralattitudesandvalues.
For amidst all theincredible advances of today, we often find ourselves
strangelyconfused,paralyzedbyuncertaintyaboutthemostbasicthingsin
Christianmoralliving.
730. Insuchasituation,theChurchhasthedutyofscrutinizingthesignsof
thetimesandofinterpretingtheminthelightoftheGospel(GS4).Gods
WordbringsthelightofChristtobearonthoseanxiousquestionsaboutthe
currenttrendsoftheworld(GS3)whichsomarkourtimes.Tobringthe
commandmentsfulfilledbyChristtobearonaconcretesituationisanactof
propheticinterpretation.Insoacting,theChurchisinterestedinonething
only__tocarryontheworkofChristundertheguidanceoftheHolySpirit,
forhecameintotheworldtobearwitnesstothetruth,tosaveandnotto
judge,toserveandnottobeserved(GS3;cf.Jn18:37;Mt20:28).Thusthischapter
treatsofwhatconstitutes thesocialcontext offollowingChrist intodaysworld,

namely, ChristianFaithandMorality, developedthroughChristsimageofthe

KingdomofGod, whichcallsustopersonal conversionfromsin infollowing
Christ,asmembersofhispeople,theChurch.

CONTEXT

731. DramaticchangesinPhilippinelifehaveoccurredinthepastdecades.
SomeofthetraditionalFilipinowaysofrelatingtooneanotherhavequietly
fadedaway. New heightened expectations haverousedformerlydormant
people to actively espouse various causes for: a) liberating the many
oppressed; b) defending the humanrights of theexploited;c) improving
workingconditions,raisingsalaries,andd) promotingbetterlivingconditions
amongthelessfortunate.TheCatholicChurchinthePhilippineshasconsistently
exercisedamajorinfluenceonthisnewsocialawarenessandconcernforjusticeand
thepoor.PCPIIcallsforrenewalasaChurchofthePoor(cf.PCPII125
36),courageouslyaddressingthecausesandconditionsofpovertyandsocial
injustice(cf.PCPII165,24749,25661,290329,etc.).
732. Yet Philippine society continues to present glaring contradictions
which,farfrompassingaway,havesosuccessfullydefiedalleffortsthus
fartoremovethem,thattheyhaveactuallygrownindepthandintensity.
NeverhasthegapbetweenrichandpoorFilipinosbeensowide,sotangible
(conspicuous)andsoshameless.Strikingtoo,despiteallthepublicoutcry,
thegovernmentstressonvalueeducation,andthemanyreligiousgroups
calling for high moral integrity and reform, is thealleged persistence of
widespread political graft and corruption, and the continued ruthless
destructiveexploitationofournaturalresources.Theenduringspectacleof
such national social ills has contributed to the apparently widespread
confusionovertheroleofChristianFaithinmoralmatters.
733. MostFilipinosnaturallylinktheirbeliefinGodwiththeirideasofgood
andevil.TheyprayforguidanceandinspirationoftheHolySpiritwhenthey
haveseriousproblems,ormustmakeanimportantdecision.Theymakenovenasto
gaincertainfavors.ThisspeaksmuchoftheFilipinoCatholicsconvictionofbeing

closetoGodintheir personallives.Unfortunately, inmanycases,thesepractices

remainenclosedwithintheirownprivateprayerlife,withlittlerelationshipwithothers.
Thesplitbetweenthefaithwhichmanyprofessandthepracticeoftheir
dailylivesisoneofthegravesterrorsofourtime(GS43).

EXPOSITION

I.FAITHANDMORALITY
734. We begin with the most general theme of all __ the influence of
ChristianFaithonmorality.Everyhumanperson,Christianornot,iscalled
to live a moral life. Therefore, Christian faith and moral life are not
identical.ButforFilipinoChristians,theirFaithmakesaradicaldifference
intheirmorallivesintwobasicways:
1)byprovidingadistinctiveChristianmeaningtolife;and
2)bystrengtheningmoralmotivationwithuniquelyChristianmotives.

735. The Christian meaning forthe individual person wasdetailedinthe

precedingchapter:howChristgivesnewpracticalmeaningtotheinnate
dignityofhumanpersons,towhatitmeanstobeauthenticallyfree,witha
goodandtrueconscience.Forthebroadervisionofthispersonalmeaning
withinthereal worldcontext,withallitsproblems,evils,andsuffering,
Faithbringsfurthermeaning.InthewordsofVaticanII:
736. IntheChristianvision,theworldisthewholehumanfamily,thetheater
ofhumanhistory itstravails,itstriumphsandfailures __thisworld
hasbeencreatedandissustainedbytheloveofitsMaker,[it]hasbeen
freedfromtheslaveryofsinbyChrist,whowascrucifiedandrose
againinordertobreakthestrangleholdofpersonifiedEvil,sothatit
mightbefashionedanewaccordingtoGodsdesignandbroughttoits
fulfillment(GS2).
737. The motivation with which Faith inspires the moral life of Filipino
ChristiansflowsfromthisnewmeaningChristgives,andfromtheSpiritof

Truthwhoguidesustoalltruth(cf.Jn16:13).Motivesaregraduallyformed
bythemanysymbols,stories,personages,ritualceremonies,customsand
prayersthroughwhichtheFaithishandedonfromgenerationtogeneration.
Thus,notonlythemindbuttheimagination,affections,heartandwillofthe
FilipinoChristianaredeeplytouchedbyFaithinChrist.PCPIIemphasizes
thismotivationbybeginningitsvisionofaChurchrenewedwithTheWay
ofJesus,andTheCallofJesusToday(cf.PCPII3785).
738. ChristianFaithradicallyinfluencesthemorallifeoftheFilipino,then:
a) BygivingreasonsforactinginaChristianway.TheChristofthe
Gospelsprovidesanewperspectivewhichhelpsustointerprettherelevant
moralaspectsofourdailylifesituations.Heisthelightthatilluminesour
conscienceswiththetruth,sowecanjudgewhatisGodswill,whatis
good, pleasing and perfect (Rom 12:2). Gods Word is living and
effective,sharperthananytwoedgedsword...itjudgesthereflectionsand
thoughtsoftheheart(Heb4:12).
b) By developingtheattitudesanddispositionsofChrist. Christians
growupwiththeGospelstoriesofChristscareforthepoor,hisfidelityto
hisFather,hissacrificiallove.WehonorMaryandtheSaintsfortheirheroic
virtuesinfollowingChristthroughthepowergiventhembytheHolySpirit.
ThusChristlikeattitudesarebuiltupwhichtestandinterpretallthingsina
trulyChristianspirit(GS62).
c) By inspiring Christlike affections. The Christ of the Gospel
naturally attracts us. As Filipinos, our natural affective nature is formed
underthesacramentalinfluenceofourBaptism,Confirmation,Confession,
andweeklyEucharistcelebrations.Ourparishliturgyisaschoolwhich
helpsformouraffectionsonthemodelofChristsownaffectivity.Butmost
of all, it is through the grace and power of the Holy Spirit whom our
heavenly Father sends us, that our affections are ever more closely
conformedtotheimageofHisSon(cf.Rom8:29).
In summary, faith gives rise to and calls for a consistent life
commitment.Throughmorallife,especiallyourworksofcharity,ourfaith
becomesaconfession,awitnessbeforeGodandourneighborsofourgiftof
self,likethatofJesus,theSource,ModelandMeansofourmorallife(cf.
VS89).
A. TheKingdomofGod

739. HavingsketchedthegeneralrelationshipbetweenChristianFaithand
Morality,wenowfocusonthe essentialsofChristianmoralliving. They
are neatly summarized in the Kingdom of God, the central image of
Christs teaching in the Gospels. Jesus opened his public ministry by
proclaiming:TheReignofGodisathand!Reformyourlivesandbelievein
the Gospel! (Mk 1:15). In this basic proclamation, there is, first, the
conditionforentryintotheKingdom:repentance.Assinners,ourfirststep
mustalwaysbereformoflife. Second isthenatureof membership inthe
Kingdom: discipleship, or the following of Christ. Third is the life
characteristic of theKingdom: love.Fourth, theKingdoms norm, is the
NewLawoftheSpirit.Lastly,thecharteroftheKingdomissetforthinthe
Beatitudes.
740. Repentance. In our praying for the coming of the Kingdom in the
LordsPrayer,weaskforgiveusthewrongwehavedone...deliverus
from the Evil One (cf. Mt 6:913). John the Baptist prepared for the
kingdom by proclaiming a baptism of repentance which led to the
forgiveness of sins (Lk 3:3). The repentance needed for the Kingdom
demandsatotalpersonalconversion,achangeoflifestyleandofpriorities.
Iassureyou,unlessyouchangeandbecomelikelittlechildren,youwill
notentertheKingdomofGod (Mt18:3). AsNicodemuslearned,thisis
impossiblewithoutbeingbornofwaterandSpirit(Jn3:5).Thuswewho
arebaptizedintoChristJesusarebaptizedintohisdeath...sothatwe
mightbeslavestosinnolonger
...butdeadtosin,aliveforGodinChristJesus(Rom6:3,6,11).
Conversion is the first and perduring condition for Christian moral
living. However, as PCP II makes plain, it cannot be merely a private,
individualistic turning to God, but must entail commitment to social
transformation(cf.PCPII27176).

741. Discipleship. Theprecedingchapterdealtwiththepersonalfactorsin

followingChrist:thehumanperson,responsiblefreedom,conscience.But
what does this following Christ entail? PCP II stressed the theme of
discipleship: responding to the Call of Christ, in his Community, the
Church (cf.PCPII64153).PerhapsthesharpestScripturaldescriptionis
contained in Christs Gospel Paradox, found in all four Gospels:

Whoeverwishestosavehislifewillloseit,butwhoeverloseshislifeformy
sakeandforthesakeoftheGospelwillsaveit(Mk8:35).AttheLastSupper
Christtoldhisdisciples:Letthegreateramongyoubeastheyounger,the
leaderastheservant.Iamamongyouastheonewhoserves(Lk22:26f).
Christ commissioned his disciples to carry on his work (cf. Mt 28:19f),
allowingnointerference:Letthedeadburytheirdead.Butyou,goand
proclaimtheKingdomofGod...Whoeverputshishandtotheplowbut
keepslookingbackisunfitfortheKingdomofGod(Lk9:6062).Personal
commitmenttobeingChristsdiscipleisthekeytoallChristianmorality.
742. Love.ThelifethatisloveintheKingdomofGodisfirstofallnotthat
wehavelovedGod,butthatHehaslovedusandsentHisSonasanoffering
foroursins(1Jn4:10).Thebasisformoralliving,then,isnotourgoodintentionsor
efforts,butrathertheincrediblefactofGodsloveforus.Now,sinceGodhaslovedus
so,wemusthavethesameloveforoneanother(1Jn4:11),alovethatisforgiving
(cf.Eph4:32),universal,forall(cf.1Thes3:12),andnecessary,forwithout
lovewearemerelyanoisygong,aclangingcymbal(cf.1Cor13:1).Two
directeffectsofthislovearefellowship(koinonia)andservice(diakonia).Fulfilling
the commandment Love your neighbor as yourself (Rom 13:9) creates
communityfellowship,thefellowshipoftheHolySpirit(2Cor13:13).So
toowebearoneanothersburdensandserveinallhumility(Acts20:19),inthe
newnessoftheSpirit(Rom7:6).
743. NewLaw.BeforetheNewLawoftheKingdom,theChristiancannot
havealegalisticattitude,butmusthaveafilialone.Heactsneitheroutof
fear,likeaslave,noroutofcalculation,likeabusinessman;butoutoflove
likeachild.Heknowshemustdoeverythingpossibletorespondtothelove
of the one who loved us first (1 Jn 4:19). The rule of the Kingdom
interiorizedtheoldprescriptions,forbiddingnotjustkilling,butevenanger;
notonlyadultery,butevenlustfullooks;notjustfalseoaths,butevenswear
words (cf.Mt5:22,28,34). Itisnotexternalshowbutthequalityofthe
heartthatmatters.Whatemergesfromwithinaman,thatandnothingelse,
iswhatdefiles(Mk7:20).Theweightiermattersofthelaw__ justiceand
mercyandfidelity (Mt23:23) arewhatcountforChristianmoralliving.
Thenormis:seekfirsttheKingdomofGodandhisrighteousnessandall
[other]thingswillbegivenbesides(Mt6:33).

744. TheBeatitudes. AtthestartoftheSermonontheMount,Christlaid

downthecharterormarksoftheKingdomanew,mysteriouslife
giving vision (cf. PCP II 272, 276). The beatitudes are not a series of
commands:bemerciful!actaspeacemakers!Rathertheypictureforusthe
faceofChristinsketchingthevocationofeverydiscipleofChrist,drawnto
shareinhisPassionandResurrection.Theyspotlighttheessentialqualities,
actions,andattitudesofChristianliving;theyoffertheparadoxicalpromises
which sustain hope in our tribulations; they announce the blessings and
rewardalreadyobscurelyexperiencedbythefaithfulandmanifestedinthe
lifeoftheBlessedVirginMaryandthesaints(cf.CCC1717).
745. The blessings of the Kingdom are promised to the poor and the
powerless;tothegentleandtheafflicted;tothosewhoseekeagerlyfora
righteousness beyond external observance; to the compassionate and the
purehearted;tothosewhoturnfromviolenceandseekreconciliation.To
these Jesus promises a unique type of happiness: to inherit Gods
Kingdom,topossesstheearth,tobeachildofGod,toreceivemercy,tosee
God.Thissharpcontrastwiththesecularvaluesoftheworldwillbetaken
upinthenextchapter.
B.

ResponsetotheKingdom

746. Christian moral life has often been presented in terms of a Call
Response pattern. The Kingdom of God just described has provided a
particularlygoodpictureofGodscall.Insimilarfashion,theresponseto
theKingdomcanbesketchedasthreedimensional:respectfortheworthof
others;solidaritywithall;andfidelitytoGodandtooneanother.
747. First, respect for one another (cf. CCC 192933). As members of
GodsKingdomourdignityandintrinsicworthcomesfromGod.Therefore
Paulexhortsus:Loveoneanotherwiththeaffectionofbrothers...Rejoice
withthosewhorejoice,weepwiththosewhoweep.Havethesameregard
forall;donotbehaughtybutassociatewiththelowly(Rom12:1016).Do
nothingoutofselfishnessoroutofvainglory;rather,humblyregardothers
asmoreimportantthanyourselves,eachofyoulookingtoothersinterests
ratherthanhisown(Phil2:34).

748. Second,solidarity,thefirmandperseveringdeterminationtocommit
oneselftothegoodofallandofeachindividualbecauseweareallreally
responsibleforall (SRS38). Thismeansthatwecannotevenoffertrue
worshiptoGodunlesswegofirsttobereconciledwithyourbrother(cf.
Mt5:24). Thissolidarityhelpsustoseetheother __ whetheraperson,
people or nation __ not just as some kind of instrument, . . . but as our
neighbor,ahelpertobemadeashareronaparwithourselvesinthe
banquetoflifetowhichallareequallyinvitedbyGod(cf.SRS39;CCC
193942).
749. Third, fidelity toGodandtooneanother.Itistothefaithfuldisciple
thatthejoyoftheKingdomisgranted:Welldonemygoodandfaithful
servant ...comeshareyourMastersjoy (Mt25:21). Butthisfidelity
demandswatchfulnessandprayer:
Staysoberandalert.Youropponentthedevilisprowlinglikearoaring
lionlookingfor someonetodevour.Resisthim,solidinyourfaith,
realizing that the brotherhood of believers is undergoing the same
sufferingsthroughouttheworld(1Pt5:89).
750. The lifeordeath importance of this fidelity or trustworthiness is
portrayedinthebiblicalstoriesofthetwogardens.IntheGardenofEden,
theserpentsowstheseedofdistrust,andAdamandEveproveunfaithfulto
Godandtoeachother(cf.Gn3).Intheothergarden,Gethsemane,betrayed
byJudas,ChristremainsfaithfultohisFatherandtohismissionofsavingallby
thebloodofhisCross(cf.Mk14:3242;Col1:20).However,ourhumanexperienceof
fidelity is not a onceandforall reality, but a continuing challenge with
consequences. The betrayals of Judas and Peter clearly illustrate this
dimension:Judasinfidelityledhimtosuicide (cf.Mt27:5), whilePeters
opened him to repentance, forgiveness and renewed commitment (cf. Jn
21:1519).
751. Filipinosschooledinthetraditionalcatechesishavebeentaughttoview
thisfidelitytoGodandneighborintermsofVIRTUES.Todaygreatstressis
placedonVALUEFORMATION.Bothcometomuchthesamething,ifour
moral values are recognized as fruits of the Spirit: love, joy, peace,

patience,kindness,generosity,faithfulness,gentleness and selfcontrol (cf.

Gal5:22f).Moreoverthebasichumanvaluesofprudence,justice,fortitude,
and temperance (thecardinalvirtues)arestrengthenedbythegraceand
Gifts of the Holy Spirit: wisdom, understanding, counsel, strength,
knowledge, piety and fear of the Lord (cf. Is 11:2), and grounded and
purifiedbythetheologicalvirtuesof Faith,Hope and Charity (cf.CCC
180432).
752. PCPIIaddsanimportantnoteinemphasizingtheneedtostudyhow
thevaluesthatwehavefromourChristianfaithcanstrengthenthegoodin
ourculturalvaluesorcorrectwhatisexcessiveinthemandsupplyfortheir
deficiencies(PCPII22).
C. ParablesoftheKingdom
753. WeconcludethissectionontheKingdomofGodandChristianmoral
lifewithtwoofChristsparables.IncomparingtheKingdomtoatreasureburiedina
fieldandtoapearlofgreatprice(cf.Mt13:4446),Christindicatedsomethingof
thestructureofthemoralresponsecalledforintheKingdom.Bothparables
manifest the same threefold pattern: first, discovery; second, divesting
oneself of everything (selling); thirdly, action (buying). This sketches a
moralresponseof:
a) An alert openmindedness thatdiscoverswheretheSpiritisatwork
buildingupGodsKingdom.[TheKingdomofGodisathand!]
b) Ametanoiaorconversionthattransformsthewholeperson.[Reform
yourlives!]
c) Responsibleattitudesandactions,cooperatingwithGodsgraceforthecommon
goodofall.[BelieveintheGospel!](Mk1:15).
II.THECHURCHANDMORALITY
754. ChurchasContext.TheresponsetotheKingdomisnotmadealone.
ThetaskofbecomingauthenticdisciplesofJesusChristinwordanddeed
can only be accomplished in community. The Church, the Christian
community, supports us with the ministry of Gods Word and of the
Sacraments(cf.CCC2030).ChristianmoralteachinglookstoGodsabiding

word as its unfailing source and guide. The Word of God, including
Scripture and the living Tradition of the Church, is a fount of constant
inspirationandnewlife.
755. MoreoveritiswithintheChurchthatweFilipinoCatholics, baptized
intothedeathofChristJesus,toliveanewlife(cf.Rom6:34),encounter
theRisenChristsacramentally__forgivingusinPenance,strengtheningus
inConfirmationandAnointing,sanctifyingourlifesvocationinMatrimony
andOrders,andmostofall,nourishinguswithhisownBodyandBloodin
theEucharist.Throughthesesavingsacramentalencounters,theHolySpirit
inspires and empowers us as Christs followers, with infused virtues to
strengthenusforthemoralcombatintheserviceofothers.
756. ChurchasCommunalSupport. TheChurchprovidesthecommunal
supportabsolutelynecessarytobefaithfulinfollowingChristinourmoral
living. The next chapter takes up the specific role of the Churchs
Magisterium, orteachingfunction,asnormforourconsciencesinmoral
reasoningandtheprocessofmoraldeciding (cf.CCC203237). Herewe
summarizethebroadermissionoftheChurchinregardtothemorallivesof
hermembersintermsof threefunctions: a)tohelpformChristianmoral
character;b)tocarryonandwitnesstoChristianmoraltradition;andc)to
serveasthecommunityofChristianmoraldeliberation.
757. ActiveAgentinFormingChristianCharacter.Onecommendablefeature
oftodaysmoralthinkingistheshiftinemphasisfromindividualactsand
techniquesofdecisionmaking to theformationofmoralconsciousnessor
character.Moreimportantformorallivingthanexplicitinstructionsinthe
formof dos and donts arethesymbols,images,stories,andcelebrations
that,bycapturingouractiveimaginations,determineingreatparthowwe
think,evaluate,judgeanddecidemorally.ThustheChurchhelpsformmoral
characterwithitsepicOldTestamentnarrativesofCreation,theFall,the
Flood,theSinaiCovenant,Exodus,andtheformationoftheKingdomof
Israelwiththeirgreatheroesandfigures __AdamandEve,Noah,Abraham,
MosesandDavid.TheNewTestamentfollowswiththeGoodNewsof
JesustheChrist,whoredeemsallbyhisPassion,DeathandResurrection.
Such stories are not only proclaimed by and in the Church, but also

embodied in its ritual ceremonies, and imitated in its history of saintly

witnessesthroughtheages.
Thus does the Church help form moral character by exercising an
indispensable influence on the imaginations and moral sense of Filipino
Catholics.
758. BearerofMoralTradition.Acommoncomplainttodayamongthose
plaguedwithdifficultmoraldecisionsisthelackofrootedness.Somany
havelostthesenseofwhotheyare,theiridentity,heritageandroots.For
Filipinos, the Catholic Church can supply their solid point of reference,
where they feel at home in continuity with their family and community
traditions.TheconstancyoftheChurchsmoraltraditionthroughchanging
timeshelpsFilipinoCatholics:
a) by grounding theirown moral development withmoralinstructions,
customsandwaysofacting;
b) by supplyingmuchofthe content ofaChristianmorality __ theTen
Commandments,ChristsSermonontheMount,thePreceptsofthe
Church;and
c) byservingasthestructureorframeworkfortheirmoralaccountability
asdisciplesofChrist.
Specifically,thePreceptsoftheChurchinclude:1)toassistatMasson
SundaysandHolyDaysofObligation;2)tofastandabstainonthedays
appointed;3)toconfessonessinsatleastonceayear,andreceiveHoly
CommunionduringtheEastertime;4)tocontributetothesupportofthe
Church;and5)toobserveChurchlawsconcerningmarriage.
759. Community of Moral Deliberation. The Catholic Bishops
ConferenceofthePhilippines (CBCP), andindividualbishopsthroughout
theland,have consistently broughtbeforeFilipinoCatholicstheburning
moral issues affecting everyone __ on violence, peace, family planning,
procuredabortionandeuthanasia,onvotinginelections,onecology,anti
governmentcoups,andthelike.Thesedirective/guidelinesandthemoral
reasoningemployedareoftenthemselvestheoutcomeofprolongedserious
reflection,carefulresearchanddiscussion.Inthis,theChurchisactingasa
moralcommunityinwhichactiveandvigorousdialoguebetweenFilipinos
onseriousmoralmatterscantakeplaceonalllevels,undertheguidanceof

theBishops.Typicalarethemoralcatecheticalprogramsforschoolchildren,
religiouseducationforteenagers, cursillos,marriageencounterprograms,
andsocialactionseminarsforadults__justtonameafew.
III.THEMYSTERYOFWICKEDNESS:SIN
760. Butourcommonexperiencetestifiestothefactthatthefullandperfect
ReignofGodhasnotyetcome.Onthecontrary,wearealltooconsciousof
ourshatteredworldinwhichsomanymoralevils,bothpersonalandsocial,
afflict the human race. All too easily we can recognize St. Pauls
descriptions of the works of the flesh: lewd conduct, impurity,
licentiousness,idolatry,sorcery,hostilities,bickering,jealousy,outburstsof
rage,selfishrivalries,dissensions,factions,envy,drinkingbouts,orgiesand
thelike (Gal5:1921). Themysteryofevilisalreadyatwork (2Thes
2:7). Sowemust facethe reality of SIN whichobstructsthecomingof
ChristsKingdom.

761. TheMysteryofSin. Butbeyondthestarkfactualrealityofsin,we

mustrecognizethatsinisnotsimplydoingsomethingwrong,ormaking
amistakewhichwecaneasilyrectifyatwill.JohnPaulIIdescribesitas
follows:
Clearlysinisaproductofmansfreedom.Butdeepwithinitshuman
reality there are factors at work which place it beyond the merely
human, in the borderarea where human conscience, will, and
sensitivityareincontactwiththedarkforceswhich,accordingtoSt.
Paul,areactiveintheworld,almosttothepointofrulingit(RP14).
Themysteryofsinhatesthelight(cf.Jn3:19;1Jn2:9f),andwe,sinners
all,areoftenashamedtotakeitseriously.Butweneedtoreflectdeeplyon
sin:1)totrulyappreciateGodseverlastingmercifullove,and2)tocorrect
common distorted ideas of God, the Church, conscience, law and the
SacramentofReconciliation.
762. Insummaryfashion,withSt.Augustine,wecandefinesinasanutterance,a
deedoradesirecontrarytotheeternallaw(cf.CCC1849).Wecansketch
theessenceofsininafewbroadstrokesas:

 refusingtofollowourownconsciencescalltowardsthegood;
rejecting God, ourCreatorandLord,and ourowntrueselves and
others,byturningawayfromGod,ourtrueend;and
breaking Gods loving Covenant with us, shown forth in Jesus
Christ,dyingandrisingforoursake.
Whatmustbestressedthesedaysisthe innerlinkbetweenrejecting
Godandrejectingourselves.InrefusingGodandwishingtomakeagodof
ourselves,wedeceiveanddestroyourselves.Webecomealienatedfromthe
truth of our being. Hence, to acknowledge oneself a sinner, is to know
oneselfguilty notonlybeforeconscience,butbeforeGodourCreator,
Lawgiver,andSavior(cf.CCC184951).
763. TheSenseofSin.OurChristianfaithalertsustothebasicfactthat
wearenotwell,thatallofushaveanurgentneedforaphysiciantocure
us.

Ifwesay,Wearefreeoftheguiltofsin,wedeceiveourselves;the
truthisnottobefoundinus.Butifweacknowledgeoursins,hewhois
just can be trusted to forgive our sins and cleanse us from every
wrongdoing.Ifwesay,Wehavenotsinned,wemakehimaliar,and
hiswordfindsnoplaceinus(1Jn1:810).
764. Morallife,then,requiresthatwerecognizeinourselvesthetendencyto
sinandacknowledgeourselvesassinnerswhenwehavedoneevil.PCPII
presentsJesusmissiontoliberatefromsinfulness(cf.PCPII5354),as
wellashiscalltousforovercomingtherealityofpersonalsinandsinful
structures(cf.PCPII8186,26670).Todaythissenseofsinseemstohave
beenradicallyweakenedby secularism: wearecaughtupintheflagrant
consumerism thatsurroundsus.Weareunconsciouslyinfluencedbythe
modernbehavioristpsychologiesthatidentifysinwithmorbidguiltfeelings
orwithmeretransgressionsoflegalnorms(cf.RP18).Andthroughradio,
TVandthecinema,wecontinuallyfacesomanyexamplesofbriberyand
corruptioninbusinessandgovernment,cheatinginfamilylifeandlyingin
personal relationships, that we often end up rationalizing for our own
misdeeds:Anyway,everybodydoesit,orIhadtodoitbecause....

765. EvenwithinthethoughtandlifeoftheChurch,certaintrendscontribute
tothedeclineofthisbasicsenseofsin.Exaggeratedattitudesofthepastare
replaced by opposite exaggerations: from seeing sin everywhere to not
recognizingitanywhere;fromstressingthefearofhelltopreachingalove
ofGodthatexcludesanypunishmentduetosin;fromseverecorrectionof
erroneousconsciencestoarespectforindividualconsciencethatexcludes
thedutyoftellingthetruth.Someconclude:thesinofthecenturyisthe
lossofthesenseofsin(RP18).DespitethenaturalpietyoftheFilipino,
anauthenticChristiansenseofsinisgraduallybeingerodedduemainlyto
religious ignorance and the consequent secularistic set of attitudes and
values. Atruesenseofsinisa grace asweperceiveinthesaints,who
(paradoxically)manifested,withoutexception,afarkeenersenseofsinthan
theordinarysinner.
A. SininSacredScripture
766. TheOldTestamentpresentsthreebasicnotionsforwhatwecallsin.
a) Missing the mark focusesontheoffenseinflictedonanotherby
failingtomeetonescovenantobligations.Sincethefirstlawofthe
Covenant is worship of Yahweh, idolatry is its clearest expression.
Theworshipofinfamousidolsisthereasonandsourceandextremity
ofallevil(cf.Wis14:27).
b) Depravityandperversityrefertothedefectofcharacterordisorderthat
weighsthesinnerdown.Formyiniquities...arelikeaheavyburden,
beyondmystrength(Ps38:5).
c) Rebellion and transgression picturesinasaconsciouschoicewhich
destroyspositiverelationships.SeewhatrebelliousIsraelhasdone!
Shehas...playedtheharlot(Jer3:6).
767. More importantly, the Old Testament manifests certain shifts of
emphasisinitsconceptionofsin.Amoreprimitive,lessmorallydeveloped
ideaofsinpicturesitas defilement orstain, thesenseofbeingunclean
beforethefaceofGod,theAllHoly.YoushallwarntheIsraelitesoftheir
uncleanness,lestbydefilingmyDwelling,theiruncleannessbethecauseoftheir
death(Lv15:31).StronginitssenseofGodsholiness,thisstainimagemanifestsa
ratherprimitiveethicalsenseby:1)missingtheinnerevilofsininnotseeingthe
differencebetweenresponsiblefreeactsandinvoluntaryevils;2)fixing onsexual

taboosandritualcleanliness,butignoringinterpersonalandsocietaljustice;
and3)beingmotivatedbyaselfcenteredfearthatshutsoutauthenticfaith
inthetransformingmercifulforgivenessofGod.
768. AmoreethicalviewofsinispresentedintheOldTestamentprophets
and covenant narratives. Sin is seen as a crime, an internal, willful
violationofYahwehscovenantrelationship.Isaiahwarns:Itisyoursins
thatmakeHim[Yahweh]hideHisface,andliststheirsins:theirworksare
evil,theirlipsspeakfalsehood,theirhandsarestainedwithinnocentblood,
theirfeetruntoevil,andtheirthoughtstodestruction,plunderandruinon
theirhighways.Crookedhavetheymadetheirpaths,andthewayofpeace
theyknownot(cf.Is59:28).Viewingsinascrimeemphasizesitsjuridical
aspect, with its concern for determining the nature of the crime, the
culpabilityofthesinner,andtheappropriatepunishment.
769. Athirdmodel of sin is personal rejection of a love relationship. It
drawsontheBiblescovenantallanguageofpersonalvocation,discipleship
and conversion, to reduce the fire and brimstone emphasis of the more
juridicalcrimeimage.Theevilofsininthisbasicallypersonalistmodelis
located not in the violation of an extrinsic law, but rather in the free,
responsiblemaliceofthesinnerandtheharminflictedonotherpersons.Sin
isseenastrulyinterpersonal:thepersonalmaliceofthesinneroffendingthe
personsofGodandneighbor.Bysin,sinnersalienatethemselvesfromtheir
neighbors,allcreation,God,andfromtheirowntrueselves.
770. Today,perhapsmoreimportantthanthedifferentmodelsofsin,isthe
lossofthesenseofsin and itslinkwithconscience. JohnPaulIIquotes
PiusXII:thesinofthecenturyisthelossofthesenseofsin.Heexplains
how

thissenseofsinisrootedinourmoralconscience,andis,asitwere,its
thermometer...Neverthelessithappensnotinfrequentlyinhistory,for
moreorlesslengthyperiodsandundertheinfluenceofmanydifferent
factors,thatthemoralconscienceofmanypeoplebecomesseriously
clouded....Itisinevitableinthissituationthatthereisanobscuring
also of the sense of sin which is closely connected with moral
conscience,thesearchfortruth,andthedesiretomakearesponsible
use of freedom. . . . [This] helps us to understand the progressive

weakening of the sense of sin, precisely because of the crisis of

conscienceandthecrisisofthesenseofGod(RP18).
771. NewTestament authorsidentifiedChristasthesufferingServantwho
hascometojustifymany,bearingtheirguilt(Is53:11).Christcallsalltoa
radicalconversionfromthepoweranddeadlyevilofsin,totheKingdomof
hisFather.Toallentrappedinthesnaresofsin,heoffersforgiveness:Your
sinsareforgiven(Lk7:48).Sinnomore!(Jn5:14;8:11)InSt.Johnwe
meetthecontrastbetweenmanysins(plural)orconsciousactsagainstthe
Kingdom,andsin(singular)meaningtheworldashostiletoGodand
to Gods word (cf. Jn 1:29). This contrast is repeated today in our
Eucharisticcelebrationsinthe Gloria andthe LambofGod prayers.Much
likeworldinJohnsGospelisSt.Paulsnotionofflesh.Ascontrasted
with Spirit, it stands for the power of sin that permeates the human
conditionandgroundsallindividualsinfulthoughts,words,anddeeds(cf.1
Cor5:5;Rom7:5,18).
B.

ChurchTeachingonSin

772. TheChurchsdoctrineoforiginalsinwastakenupinPart1,Chap.8,as
werethesevendeadly[capital]sinsofChristiantradition.Originalsin
also appears briefly below in Part III, Chapter 25 on Baptism. The
distinctionbetweenmortalandvenialsinistreatedinChapter27onthe
SacramentofReconciliation.Buttwomorerecentapproachestosinthatadd
considerablytoafullerpastoralunderstandingofsinmustbebrieflytreated:
thedifferentdimensionsofsin;andsocialsin.
773. Sincanhavedifferentdimensions.Itcanbedescribedasa spiral,a
sickness, addiction. 1) As a spiral that enslaves us in a contagious,
pathologicalhabitofvicethatactslikeavirus,infectingsocialattitudesand
structuressuchasfamily,socialgroupsandthelike.2)Assickness,drawing
onSt.Lukestraitoflinkinghealingwithforgivenessofsin(Lk5:1826).3)
As addiction, aprocessoverwhichwebecomepowerlessasitbecomes
progressivelymorecompulsiveandobsessive.Sinasaddictionleadstoa
patternofeverdeeperdeceptionofselfandothers,endingintheinevitable
disintegrationofallourmajorpersonalandsocialrelationships.Examples
givenofsinasaddictionareconsumerismandmilitarism.

774. Dueconsiderationofthesedimensionsofsinhelpstohave:
amorerealisticappraisalofthesinnersactualoperativefreedom;
apositiveorientationtowarda process ofhealingandforgivness;
and
astressontheoverridingimportanceofthesocialandstructural
dimensionsofsin.
775. Socialsin, stressescomplicityinevilbyshowinghowmembersof
thesamegrouparemutuallyinvolved.Itcanreferto:
sinspowertoaffectothersbyreasonofhumansolidarity;
sins that directly attack human rights and basic freedoms, human
dignity,justice,andthecommongood;
sins infecting relationships between various human communities
suchasclassstruggle,orobstinateconfrontationsbetweenblocsof
nations;and
situationsof sin,or sinfulstructuresthataretheconsequencesof
sinful choices and acts, e.g., racial discrimination, and economic
systemsofexploitation(cf.RP16).
Regardingthe last meaning, PCP II urges Filipinos toreject andmove
againstsinfulsocialstructures,andsetupintheirsteadthosethatallowand
promotethefloweringoffullerlife(PCPII288).

INTEGRATION

776. ThischapterhasfocusedonFaithandMorality,Christscentralsymbol
oftheKingdomofGod,theChurchsroleinChristiansmorallife,andthe
realityofSin.Thesethemeshavedescribedthesocialcontextoffollowing
Christ.Doctrinally,theyarebasedsolidlyonthecorrectunderstandingof
originalsinandespeciallyofgrace.ForthelifeofgraceintheHolySpiritis
constantlyworkingtobuildupthekingdomofGod.ItistheSpiritwithin

andamongChristsdisciplesthatenlightensandstrengthenstheirlifeof
FaithintheChristiancommunityagainstthepowerandalienationofsin.
777. As regards the worship dimension of these moral themes, the
Sacramentsof Reconciliationandof Anointingaredirectlyconcernedwith
healing andstrengtheningthedisciplesofChristintheirspiritualcombat
againstthemaliceandevil of sin.ThesetwoSacraments,then,actasa
remedyforsin,particularlyinitsrelationaldimensions.Moreover,without
an everdeepening prayer life which alone can inspire and animate a
personalrelationshiptoJesusChristourSavior,thisspiritualcombatwill
neverbesustained.AnditiswithintheecclesialcontextoftheChurch,the
Christiancommunity,that thissacramentallynourishedprayer lifeof the
followerofChristcangrowanddevelopbythegraceofGod.
778. This chapter has sketched in broad lines the key dimensions
constituting the context of following Christ. First, the Catholic Faith
influencesFilipinosmorallivingbyofferingthedistinctiveperspectiveof
theGospel,whiledevelopingChristlikeattitudesandaffections. Second,
within Christs great symbol of the Kingdom of God, with its call to
repentanceanddiscipleship,FilipinoChristiansarecalledtoexerciseanew
lifeof mutual respect,solidarityandfidelity. Thirdly, inthistheChurch
servesastheircontextandcommunalsupportintheirstruggleagainstevil.
Lastly,thekingdomofsinisdescribed__themysteryofevil,experienced
fromwithinasstain,crime,andpersonalrejection __ aspirallingsickness
and addiction that so infects social relationships that societys very
structuresareaffected.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

779. WhatisthesocialcontextofChristianmorallife?
ThesocialcontextofChristianmorallifetodayisaworldinchange,
marked by the Church scrutinizing the signs of the times and
interpretingtheminthelightoftheGospel.

780. WhatistheroleofFaithinmorality?
ChristianFaithinfluencesmorallifeprimarilyby:

offering a new distinctive Christian vision of moral good and

developingChristlikeattitudesandvalues;

teachingmoralpreceptsthatfosterthisvision;and

strengtheningmoralmotivationbygivingreasonsforactingina
ChristianwayandinspiringChristlikeaffections.
781. HowdoestheKingdomofGodsummarizeChristianmoralliving?
TheKingdomofGodischaracterizedbyits:

conditionforentry:conversionandrepentance;

membership:becomingadiscipleofChrist;

life:lovingservicegroundedonGodsLoveforus;

basiclaw:newlifeintheSpirit;

charter:theBeatitudes.
782. WhatresponsefromusdoestheKingdomcallfor?
TheKingdomofGodcallsfor:

respectforoneanother;

solidaritywithall;and

fidelitytoGodandtooneanother.
783. WhatroledoestheCatholicChurchplayinmorallife?
TheCatholicChurchservesasthe context and communalsupport for
themorallifeofitsmembersby:

activelyformingChristianmoralcharacter;

carryingonandwitnessingtotheChristianmoraltradition;and

servingasthecommunityofmoraldeliberation.
784. Whatissin?
SinisbasicallyarefusalofGodslove.Itentails:

refusingtofollowourownconscience;

rejectingourtrueselves,others,andGodbyturningawayfrom
God,ourtrueend;

breakingGodscovenantoflovewithus.
785. HowissinpresentedinSacredScripture?

SinispresentedintheinspiredWordofGodintheOldTestamentas:

missingthemark byfailingtomeetonesobligationstoGod
andneighbor;

adefectordisorderofcharacterweighingdownthesinner;and

aconsciouschoiceofrebellingagainstGodandtransgressingHis
commandments.
786. Whatimagesareusedtopicturesin?
TheOldTestamentmoves

fromtheimageofsinasastain(uncleanbeforetheallholyGod),

tothatofcrime(willfulviolationofthecovenant),
andfinally,

topersonalrejection(ofloverelationship).
787. HowdidChristspeakofsin?
Christcalledforaradicalconversionofheart __aturningaway __from
sintoserviceintheKingdomofhisFather.OnesignofthisKingdom
wasChristsownforgivingsinsbythepoweroftheSpirit.
788. Whatnewmodelsofsinareproposed?
Oneinsightfulnewmodelofsinlooksmoretoitssocialeffectsonthe
sinneras

aspiralofevilthatensnares;

asicknessthatweakens;and

acompulsiveandobsessiveaddictionthatenslaves.
789. Whatismeantbysocialsin?
Socialsintodayreferstosituationsandstructuresthatattackbasic
human rights and dignity, and infect social relationships between
communities.

Chapter

15

The Christian Law

of Life-Giving Love

Jesus replied: The first Commandment is this: You shall love

the Lord your God, with all your heart, with all your soul,
with all your mind, and with all your strength. The second is
this: You shall love your neighbor as yourself.

(Mk 12:29-31)

I give you a new commandment: Love one another as I

have loved you.
(Jn 13:34)

OPENING

790. Chapter13introducedChristianmorallivingbyfocusingonthemoral
agent:theChristiandiscipleasperson,endowedwiththetremendousgiftof
freedom,operatingaccordingtoconscience.Chapter14tookupthesocial
context offollowingChrist:theroleof Christian Faith andthe Church in
moralliving,sketchedbyChristinhisfundamentalimageoftheKingdomof
God,andengagedinthelifeanddeathcombatwithSin.Thischaptertakes
up the function of moral norms or laws in Christian living. Christian
moralityisa response tothe call ofGodinChristJesus.Thisresponseis
viewed:
a) asembracingabasicmoralvisionofbothperson(Chap.13)andsocial
context(Chap.14);
b) codifiedinmoralnorms;and
c) implemented in moral acts which result from a personal decision
makingprocess(thispresentchapter)[cf.NCDP271].
791. The major problem with moral living is MOTIVATION. We often
knowwhatweshoulddo,butfindourselvesoddlyincapableofdoingit.
Thedesiretodorightisthere,butnotthepower.WhathappensisthatIdo
notdothegoodIwilltodo,buttheevilIdonotintend(Rom7:18b19).It
isveryimportant,then,tounderstandproperlyhow LOVE, whichis the

basic Christian motivation and power, also constitutes its fundamental

liberatingmoralnorm.Thisentailsreflectingonhowmoralnormsoperate
inthefollowingofChrist,bothpersonallyinregardtoourconscience,and
communally asmembersofsociety (NaturalLaw;culture) andofChrists
Body,theChurch(lawin Scripture andtheChristian tradition).Beyond
understandingtheproperroleofmoralnorms,thereisthebasicneedto
developtheskillinmakingmoraljudgmentsandactingpreciselyasatrue
discipleofChristinhiscommunity.

CONTEXT

792. OurFilipinocultureaffordsmanytraditionalVALUESthataredeeply
consonantwiththeChristianvisionthatgroundsallitsmoralnorms.For
example,thereis pagsasarili, theselfreliancethatisthefirststeptoward
moral responsibility; pakikisama, gettingalongwithothers, or the
willingnesstosharewithothers; pagkakaisa,theunityofthecommunity
that supports all loving service; and pakikipagkapwatao, the human
solidaritywithall,orbeingafriendofallthatsupportsChristianloveof
neighbor.CatholicFilipinostodayarealert,perhapsasneverbefore,tothe
taskofbuildingatrulyChristiancommunity,agenuine pagsasamahang
Kristiyano with pagdadamayan, bayanihan, pakikipagkapwatao, and
pagkamakadiyosasbuildingblocks(NCDP28).
793. ButregardingMORALNORMS,theFilipinoattitudeseemsambiguous.
Ontheonehand,patienttoafault,theFilipinosnaturalpersonalismtends
toconsider impersonallaws onlyintermsof personalrelations.Inthe
absenceofatrafficpoliceman,trafficlawsareoftenignored.Overcharging
inthefamilystoreisexcusedbecausemoneyisneededforthechildrens
schooltuition.The kanyakanya syndromegravelyweakensanypersonal
commitmenttolawandthecommongood.Obeyingthelawseemsquite
secondaryinthehierarchyofFilipinoculturalvalues.

794. Ontheotherhand,externalcompliancewiththelaw,especiallywith
culturalmores,isdemandedtosafeguardonesamorpropioandavoidhiya.
Theupbringingofchildreninthefamilyisfrequentlymoralistic,tendingto
focusuniquelyontheletterofthelawanditsexternalobservance,without
due care for its inner spirit. This unfortunately carries over to much
catecheticalinstructiononCatholicmorallivingpicturedas:
a) dominatedbysin,explainedsolelyintermsofbreakingalaw;
b) motivatedprimarilybyfearofpunishmentforsin;andthus
c) creatingalegalisticandjuridicalmindsetcharacterizedbyminimalistc
attitudes to morality (How far can we go before committing mortal
sin?).
795. Recentyearshaveshownremarkableprogressinthematuringprocess
intheFaithofmanyFilipinoCatholics.Primarymoralmotivationformany
in the extraordinary events such as the EDSA 86 Revolution, and in
combattingtheDecember89coupattempt,wentclearlybeyondthelevelof
reward/punishmentcharacteristicofinstinctiveconscience __beyondeven
thestrictmorallevelofjustice.AsthelettersoftheCBCPonbothoccasions
manifested,thecrisisbroughtmanytoalevelofrealselfsacrificeforthe
commongood,inspiredinmanycasesbyexplicitChristianloveandpiety.
SuchhighpointsreflecttheChristianmoralgrowthtakingplaceeveryday,
among ordinary Filipinos in the thousand and one moral challenges and
tasksofordinarylife.Thematuringprocessisneverending.

EXPOSITION

796. Christ, Our Moral Norm. For Christians, the norm by which all their
thoughts,wordsanddeedsarejudgedandevaluatedmorallyisnotsome
law,butthepersonofJesusChrist.IntheKingdomofGodthereisonlyone
teacher:theMessiah(cf.Mt23:10);allmustlistento[his]wordsandputthem
intopractice (cf.Mt7:24), takeuphisyokeandlearn fromhim (cf.Mt11:29).
SalvationdependsononesattitudetoJesus:Whoeveracknowledgesmebefore
men,I will acknowledgebefore myheavenlyFather.Butwhoeverdeniesme
beforemen,Iwilldenybefore myFatherinheaven (Mt10:32f). Forifyou

confesswithyourlipsthatJesusisLord,andbelieveinyourheartthatGod
raisedhimfromthedead,youwillbesaved(Rom10:9).
797. ThisisbecauseJesusrevealstousnotonlyGodasourFather,butwho
wetrulyare.Jesushimself__notonlywhathedidandtaught,buthiswholelifeand
person,climaxinginhisPaschalMysterythroughwhichhesavedus(cf.PCPII55).
JesusembodiesGodslovingcalltous,andtheperfecthumanresponseofachildof
God.JesushimselfIStheNewCovenantbetweenGodandallhumanpersons,the
Wayandauthenticnormforbecomingourtrueselves.CommentingonaVaticanII
text,JohnPaulIIdescribesthisprimacyofChristasfollows:
798. In Christ and through Christ, God has revealed Himself fully to
mankindandhasdefinitivelydrawnclosetoit;atthesametime,in
Christ and through Christ man has acquired full awareness of his
dignity,oftheheightstowhichheisraised,ofthesurpassingworthof
hisownhumanity,andofthemeaningofhisexistence(RH11).
Christ,whodiedandwasraisedupforall,providesman __eachand
every man __ with the light and the strength to measure up to his
supremecalling(RH14;cf.GS10).
799. Today, educational psychologists stress the impact of significant
personsonthemoralgrowthanddevelopmentofchildrenandyouth.For
theFilipinoChristian,JesusChrististhemostsignificantother.Wehave
alreadyseenhowChristradicallyaffectsourmoralvisionofwhatitmeans:
1)tobeaperson (Chapters13,9),and2)toformanauthenticChristian
conscience(Chapters13,27).WehavealsoseenhowChristentersintoour
attitudes,affections,valuesandintentions(Chapters14,8).Herewewishto
focusonChristasthebasisforallmoralnormsorlawsandforthewaywe
actuallycometomakeourmoraljudgmentsanddecisions.
I.MORALNORMS
800. Amidst todays great stress on personal dignity, freedom, individual
conscience,andmoralcharacter,thenotionsofnormandlawhavebecomequite
unpopular.Someconsidermorallawasacarryover from preVatican II
moralistictimes.St.Paulisquotedinsupportofthis:Ifyouareguidedbythe

Spirit,youarenotunderthelaw(Gal5:18);youarenowundergrace,notunderthe
law(Rom6:14).ButPaulspointisnottodenyallvaluetolaw,buttoinsistonChrist:
IhaveaccountedallelserubbishsothatChristmaybemywealthandImay
beinhim,nothavinganyjusticeofmyownbasedonobservanceofthelaw.ThejusticeIposses
isthatwhichcomesthroughfaithinChrist (Phil3:89). Paulrecognizes
thatthelawisgood,providedoneusesitinthewaylawissupposedtobe
used (1Tim1:8;cf.Rom7:12).Nowjusthowisthelawsupposedtobe
used?Somebasicnotionswillhelptoclarifythisimportantdimensionof
Christianmoralliving.
801. Whatisanormorlaw?Weneedsomegeneralideaoflawthatcan
giveussomeinsightintoitsmeaningwhenappliedtoGodslaw,thelawof
theOldandNewTestamentsandthenaturallaw.Thestandarddefinitionis
anordinanceofreason,promulgatedbycompetentauthorityforthesakeof
the common good (St. Thomas, ST, III, 90, 4). Each element has its
importance:1)lawisareasonabledecision,i.e.,prudentandwithpurpose,
not a capricious whim; 2) promulgated: communicated with sufficient
notice to its subjects while respecting their rights and dignity; 3) by
competentauthority:i.e.bythosewhohavelegitimatepowertodoso;and
4)forthecommongood:forthesocialbettermentofitssubjects.
802. Two characteristics of law, especially moral law, help greatly in
appreciatingitsplaceinChristianmoralliving.First,lawisbasedonvision,
certainpresuppositions.TheChristianvisionhasbeendescribedindetailin
thetwoprecedingchapters (Chapters1314), andisportrayedinChrists
sketch of the ideal member of the Kingdom in the Beatitudes presented
below. Second,lawarisesfromand expressesbasicvalues.Thisisclearly
exemplifiedintheTenCommandments:Thoushaltnotkillcommands
respect for human life; Thou shalt not commit adultery, respect for
sexuality;Thoushaltnotsteal,respectforapersonspossessions;Thou
shaltnotbearfalsewitness,respectforthetruth.
Likewise,ChriststeachinginhisSermonontheMountmanifeststhis:Donot
swearatall (Mt5:34) commandsrespectforpersonalintegrity;whileOfferno
resistancetoinjury(Mt5:39)fostersaselfrespectbasednotonansweringviolence
withviolence,butonactingaschildrenoftheFather.Thesetwocharacteristicsgofarin
modifyingthelegalisticandmoralisticconceptofmoralnormsorlaws.

803. FunctionsofMoralLaw.Butdontlawscontradicthumanfreedom?
Somecompareourfreedomandlawtoalakeanditsshore.Lawsgiveshape
toourfreedombyimposingboundariessimilartothewaytheshoreshapes
thelakewithinitsboundaries.Butmoralnormsorlawsdomorethanthat.
First,theyprovidecriteriaforjudgingwhoweareandhowweshouldact.
Byexplicitatingthemoralmemoryandvalueexperienceofthecommunity,moral
normsaffordusabroaderbasisforjudgingthanourownlimitedpersonalmoral
experience. Secondly, moral norms/laws help our moral development,
especiallyintheformationofconscience,byexpressingtypicalpatternsof
moral behavior and human values. Thirdly, they provide stability and
consistency in our lives by acting as a constant and reliable point of
reference. Universal negative moral laws indictate the minimum below
whichmoralactscannotsink.Itwouldbehumanlyimpossibletodecide
every moral issue from zero, i.e., with no precedent or guide. Lastly,
positivenorms/lawscanalso challengeus bystretchingusinviewofan
ideal,orcorrectingusbyilluminatingourfaults.
804. But many Filipinos tend to confuse morality with legality: if
somethingislegal,permissiblebylaw,theythinkitmustbemorallygood.
This misunderstanding ignores the difference between positive civil law
whichjudgescrimesagainstthestate,andauthenticmorallawwhichisthe
objective norm for judging sin. Something is legal when it does not
contradictanylawofthestate,butitis morallygood onlyifitsnature,
intentionandcircumstancesarepositivelygoodforthepersonaspersonin
community, that is, according to moral norms. The functions of moral
normscanbestbeseeninSacredScripture.
II.LAWINSCRIPTURE
805. TheOldTestament.ThroughHisrevealingword,GodgavetoIsrael,
Hischosenpeople,theLawoftheCovenant(cf.CCC196164).ThisLawor
Torah,calledbyvariousnamessuchas instruction, witness, precept,and word,
went farbeyondthelimitsofmerelyhumanlaw.Itgovernedthewhole
Covenant relationship. The priests promulgated the law to Israel (cf. Dt
33:10), instructingthepeopleintheknowledgeofYahwehandHisways
(cf.Jer18:18;5:4).Theprophetsreproachedthepriestsforfailingintheir

dutytotheLaw (cf.Ez22:26;Hos4:6), andwarned:Cursedbetheone

whodoesnotobservethetermsofthiscovenant(Jer11:3).TheWisdom
authorsextolledtheLaw:ThebookoftheMostHighscovenant,thelaw
whichMosescommandedus,...overflows...withwisdom(Sir24:22f),
andthepsalmistsang:
806. ThelawoftheLordisperfect,refreshingthesoul.
ThedecreeoftheLordistrustworthy,givingwisdomtothesimple.
ThepreceptsoftheLordareright,rejoicingtheheart.
ThecommandoftheLordisclear,enlighteningtheeyes...
TheordinancesoftheLordaretrue,andallofthemjust.
(Ps 19;8-10; cf. Ps 119 passim; 147:19f)
807. The Old Testament Law covered not only moral demands, and
prescriptions for religious ritual, but even legal stipulations for social
behavioraswell.Instructiveforusarecertainbasiccharacteristics.
a) TheLawfloweddirectlyfromtheCovenantrelationshipofYahwehs
lovingcallcreatingHisChosenpeople.Thismeansthewholelawwas
basedonthevisionandvaluesofGodsCovenantwithHispeople.
b) Obedience,then,toGodscomprehensiveLawwasthehallmarkforthe
believingIsraelite.Allsinwasviewedprimarilyasanoffenseagainst
theLordwithwhomtheIsraeliteswerebondedineveryaspectof
theirlivesbytheCovenant.
c) Thelaw,thenwasGods great gift, bringinggreatjoytoHispeople:
InyourdecreesIrejoiceandinyourstatutesItakedelight(Ps119).
808. But the history of Old Testament Law has also unfortunately
manifestedhowalllawisdangerouslyopentotheseriousabuseoflegalism.
TheIsraeliteswithoutguilesawtheactionscommandedbythelawmore
as symbols of love of God, the Covenant Lord, than as means of
accomplishingspecifictasks.Thusseeminglyinsignificantactscouldhave
richdevotionalpotential.Butthetemptationtomistakethepreceptforthe
value,theexternalcomplianceforobedienceoftheheart,waseverpresent
(cf.Is29:13;Mt13:15;Acts28:26).Twospecificabusesstandout.
a) Byputtingallthelawsordinances__moral,religious,civilandritual__
onequalfooting,animpossibleburdenwasplacedonthepeople(cf.Lk
11:46),andtheweightiermatterwerelost(Mt23:23).

b) Bysoextollingobedientobservanceofthelaw,itseemedthatpersons
couldsavethemselvessimplybyperfectlykeepingthelaw,withoutany
needforGodsgrace.
809. The New Testament. Even while they vigorously attacked these
abuses,theOldTestamentprophetshadprophesiedthecomingofaNew
Covenant.IwillmakeanewcovenantwiththehouseofIsrael....Iwill
placeMylawwithinthem,andwriteitupontheirhearts(Jer31:31,33).I
willputMyspiritwithinyou,andmakeyoulivebymystatutes(Ez36:27).
SoChristcamenottoabolishthelawandtheprophets,...butto fulfill
them (Mt 5:17). He did this, first, by inaugurating the new law of the
Kingdom.ThelawandtheprophetswereinforceuntilJohn.Fromhistime
on,theGoodNewsofGodsKingdomhasbeenproclaimed (Lk16:16).
Secondly, Christ removed the imperfections allowed because of their
stubbornessofhearts(cf.Mt19:8)byproclaiminghisnewcommandment
oflovewhichtranscendsallhumanwisdomandallmorality,andsummons
hisdisciplestothesovereigndemandsoftheircalling.Beperfectjustas
yourheavenlyFatherisperfect(Mt5:48;cf.CCC196772).
810. ThisispossibleonlybytheinteriorstrengthofferedbytheSpirit(cf.Jn
16:13;Acts1:8).ThepresenceoftheHolySpiritgivesanabsolutelynew
meaningtomorallife. Presentintheheartsofthebaptized,theSpiritis
himself in a way the New Law which is the law of LOVE. The Spirit
signifiesthislawbecauseHeislove.HerealizesitbecauseHeisthegiftofthe
loveoftheFather.Hecallstolovebecausethewholelifeofthebaptizedshould
expressthisgift(cf.CCC1966).
811. Thirdly,Christperfectedthedietarylawsregulatingeatingandpurityof
food,soimportantinJewishdailylife,bydisclosingtheirpedagogical
meaning, and the Sabbath Law by recalling that the sabbath rest is not
brokenbytheserviceofGodorofonesneighbor(cf.Mt12:5;Lk13:15
16;14:24).Lastly,hesetthepreceptsofthelawinahierarchicalorderin
whicheverythingissubordinatedtoloveofGodandneighbor.Hislawof
love which sums up the law and the prophets (Mt 7:12) radically
transformedtheancientGoldenRulefromalawofsimplemutualgive
andtaketoalawofpositivelove(cf.CCC1789,1970).

812. The Great Commandments. When asked which commandmentin

thelawisthegreatest?Jesusreplied:YoushalllovetheLordyourGod
withallyourheart,withallyoursoul,andwithallyourmind.Thisisthe
greatestandthefirstcommandment.Thesecondislikeit:Youshalllove
yourneighborasyourself.Thewholelawandtheprophetsdependonthese
twocommandments(Mt22:3740;cf.CCC2055).InthisreplyChristbrought
togethertwowellknownpreceptsoftheOldTestament(Dt6:5andLv19:18)in
anovelfashion.
First, hebroughtouttheinnerbondbetweenloveof Godandloveof
neighbor. ThisisstressedinJohnsfirstletter:Wecanbesurewelove
GodschildrenwhenweloveGodanddowhatHehascommanded(1Jn
5:2).
813. Secondly, Christexemplified thetriple heart, soul, and strength of
the loveofGodinjunction in his life and teaching. Old Testament
interpreters had identified heart with our inner and outer desires and
longings; soul with obeying God at the risk even of ones life; and
strengthwithallonesresourcesofwealth,propertyandreputation.But
these three dimensions must be concretized. One necessary way is by
makinguseoftherichFilipinoculturaltermsandvaluessoexpressiveof
these dimensions: with buong puso/loob/kalooban; with buong
kaluluwa,andbuonglakas.
814. Anotherwayistobringouttheirsocialandcontextualeffects,asChrist
doesinhisteaching,forexampleinhisparableofthesower,depictingthree
groupswhofailedtorespondtoGodsword:thepathgrouphadnoreal
desireorunderstanding,sothedevileasilystealsawaythewordfromtheir
hearts. The rockysoil groupwithersawayunderheatbecauseithasno
soul torisklifefor God.Theweedsandthornsgroupallowsother
interests to divide its attention and choke out undivided commitment of
resources(strength)toGod(cf.Mt13:49,1823).
815. Butperhapsthe bestScripturalconcretizationoflovingGod withall
onesheart,soulandstrengthisnotinChriststeaching,butinhisverylife.
Inhistripletemptationinthedesert,Christfirstrefusedtosatisfyhisown
basic needs in view of an undivided heart for Gods word. Second, in
refusing divine intervention, he risked his life (soul) for God. Finally,

ignoringallenticementsofthedevil,JesuscommittedallhisstrengthtoGod
alone(cf.Mt4:111).
816. ThesetemptationswerefacedbyChristallthroughhislifeasisshown
bythejeersattheCrossthatparallelthethreetemptations.1)Ifyouarethe
SonofGod,saveyourself!2)HereliedonGod,letGodrescuehimnowif
Hewantsto.ForheclaimedIamtheSonofGod.3)Soheisthe King of
Israel.Letusseehimcomedownfromthecross,andwewillbelievein
him(Mt27:41).ThetemptationComedownfromthecrosshasechoed
throughthecenturies.ButsotoohasFather,...notmywill,butyoursbe
done(Lk22:42).
817. Third,Christgavearadicallynewinterpretationtoneighbor.Itis
now to be understood universally, to cover everyone: those in need, as
taughtbytheparableoftheGoodSamaritan(cf.Lk10:3037),andevenour
enemies (cf.Mt5:44). Christ wentfurtherandmadeeveryone neighbor
by identifying himself with them as Vatican II has pointed out, Christ
wishedtoidentifyhimselfwithhisbrethrenastheobjectofthislovewhen
hesaid:Asoftenasyoudiditforoneofmyleastbrothers,youdiditfor
me(Mt25:40;cf.AA8).
818. Fourth, Christreducedthewholelawandtheprophetstothis __and
onlythis__doublecommandment,becausethelawofloveisattheheartof
eachofthecommandments.Loveisthesourceoftheirvalueandobligation
(cf. CCC 1971, 2055). The commandments, You shall not commit
adultery;youshallnotkill;youshallnotsteal;youshallnotcovet,and
whateverothercommandmenttheremaybe,aresummedupinthesaying:
Youshallloveyourneighborasyourself.Loveisthefulfillmentofthe
law(Rom13:910).
819. PCP II focuses on loving faith, an active love like that of Christ, a
participationinGodsownlovewhichcomestousthroughHisSon(PCP
II 71). Thus, love is the summary of the whole law because it is the
reflection in human life of Gods very being. Beloved, let us love one
anotherbecauseloveisofGod;everyonewholovesisbegottenofGodand
hasknowledgeofGod(1Jn4:78).

820. NowweareempoweredtolovebothGodandneighborsinceGods
ownlovehasbeenpouredoutinourheartsthroughtheHolySpiritwhohas
beengiventous (Rom5:5). InthestrengthofthisdivineSpiritoflove,
Christgavehisowncommand:Thisismycommandment:loveoneanother
asIhavelovedyou(Jn15:12).Christthusovercamethegreatestweakness
oftheOldLaw,namely,itshowedpeoplewhatsinwaswithoutempowering
themtoavoidit.ButnowSt.Pauldeclares,Thelawofthespirit,thespirit
oflifeinChristJesus,hasfreedyoufromthelawofsinanddeath.Thelaw
waspowerlessbecauseofitsweakeningbytheflesh.ThenGodsentHis
Son(Rom8:23).
821. ChristsLiberatingLaw.ItisthisnewlawoflovethroughChrists
Spiritthatisliberating,fortobeconformedtothelawofChrist,istoknow
freedom.ChristsnewlawcomestousasagiftthattheHolySpiritplaces
inourhearts.Itcarriestheimperativesofthelawbeyondthemereexternal
moralbehaviorandbeyondevenasenseofobligation.Christslawisalaw
oflove,grace,andliberty (cf.CCC1972). Ittouchesthespiritratherthan
theletter.Itrequiresachangeofheartfromwhichachangeinbehaviorwill
follow.ItnamesthatselfgivingopennesstoGodandtoothersfromwhich
allthecommandmentsderivetheirredemptivevitality;whichchangesthem
fromservileconstraintsintoaforcewhichliberatesourtruehumanity.
822. Beatitudes. Christslaw,then,liberates from mereexternalism,from
beingboundtotheletterofthelaw,enduredasservileconstraints,foralife
gracedbytheSpiritsgiftofachangeofheart.Byinspiringanewvitalityin
us, the Spirit enables us to experience our true humanity. Positively, as
inwardlytransformedbygrace,recreatedinGodsimage,weareenabled
tograduallyestablishourmorallifeonadifferentbasis.Theideaofsimply
avoidingsin,beinglegallyjustified,isreplacedbyanidealarisingfaith
andlove,thefruitoftheindwellingSpirit.Thisnewbasisformorallifeis
graphically portrayed in Christs poetic sketch of those blessed. The
Beatitudesopposethewisdomoftheworld (cf.1Cor1:20): materialism,
the cult of wealth, the lust for power, ruthless competition, the ethic of
success.InGodsKingdom,thesevaluesarereversed.
823. IntheBeatitudes,Christdescribesthosewhoaretrulyhappyinthe
KingdomofGod.Mostpeople,accordingtoSt.Thomas,relatehappinessto:

1) sensible pleasures and satisfaction of desires, or 2) success in

undertakingsandinterpersonalrelations,orfinally3)deepreflectionand
contemplation.Christclaimsthatinsteadofsensiblesatisfactionandmany
possessions (1), detachment (poverty of spirit), meekness and compassion
bringustruehappiness.Insteadofcompletelyselfcenteredactivity(2),thirsting for
justice for all and merciful forgiveness offer authentic human interpersonal
relationships.Insteadofwithdrawingfromtheproblemsandconcernsintheworldto
seekcontemplation,thosewhoaresingleminded/cleanofheart,andworkforpeace
amongallwillfindGod.Suchalifewillundoubtedlybringtrialsandpersecutions
becauseofoursinfulselvesandtheworld;butitisthelifeoffaith,hopeandloveofthe
disciplesofChrist(cf.CCC1717).
III.LAWINTHECHURCH
824. Christian moral tradition has developed another type of law called
NaturalLawbecauseitexpressesthewisdomofGodinHiscreationand
becauseitbelongstotheverynatureofhumanpersons.Itisnotimposedon
themfromtheoutsidelikeanarbitraryrestriction,butasacallcomingfrom
theirdeepestselves(cf.CCC1954).AlreadywithinSacredScripture,moral
knowledgeisrelatedtohumannature,intheWisdomliteratureoftheOld
Testament.ButitisespeciallySt.Paulwhobringsthisout:WhenGentiles
whodonothavethe[Jewish]lawkeepitasbyinstinct,...theyshowthat
thedemandsofthelawarewrittenintheirhearts.Theirconsciencebears
witnesstogetherwiththatlaw(Rom2:14f).InCatholicmorality,natural
lawmeansthesumoftherightsanddutieswhichfollowdirectlyfromthe
natureofthehumanperson,endowedwithreasonandfreedom,nottobe
confusedwithsocialnormsandconventions,norwithpublicopinion,nor
withcivillaw(cf.CCC195460).
825. Three basic convictions of the natural law approach are central to
Catholicmorality. First, thebasisforthenaturallawisthetruththat God has
createdeverythingandistherootofallthings.Thenaturallawwritteninthe
heartofmanmanifeststheorderwilledbyGodincreation. Humanmorallifeis
groundedinreality__ourmoralresponsibilitiesflowfromtheverystructure
ofwhoweareaspersonsinsocietythroughhistory.Therefore, secondly,
naturallawmoralityisknowablebyallpersons,independentoftheirreligious

faith.Engravedintheconscienceofeach,thenaturallawisaccessibletoall(cf.CCC
1954). Thirdly, there areobjectivemoralvaluesandteachingthatcanbe
universalized, addressed to all people of good will. All are required to
followitsprecepts(CCC1956).PaulVIoffersaconcretedescriptionofthe
naturallawinlife:
826. In the design of God, all are called upon to develop and fulfill
themselves,foreverylifeisavocation.Atbirth,everyoneisgranted,in
germ,asetofaptitudesandqualitiestobringtofruition.Theircoming
tomaturity,whichwillbetheresultofeducationreceivedfromthe
environmentandpersonalefforts,willallowalltodirectthemselves
towardthedestinyintendedforthembytheirCreator.Endowedwith
intelligenceandfreedom,theyareresponsiblefortheirfulfillmentas
fortheirsalvation(PP15).
827. Buttoavoidabusiverationalisticandnarrowlylegalisticinterpretations,
the naturallaw mustbeviewedintermsofcertainfundamentalaspects.
First,asreal:moralityisbasedonreality,notjustoncommandsasthelegal
positivistshold.Morallifemeansdoingthegood,notjustblindlyfollowing
law.Second,itisexperientialbecauseitdirectlyconcernsourrelationships
withourselves,withothers,andwithsociety.Third,itishistoricalsinceour
human nature is involved in the historical process of our selfbecoming
growth.Fourth,itdealswiththespecificnatureandconsequencesofour
freeacts, andtherefore, fifth, isbasically personal, sinceitisgroundedin
the human persons nature. These features indicate how the natural law
approachcanbeeffectiveintodaysmoralclimate.
828. ChristandtheNaturalLaw.Butwhathasthisnaturallawgottodo
withGodsLawasmanifestedinChrist,ourMoralNorm? (cf.#796)
Many seem to misunderstand and think of the natural law in purely
philosophicalterms,ascompletelyseparatedfromGodslaw.Inrealitythey
areintimatelyconnected,forinobeyingthenaturallaw,weobeythedivine
lawitself __ eternal,objective and universal (DH3), ofwhichitisthe
expression(cf.CCC1955).
829. WeseenaturallawandGodslawunitedinChrist.Firstintheirvery
being:sinceGodcreatesallpersonsinandthroughChrist(cf.Jn1:3;Col

1:16f),Jesusisthemodelforbothourhumannature[naturallaw]andallour
freemoralacts.Second,existentiallyandoperationallytheyareonebecauseChrist
isbothourfinaldestinybuiltintoourhumannature,andthenormforour
free moral thoughts, words and deeds by which we journey toward this
destiny. Third, historically theyareunitedinChrist becausethroughthe
historicaleventoftheIncarnation,Passion,DeathandResurrection,Christ
manifested and actualized all the above links. In Christ God ratified the
dignity of all human persons, our unitywith Him,and our path to Him
throughourhumanworldandactivities.Fidelitytothehumaninhistoryis
fidelitytoChristspresence.Intheend,then,theNewLawortheLawof
theGospelistheperfectionhereonearthofthedivinelaw,natural and
revealed(CCC1965).
IV.PROCESSOFMORALDECISIONMAKING
830. Elements. We have seen the person as moral agent (chap. 13), the
social context of moral acts (Chap. 14), and now their structure (moral
norms).Whatremainstobestudiediswhatgoesonintheactualprocessof
makingmoraljudgmentsanddecisions.Herewecanonlytreatbrieflysome
ofthemoreimportantaspectsofthisordinaryyetcomplicatedprocessweall
gothrougheverytimewemakeamoraldecisionofanyimportance.
831. Agent in Deciding. Moral acts have traditionally been described in
termsof thepersonsthinkingandwilling. Threeaspects ofthisthinking
andwillingarecurrentlyemphasizedasparticularlyimportantinmaking
moraldecisions. First, evaluative knowledge. Theknowingthatinfluences
making moral judgments is not only head knowledge, speculative
knowledge of quantitative facts or information, easily detached from the
knowerandspecificoccasion,andthusreadyforpassingon,butalsowhat
movesustodecision.Itisknowledgeoftheheart,knowledgeinvolving
quality and values,noteasilydetachedfromtheknowerandtheconcrete
situation, and therefore more difficult to communicate. Evaluative
knowledgeispersonalknowledge.ItishowweFilipinosknowoneanother,
especiallywithinourfamilyandcircleoffriends.
832. Second, imagination. Thepowerof theChristianstory,images,and
devotions has already been mentioned. What is pertinent here is the

influenceofimaginationonourmoralnorms:their effectivity inourlives

andtheirapplicability.Moralnormstaughtusbyourelderswillhardlybe
effective unlessourownimaginationdrawstogethertheuniversal,abstract
terms of the norms with our concrete personal experience. Finally,
imaginationismostneededin applying universalmoralnormstospecific
actualcases.
833. Third,affectivity.Stronghumanpassionshavealwaysbeenrecognized
aslimitingthemoralagentsactualfreedom.Today,however,affectionsare
seenmorebroadlyasinfluencingallourmoraljudgments.Ratherthanan
obstacletofreedom,ourhumanaffectionsoftenopenusuptodeeperknowledge
andunderstandinginourinterpersonalrelationships.Theyhelpusseemore
truly, compassionate with others. One dimension of Christian moral
education,then,is toformtrueChristianaffectivity __ authenticChristian
waysofaffectivelyrespondingtosituationsandothers.
834. Virtues and Character. Besides these three aspects of our acts of
knowingandwilling,therearethemorepermanent,underlyingfactorsof
virtueandcharacterwhichinfluenceourpersonalmorallife.Virtuesare
takenupatlengthinChapter17onLoveofNeighbor.Hereweonlywishto
stressthecurrentemphasison themoralpersonscharacterandhabitual
waysofacting(virtues),ratherthanbeingoverlypreoccupiedwithdetailed
scrutinyofindividualacts.Theinterplayofourfundamentalcommitment
andstance __ whoIam __ withmyfreedomofchoice __ whatIdo __ is
another way of expressing this influence of virtue and character on my
decisionmakingprocess.

835. ProcessofComingtoaMoralJudgment. Theprocessofdeciding

canbeoutlinedinthreesteps:moraldiscernment,moraldemand,judgment
or decision. First, the discerning stage includes many elements, such as
summarizedinthecommonpedagogicalSTOPformula(Search, Think,
[consult] Others, Pray). All these contribute to the formation of a basic
relevantVision,thatwillgroundthedecisiontobemade.
836. The second stepof demand bringsintheroleofthepertinent moral
norm,whichourconsciencesusetoformulatetheirdictatesonwhatwemust
do.Ourconsciencesalwaysworkonacceptedmoralnorms.Theyneveract

asalawuntothemselves.Likewise,moralnormsandcommandmentstouch
usonlythroughourconsciences.Strangelyenough,manydonotseemto
realize this dynamic interaction of conscience and law. By erroneously
claimingfreedomfromalllawbyreasonoftheirconscience,theyignorethe
basic relational nature of their authentic freedom and of themselves as
persons.
837. The third step,the judgment or decision stage,simplyreferstothe
judgmentofconsciencewemakeonthemoralityofanyproposedaction,
andourconsequentdecisiontofollowthisdictateofourconscienceornot.
838. ConscienceandtheMagisterium. AsCatholics,weFilipinosdecide
seriousmoralquestionswiththespecialhelpoftheteachingofficeofthe
Church,theMagisterium.Thisistobeexpected,forintimesofcrisisor
seriousdecisions,Filipinosnaturallyconsultothersforhelpandguidance.It
is only natural, then, that Catholics look to the moral leadership of the
teachingChurch,withitslongtraditionandworldwideexperience.Butthe
realbasis,thesupernaturalreasonistheHolySpiritsunfailingguidanceof
thePopeandthecollegeofBishopswhentheyfulfilltheirroleasauthentic
teachersoffaithandmorals(NCDP276).Itisthedistinctivemissionofthe
Churchsmagisteriumtoproclaimandinterpretthemorallawbeforemenin
thelightoftheGospel(cf.DH14;CCC2036).Thefaithfulthereforehave
the duty of observing the constitutions and decrees conveyed by the
legitimateauthorityoftheChurch.Eveniftheyaredisciplinaryinmatters,
thesedeterminationscallfordocilityincharity(CCC2037).
839. The interaction between Catholic Filipinos consciences and the
teachingauthorityoftheChurchholdsnodangerorrestrictiontofreedom
ofconscience.Onthecontrary,obediencetotheMagisteriummanifests
clearlytherelationalandcommunitariannatureofconsciencenotedabove.
Theawarenessofbeingobligedisexperiencedwithinonesowncallto
personalresponsibility.Wediscernhowfreedomandobediencemutually
implyeachotherratherthanbeingincompatible(NCDP276).
840. Thismutualrelationshipofobedienceandfreedomistheteachingof
VaticanII.Onobedience,Catholicsareremindedinmattersoffaithand
morals,theBishops speak inthe nameof Christ, andthefaithfulareto

accepttheirteachingandadheretoitwithareadyandrespectfulallegiance
ofmind(LG25).Regardingfreedomofconscience,thelaityareinstructed
that
itistheirtasktocultivateaproperlyinformedconscienceandtoimpressthedivine
lawontheaffairsoftheearthlycity....Itisuptothelaymentoshouldertheir
responsibilitiesundertheguidanceofChristianwisdomandwitheagerattentionto
theteachingauthorityoftheChurch(GS43).
841. Christian moral maturity, then, has always included the need for
reasonableinterpretation oflaw.Thusthetraditionalprincipleof epikeia
states that a merely human law, whether civil or ecclessiastical, (except
invalidatingandprocedurallaws),doesnotbindifrightreasonindicatesthat
thelegislatordidnotwishittobindintheseparticularcircumstances.This
happens,forexample,whenthedifficultyinobeyingthelawhereandnow
isdisproportionatetotheendwhichthelawhasinview.
842. Christianmorallivingofferstotheworldperhapsourmosteffective
missionarywitnessasFilipinoCatholics.Thismeansgivingdailywitnessto
thebasicmoralvalueswhichflowfromournatureashumanpersonsand
fromourGodgivenrelationshipwithcreation.Throughsuchwitnesswenot
onlyrespondtothecallofholinesstoallwithintheChurch(cf.LG39),but
drawotherstopersonalbeliefinGodandJesusChrist(cf.AA6;CCC2044
46).

INTEGRATION

843. TheplaceofmoralnormsinfollowingChrist,explainedatlengthin
thischapter,restsultimatelyonthedoctrinaltruthsofGodscreationand
lovingcallofgracetoeternallife. Christianmoralnormsaregroundedin
thevisionoffundamentalvaluesproposedbyChristinhis Sermononthe
Mount. Sucharethevaluesofhumanlife,sexuality,integrity,selfrespect
andlove(cf.Mt5:2148).Guidedbythesemoralnorms,sogroundedinthe

Christianvision,theChristiansconscienceisenabledtodiscernanddecide
responsiblyasadiscipleofChrist.
844. Prayerandanactivesacramentallifearethenecessarymeansnotonly
forclarifyingtheChristianvision,butespeciallyformotivatingresponsible
moraldecisionsandacts.Inthelastanalysismorallivingisquestionofthe
heart,ratherthanofcomplexreasoningandarguments.FollowingChrist
inmorallifemeansaheartweddedtoChristbyhisHolySpirit,nourished
intheEucharistcelebration,andexperiencedinpersonalprayer.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

845. HowcanChristianmorallifebeviewed?
Christianmorallifecanbeviewedasour freeresponseto Gods call
involvingthreeessentiallevels:
abasicmoralvision;
expressedinmoralnormsandprecepts;and
exercisedinpersonalmoralactsguidedbyconscience.
846. WhatisthemajorprobleminChristianmoralliving?
MotivationisthemajorprobleminChristianmorallivinghowwe
caninspireourselvesandotherstoactconsistentlyaccordingtothe
Christianmoralnorms.
847. WhatisthebasicChristiannormformoralliving?
ThebasicstandardbywhichChristiansjudgealltheirthoughts,words
anddeedsisthepersonofJesusChristwhorevealsGodasourFather,
andwhowetrulyare.
Christisthemostsignificantotherinforming:
ourmoralvision(values,attitudes,andaffections),
ourmoralnorms,and
theactualdecisionmakingprocessofourconscience.

848. Whatisanormorlaw?
A norm or law is a decree of reason, promulgated by competent
authority,forthecommongood.
Moralnorms,basedonamoralvisioncomprisingbasicmoralvalues,
expresstheobjectivestandardforjudgingmoralgoodandevil.
849. Whataremoralnormssupposedtodo?
Moralnormsareindispensableformorallife.They
provide the objective criteriafor our conscience tojudge whatis
morallygoodorevil;
help our moral development, especially in the formation of our
conscience;
offertheneededmoralstabilityinourlives;
challengeustostretchforanidealbeyondourlimitedexperience,
andcorrectourpersonalmoralmisconceptionsintheprocess.
850. WhatwasGodsLawintheOldTestament?
Gods Law in the Old Testament was His great gift to His chosen
people, Israel, creating with them a Covenant which called for
obediencetoHisLawastheirresponsetoHisgratuitouslove.
Thedangerinherentinalllawsistosofocusontheletterofthelaw
anditsexternalobservanceastoignorethebasichumanvaluesand
interiordispositionswhichthelawwasmadetopreserve.
851. HowdidChristintheNewTestamentrelatetotheLaw?
JesusChristfulfilledtheLawby:

inauguratingtheNewLawoftheKingdomwhich

perfectedtheOldLawby

subordinatingallitspreceptstoloveofGodandofneighbor.
852. WhatisChristsownLawoflove?
In his own life Christ taught and perfectly exemplified the Old
TestamentstwogreatCommandmentsofLove:
loveGodwithallyourheart,withallyoursoul,andwithallyour
mind,and
loveyourneighborasyourself.

853. WhatwasnewaboutChristsCommandmentsoflove?
InhisNewcommandmentofloveChrist:
stressedtheinnerbondbetweenloveofGodandloveofneighbor;
exemplified heart, soul, and strength in his example and
teaching, especially his response to the triple temptations
experiencedinthedesertandontheCross;
gave a radically new interpretation of neighbor as meaning
everyone,especiallythoseinneed,and
summarized and subordinated the whole law and the prophets to
thesetwoCommandmentsalone.
854. HowisChristslawofloveliberating?
Christslawofloveisliberatingbecauseitnotonlyshowsuswhat
makesusauthenticallyfree,butthroughtheSpiritofloveoffersusthe
powertofulfillit.
855. WhatpicturesforusChristslawoflove?
ChristsSpiritofloveliberatesus
a) frommereexternalobservanceofthelaw,
b) for a life transformed by radically new values, sketched in the
Beatitudes:

detachmentfromworldlypossessions,
meeknessandcompassion,
thirstingforjusticeandmercifulforgiveness,
purityofheart,and
singlemindednessinworkingforpeace.

856. WhatismeantbytheNaturalLaw?
Christianmoraltraditionhasdevelopedanothertypeoflawcalledthe
naturallawthatis
groundedinourverynatureashumanpersonscreatedbyGod,
supportinguniversalobjectivemoralvaluesandprecepts,and
knowablebyallpersonsusingtheircriticalreason,independentof
theirreligiousaffiliation.
857. Hasnotnaturallawattimesledtocertainabuses?

Toavoidthedangerofarationalistic,legalisticinterpretationofthe
naturallaw,stressshouldbeputoncertaincharacteristics:
itsbasisinreality;
itsexperientialandhistoricaldimensions;
itsdealingwiththeconsequencesofourfreeacts,and
itsbeingbasedonthehumanpersonsnature.
858. HowisChristrelatedtothenaturallaw?
ThenaturallawandGodslawareunitedinChristsince:
everythingiscreatedinChrist;
heisthefinaldestinybuiltintothenatureofeveryperson,and
throughtheIncarnation,Christhasbecometheconcretemodelfor
everyhumanperson,intheirdailythoughtsandactions.
859. Whatistheprocessofmoraldecisionmaking?
Theprocessofmakingmoraldecisionsinvolves:
weourselvesasthemoralagentordoer;
usingevaluativeknowledge,i.e.personalknowledgeof theheart,
includingaffectionsandimagination,
accordingtoourbasicmoralcharacterandthevirtueswehavefreely
developed.

860. Whatarethestagesinmoraldecisionmaking?
Amongthemanyproposedpatternsformoraldecisionmaking,three
stagesareessential:
discerning(STOP:Search,Think,[consult]Others,Pray),
relevantobligatingmoralnorms,and
consciencesdecisioninapplyingtheobjectivenormtotheconcrete
act/situation.
861. HowdoestheChurchhelpCatholicsinmoraldecisions?
TheteachingofficeoftheChurch(Magisterium)offersCatholicsmoral
guidanceandleadershipbasedontheHolySpiritsunfailingpresence,
and the Churchs long tradition and worldwide experience. It thus
supportsandstrengthenstheessentiallyrelationalandcommunitarian
dimensionsofourpersonalconsciencesintheirefforttoachievemoral
goodness.

Subject Index

Note: ThereferencenumbersappearinginthisIndexrefertoparagraphs,
notpages.ThoseinitalicsrefertotheparagraphsintheQ/Asections
ofthedifferentchapters.
A
Abortion
and5thcommandment1037
politicaltrendsfosterit1063
Activists
strengths&weaknesses174
Adoration
ofBlessedSacrament173334,1759
prayerof,1476,1558
AdoroTeDevote
traditionalEucharistichymn1753
Adultery1087,1107
Affectivity
inmorals833
AfterLife
rejectedbyactivists2026
Agent
moral68292
Seealso:Persons,human.
AlcoholAbuse1036,1059

Almighty
andthemysteryofevil28993,309
Seealso:God.
Almsgiving
andpenance1786
AmorPropio794,805
Anawim
andMagnificat1543
AngMahalnaBirhen48,513
See:Devotion(s)andMary.
Angels
activeroleof,intheO.T.,lifeofJesus&theChurch33536,363
createdbyGod335,363
instrumentsofGodsprovidence363
Seealso:Guardianangels.
Angelus47,54,1546
Anger
oftheheart:innersourceofviolence1031,1060
oneoftheCapitalsins381,410
Anointing
ofApostles1831
ofthings,messianicpeople1629
AnointingoftheSick(Sacramentof)777,182238,186667,187172
changeofname1872
definition1822,1866
effects183738,1867
elementsincludedintherenewal183238,1872
institutedbyChrist182831,1871
Seealso:Healing,Sacraments,andSickness.
Apologetics
aimoftheCreed236
useofChurchsCatholicityin,1403
Apostasy
causeofdivisionintheChurch1394,1456
definition1394
Apostles
collegeof,1409

foundationoftheChurch140708,1460
Seealso:BishopsandChurch.
Apostolicity(oftheChurch)
agiftandtask140711,1460
Apparitions
arouseexcitement1269
AscensionofChrist64853,67071
andfaith:basictruth651
andus65051
liftedup64849,671
meaning64852,670
necessityof,forsendingH.Spirit650,670
savingevent65051,670
Asia
tobeevangelizedbyFilipinoCatholics60
Assumption
concretemodelofnewcreation2080,2107
meaning52425,548
privilege525,2080,2107
Seealso:Mary.
Astrology888
Atheism
intheteachingofVaticanII173
practical18385
Seealso:Unbelief.
B
Bahalana
and Creation312
fatalism115859
Godsprovidentialcare260
angMaykapal1159
Baptism,Sacramentof15971625,164757
and dying/risingwithChrist1599
FilipinoCatholics15871589

originalsin39192,411,160104
sheernumberofchildren1589
calledsacramentoffaith161118,16521653
Churchsteachingon,39193,15971625,164757
choiceofgodparents/sponsors1640,1664
currentquestionson161925,165557
definitionandeffects1647
demandspersonalresponse1631,1653
Effects:
gives ashareindivinelife159798,161518,1654

character/seal162223,1656
forgivenessofallsins1597,1602,1649,1762,1781
newlifeinChrist159799,164748
incorporatesintotheChurch159798,160509,1651
makesusshareinChristsmission160809,1617,16591660
makesusshareindivinelife628,1599,161516,1647,1649,1654
producesrebirthintheSpirit1602,1649
purifiesadultsfromallsins1602,1649,1762,1781
removesoriginalsin39192,411,1597,16014,164950
unitesustotheRisenChrist1597,1599,1648
focusof,isnewlifeinChrist1597,15991601,1649
freegiftfromGod162425,1657
fruitfulnessof,dependsoncooperationwithgrace1613,1653
involvesaradicalconversioninadults1597,1653
is necessaryforsalvation1619,1655
primarysacramentofforgiveness1762
sacramentofinitiation1584,1643
littleappreciationof,asinitiationintonewlife529
meaning,process159697,161114,1647
tendstobecomeamerelysocialevent1587
Trinitarianformularequired899900,1615
types:
intheSpirit1270
ofadults1595,161114,1653
ofblood,desire1620
ofbabies/infants391,412,1595,162425,1657
verypopularamongFilipinos1587
Seealso:Church,Grace,JesusChrist,andSacraments.

Barkada1104
Bayani4142,792
Bayaniorientation
andChristtheKing42
Bayanihan57,369,792
andpakikisama296
BeatificVision
meaning206869,2102
Beatitudes
andKingdomofGod739,74445
andmorallife823
newbasisoflove,detachment,forgiveness82223
valuestheycontain82223,855
BECs172,415,1375
Belen1470
Believing
meaning114,222
obstaclesto199201,20607
Seealso:Creed(s)andFaith.
Bible
andoriginalsin37475,390,403404
andtheChurch8184,88,91,97,107,10911
contains inerrantsavingtruth8990,108
mostbasicaffirmationsaboutGod26469,303
howwegettoknowit7273,109
history8188,113
inspiration8587
is acollectionofbooks90,1 1 3
Churchsbook418
primarycatecheticalbook420
meaningofname81,113
studysessionsof,moveoftheSpirit1332
Seealso: Gospel,OldTestament,Revelation,SacredScripture,
andTradition.
Biblical
catechesis2113
Creeds224

perspectiveofsexuality107679,1124
BirthControl
achievedthroughsterilizationandabortion1063
Churchsstandon,1108
Bishops
andcollegiality1981
apostolicsuccession1409
careforallchurches1981,2019
havefullnessofpriesthood1981,2019
Blasphemy
prohibitedby2ndCommandment894,930
BlessedSacrament
adorationof:importanceof,andeffects173334,1759
andotherformsofCatholicpiety1733,1759
inadorationchapels1471
rootedinChristslastingpresenceintheEucharist172227,175256
BlessedVirgin
meaning52122,546
Seealso:Mary.
Blessing
ofthingsandobjects1470
Blood
differentsymbolsinOT582,608
ofChrist:effectsof,582,608
Seealso:Christ,Eucharist,andRedemption.
BodyofChrist
variousmeanings:
historical/physical 50105,50912, 54345, 55783,59093, 597608,
613,628639,64852,66668,67071,1386
mystical138487,145253
hasH.Spiritasitssoul1358
isbuiltupthroughtheSacraments1530,1577
istheChurch138487
webecomepartofitthroughBaptism1651
sacramental,intheEucharist1386,172228,173334,1750,175256,
1759
Seealso:Church,Eucharist,andJesusChrist.

BornAgain
accusationsof,againstCatholics416
fastgrowthof,andaggressiveness416,469
oncepractisingCatholics1472
Bread
meaningof,intheLordsPrayer2170,2175
oflife:calltodiscipleshipandsharing217076
symbolofTorahforJews1714
unleavened,forEucharist171314
Bread&Wine
intheEucharist:
howtheyarechanged1754
meaningofchange172729,1755
transformedintoRisenChrist1728,1755
whattheysignify171316,1750
whattheybecome1716,1750
Seealso:Eucharist.
Buddhists
Filipino198
BuongKaluluwa813
BuongLakas813
BuongPuso/Loob/Kalooban813
C
Calumny1240
CanonofScripture(OT)88,42250,45763
historicalbooks42327,458
prophets42840,45961
writings44150,46263
CapitalPunishment
reasonsfor,1041
subjectofmoralreflection1041,1058
CapitalSin(s)
definitionandlist38182,410

CardinalVirtues978,994
Catechesis
aim464
difficulties1589
doctrinal,biblical2113
inculturated6
presacramental:needed1588
renewed:needed209
responsetodoctrinalunbelief209
CatecheticalInstruction
negativefeatures794
CatechismoftheCatholicChurch(CCC)1,56,11,14,18,27
majorsourceofCFC1,27
Seealso:CFC.
Catechumenate1612
CatholicDoctrine
basiccontentof,intheCreed223,246
definition220,245
function222,244
roleof,inourlife217
Seealso:Creed(s).
CatholicFaith
See:Church,FaithandJesusChrist.
CatholicityoftheChurch140106,1459
atask,mission1405,1459
asexternaluniversality140305
asinterimcapacityforreconciliation1403
CBCP
lettersonhumanlife/dignity1035
Celibacy
andthekingdom193839,2011
asastateoflife1938,2011
consecrated1075
eschatologicaldimensionof,1939
lifelong,invitationbyChrist1939
unfoldingofbaptismalgrace1940
CelibateLove

aChristianvocation193840,2011
CFC
aim32,464
audience1618,27
basicstructure1821,23,27
characteristics
Catholic14
experiential13
focusingonessentials1112
inculturated2,6,13,32
integrated9,12,21,24
practical15
explicitlyFilipino,Catholic1314
formatofeachchapter2324
goal14,15
implementsPCPIIscallforrenewedcatechesis2
majorsources1,27
nature2729
reasonfor,39
respondstobasicneeds9
stressonexperienceandinculturation13
structure1821,27
use2226
Chalcedon
Councilof,andChristsperson509
CharacterofPeople
andvirtue834,859,944
formedbytheChurch757,783
CharacterofSacraments
definition1622,1656
effects1623,1656
indeliblesignconferredon:
baptized162223,1656
confirmed1632,1661
priestsatordination1987,2020
issourceofwitnessinthoseconfirmed1632,1661
Characteristics

oftheChurch1390,1454
Seealso:Church.
CharismaticMovement
andunbelief174
features/manifestations1270
hasattractedmany1270
whatattractstoit8
Charity
centerofholiness1400
fosteredbytheEucharist170411,1748
neverseparatedfromjustice119092,1214
Seealso:Love.
Chastity10931110,112830
and personalprayer,sacramentallife1116
populationcontrol1132
selfcontrol110715,1129
valueeducation1106
Christianview1102,1121
definition1093,1128
difficult,1094
educationfor,10991106,1131
effects109798,1130
enjoinedby9thCommandment1093,1128
functionsof,insexuallife109698,1129
isforlove1103
isforthemarriedandsingle1107,1110,1129
motivationfor,1100
Seealso:Commandments:6thand9thandMarriage.
Cheating1176
Childcenteredness
ofFilipinos1027
Children
needsof,tobeprovidedforbyparents102526,1053
Christ
See:JesusChrist.
Christian(s)
beingChristiansandFilipinoculture3132,57

definition55
ChristianCommunity
andconversion96365,992
isinstrumentofJesushelp589,612
ChristianFaith
andmorallife75657,783
ismorethanasetoftruthstobebelieved674
Seealso:Faith.
ChristianMoralLifeSee:MoralLife.
Church
and Christianfamily:resemblance190507,2004
divineRevelation7172,75
formationofconscience707,726
Godsplan1355,1381,1385
healingsacraments176162,1845
HolySpirit1265,13001306,1342
KingdomofGod137779,1451
liturgy15021505,1568
Mary143241,146465
morality75459,783,1139,177879
naturallaw82429,85658
preferenceforthepoor118789,1213
Sacraments151718,157172
Scripture8587,107
socialawarenessinthePhilippines731
Trinity134955,135760,14441446
asbearerofmoraltradition75859
CommunionofSaints142830,1463
FamilyofGod1375,1389,2004
mystery135665,1445
MysticalBodyofChrist138487,1453
NewPeopleofGod138083,1452
sacrament1355,136672,1412,1416,1443,144849,1467,152426,
1574,1606
conceptsof,forFilipinos135152
dutyof,280
EssentialCharacteristics134955,13901411,1444,14541460

Apostolic140711,1460
Catholic140106,1459
Holy13971400,145758,1777
One139196,145556
meaningofword1349
membershipof,throughBaptism160510,1651
Ministries142027,1462
lay142527,1462
ordained142224
Mission/Role134955,141227,1444,146162
andFilipinoCatholics141827,1462
developingthesacraments1525
evangelizingandsocialjustice1419
helpsCatholicsinmakingmoraldecisions83840,861
in Christianmarriage1904,2003
morallife75657,783,1139
sacramentofPenance177879,1853
temporalaffairs1164,1204
thePhilippines1372,1418,1711,197779
is authenticinterpreterofScripture8587,107
calledtobeChurchofthePoor52,60,469
firstlivingworkoftheSpirit1349
naturalhometoFilipinos1353
strengthensbasesofsociety116165,1204
teachessocialdoctrine731,1132,116095,1198,120415
natureof,13501389
ScripturalImages137389,14501453
BodyofChrist138487,1450,1453
FamilyofGod1375,1389,2004
KingdomofGod137779,145051
PeopleofGod1355,138083,1445,1450,1452
TempleoftheHolySpirit138889
Teachingof
aboutGod265,303
on familyplanningandresponsibleparenthood110809, 1132, 1923
24,2009
politicalinvolvement116263,1205

privateproperty117476,1207
sexualdisorders111115,1133
socialquestions731,116495,120415
work118186,120912
Titles
FoundationalSacrament1443,1555,152426,1574,1585
MysticalBodyofChrist138487,1453
SacramentofChrist1467
PeopleofGod1355,138083,1445,1450,1452
UniversalSacramentofSalvation1416,1461
Seealso:HolySpirit,JesusChrist,Sacraments,andScripture.
Commandments,Ten
Fundamental:
loveofGod878922,927933
loveofGodandneighbor94047,98889
loveofneighbor94886,99294
General:
aremoralimperativesofhowtoloveothers864
signpoststowardauthenticfreedom926
basicfunction862,86769,925
basicunity867
commondifficultiesagainstthem862,924
completedbyChrist863
expressGodswillforus863
givingof,onSinai865
maindivision862,86769,925
meanttoliberate426,458,874
misunderstood865866,868
notseenasconnectedwithdailylife865
Preambleto:content87479,927
privilegedexpressionofthewayoflife863
relatedtolove,virtue161,862,864
seenasnotrelevanttoPhilippinecontextandmorallife86566,924
setoutwhattheloveofGod&neighbordemands862
takeonanewperspectiveforChristians863
understandingof,86876
valueof,fortoday862,86573,876,926

whattheyprovide87073,926
Seealso:Decalogue.
IndividualCommandments:
1stCommandment87892,92729
andstatues/imagesusedbyCatholics892,929
andworship88486
commands/forbids88792,927
fruits88283
function928
importance928
2ndCommandment893902,930
commands/prohibits89397,930
fostersjoyfulpraiseandadmirationofGod902,930
howwepractiseit898902
rationalebehindit930
3rdCommandment90322,931934
commands903,931
howCatholicskeepit91417
JesusandtheSabbath909
NewTestamentsources90910,933
OldTestamentsources90408,932
prohibits/liberatesfrom91722,934
reasonsforshiftingfromtheSabbathtoSunday91011,933
workandreaction91922,934
4thCommandment100227,104956
commands100205,102127,1050,1053
keepingit,benefitscommunity1050
obstaclestoitsobservance100609,1052
reasonsforrespectingparents1051
Seealso:FamilyandParents.
5thCommandment997,102844,105760
andcapitalpunishment1041
justwar104244
offensesagainst103640,105859
perfectedbyJesusChrist102932,1060
prohibits/commands102840,1057
protectshumanlife997

Seealso:HumanLife.
6thCommandment106688,111926
andmarriedpeople108688,1126
commands/prohibits1066,111920
fostersconjugallife1086,1126
liberates108085,1125
protectsagainstadulteryanddivorce1087,1126
familyandmarriage1066,1119
fromdoublestandard&taboos106768,1120
treatsrespectforhumansexuality1061
Seealso:Chastity.
7thCommandment114146,116095,1200,120315
commands/prohibits114146,1154,1175,1200
ChurchsSocialDoctrine116095,120415
guidingtruths116365,1196,1205,1208
isconcernedwith:
buildingjustsociety119295,1215
justiceandcharity119092,1214
preferentialoptionforthepoor118789,1213
privateproperty117476,1207
socialsinfulstructure116673,1206
work118186,120910
offersprinciples,criteria1164,120405
onrights/duties1165,118485
NTdirectivesforsocialresponsibility:115559,1203
See also: Justice, Social Doctrine of the Church, and Social
justice.
8thCommandment122149,125264
commands/prohibits122122,123349,1255,126064
fosterstruth,justiceandlove1255
harmcausedbylying1261
inScripture122329,1257
massmedia1220,124546
offensesvs.truth1219,123339,126062
reasonsforlying1237,1262
truth:
Christianwitnessto,124749,1264

liberatingpower122729,1258
socialdimension123031,1259
Trinitariandimension1221
Seealso:Truth.
9thCommandment10891115,112733
commandspurityofheart&chastity1093,1128
perfectedbyJesusChrist1092
prohibits108991,1127
protectshumansexuality1127
Seealso:Chastity.
10thCommandment1147541201,1207
focusesoninnerdesires1154
fosterstrustinGodscare115758
problems1119,1202
prohibits1147,1152,1201
protectspropertyfromtheft1207
See also: Justice, Social Doctrine of the Church, and Social
Justice.
Commitment
toJesusChrist681
tojustice1189
CommonGood
participationofCatholics1192
Communion,Holy
fruits171719,1751
Seealso:Eucharist.
CommunionofSaints
meaning142830,1463
CommunityofDisciples
pointofarrivalforFilipinoCatholics60
Concupiscence
andcapitalsins38182
andoriginalsin378,401,406,409,1601,1603
canbeovercomewithGodsgrace378,409
meaning37879,409
remainsevenafterbaptism1601,1603
rootcauseofcapital,personalandsocialsins378,38182, 409

Confession
alsoacommunitarianandecclesialact177677,1852
declineingoingto1766
goingto,isaprofessionoffaith1775,1851
See:ConversionandPenance/Reconciliation.
Confirmation,sacramentof162640,165864
agefor,163437,1662
anointing,empowerment1629
characteristic162627
effects163132,1661
godparents,sponsors1640,1664
issacramentofinitiation1584
origin1627,1659
preparationneeded1635,1662
publicwitnessoffaith163133
relationtoChristandtheChurch1593,1638,1663
revisionofrite1626,1629
seal/characterconferred1622,1661
Seealso:Church,HolySpirit,andSacraments.
ConjugalLove
andfidelity190812,20052006
demands191314,2006
madepossiblebythegraceofChrist&theSpirit191519,2007
meaningandcontent1910,2005
Seealso:Marriage,Sacramentof.
Conscience
andfreedom70203,724
andMagisterium83840
definition701,723
erroneous709,727
factorsaffectingitsjudgment711,728
formation99,70407,72526
freeandmorallyobliging70103,724,846
function701,723
guilty710
isproximatenormofpersonalmorality701,723
judgesobject,circumstancesandintention711,728

misunderstanding702,724
relationaldimension704
roleof,inmoraldecisionmaking83537,860
typesandworkof,70811,72628
Seealso:Church,Law,andMoralLife.
Conscientization
andChurch1139
insocialresponsibilities,ongoing1139
Consumerism
typicalsocialsininthePhilippines184,1173,1206
Contraception1108
Contrition
prayerof1476,1558
Conversion
and sacramentofPenance/Reconciliation1843
service,grace1787,1794
understandingofsin1172,1798
callto,bytheprophetsandinNT42930,435,460,771,787,958
demandedbyChristsredemption610
effectonChristsdisciples96364,99092,1854
elementsinvolved965,992
kindsof,1858
ofheartinOT/NT1155,178994
ongoingprocess965,992,1780,178994,185556
radical58488,611,1780,178694,185456,1858
total,dimensionsof,1797
workedbyGod430
Seealso:Penance/ReconciliationandSin.
CorporalWorksofMercy
showloveofneighbor97274,994
CorporateSolidarity
waythroughwhichChristsavessinners57074,604
Corruption
inPhilippinesociety732
CosmicRedemption1729
Counsels,evangelical
andpriests1990

Covenant
madeinChristsblood567,582,602,608
ofSinai179
withNoahandAbraham414
Seealso:NewCovenantandOldCovenant.
CovenantRelationship
andfamily101214,1077
Covetousness381,1090,1147
Creation
andbahalana312
andlove1074
beginningofsalvationhistory314,358
Biblicalaccountof,andEvolutionTheory32327,358
Biblicaltruthaboutit32327
Christianideaof31420,328,342,355
Churchteaching32627
continues339,356,364
createdreality32836
difficulties312
doctrineof,
andCatholicmorality347,355,1071,1196
importance314,352
tobeunderstoodbetter313
Filipinofolklegendsonit311
isGodsaction32127,342,35859
mansresponsibilityfor,33941,348,1146
meaningof,forhumanpersons339342,362
personalperspective32833,33940,342,360363
reasonandpurpose314,327,358
Seealso:God,ManandHumanPerson(s).
Creator31520,32127,35160
Filipinoimageof,311,315,322,351,353,1287
isBlessedTrinity31820,354
makerofheavenandearth31617,322,325
meaning351
origin,rulerandgoal314,351,355
primarycauseforexisting315

savingGod316
transcendent/immanent315
whatthetermsaysaboutGod315,353
Creatures
assignedtomansstewardship33941,348,1146
totallydependentonGodfortheirexistence32833,360
CredibilityGap1220
Creed(s)
andGod30003
basicdoctrines24647,262
Christisthecenter249,556,601
features226,247
fosterChristianliving24041,254
functions23239,25254,262
history22327
linkedtofaith,worship22122,240
livingtruths,relevance227,234,254
objectionsto22831,25051
organicunity227
senseofbelieving239
Trinitarianpattern226,23537,247,249
types22427
Seealso:ChurchandFaith.
Cross
centraltoGospel55152,557,597
Paulssummary557,567,598,602
symbolof:
discipleship597
ourtruestselves552
PaschalMystery597
savinglove551,55759,59798,900
transformssuffering559
Seealso:JesusChristandSuffering.
Cult
abuses1430
oftheSaints1430
Culture

andfaith2932,5657
tobepurified,guardedanddeveloped29,57
Cursing
prohibitedby2ndCommandment894,930
D
DayoftheLord
forChristiansitisSunday910
fortheJewsitistheSabbath932
shiftofmeaning654
tobekeptholy931
Seealso:ParousiaandSunday.
Deacons
servingthePeopleofGod198586,2019
Death
adimensionofeverymomentoflife2051,2096
andoriginalsin159,38990,2054
aspects2097
Christianview205158,2066,209697
disintegrating/fulfilling205758
duetosin,nottoGod159,38990,2054,2096
ofChrist:reason/purpose600
oursharinginChristsdeath2055,2097
overcomebyChrist390
pastoralcare184041
touchesthewholeperson205254,2096
transformedbyChrist2052,205558,2097
Decalogue
callsforreverenceforGodandneighbor868,870
developslovecommandments878
liberatingcovenant426,454,862,87275,88288
livedthrufaith,hopeandlove87980
morallivinginChrist86970,876
preamble87476

Seealso:Commandments.
DecisionMaking,moral
Churchsrole83840,861
process83042,859,2193
stages83537,860
Deliverance
fromevil:askedintheLordsPrayer2214
themostimportantone2215
DescenttotheDead
Christs59093,613
Destiny,final(ofman/world)208182,208487
Detraction
sinagainsttruth/8thCommandment1240,1260
Development,human
andsacraments159194
aspectsitshouldinclude1180
Devotion(s)
Ingeneral:
musthaveacommunalcontext1493,1564
oftendissociatedfromChristiancommitment680
playkeyroleinfaithlifeoftheFilipinos14701471
separatedfromtheChurchsliturgy1473
tobegroundedinScriptureandLiturgy298,1473
whattheyexpress1581
Marian:
andcommitmentsinlife155051,1583
theChurch1549,1583
theHolySpirit1549,1583
theTrinity1537,1549,1583
basisfor153738,1580
howtorenewit,154751,1583
intheliturgy153940
Seealso:MaryandPrayer.
Dialogue
opennessoftheChurch75
withotherreligions1427
Dignityofhumanperson

andfinaldestiny2076
basisofChurchssocialteaching117879
groundofmorality683
groundedinGod685,1180
preservedonlywhenrelatedtoGod180
violationof,1034,1179
Discernment
intemptationandtrial2191
ofGodsactioninourlives100
Godswill2164
spirits1269
thesignsofthetimes102,957
roleof,inmoraldecisionmaking83537,860
Discipleship
and desireofunionwithChrist96,473,675,963
kingdomofGod487,741
respectforhumanlife359
callto,484,537
demands741
gapbetweenit&ritualexpressions680
DivineProvidence
meaning34346,364
Seealso:God.
DivisionamongChristians
scandal1394
Divorce
condemnedbyChrist1078
highcostof,1087,1107
Doblecara1219
DoctrinalCatechesis2113
Doctrine
basedonChriststruth527
basictruths12,21617,243,246
connectedwithMoral&Worship203,22122,24041
definition220,245
isessentialdimensionoftheCatholicFaith71
needfor,222,244

ofChurchasPeopleofGod,haseffectonmorality1442
DoubleStandard
insexualmorality:1064
opposedbythe6thCommandment1067,1120
DrugAbuse
anoffenseagainstlife1036
Duties
concerningwork1185,1212
towardGodandneighbor862,86769,925
E
EarthCare
andPCPII341,348,1146
Easter
devotions616
reenactments616
thenewSabbath91011
Seealso:Resurrection.
Ecology
moralobligation341,348,113637,1146
Ecumenism
callsforaradicalchangeofheart139496,1456
EDSARevolution795,1044,1306,1383
Education,Christian
ofchildren:dutyofparents1026,1053
Ekklesia,Church1355
Emmaus181,421
Empowerment
toloveGod&neighbor820
EmptyTomb
confirmstheResurrection647,667
meaningof647
Envy
oneofthecapitalsins381,410,1147,1201

Epikeia841
EremiticLife1426
ErroneousConscience
definition709,727
Eschatology202982,20852107
active/presentreality2035
already/notyet2029
and lifeeverlasting205965,2098,2100
theEucharist173031,2082
theGoodNewsinChristianlife203032
traditionalcatechesis2029
biblicalbasis2029
concernedwiththepresent203235,208889
destiny,finaljudgment2067,207374,2101,2105
doesnotleadawayfrompresentduties203435,2089
lastjudgment207375,2105
meaning202930,2085
newlife:liturgicalimages206465,2100
problemareas203335
EternalDamnation
See:Hell.
EternalLife
alreadypresent2038,204144,209093
isultimatelifeJesuscametobring2037
ultimategoaloftheSacraments1518,1572
Seealso:GraceandLife.
EternalRest
meaning2064,2100
Eucharist16651736,17371759
activeparticipationin,hasimproved1670
adorationoftheBlessedSacrament173334
and JesusChrist1667
layministers1471
marriage193637,2010
theFilipinos1669
theHolySpirit1666,1732,1737,1758
thelifeoftheChurch1668

theritualsacraments1586
thesacramentsofinitiation1666,1737
thesacrificeoftheCross168993,1744,1783
asCommunionSacrament170220,1740,174751,1783
buildsuptheChurch1720
fruits/effectsofreceivingcommunion:
buildinguptheChurch1720,1751
liberationfromsin1718,1751
reconciliation1719,1751
unioninChrist1717,1751
issignofunity,bondofcharity1704
liturgyoftheEucharist171216
paschalbanquet170207
elementsofmeal170507
sacredmeal1703
respondstoourdeephumanhungers170811,1748
Viaticum1731,1839
asPledgeofFutureGlory173032,1739,1757
bythepoweroftheHolySpirit1732
isEschatologicalMeal1731,1757
asPresenceSacrament172129,1740,174446,175253,1756
andRisenCosmicChrist1729
materialelementsofbreadandwineused:
howtheyarechanged1726,1754
meaningofthischange172729,1755
whattheybecome1716,1726,1750,1754
whattheysignify171316,1726,1750,1754
multiplepresencesofChrist1722,1725,175253
wayRisenChristispresent172326,1756
asSacrificeSacrament16891701,1739,1740,174446,1784
andChristsdeathandresurrection167677,169495, 173940,1744
46
Bibleonremembrance16991700
Christisthekey1692
Christianmemorial16981701,1746
Churchoffers169697
issacrificeoftheNewCovenant168994,1701,1744

SacrificialMeal167677,170103,1712, 1739,1744,1746,1747,
1749
understandingChristsnewsacrifice1693
asThanksgivingWorship
91314,168088
basicdescription167679
differentnames/aspects1665
essentialgoalsofprayer1680
immersedindailylife1688,1743
is Churchsfundamentalactofworship1679,1740
ecclesialactcarriedoutbytheBodyofChrist1679,1739
ourspiritualworship1687
perfectprayer/actofworship1687,1742
relatedtoourlife1688,1743
Trinitarian168283
realizesthefivegoalsofauthenticprayer1742
reconcilesustoGod178285
roleofChristin,168486,1741
Effects/Fruits
buildsuptheChristiancommunity1720,1751
reconcilesuswithGodandamongourselves1719,1751,1762
separatesusfromsin1718,1751,1762
satisfiesourbasichumanhungers170811,1748
transformslifeintoserviceofGod&neighbor1668
uniteswithChrist1717,1751
howtostudyit1738
inChurchsteaching167677,1679,173940
includespersonal&communaldimensionsofprayer149092,1563
is Godsgiftofloveforus1675
SacramentofInitiation1643
source&summitofthewholeChristianlife1665
purpose1702,1747
understandandlovefor,urgentlyneeded1675
Seealso:Cross,JesusChrist,Mass,andNewCovenant.
Euthanasia
anoffenseagainstlife103839
EvaluativeKnowledge

definition831,859
EverlastingLife
finalgoalofourhope2022,2084
relatedtodailylife2023,2084
Seealso:EternalLife.
Evil
andGodasFatherAlmighty28993,309
existenceof,andoriginalsin374,376,403
mysteryof,29193,36569
originof,374,376,400,403
Seealso:Sin.
EvilSpirits1318
Evolution
anddoctrineofcreation312
explainshowthingscameintobeing323,357
theoryof,andbiblicalaccountofcreation32324,357
Exploitation
ofpersons&resources1142,1199
F
Faith,
and culture2930,5657
freedom168
grace163
JesusChrist170
morality171,730,73453,1139,1472
practice190,215
reason168
salvation13740,182
thefamily1012,101518,1054
thesacraments1571,1572
whattoknow,do,hopefor,13436
worshipandmoraldecision1472
Catholic171,18990,201,674,725
centeredinJesusChrist216

centralfocusof,isGod255
challengesto202,20607,212
characteristics12327,165
concernsmind,willandheart128,164
confirmedbymanyreasons122
definition122,163
difficultiesitencounters171
ecclesialdimension151154
enduresaslivingandvital202,215
essentialdimensions:
believing129,134,164
doing13031,135,164,487,780
trusting/worshipping13233,136,164
growthin,201,213
hinderedbyonesidedpractices207
howtohelpthosewhodoubtit200,214
impededbysuperstitionandignorance1765
inChrist:
challengesto,206
whatitdoesforus167
inhumanrelations11921,162,205
includesbelieving,doing,trusting128,164
informedandcommunitarian126
is formoflovingknowledge14345,169
groundedinGodsrevelation122
loving,maturingandmissionary125,138,
morethanasetoftruths674
necessaryforsalvation137,166
passingtoanewlife674
personallyknowing,livinginChrist115,167,170,216,486
presupposed&strengthenedbysacraments1571
responsetoGod11461,16269,201,205
Trinitarian124
misconception199,204
obstacles,distortions65,118,175201,20607,212
oftheFilipinos3132,11617,737,1043,1054,1765
paradoxicalfeatures:
actandprocess148,213

certain,yetobscure14245,168,214
free,butmorallyobliging146
gift,yetourdoing14950,205,486
personal,yetecclesial15154,168
reasonable,butbeyondnaturalreason147,168
purifiesandenrichesculture56
respondstothreeclassicquestions137,166
tobeinculturated32,5657
variousmeaning11415,163
weaknesses11617
Seealso:Church,Creed(s),God,andJesusChrist.
FaithHealers64,1765
Faithful
actionoftheHolySpiritonthem1270
Fall
consequencesof,showninmorallife717
FalseOaths
prohibitedbythe2ndCommandment930
FamiliarisConsortio1074
Family101027,105356
amonghighestculturalvalues1877
and Churchteaching:gap1879
society1054
theChurch:resemblance2004
ascovenantrelationship101213,105455,189095,192728
domesticChurch101418,1375,105456,2004
firstcellofsociety101920,1054,1056
schoolofChristiandiscipleship1054
Christianviewof,1012,101518,1054
crisis1878
causes1878
growing998
excessiveconcernfor,canbeanobstacleinmorallife 369
Filipino,undermoralstrain369,1027,1063,187778,1995
importanceof,forFilipinos998,1877
lifein,firstschoolofwork1182
meanstosharingindivinelife1010,101518,1054

missionof,evangelizing1054,1588,1907,193133
orientationof,andtheFilipino3436,102127
originatingcontextoflife101020,1054
unity1389
FamilyPlanning
Churchteachingon,1108,192324,2009
Fasting
ameansofconversion1786
Fatalism
beliefinswerte1158
Fate
ofprophets490
Father
arelationalterm1328
Abba,Ruler,Creator,Protector25598,306307,31546,213339
andthemysteryofEvil28993,309
firstassertionoftheCreed301
revealedinandbyJesus26566,2134,2136
whatthistitletellsusaboutGod275,307
Seealso:Creed(s),God,andTrinity.
Fidelity
toGodandoneanother74952
Filipina
challengesto1063
FilipinoCatholics
andJesusChrist33,3552,59
challengedbynewquestions218
characteristics13,3334,4952,218,969,1205,146970,1764
devotionof,forMary31,4548,676
devotions679
experienceofthemselvesaspersons686
faithof,exposedtopressuresandtemptations172
fiestas,novenas,pilgrimages,processions146970
lookingformaturefaith118
loveof,fortheOldTestament415
manynotproperlycatechized259
prayertotheLordandtoMary885

relatetoChristwith,throughMary4548
sacramentalized,notevangelized1590
temptationtowardsunbelief172
vocationof,inAsia60
yearnforamaturefaith118
FilipinoCulture
and catechesis613,969
theChristianfaith/gospel2852,5659,140506
theliturgy1471,2112
manifestations30,79295,1270
Filipinos
basictraitsof,3444,58
botheredmorebyhiyathanbymoralevil368
easilyexcusetheirownandothersfaults367
family/childoriented3436,998,1010,1027
growingidentity,solidarity1383
historyof,andtheChristianfaith31
howtoidentifythem58
kundimanoriented3940
loveforcelebration54
mealoriented3738
onepeopleatEDSA1383
personoriented793,938,958,1746
relatespontaneouslytoGod25758,311,712
respectforparents,aged11921,1002,100408
seekingsocialliberation469
spiritoriented4344
Seealso:FilipinoCatholics.
Flagellantes553
FloresdeMayo1470,1548
FlowChart
ofNationalPastoralPlan4,1419
FolkCatholicism
featuresof117
greatestasset1362
valuableelementsof,1765
Seealso:Devotions,Faith,andFilipinoCatholics.

FollowingChrist
challenge72933,2182
noteasy676
socialcontext778
whatitis67475
ForgivenessofSins
agent:theTrinity177374,1849
Christsteachingon,977,1779,217987
Godsforgiveness,linkedtooursintheLordsPrayer1852,2213
reachesusthroughChristandtheChurch1775,1851
Seealso:Confession,Conversion,andPenance/Reconciliation.
FortuneTelling
condemnedby1stCommandment888
Freedom,human693700
andmoralobligation703,724,840
andsalvation139
authentic694
essence69497,720
exercisedthroughmutualsupport677
for697,699,720
from69596,699,720
fundamental697,721
howitisexperienced721
misconception/misunderstandingof702,724
obstaclesto696
ofchildrenofGod69899,722
ofchoice697,721
purpose694,697,720
real588,694
responsible676700
signofdivineimage693
Trinitarian698
whatitinvolves69497,720
Seealso:CommandmentsandMoralLaw.
Friendship
and faith12021
educationforchastity1103

Revelation67,12021
excessiveconcernforfriends,canbeanobstacleinmorallife369
FruitsoftheHolySpirit1283,1339
FullnessofLife/Time
andGodsplan674,2060,2098
Fundamentalist(s)
andthedayoftheLord655,2026,2074
strengths&weaknesses174,416,469,618,655,929,2026
FuneralRites
featuresofrevisedrites184041
G
GeneralResurrection
meaning207375,2105
Seealso:Resurrection.
Genesis
contains:
descriptionofcreation32125,357
narrativeoforiginalsin37274,403
GiftsoftheHolySpirit1283,1339
Gluttony
definition381
God
Activity
callsmantoleadamorallifeinChrist790
caresforthoseinneed413
continuestocreateandsustain339,356
createsoutofloveandforlove327,358
creates325,359
effectsconversion1404
entersourlives26364,302
establishesapersonalrelationshipwithus63
forgivesusthroughJesusChrist568,603
formshisownpeople277,279

groundsourownidentity275,34445
liberates278
promisesanewheartandaNewCovenant.431
providesforourneeds34346,364
revealedHimself/Hisplan:61,6574,101102
insalvationhistory26667,27782,304
outoflove61
throughdeeds&words103
strengthensusthroughtheSpiritinourmorallife677
sustainsallcreaturesinexistence329,360
andthemysteryofevil28991,293,309
basicaffirmationsaboutHimintheBible265,303
dutiestowardHim,expressedintheTenCommandments862,867,925
encounteredinthesacraments1518,1572
Identity/features
imageof,intheTorah42627,458
iscentralfocusofreligiousfaith/liturgy255,349
Creator17980,271,310350,35164
Father,Son&HolySpirit899,132631,1348
Holy893,214041
Indweller374
LordandMasteroflife1028,1057
Love262,301,304,955
mysteryofpersonallovingcommunion1327,1348
oneinthreePersons132631,1348
onlyanswertovitalquestions310
transcendent286
Trinitarian256,261,268,300,305
Truth304
loveof,encompassesallnations414
misleadingideaof,1673
nameof,
andthe2ndCommandment89892,930
isholy902,214042
reverencedbyCatholics89892
onenessof,301,303,132627,1348
Titles
AllHoly908,2140,2144

AllPowerfulFather299
Almighty303
Creator31527,351,35359
Father27582,30607
FatherAlmighty121,26162,28393,300,301,30409,898,213336
LordofHosts285
OurFather27175,28082,306
Provider272
Redeemer273
theSon,theTruth1221,216162
theSpiritofTruth1121
T r i n i t y 2 6 1 , 2 6 7 6 8 , 3 0 0 ,
3 0 5 ,
1 2 6 7 6 8 ,

1 3 2 6 3 1 ,
1 3 4 8
willof,tobedone216065
worshipof,enjoinedby3rdcommandment90317,931
worshippedthroughtheSacraments1530,1577
Seealso:Commandments,Father,HolySpirit,JesusChrist,and
Trinity.
Godparents
choiceof,influencedbysocialrelations1640,1664
qualitiestheyshouldhave1640,1664
GoodFridayPractices553
GoodNameofOthers
toberespected1216,1260
Gospel
andFilipinoCulture2833,5657
andsocialresponsibility115556,1203
formedinthreestages82,110
is essentialdimensionofactionforjustice1134,1198
GoodNewsofsalvation28,82,59798
pictureofsocialresponsibility1198,1203
precedesthelaw876
radicalismof,andlifeofpriests1990
requirespromotionofhumanrights1134
summarizedbySt.Paul598
valuesof,1193

Seealso:Church,JesusChrist,andSacredScripture.
Gossip
harmcausedby,nottakenseriously1219,1240
sinagainsttruth/8thCommandment1260
GovernmentsMoralReform
ineffectivewithoutspiritualrenewal1106
Grace26768,378,952,983,1298,131015,1331,152728
andtheologicalvirtues983
andtheSacraments1518,152728,1530,1572,1575,1577
definition952,1575
doctrineof,andlaw952
empowersus:
tobelieve163
toliveasChristsdisciples677
toworship128
towrestlewithconcupiscence378,406
howonegainsit1472
isGodslovingpresence952,983,1310
is sharing
indivinelife,holiness1615,1618,1654,2145
inlifeofRisenChrist2091
tobeinChrist/HolySpirit1308,1575
makeshopepossible2077
privationof,duetooriginalsin376,401,406,1601
redeemsmarriagerelationship1082
Seealso:Church,HolySpirit,JesusChrist,andSacraments.
Graft
inPhilippinesociety732
GroupStealing
andconversion1172
GrowinguptoMaturity
andchastity1130
GuardianAngels
guideandprotecthumanbeings337,363
ourdevotion/dutytothem337

H
Habit,Moral
definition979
Harmony,Original
destroyedbysin372
Healing
andcure,difference1822,1868
charismof1830
Christs487,182829
Church183035
corporalworkofmercy1830
soughtinvariousways1765
HealingMinistry
and sin1760,1844
theHolySpirit1762,1845
ofChrist1760,1844
HealingSacraments
andtheChurch1762,1845
roleoftheHolySpiritinthem1762,1845
Heart
andCatholicFaith128,164
disordereddesiresof,1152
Heaven
meaning206869,2102
Hell
essence2071,2103
meaning207071,2103
possibilityof,stressesouraccountability2070,2103
Heresy1394
HesusNazareno
popularimageofChrist40,467
positive&negativeaspects467
Hinduism198
Hiya
feelingofshame368,794

Holiness
and2ndcommandment893902
centerof,ischarity/love1400
ofGodandHisName893,898902,214045,2167
manifestedinJesuslife2142
sharedin,byman214546,2157
twodimensions2144
oftheChurch13971400,145758
HolyOrders,Sacramentof194193,201221
conferindeliblespiritualcharacter1622,1987
definition1949,2012
degrees1422, 198086,2019
effects198792
groundedinSacredScripture195053,2013
insalvationhistory195053
roleoftheHolySpiritin,1989,2020
sacramentofvocation/ministry1874,1994
Seealso:JesusChrist,Priest(s),andPriesthood.
HolySpirit12651333,13341348
Activity/Roleof
hasjointmissionwithChrist1299
in Christ1284,129099,134041
creation128587
individualChristians1274,1283,130714,133640,134344,1485
lifeorientation131621
Mary51415,520,525,129192,1341
peopleofgoodwill1284,1340
salvationhistory1284,128889,1340
theChurch1284,130006, 1340, 1342,1349,1360,1381,138788,
1424,
1732,1762,1845
theSacraments:
Anointing1822,1866
Baptism1594,15991604,161518,1644,1648,1649,1651,1654
Confirmation162630,165860
Eucharist1666,1701,1723,1727,1729,1732,1737,1758
Marriage1916,1918,2000,2007,2010
Orders1989,2020

Penance1762,177375,1849,1851
us:
drawsthebaptizedintocloserunionwiththeChurch1314,1626,
1658
thefaithfulintoonebody1723,1758
effectshealing,forgivenessandreconciliation1762
effectsourresurrection2050
empowerstheconfirmedtospreadtheGospel1658
empowersustobearwitnesstoJesusthetruth586,131215,1484
givesnewmeaningtolife810,130102,131519,1344
guidesandinspiresourprayer1485,1560
helpsrespondtochallengesoffaith197,212
inspirespersonalandliturgicalprayer1466,1555
inspiresustoliveaChristianlife1315,1343
liberatesandempowersusinourmorallife677
linksourfuturedestinywithpresentlife2032,2088
makestheFatherandtheSondwellwithinus132223,1346
makesusGodsadoptedchildren1310,1343
makesusshareinthelifeoftheRisenChrist2043,2093
teachesushowtopray147779,1559
transformslife131519,132223,1344
andcharisms1428
and creation128587,1340
morallaw/life1266,1272,127984,1336,133839
ourconversionprocess1762
morallifeandworship1266
sharinginlifeofRisenChrist204345,2093
prayer1466,155960
thelifeofgrace127374,1337
doctrineof,basisofworship/Eucharist1732,1758
experienceof,1272,1336
feastof,overshadowedbypopularcelebrations1268
fruitsof,1283,1339,1618
giftsof,1278,1283,1304,1339,1618
howwecandiscernhim127984,1338
Identity
He isComforterandConsoler132223,1346
difficulttoimagineorpicture127678,1335

DivinePerson1265,1275,132425,1334,1347
equalto,anddistinctfrom,theFather&theSon132631,1348
eschatologicalGift132021,1345
forgottenPersonoftheTrinity1267
GiverofLife1265,132223,1334,1346
instrumentofJesushelp589,612
Lord1322
Paraclete1322,1346
personalloveofFatherandSon1275,1324,1348
promisedbyChrist1277
recognizedinScripture,Tradition,andLiturgy127083
sourceoflifeintheChurch1466
SpiritofTruth1221,1256
ThirdPersonoftheTrinity1265,132831,1334,134748
worshippedwithFatherandSon1325
indwellingof:effects39193,411
Titles
EschatologicalGift132021,1345
Comforter132223,1346
Consoler132223,1346
GiverofLife1265,132223,1334,1346
Lord1322
Paraclete1322,1346
SpiritofTruth1221,1256
Seealso:Church,Grace,Sacraments,andTrinity.
HolyWater
sprinklingof,asacramental1533
relatedtosacramentofBaptism1533
Homosexuality
asorientationandactivity111314
Churchsviewon,111314,1133
Honesty
inwordsanddeeds,valuedbyFilipinos1219
Hope, Christian
andnewheavens/earth207879,2106
Christisourhopeofglory2076
eschatological481

finalgoalof,202223,2084
impelsustoseekChristinourdailylife2084
meaning207679,2106
objectof,207779
prophetic43640,461
seekslifewiththeTrinity2023
sourcesof,2076
HumanFamily
goodof,fosteredby4thCommandment100203,1050
HumanLife
See:Life.
HumanNature
weakenedbyoriginalsin373,37882,385,401,403,405
HumanPerson(s)
allaffectedbyoriginalsin37580,390,401,404406,1601
centerandcrownofcreation334,361
concretemodelof,isJesusChrist829,858
conscious687
developinstages690
dignityof,361,683,685,718,1178
entrustedtoaguardianangel337,363
essentialfeatures68792,719
embodiedspirit689,719,1145
experience68692,719
finaldestiny2029,2086
haveprimacyoverthings1210
historical690
inChrist68485
moralagent68286
open,relational,social687,690
seekthetruth123031,1259
stewardsofcreation33941,348,1146
uniqueandequal69192,719
Seealso:Creature,God,andMan.
HumanRights
violation113637,1199
HumanSexualitySee:Sexuality.

Hunger,ofmansheart
forjusticeandpeace1711,1748
forloveandacceptance1708,1748
forpurposeinlife1710,1748
forunderstanding1709,1748
formsof,satisfiedbytheEucharist1748
I
Icon1364andnote.
Idolatry
formsof,today888
forbiddenby1stcommandment88791,928
Images/Statues(religious)
andCatholicFilipinos892
areremindersofGodandSaints891
danger89192
forbiddentoJewsby1stCommandment889
Gospelgroundstheiruse890,928
properuseof,inprayer892,929
Imagination
indevotions737,832
roleoftheHolySpiritin,51415,520
inmorality832
ImmaculateConception
meaning394,523,548
showsChristspoweroversin395
Seealso:Mary,Originalsin,andRedemption.
Incarnation
reasons/purpose476,533
Seealso:JesusChristandMary.
Inculturation
andcatechesis613,969
inliturgicalcelebrations2112
offaith32,5657
oftheChurch140506
Indulgences

definitionandtypes182021,1865
Infallibility
acharismandserviceoftheteachingMagisterium14231424
InfantBaptism
childrenarebaptizedinthefaithoftheChurch1624,1657
purpose39193,412
showsthatBaptismisagiftofGodsgrace1625,1657
Seealso:BaptismandGrace.
Inerrancy
oftheScriptures:8990,108
InitiationSacraments
See:Sacraments.
Injustice
acauseofunbelief187
Inspiration,biblical8587
IntegrationofMorals,Doctrine,Worship12,987
InterreligiousDialogue75,198
InterpretationofScripture9197
IsraelsHistory
decisiveevent:Exodus425
J
JesusChrist
and basicFilipinotraits3536,38,40,42,44,4952,59
faith170
Filipinos:
approachhim,withandthruMary4548
popularimagesof,40,44,465,46768
ourconversion58488,611
ourpersonal&nationalexperiences31
presentsituationinthePhilippines469
theEucharist168486,1741
communion171720,174748,1751
presenceof,1716,17221727,1750,1752,1753,1756

sacrificeandmemorialof,16891701,174446
Thanksgivingworship168486,1741
theLaw80910,851
thenaturalLaw82829,858
theSacraments151718,152426,1571,1572
us: knowinghim47075,53132
wemeethimatourdeath2067,2101
weshareinHislife2041,2091
Identity/Person
definedatChalcedon509,544
He isagent,contentandgoalofRevelation7779,104
bothpriest&victim567,602
GodtheSon476,533
judgeofall207375,2105
livingsacrificeintheEucharist169495,1745
LordoftheCommandments1225,1257
manoftheCommandments122526,1257
oneperson51012
onlySonofGod28082,50409,898,959,2162
revealer7680,10405,898
Savior/Redeemer49199,53942,599610
SonofGod50709,544
theTruth1221,1223,1256,1257
trulydivine500,50409,54344
trulyhuman500,50709,54344
Seealso:Mission/RoleofandTitles.
Lifeevents
birth50103
crucifixion55152,557,598
death55052,56066,57083,60405,2056
descenttothedead59093,613
Resurrection551,557,598,61447,662673,67499
SecondComing65358,657,67273,2073,2105
suffering467,56062,599601
temptations81516
Ministry/Activity
correctedlegalisticinterpretationofSabbathrest 909

diedforoursins557,57375,598,605
empoweredtheapostlestohealandforgivesins1761
entrustedhisministryofhealingandreconciliationtotheChurch1760
exemplifiedtheOTlawoflove81215,852
fulfilledthelawoftheOT80910,851
observedtheSabbathfaithfully337
perfectedrespectforhumanlife103031,1060
performedmiracles48489,537
proclaimedtheKingdomofGod48182,535
revealedthedefinitivefeaturesofthePriesthoodoftheNT 195456,
2014
senttheHolySpirituponhisfollowers1298,1341
teaching48183,589,909,95962,1078,1117,1225,148283
Seealso:Mission/Roleof.
Mission/Roleof
deathof,andours205558,2066,2097
deliversusfromtheEvilOne219596,2215
exampleandteachingof:
aresourceandnormofourmorality95862,991
effectconversion963,992
forprayerlife148889,1562
freesustoday589,612
healingministryof,1760,1844
iscenterofourfaith15354,464,57789,67475
concretemodelofeveryhumanperson829,858
fulfillmentoftheOTandcenteroftheNT2115,2201
origin, primary agent and fullest expression/goal of the seven
Sacraments
1526,1574,168486,1741
priest195457
prophet47990,53438
sourceandnormofmorallife79699,847,95865,991
thebaptizedone1638,1649
theconfirmedone1638,1663
liberatesfromignorance,prejudice&hypocrisy122729,1258
liberatesfromsocioeconomicoppression494498,541
loveof,expressedthroughhissuffering&death558,599
obedienceof,580,607
redeemingsacrificeof,intheCreed556,601

redeemsus56768,57082,602608
revealsGodtous7680,104105,898
roleof,inChristianMarriage190203,2002
savesus49293,499,540,542,599610
savingworkof,summarizedbySt.Paul567,602
shareshispriesthood1945,195763,2015
sufferingof:
contrastingattitudesto,555
reason/purpose558,56061,600
taskof,asaprophet47980,534
transformsourdeath205558,2066,2097
unitesinhimselfGodslawandnaturallaw82829,858
Seealso:Ministry/Activity.
Teaching
andFilipinolife28
features483,536
instances48183,589,909,95962,1078,1117,1225,148283
on lawoflove81215,821,852,854
neighbor817,853
prayer148285,1560
sin771,787
Titles
GodtheSon476,533
GodseternalWord543
Judge2075,2105
Lord507,544
LordoftheCommandments1225,1257
OnlyMediator543,1954,2014
OnlySonoftheFather543
Priest195456,2014
Priest&Victim567,602,1692,1744
PrimordialSacrament1524,1526,1555,1574,1604,1741,1834
Prophet47980,490,53438
Savior491,539,558,56061,600
SonofGod28082,50409,544,898,959,2162
SupremeWorshipper1684,1741
TrueGodfromTrueGod507,544
Truth216,1258

Way,Truth&Life533
See also: Church, Eucharist, Moral life, Sacraments, and
Salvation.
Job
andproblemsoflife442,444
JohnPaulII
teachingon:
basichumanrights1179
family1931,1935
humanvalues1193
humanwork1177,1181,1186
justiceandlove1191
love1074
MaryandChurchsmotherhood1436
optionforthepoor/service1187,1409
priestscalltoholiness1991
roleofpriests1972
sexeducation1103
sexualityandlove1074
socialsin1169
JohntheBaptist1293
JohnXXIII
onpeace1043
Joy(spiritual)
andfaith140
Judgment,particular
notsomethingmerelyimposedfromoutside2067
JustSociety
responsibilityforbuildingit1139,119295,1215
Justice113497
andcharity119091,1214
andpeacewithinfamilylife1930
givennewprominence982
PCPIIon,892
questionofprimeimportance1138,1199
requirementoftheGospel1134,1184,1198
social469

types1189
K
Kaayusan1315
Kagandahangloob260,288
Kalooban681
Kamaganak369
KanyakanyaSyndrome793
Karma
superstitiousfearof,2027
KasalanangMana376
Kayumanggi311
Kerygma,early
exampleof,668
Kidnapping1141
KingdomofGod481,48889,73953,78182,214958
and beatitudes74445
consecratedcelibacy/virginity193840,2011
discipleship741
morallife73945,781
sin771,787
theChurch137779,1451
comingof,petitioned2152
features48182,535,73945,781,2154
fidelityto,inScripture750,753
hasjusticeasacentraldimension982
inprogress:theChurch137779,1451,2154
inthegospels215155
iscentralthemeoftheSynoptics215154
ourresponseto,782
parablesof,2152
proclaimedbyJesusChrist535
Seealso:ChurchandJesusChrist.
KundimanorientationoftheFilipino3940

L
LaborSee:Work.
Lakasloob1270
LastJudgment
attheendoftime2105
LastThings202982,20832107
Seealso:Eschatology.
Law(s)80120
andgrace952
andlegalism804,808,850,1120
basedonvisionandbasicvalues802
Christslawoflove85155
Christianinterpretation841
definition80102,848
inherentdanger808,850
inOT/NT80523,85051
theChurch82429
theSpirit810,82021,861
moralnorms80004,84850
Christasmoralnorm79699,80923,85155
Christsliberatinglaw821
notionof,unpopular800
ofprayer,lawoffaith(lexorandi;lexcredendi)1553
subordinatedbyChristtoLoveCommandments853
Seealso:Commandments,MoralLife,andTorah.
LawofLove
isliberating82123,854,855
LayFaithful
andbuildingjustsociety1193
ministryof,142021,142527,1462,1471,1942
mission141219
LayingHands
onsickpeople1831

Legalism
abuseof,808
LexOrandi,LexCredendi1553
Liberation
desiretoattainit469
finalanddefinitiveone2215
fromEgypt:oneofthehighpointsintheOT425
integral,hasspiritualdimension1197
notlimitedtopolitical1180
socialinvolvementfor,required469
strugglefor,partofChristianfaith1139
womensLib:aimsof,1065
LiberationTheology
consequencesofexaggerations1139
instructionon,1160
Life,human
abuses/attacksagainstit1000,1036,105859
accordingtotheSpirit:meaning131519,1344
afterdeath202527
anddiscipleship996
andsacraments1517,1571
artificialprolongationof,1039
basictruthsabout,foundinJesusChristandtheHolySpirit243
Christianviewof,73435,995
dignity&qualityof,protectedby5thCommandment1028,1057
fosteringitismoralresponsibility995
glorifiedattheresurrectionofthebody203640,2090
howparentsrespectandpromoteit997,1049
isGodsgreatestgifttous995
issacred995
lackofrespectfor,unacceptable999
meaning/value310,102829
notanabsolutevalue996
offensesagainst9981000,1034,103641,105859
protectedbythe5thCommandment1057
qualityof,997,1001,1057
respectfor:9951047,1049,2051

isbasisfor4thand5thCommandment997,1000
corehumanandChristianvirtue995
perfectedbyJesus103031,1060
separatedfromprayer/worship2111,1472
transmissionandprotectionof,99697,1039
twoorientations131619
valuedbyFilipinos998
Seealso:God,HolySpirit,JesusChrist,andMarriage.
LifeEverlasting
difficultiesagainstit2022,202526
enhancements206162,2099
involvesaradicalchange2060,2098
levelsoffulfillment2062,2099
liturgicalimagesof,206465,2100
meaning2060,2098
natureof,205965,20982100
ofRisenChrist:ourshareinit204142,209192
LifegivingLove/Law79099
LiteraryForms
intheBible94
Liturgy
and Mariandevotion153940
Sacraments1509,151731,156877
celebratedbythewholeChristian1507,1569
centeredintheEucharist1504,1568
characteristics150613,1569
cycleofliturgicalseasons1505,1513
definition150205,1568
emphasisonfull,consciousandactiveparticipation1570
ecclesial,sacramental150709
eschatologicaldimension1569
essentiallyTrinitarian1569
ethicallyoriented886,1510,1569
fountain/summitofChurchspower1503,1568
mustinvolvepersonaldepthandparticipation1564
nature150205,1514,1568
obstaclestoactiveparticipation1516

oftheEucharist:intheMass1749
oftheWord:intheMass1749
originalmeaning1502,1568
separatedfromprivatedevotions1473
significantgains1471
TrinitarianandPaschal1506,1569
Seealso:Church,JesusChrist,Prayer,andWorship.
LordsDay91422
Seealso:Commandments,3rd,andSunday.
LordsPrayer210899
Seealso:OurFather.
Love
and holiness1400
justice95354,119091,1536
KingdomofGod742
centralcommandment81219,85053,94855,990
Christ,sourceandnormof,95865,991
Christslawof,80918,851853
demandsJustice119091
differentmotivationtolove791,95657,96669,99394
effects742
Godgivenforce944,946,2023
is basicmotivationandnormofmorallife791
centralnormforallactions94855,990
charterofKingdom742
Christianliberatingmoralnorm791
LoveCommandments
content81215,852
noveltybroughtbyChrist81218,853
taughtandexemplifiedbyChrist81215,852,95962,991
Seealso:CommandmentsandLove.
LoveofGod
groundedinwhattheLorddidforHispeople87479,927
inChristslife813,815
intrinsicallyconnectedwithloveofneighbor862,93537,94447,989
manifestedby:
avoidingidolatry,sacrilegeandsuperstition88791, 928

keepingtheLordsdayholy903,91422,931,934
reverencingGodsName880902,93033
worshippingtheLordalone87073,928
LoveofGodandNeighbor
areintertwinedandintrinsicallyconnected812,862,93537,94047,988
89
essentialtoeachother988
inChristslife813,815
misrepresented988
seeninthelightoffaith946
LoveofNeighbor
basicwaystopractiseit996,1048
Christscommandandexample94862,990
deepestreasongroundingit94445,96669,989,993
interpretationgivenbyChrist81218,853
intrinsicallyconnectedwithloveofGod93537,94447,989
likeloveofself935
notasmeans947
threeerrors94043
throughdeedsofjustice941
traditionaldeedsof,97078,994
truthsthatmotivateit96669,993
waystoshowit97086,994
LovingFaith
definition819
Lust
oneofthesevencapitalsins381,410
Lying1217,123340,126062
andboasting,flattery1237
harmitcauses1236,1239,1261
reasonsfor,1235,123738,1262
typesof,123339,1260
Seealso:TruthandCommandments:8th.
M

MachoImage1064
Magic
forbiddenbythe1stCommandment888
Magisterium
andconscience83940,861
linkedwithScriptureandTradition97
offersmoralguidancetothefaithful861
teachingoffice91,97,1422
Seealso:Church.
Magnificat
Christianprayer1544
Marysprayer1543
Mahinhin1063
Malasakit
Godsprovidentialcare260
Man
andwoman,different/complementary1063,1066,107172, 1122
calledtoshareinGodsbeingandactivity2206
corporealbeing326
creationscrown334,347,350,361
finaldestinyof,2087
sanctifiedthruthesacraments152930,1577
Seealso:HumanPerson(s).
Manna
andChurchaspilgrimpeople1714
Maranatha65354,1511
MariaClaraideal1063
MarialisCultus1537
MarianDevotion/Piety54,153752,158083
answertocriticism153840,1581
foundations153738,1580
howtorenewit154752,1583
intheliturgy153940
linkedtoChrist,Trinity1537
roleof,1581
Seealso:Mary.

Marriage
and chastity1107,1126
Churchteachingon:gap1879
theChurch1079,190407,2003
JesusChrist190203,2002
asCovenant Love and Institution 107384, 108688, 112126, 188195,
1996,
1998
ends/purposes188386,192021,1997
equalpartnershipoflife/love188587
inGenesis188387,1997
inGodsredemptiveplan188895
inthePhilippinestoday187679,1995
indissolubility191519,2007
integrationofgoals192226,200809
familyplanning192324,2009
unitive,procreativeends1922,2008
interpersonalrelationshipwithinit1876
naturalcovenant1882
trialmarriage,againstpersonaldignity1899
undergreatpressure187879,1995
servicetolife,offspring192021,2008
Sacrament1874,1881,18971919,1994,19962003
and Christ2002
theChurch200304
theEucharist193637
theKingdom192930
thePaschalMystery193435
challenge,Christistheanswer190003
conjugalloveandfidelity190819,1927,200507
empoweredbytheSpirit810,82021,854
constitutesthedomesticchurch190405
fidelity/indissolubility191519,2007
marryingintheChurch18991902,1905,1999,2001,2003
newcovenantinChrist188895,1998,2002
riteandongoingmarriedlife1898,1901
signofChrist1903
spirituality192737,2010
teachingofSt.Paulon,1079,1124,189395

thethreegoods18961921,1999
vocation192526,2010
Seealso:Sacramentsandsexuality.
MarriageSpirituality192737,2010
andEucharist193637,2010
marriageandKingdomofGod192930,2010
ministry193133
paschalpatterns193435,2010
Maturity,Christianmoral
includesreasonableinterpretationoflaw841
Marxists,Filipino18889
Mary
and apparitions1552
JesusChrist50726,54449
theFilipino31,4549,513
theChurch143241,146465
theHolySpirit514515,520,525
thenewcreation2080,2107
us517,547,143236,1464,1470
angMahalnaBirhen48,155,416,520,1434,1437,1548,1551,1586
Devotionto
andcommitmentinlife155051,1583
basis153738,1580
deepamongFilipinos31
effect/purpose1537,1580
howtorenewit154752,1583
invocation,veneration,imitationof1542,1545
prayerstoher154751
Trinitarian/Christicdimension1549
veneratednotworshippedbyCatholics395,1470,153840
Identity
isfirstevangelizer1437,1465
MotherofGod509,51920,545,1433,153940,1581
MotherofGodsSon509,51920,54445,54648,
MotherofJesus516,52325,54749,1433,146465
inChurchteaching51826,54549,143236,1464
inScripture51417

inVaticanII518,143334,2080
Privileges
assumedintoheaven24,52425,2080,2107
bothvirginandmother509,52122,54446
conceivedwithoutoriginalsin39495,52325,548
firsttobeevangelizedandredeemed1437,1465
MotherofGodsSon509,51920,54448
sharerinChristssavingmediatorship526,549
Qualities
modeloffaith15559,143741,1465
obedienttoGodscall15559
perfectdisciple515,1432,1437,1439,146465
Role/Missionof
cooperatedinbirthoftheChurch143336,1464
firstevangelizer1437,1465
fulfilledandfulfillsherroleinGodsplan143738,1465
influenceof,inCatholicprayer154146,1582
intercedesforall526,1434,143839
ismodel
offaith15559,1431,1437,1465
formodernwomen1440
oftheChurch143741,54146,146465
MotherofJesus/GodsSon509,516,51920,52325,54449,1433,146465
MotheroftheChurch143141,146465
ourspiritualmother517,143236,1464,1470
Titles
Advocate526,549,1434
Assumedintoheaven24,52425,2080,2107
BlessedVirgin52122,546
DaughteroftheChurch1432,1464
ImmaculateConception39495,52325,548
Mediatrix526,549,1438
ModeloftheChurch143336,143741,1464,1465,154144,1582
MotherofGod509,513,51422, 545, 129192,1431,1433, 153940,
1581
MotherofJesus516,52325,545,54749,1433,146465
MotheroftheChurch143336,1464

OurMother517,547,143236,1464,1470
PerfectDisciple515,1437,1439,146465
VirginandMother509,52122,54446,143537
Seealso:Devotions,JesusChrist,OriginalSin,andRedemption.
Mass
anddailylife1674,1688,1743
andprayerofcontrition,offering,petition,praise1680
andsocialjustice1711
aspects:
meal/communion170220,174651
memorial(anamnesis)1683,16981701,1746
sacrifice,16891701,174446
Christthecenterof,supremeworshipper168486,1741
Churchsoffering169697
invocation(epiclesis)1683
isthanksgivingworship168088,1742
liturgyof171216
manipulatedasfrontforprotests1674
motivationsforparticipatingin167273
negativeattitudeofyoungpeopleto,1672
onesacrificewithsacrificeoftheCross168991,1744
poorparticipationin,duetoignorance1671
seenasmagicalritualbysome1673
separatedfromdailylife1674
structure1678,1749
Trinitarianthanksgiving168283
Seealso:Church,Eucharist,andJesusChrist.
MassMedia:learningaboutsex1104,1063
andsexuality1063
Masturbation111112,1133
MateretMagistra1190
MaturityintheFaith138,795,841,985
Mayumi1063
Meal
Eucharistas
EschatologicalMeal173031,1757
SacrificialMeal1744

ofcommunion:theEucharist:170203,1747
Seealso:EucharistandMass.
MealorientationoftheFilipino3738
Mediatrix
titlegiventoMary526,549,1438
Seealso:MaryandJesusChrist.
Mercy
worksof,97177,994
MercyKilling1038
Militarism
typicalsocialsininthePhilippines1206
MinisterialPriesthood
callandfunctions196263,2015
changesinwayofpresentingit196769,2017
Seealso:HolyOrdersandPriesthood.
Ministries
definition1420
notordained1425
ordained:
andsocialproblems1943
imageof,changed2017
impactofleadership1944
ordainedandlay142226,1462,1931,194344,196263,201617
serviceoftheKingdom1427
variety142124
Seealso:HolyOrders.
Miracles
performedbyJesusChrist48485,537
purpose484,537
MisangBayan1471
Misery
rootcauses1138
Missalettes
servicetheyrender1670
Mission
ofChrist:reasonsfor476
everyCatholic487,141417

FilipinoCatholics141727,1462
theChurch141219,146162
originof,istheBlessedTrinity1412
MonasticLife1426
MoralAct
agent:thehumanperson68286
basisof,isGod294
dimensions:object,intention,circumstances711,728
Seealso:MoralLife.
MoralDecisionMaking
aprocess83042,85961
and faith&worship1472
theChurch83040,861
essentialstages83537,860
factorsinvolved83034,859
MoralGrowth
signsof,amongFilipinos795
MoralJudgment
factorstobeconsidered711,728
MoralLaw(s)
andmoralvalues802,848
indispensableformorallife803,849
role80304,849
Seealso:Law(s).
MoralLife,Christian
agent68292
and Christianfaith730,73459,78083
Christianlove791
Church75459,778,783
Commandmentsoflove867
conscience70111,72328,1442
faith73453,78082
freedom693700,72022
HolySpirit677,1266,1272,128284,130719,133640,134344
JesusChrist(IntroPart2,p.186),596,660,67475,715,79699,847,
991
KingdomofGod73945,750,753,78182

motivation791
power98081
prayer/sacraments844
theMagisterium83840,861
basicnormof,isJesusChrist79699,847
basicmotivationin,islove791
centeredinChrist596,660,79699,847,984,95865,991
challengesof,metwithGodshelp677
essence:IntrotoPartII(p.186)67475,715
essentialdimensionofCatholicFaith115
hasbasisincreation1196
is aboutgrowinginlove&holiness675
aresponsetoGodscall790,845
aresponseinfaith,hopeandlove876
liberating821
missionary842
keyto68286,718
levelsinvolved845
mature841
motivationismajorproblem73437,791,794,846
newervalueapproaches98486
obstacles846
ofChristian,socialcontext729
oftenseparatedfromprayer/worship1472,1556
problemsencountered676,716
roleofCatholicChurch75459,783,1139,177879
rootofdifficultiesencountered67677,717
socialcontextof729,731,779
sourceandnormof,95865,991
witness668
See also: Commandments, Conscience, Freedom, Human
Person(s),andLaw.
MoralNorm(s)
andJesusChrist79699,80923,847,85155,95865,991
Filipinoattitudeto,ambiguous793
roleof,inmoraldecisionmaking803,83537,849,860
Seealso:LawandMoralLaw.
MoralObligation

andfreedom703
MoralResponse
essentiallevels790,845
Seealso:MoralLife.
Morality,Christian
See:MoralLife
Morality,notlegality804,821
MortalSin
definition/conditions/effects180506,1862
Seealso:Conversion,Penance,andSin.
Motivation
basicM.inmorallifeislove791
majorprobleminmorallife791,846
Seealso:MoralLife.
Muslims,Filipino198
Mystagogia1612
Mystery
ofevil28993,309
ofGodspowerlessness290
oftheChurch135665,144547
religious:meaning1356
MythsofCreation
inPhilippinefolklegends311
N
NameintheBible893,89598,901902,930
Name(ofGod)
revealswhoGodis893,895,930
reverencedbyCatholics898902
tobeheldholy2206
praised902
usedwithreverence893,930
NationalPastoralPlan(NPP)
flowchart1419

sourceofCFC1,27,60
NaturalFamilyPlanning
advocated/encouragedbytheChurch1108,1132,1923,2009
NaturalLaw82429,85658
andCatholicmorality825,82829,858
characteristics82425,827,856,857
fundamentalaspects827
GodslawunitedinChrist829,858
groundedinreality825
howtoavoidabuses827,857
knowablebyall825
Seealso:Law,MoralLaw,andMoralLife.
NaturalResources
ruthlesslyexploited732
Nature
See:CreationandLife.
NCDP
advocatesinculturatedcatechesis6
issourceofCFC2
threecatecheticalprinciples11213,114
Neighbor
Christsteachingon,817,853
dutiestoward,expressedintheTenCommandments862, 925
honor,respectfor1216
loveof,
inChriststeaching853
Trinitariandimension1178
NewCovenant
institutedbyChrist1380
inNT80923
isJesusChrist1889
mediatedbyChrist,theHighPriest1954,1958
mirroredinmarriage189092
peopleof,istheChurch1380,1956
priesthoodof,issharedbyallthebaptized1957,1960,2015
promiseof,
madethroughtheprophets427,43132

realizedinJesusChrist427,56782,602608
sacrificeof,istheEucharist168994,1701,1744
sealedinthebloodofChrist565,567,582,608
NewCreation
andSundaycelebration911
aspects207679,2106
placeofMaryin,2080,2107
NewHeavensandNewEarth207879,2106
NewLaw
andKingdomofGod743
NewTestament
testifiestoChristsResurrection633,667
Seealso:Bible,andChurch,andScripture.
NiceneCreed508
Ningaskugon369
NominalCatholics
causeof1588
NonChristians
Churchsmissionto1416
Norm,moral
andbasicvalues843
andSt.Paul800
definitionandcharacteristics80102,848
Filipinosattitudeto79394,804
Functions803,849
See:Law,MoralLaw,andMoralLife.
November1stand2nd
inthePhilippines1430
Novenas,FirstFriday1470
NPP(NationalPastoralPlan)1,34,60
O
Oaths
false,forbiddenby2ndCommandment894,930

shouldnotbemadefortrivialpurposes901
ObeyingGodsLaw
hallmarkofbeliever807
meanstowardsharinginGodslife952
Offenses
againstlife103441,105859
againsttruth123340,126061
Offering
atypeofprayer1476,1558
Offspring
oneofmarriagesgoals192224,1997
oneofmarriagesgoods1921,1999,2008
OldCovenant
andtheCommandments426
andthePassoverfeast425
calledalsoSinaiCovenant179
importanceof,425
Lawof,isGodsgift424,458
madewith:MosesatSinai425
OldTestament41955,45663
canonof,42250
containsplan/promiseofsalvation419,42122,45759
decisiveevents425
difficultiesarisingfrom,41618
dimensions:doctrinal,moral,worship45155
distorted/inadequateinterpretationsof,417
Filipinosfamiliaritywith415
historicalbooks42327,458,80508,850,932
opinionsconcerningit418
parts422,457
promises:valueof,today440
prophets42840,45961
Psalms44548,463
teachingof,onsin786
valueof,forChristianstoday41921,456
validityof,rejectedbysome418
Wisdomliterature44150,46263

Seealso:Bible,Church,andScripture.
OptionforthePoor118789
OralTradition
sourceoftheBible8182,113
OrdainedMinistry
imagesof196769,2017
inthreedegrees1422
Seealso:HolyOrdersandPriesthood.
Orders
See:HolyOrders,Sacramentof
OrientationsinLife
basicones31619,344
OriginalSin37095,40012
and Baptism39193,41112,160104
concupiscence378,401,406,409,1601,1603
death38990
infantbaptism39193,412
MarysImmaculateConception39495
personalsins380,406
committedatthestartofhumanhistory366
consequences373,376,386,401,406
description38390,40710
effectsinus381,383,385,407408,410
essenceof37680,401,406,1601
inFilipinolife39199
inteachingof:
Genesis37374,38688,403
St.Paul375,385,390,404
theChurch376390,405
isdeepercauseofsocialevils38688
meaning/dimensions37681,401
ratification/socialdimension37680
removedthroughBaptism39193,411,15971604,164750
whyitiscalledoriginal383,407
why itiscalledsin383,407
narratedintheBible37071,402
Orthodoxy,Orthopraxis

integratedinCFC15
OurFather21082200
address213339
approach,structure212432
eschatological2117
finaldoxology219899
forwhom212023
howtoprayit212428
oneofthefourpillarsofcatechesis2108
openingwords:meaning213334,2137
petitionsandBeatitudes/Commandments/Gifts2118
pillarofdoctrine/moral/worship210814
prayerofChrist2116
prayeroftheChurch2117
preeminence211519
summaryoftheGospel2151,2158
structure212932
verypopularamongFilipinos2110
WePetitions216897
YouPetitions214067
P
PaceminTerris1043
PadreJesusNazareno553
Pagdadamayan792
Pagkakaisa792
PagkamakaDiyos792
Pagkukunwari1219
Pagpapakatao939
PagsasamahangKristiyano792
Pagsasarili792
Pagsubok367
Pakikipagkapwatao792,938
Pakikisama792

PakikisamaandBayanihan296
PakitangTao939,1219
PalabasLang939,1219
Palusot1237
Panata467,1765
Panunuluyan1470
ParablesoftheKingdom482,753
ParentalRespect1021,1025
Parents
areprocreatorsofhumanlife997,1049
bothtobeequallyrespected1005,1051
difficultiesinkeepingthe4thCommandment100609,1052
dutiesof,997,102526,1049,1053,1104
filialrespectfor,100209,102124,1050
howtheyfosterlifewithinthefamily102526,1053
reasons100405,1051
respectof,fortheirchildren102526,1053
Parousia2073
ChristsSecondComing207375,2105
negativeconnotations618
purpose653,672
relevanceof,tous65558
when657,673
ParticularJudgement
willindicatewhatwehavemadeofourselves2067,2101
PaschalMystery
andmarriagespirituality193435,2010
climaxofChristsearthlylife551
perfectsacrifice566
ourshareinit575,962
symbolizedbytheCross55152,557,597
sourceof,552
Seealso:JesusChrist,Resurrection,Sacraments,andSalvation.
Pasensiya368
Pasiklab1237
Pasimple1238
Pasyon

chantof553
PCPII,
and catechesis5,6,17982,209,969,1354,1588
appreciationoftheEucharist1675
careoftheearth1199
Church1281,1372,1375,1377,1388,1414,1418,1451,1462,1711
ChurchofthePoor60,469,141819,1427,1462
concernforsocialjustice731
devotiontoMary885
ecumenicaldialogue1396
faith297,819,1139,2173
interreligiousdialogue75,1396
Jesusteaching962
kaayusan1315
life1000,1426
missionoflayfaithful1415,1417,1425,1461
morality941,982,1064,1071,1162,1174,118687,1190
politicalareas116163,1768
popularreligiosity153536,1579
sacramentofPenance1768
theMass1675
unionoflovewithGod1400
flowchartofNPP1,34,60,1419
on baptized,confirmed1610,1626
Bible418
formation752
religious1426
renewedworship19398, 211, 916,1472,1499,1535,1675,1681,
2112
socialtransformation190,440,954,1138,1161,1190,1199
sourceofCFC1,27
Peace
moralimperative104344
Penance/Reconciliation,Sacramentof
andconversionprocess1768,1772,1795
andtheyouth1768
basicrealities177279,1857,186364
celebrationof,181118

Churchsrolein,177879,1853
communitydimension1772,1795
context176469
definition177172,1819,1848
effects177172,1819,1848
emphasis1770,1847,181112,1863
emphasizedbyPCPII1768
essentialfactors179596,1857
Godsforgivenessin,177375
history179597
institutedbyJesusChrist1850
isincrisis1766
majorpartsof,181319,1864
objections1768
pastinadequacies1767
causes1766
Seealso:Conversion,Forgiveness,Sacraments,andSin.
PenitentialCelebrations
encouraged1780,1788
Pentateuch
communityvocationheritage424
coreoftheTorah423
presentsGodasCovenantMaker425
Pentecost
theevent1300
Seealso:HolySpirit.
PeopleofGodSee:Church.
PerformanceIdeology921
Perjury
sinagainstthetruth/8thCommandment1239,1260,1262
PerpetualLight
meaning2065,2100
Person(s),human
SeeHumanPersonsandMan.
Persons,Divine132831
Seealso:Father,God,HolySpirit,JesusChrist,andTrinity.
PersonalRelationships

andideaofRevelation62
Petition
atypeofprayer1476,1558
PhilippineChurch1199,197779
and justsociety1165,1193
populationcontrol1109,1132
thrustforjustice440,1977
unbelief174
calledtobeChurchofthePoor1462
communityinmission1414
missionof,toAsia116,466,1417
PhilippineSociety
contradictions732
defectsandabuses732
Philippines
onlyChristiancountryinAsia28,116
Physical/SpiritualLife
parallels159194,164546
Piety
false680
PiusXII
ontherosary1546
PoliticalCommunity
guidelinesfromVaticanIIandPCPII116263,1205
Poor
ChurchandPCPIIon,1711
ChurchofthePoor60,469,141819,1427,1462
evangelizers1188
preferentialoptionfor,118789,1213
sinsagainst186
PopesInfallibility142324
Seealso:Church.
PopularDevotions/Religiosity
andPCPII153536,1579
FirstFridays&StationsoftheCross1470
manifestations679
mayleadtoexaggerations554

ofLent&HolyWeek553
tobeintegratedwithChurchsliturgicalworship211
value153536,1579
waytofosterit1536,1579
Seealso:Devotion(s).
PopulationControl
Churchsviewon,110809,1132,192324,2009
PopulationProblem
solutionof,inchastity&selfcontrol1109,1132
PormaLamang1219
Pornography
Churchsviewon,1115,1133
typicalsocialsininthePhilippines1206
Poverty
and injustice18587
PCPII731
salvation1138
violence,relatedtosalvation1138
causeofunbelief185
Power
ambiguousreality98081
definition98081
placeof,inChristianmorallife981
wicked:oppresses,dominates,manipulates,exploits1318
Praise(ofGod)
fosteredby2ndCommandment893,896,930
Prayer,Christian146995,155565
General
and devotionalpractices1470,1473
formationofconscience707,726
theHolySpirit1466,147576,148386,1555,156061
basicfactors149495,1565
constant149495,1565
Christsteachingon,andexample148284,148889,1560,1562
culturalbasisforprayerlifeofFilipinos1469
definition1475,1557
dispositionsneeded148285,1560

Eucharistisperfectprayer1687,1742
groundedonChristsPaschalMysteryandtheroleoftheHolySpirit
1553
guides:constants149495,1565
heartof,1486,1561
howwelearntopray147779,1559
includesbothpersonal&liturgicalprayer148789,1562
inScripture:OT/NT148085,1560
intheEucharist149093,1563
is essentialdimensionofCatholicfaith115
essentiallyrelational1493,1564
groundedinScriptureandChurchsliturgy1495,1565
personalfaithresponsetoTriuneGod1475,1557
levels148792,156263
mainproblem147273,1556
methods1495,1565
moraldimension844,1472,1554
nature1495,1565
ofMary:ourmodel1541,154344
oftenreducedtoexternalobservance147273,1556
personal&communalarecomplementary149092,1563
separatedfromlife733,1472,1556,2111
tobeintegratedwithaction2113
todiscernGodsaction100
toMary154546,1581
Trinitariandimension19597,1475,1557
types147576,1487,149092,1499,1558,156263
Liturgical/Communal
complementspersonalprayer1487,1562
inspiredbytheHolySpirit1466,147576,1555
iscenteredintheEucharist1504,1568
mustinvolvepersonaldepthandparticipation1493,1564
Seealso:Liturgy,Sacraments,andWorship.
Personal
and JesusChrist148283,1486,1561
theHolySpirit1466,147576,148385,1486,1555,1561
complementsliturgicalprayer1487,1562
findsitshighestpointintheEucharisticPrayer1492

heartof,1486,1561
ifauthentic,isnotstrictlyprivate1493,1564
Seealso:WorshipandLiturgy.
Presence172128
ofChristintheEucharist1716,172228,1750,1752,1756
Pride
oneofthecapitalsins381
Priest(s)
actinthenameofthewholeChurch197376,2018
actinthepersonofChrist197072,197374,2018
actionsof,1972
areboundtostriveforperfectioninaspecialway199092, 2021
crisis194244
definition198086,2019
functions:195153,198384,2013,2015
identity/roles:disciple,apostle,presider195153
inthePhilippines197879
JesusChrist,theoneMediator/Priest195857,201415
lackof,hindersparticipationinSundayMass1671
lifeof,andtheHolySpirit1988,2020
relationtobishop,fellowpriests,laity1975
shortage1942
speciallyrelatedtoChristandtheChurch7376,197072, 2018
spirituality195758,198992,2021
vocation194653
Seealso:HolyordersandPriesthood.
Priesthood
CommonandOrdained:
areinterrelatedandorderedonetoanother196466,2016
differessentiallyandnotjustindegree1965,2016
mutuallycallforthandsustaineachother1965,2016
MinisterialPriesthood:
differsessentially,notjustindegreefromcommonpriesthood1965,
2016
effectivityof,questioned194344
inastateofcrisis194244
isgroundedonTrinity194748

functions196263,2015
models196769,2017
oftheNewTestament195456,2014
oftheOldTestament195053,2013
sharesinChristsPriesthood195758,196263,2015
Universal:
commontoallthebaptized195761,2015
Seealso:BaptismandJesusChrist.
PrimacyofWork118283,121011
PrincipleofCollegiality1409
PrivateProperty
teachingoftheChurchon,117476,1207
Problems
inthePhilippines,today113639,1199
ProdigalSon
parableonconversionprocess179293
Promise
inOldTestament:
foundinLaw,ProphetsandWritings422,457
of aNewCovenant.431
anewheart/spirit431
salvation419,449,45662
toAbraham414
valueof,440
PropheticHope
meaning461
Prophets
andGodspromise428,459
calltoconversion42932,435,45960
foretellaMessiahKing43234,460
fosteredhopeofsalvation43639,461
Jesusasprophet47990
missionof,428,459
promiseof,43132
Prostitution
Churchsviewon,1115,1133
typicalsocialsininthePhilippines1206

Proverbs(Bookof,)
content44243,462
Providence,divine
andbahalana115859
description34346,364
responseoftrust1157,1159
Psalms,Bookof44549,463
coverallaspectsofdailylife445
message448,463
ofpraise,lament,utangnaloob44647
usedbytheChurch1481
PuebloAmantedeMaria45
Purgatory
stateoffinalpurification2072,2104
Purity
enjoinedbythe9thCommandment1093,1128
sexualaberrationscontrarytoit110715
Seealso:Chastity.
PushersofDrugs
culpability1036
Q
Qahal,Church1355
QueridaSystem
castigatedbyPCPII1064
Questions
aboutCatholicFaith218
classic13436,166
R
RashJudgement1240

ReconciliationSee:Penance,Sacramentof.
Recreation
Christianview919
Redeemer
Jesus49199,53942,58083,687
Seealso:JesusChristandSalvation.
Redemption
byChristsblood&love568,58283,603,608
demandsaradicalconversion58488,610
isworkoftheTrinity583,609
specialqualities57779,606
universal:meaning376,58081,607
Seealso:JesusChristandSalvation.
ReformSee:Conversion.
ReincarnationTheory
andpersonalresurrection2047
hasgainedpopularity2027
rejected2094
Religiosity,popular153536
Seealso:Devotions.
Religious
lifeconsecratedtoGod1426,193840,2011
ReligiousExperience
oftheFilipinos:varied&rich31
ReligiousManisfestations
numerousinthePhilippines64
ReligiousMovements
modern679
Renewal,spiritual
aspectsof,211213
need1106,2112
Repentance
andKingdomofGod740
Respect
forlife9971000,1049
foroneanother747,901,996,1048
forparents100203,1051

ResponsibleParenthood
Churchsteachingon,192324,2009
Responsibility
tobuildajustsociety119394,1215
Rest
onSabbath90508,932
onSunday91822,932
OTsources9098
Seealso:SabbathandSunday.
Restitution
demandedbythe7thCommandmentasasignofconversion115556
Resurrection
Christs:62047,66271
andIncarnation663
decisiveimportanceof,61415,662
firstmomentofhisglorification1695,1745
foundationoftheChristianfaith615,662
greatestchallengeconcerningit626,664
iscentralgospelmessage627,665
culminatingmomentofChristssavingministry1695,1745
keytounderstandChristsPassionandDeath615
primordialChristianproclamation614
principleandsourceofourresurrection625,663
makesChristssacrificeunique169495,1745
meaning62025,663
natureof,62832,666
NewTestamentwitnessto,63347,66567
provesthegospelmessage627,665
salvificimportanceof,62025,66263
specialeffortneededtounderstanditsreality617
startingpointoftheChristianFaith615
truthsrelatedto,62832,666
Seealso:JesusChrist,Salvation,andPaschalMystery.
Ours203650,207375,209095
andJesusChrist203742,204950,2095
effectedbytheHolySpirit2050
ofallhumanbeings20732075,2105

of thebody202228,203650,2081,209095
consequences204648,2094
meaning203640,204648,2090,2094
newglorifiedlifeintheRisenChrist2037,2090
noteasilyacceptedinageoftechnology2025
typeoftransformation204850,2095
Revelation61100,10113
andFilipinolife62
definition61,101
Godrevealshimself6675,10106
asFather27782
inEaster,Pentecost26469
howittakesplace6775,10203
Jesusisgoal,content,agentof7780,10406
ofGodswill216162
purpose61
recipients7475,106
sources6575
summary73
transmission8184,113
Seealso:ChurchandScripture.
Reverence
forGodsname893,898,930
Riches
andtherichyoungman115051
Right(s)
basic1165
concerningwork1184,1211
correspondingduties1212
toorganizeworkers1184,1211
RisenChrist
andtheemptytomb647
appearances,characteristics64142
commissionsdisciplestoteach644
experiencedbyearlyChristiancommunities669
liftedup504
paschalpattern645

presence,feltincommunityworship643,646,669
presenceintheEucharist1716,1750
presenceintheworld633,64046,669
Seealso:Eucharist,JesusChrist,andSacraments.
RisenLife203750
andhopeforfuture2081
andnextlife2025,203840,2090
goalof:unionwiththeTrinity2040,2090
hassocial/ecologicaldimensionsinthepresent2044,2046, 2093
notreincarnation/transmigration2047,2094
ongoingprocess204345,2093
transformationofwholebodilypersoninChrist204750, 2095
RiteofChristianInitiationofAdults1586
RiteofPenance
newemphases181112
ongoingconversionofheart,required181112
partsof181314
Seealso:Penance,Sacramentof.
Ritual
definitionandrole150001,1567
empty,warningon,2111
religious,authentic1500,1567
constanttraits1501,1567
Rosary
devotionofFilipinos1546
prayedthroughouttheyear1470
Seealso:DevotionsandPopularReligiosity.
S

Sabbath
rest90508,932
andeternalrest2064,2100
Jesusattitudeto,909
OTsources90308

SabbathLaw
Jesusvs.legalists909
newSabbath910
Sabisabi1237
Sacraments
InGeneral151731,159194,159777,164546
and eternallife1572
faith1571,1572
grace1572
humandevelopment1522,159194,164546
Jesus Christ as Primordial Sacrament 1517, 152426, 1571, 1574,
1604,1834
Sacramentals1533,1578
theChurchasFundamentalSacrament136672,1412,1517,1524
26,1571, 1574,1834
theHolySpirit1594,15991604,161518,162630, 1644, 164849,
1651,1654,165860,1666,1723,1737,1758,1762,177375,1849,
1851,1916,1918,1989,2000,2007,2010,2020
are:actionsofChristandoftheChurch151718,1526,157172
efficaciousvisiblesignsofgrace1518,1572
encounterswiththeRisenChrist755,1592,1646
groundedinChristandtheChurch1517,157172
institutedbyChrist152425,1574
instrumentsofJesushelp589,612
necessarymeansofsalvation1518,1572
performativewordevents1521,1573
renewalofattitudeneeded681
sensiblesigns152023,157273
arisefromtheministryofChrist1531,1576
aspects/factorsemphasized151415,1571
definition151719,1531,1573,1576
effects: 152730,1575
confergrace1527,1577
drawusintoChristsPascalMystery1526,2023
fashionusintolikenesstoChrist1531,1576
makepresentsalvationofRisenChrist152122,1573
makepresentspiritualrealitysymbolized1521,1573

keyelementsinthecelebrationof,1518,1572
parallelournaturalgrowth1591,159394,1645,1646
presuppose,express,nourishfaith151718,1530,157172,1577
purpose152730,1575,1577
Trinitariandimension1529,1575
Specific/byclusters:
ofHealing17601843,184472
Penance17701819,184764
Anointing182241,186672
ofInitiation158490,15951759,164364,16651736,173759
Baptism15951625,164757
Confirmation162640,165864
Eucharist16651736,173759
ofVocation18741992,19942021
Marriage18811937,19952010
Orders194193,201221
See also: Church, Grace, Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ, and
theindividualSacraments.
Sacramentals153234,1578
SacredHeart
feastof,1268
popularimageofJesustoberelatedtoChrist,theLiberator468
SacredScriptureSee:Scripture.
SacredTradition
andScripture,Magisterium8184,97
channelofrevelation80,105
interpretsScripture84
isoriginofScripture84,107
meaningof84,107
oralT.containedwhatJesushadsaidanddone82,110
process/contentofRevelation83
Seealso:Church,Magisterium,andRevelation.
SacrificeofChrist
purpose/effect558,568,57375,599,601,603,605
Seealso:Cross,Eucharist,andJesusChrist.
Sacrilege
prohibitedby1stCommandment888

Sages
writingsof44150,462
Saints
devotionto,andliturgicalrenewal1473
statuesof,helpdevotion892,929
Salubong46,482,616,1470
Salvation
accomplishedthruChristssuffering55776,599605
andfaith,freedom13740
andtheSacraments1518,1572
basicdimensions494
eschatological,empowering57980
fromvariousevils49599
historyof690
hopefor,fosteredbytheprophets43639,461
isworkoftheTrinity583,609
notamaterialthing419,456
NTtheologyof,580
ofthenonbaptized161921
possibilityof,offeredtoall1619,1655
promisedbyGod413,422,44950,457,462,597
tobeaccomplishedthroughSufferingServant43234,460
universal,eschatological,empowering57779,606
Seealso:Church,JesusChrist,Redemption,andSacraments.
SalvationHistory
howGodrevealedHimselfin,27782,304
Seealso:RevelationandScripture.
SantoEntierro
populardevotion553
SantoNio
devotionto,467
ispopularimageofChrist467
Satanism888
SaviorSee:JesusChrist.
Schism
abreakwithChurchcommunion1394
Seealso:Church.

Scripture
and formationofconscience726
Tradition,Magisterium8190,97
authors:God/humans85,93
bookofthePeopleofGod81
canon88,113,42250
containssavingtruths8990,98100,108,112
formationof,8182,88,110,113
importanceof,indailylife98100,112
inerrancy8990,108
inspiration8587,107
interpretation84,9197,111
literaryforms94
origin8586,107
roleof,98100,112
sensesof,94,(Note)
teachingof,onsin76669,771,785787
use7273,109,112
Seealso:BibleandChurch.
Secrecy
lawof,1244
SecularInstitutes1426
Self
formedthroughourfreechoices697,721
Selfcontrol
andpopulationcontrol106869,1132
demandedbychastity1096,1129
Seealso:Chastity.
Senakulo553
SermonontheMount744,758,1483,2116
ServantSongs43335
Service
andconversion1787
andtheEucharist1675
of/toothers473,940,1409,1427
SexualMorality10661116,111933
doublestandard1064,1120

QueridasystemcastigatedbyPCPII1064
Seealso: Chastity,6th and9th Commandments,Love,Marriage,
andSexuality.
Sexuality,human
affectedbyoriginalsin1076,1124
biblicalperspective107679,1124
Christianview1062,106975,1105,1117,1118,112122
Filipinocontext106365
integrationof,1130
is forprocreation1066
Godsgift1062,1118
good1062
natureof,revealed/redeemedbyJesus108088
respectfor,10611117
taboos1068
valueof,1062,1118
protectedby6thCommandment106668,11191120
Shekinah895
Sickness
andsin182526,1869
Christianattitudeto,1827,1870
needofsupportforthesick182627
Seealso:AnointingoftheSick,sacramentofandHealing.
Signs
ofGodsrevelation67,6970,7273,102
ofthetimes102,957
SimbangGabi46
Simony
definition888
originofterm1149
Sin76075,78489,17981810,185962
and Christshealingministry1760,1844
conversion787,178097,185458
GodsKingdom771,787
theforcesofevil761
theneedforGodsredeeminggrace761,
asaddictionandsickness77374,788

 mysteryofwickedness76065,784
stain,crime,personalrejection76769,786
capital38182,410
causeofChristsdeath57375,605
Christsvictoryoverit1779,1792
communitydimensions1804,1810
conceptsof,inScripture766,785
consequenceof,isdeath2054,2096
definition784,1803,1860
degreesofgravity180507,1810,1862
easilyexcusedbyFilipinos367
effects1803,1860
factorsdeterminingitsgravity617
falseideas18001802,1859
forgiven bytheBlessedTrinity177374,1849
throughsacramentofPenance177172,1848
forgivenessof,petitioned/promised218687,2213
inChurchteaching77275
inSacredScripture76669,771,78587
judgedbymorallaw804
newmodels77374,788
origin374,400
original37090,392,401408,411,160104,164950
personal1861
presentinindividualsandsocialstructures365
relatedtosickness182526,1869
removedthruBaptisminadults1602,1649
rootofallevils492,540
senseof,lost76365,770
social/structuralareaffectedby,775,789,116673,1206,1804,1861
types1804,1861
whatitentails760,784
See also: Conversion, Evil, Forgiveness, Original Sin, and
Penance,Sacramentof.
SinaiCovenant
highpointoftheOT425
Sincerity
appreciated,butalsoignored1219

Sinfulness
overcomethroughChristssacrifice57375,605
SingleBlessedness
astateoflife1075,2011
andtheKingdom1939,2011
Slander
sinagainstcharity,justiceandtruth/8thCommandment1240,1260
Sloth381
SmokingAbuse1036
SocialAction
andliturgicalworship886
andPCPII731
concernfor,proper954
context779
SocialApostolate
leadstosocialtransformation189,210
renewed:aresponsetounbeliefindoing18990,210
SocialAwareness
andtheChurch731
SocialContext
ofmorallife731,779
SocialDoctrine(oftheChurch)116095,120813
advocatespreferentialoptionforthepoor118789,1213
basis117880,1208
content116495,120414
contribution1164,1204
offersprinciples/criteria116264,12041205
SocialInjustice
andPCPII731
SocialJustice
andcharity119091
andChurchteaching469
attainmentof,andlove1190,1214
basictruthsgroundingit1196
fosteredby:
the7thCommandment114146,1200
the10thCommandment114748,115354,1201

fundamentalprinciples117880,1190,1197,120001
SocialLiberation
cryfor469
SocialPrograms
object,means1195
SocialResponsibilityofChristians
and socialsin1169
theGospel115556,1203
the7thCommandment1135
trustinGoddcare1159
conscientizationisongoing1139,1165
whatitentails1155,1203
SocialRights,basic
andCommandments1141
SocialSin
againsthumandignity/solidarity775
andpersonalsin,connection117172
assituationofsin775
intheteachingofJohnPaulII1169
inVaticanII1167
meaning775,789,116673,1206
typicalsininthePhilippines1206
SocialTeachingoftheChurch
See:SocialDoctrine.
SocialTransformation
and Christianmorality675,73132
Eucharist1675
PCPII18990,97374,113839,1199
resultofrenewedsocialapostolate18990,210
Society
andfamily101920,1054
buildingajustone119295,1215
Solidarity
corporate57071,604
inthepoliticalorder1163
ofJesuswithsinners57071,604
withallpeople692,748,1163,1178,1194

withChrist2122
Sons/Daughters
intheSon213536
Sorcery
prohibitedby1stand2ndCommandment888,897,930
Spirits
inPhilippineculture1269
SpiritualDimensionofLiberation1106,1180,1197,1718
SpiritualWorksofMercy
showloveofneighbor994
Spirituality
of celibateliving193840,2011
marriage192737,2010
priests198992,2021
socialtransformation2113
work1180,1186,1212
Spouses,Christian193233
St.Paul
and Christssavingwork557,567,598,602
loveofneighbor936
marriage1079,1124
theFall375,404
theLaw800
StatesofLife
differentalternatives1175,1123
StationsoftheCross1470
Statues/Images(religious)
andthe1stCommandment892,929
arehelpstorelatetoGod/Christandsaints892,929
Stealing
groupstealing:aformofsocialsin1172
onalllevels:aprobleminthePhilippines113637,1199
prohibitedby7thCommandment114146
Sterilization1063
Stewardship
ofcreation341,348
St.John

andloveofneighbor936
St.Paul
and Christianmarriage1079,1124
Christssavingwork567,602
StructuralSin36566,775,789,116673,1206,1804,1861,2173
Structures
sinful/oppressive377,469,1170
Succession,Apostolic1409
SufferingSee:Sickness.
SufferingChrist
andtheFilipino3940,58
sourceofsalvation55096,597613
Seealso:Cross,JesusChrist,Redemption,andSalvation.
SufferingServant
fulfillsGodspromiseofsalvation43234,460
Suicide1040
Sunday
Eucharist91213,167071
inhonorofChristsresurrection91011
obligation91416,933
rest: enjoinedby3rdCommandment931
meaning934
Superstition
prohibitedby1stCommandment888,928
Suspicion1240
Swerte
andfatalism1158
Synoptics
centralthemeof,istheKingdomofGod215153
T

Tablefellowship
inJesusministry48889
Taboos

inmorality1068,1120
opposedbythe6thCommandment1120
viewsexualitywithfear1120
Tadhana367
Talebearing1240
TemporalSphere
Churchscontributionto,1161
Temptation219194
TemptingGod
prohibitedby1stCommandment888
TenCommandmentsSee:Commandments.
TerminallyIll1039
Terrorism1141
Thanksgiving
atypeofprayer1476,1558
Theft
fromabove/below117576
Seealso:Stealing.
TheologicalVirtues2022,2023
Theotokos1141
TinigngBudhi701
Torah
asLaw:GodsgifttoHispeople424,458,805
historicalbooks42327
meaning42324
Seealso:Law,OldCovenant,andOldTestament.
TraditionSee:SacredTradition.
Transfiguration528,129596,1482
Transfinalization1727,1754
Transformation,social
advocatedbyPCPII97374
Seealso:Socialjustice/injustice.
TransmigrationofSouls
rejected2047,2094
Transsignification1727,1754
Transsubstantiation

meaning172728,175455
Seealso:EucharistandMass.
TrinitarianPrayer19598,1165,1196
Trinity
adoredwhenprayingtheOurFather2137
and baptism161517
Christsresurrection1298
Church135660,136365,139192,1412,1447,1456
creation31820,354,359
death/destiny2047,2066,2082
eternallife77,99,2024
faith124,235
family101517,1054
grace26768
jointmissionofSonandSpirit1299,2116
morallife698,877,883,898
prayer19598,128081,1472,1475,1506,2082,2131,2137,2147,
2157,2165,2177,2188
theResurrection628,632,666
doctrineof,132631,134748
experiencedintheChurch1365,1447
feastof,overshadowedbypopularcelebrations1268
forgives sins in the sacrament of Reconciliation 177374,
1849
groundsourloveofneighbor96669,993
inbaptismandprayer1267
theCreed300
is Creator31820,354,359
Godsname89890
mysteryofpersonallovingcommunion132631,1348
Redeemer583,609
ourrelationshipwith,268,305
savingworkof,forus2024
usuallytaughtasamysterywecannotunderstand1268
Truth
and charity124243,1263
Christianmorallife1220,1254
massmedia124546

prudence1244,1263
areasof,124445,1263
ChristisourTruth21617,222,243
Christ,theTruth216,1221,12561258
Christianviewof,122122,1256
Christianwitnessto,1231,124749,1264
giftandtask220
howtofosterit124346,1263
importance1217,1218
inloveandprayer/worship1242,1251
ourmorallife1220,1254
theCreed248
thoughts,words,actions1218,1253
lawofsecrecy1244
liberating220,122729,1258
longingfor1220
ofthoughts,wordsandactions1218
offencesagainstit123339,1243,1260
questionstobeasked1243,1263
respectfor121718
righttocommunicateitandconditions1244,1263
searchfor,bymodernman1217
socialdimensionof,122122,123031,1259
Scripturalfoundation,122324,1257
understandingof,andFilipinos1222
valueof,1217,1241,1250
Seealso:Commandments,8thandLying.
Tsismis
harmitcancause,nottakenseriously1219,1240
U
Unbelief170204,205214
and activists,fundamentalists174
culturalreality18788
VaticanII173

causes:povertyandinjustice18588
doctrinal,howtorespondtoit17982,209
inthePhilippines174
oncerestrictedtofewindividuals172
typesof:
vs.believing17682,208
vs.doing18390,210
vs.worshipping19198,211
widespread17274
Seealso:Atheism.
Unbeliever(s)
differentcategories176178,18388,19192,208
UnityoftheChurch
anddiversityinChristsMysticalBody1387,1396
andGodsProvidence345
asgift139193,1455
task139496,1456
fosteredbytheEucharist1704,1748
obstaclesto1394,1456
UnleavenedBread
historicalroots1714,1750
whatitsymbolizes1714,1750
UtangnaLoob
exemplifiesourgratitude:
toGod260,295,446
toparents1002
V

Values(s)
andChristianmorality98486
andFilipinoculture792
Christian:partofFilipinolife51
consonantwithChristianvision792

ValueEducation
andchastity1106
andvirtues751
moralchallenge751,792,1106,1333
tobeaccompaniedbyspiritualrenewal1106
VaticanII
and Christsredemptivework581
ecumenism1395
offensesagainsthumandignity/life103334
socialsin1167
theChurch1380,1382,1388
unbelief173
teachingof,on:
Baptism159798
Liturgy1503
SacramentsofHealing1763,177088
Veneration
ofimages88992,929
ofMary929,1581
andcommitment155051,1583
basis153738,1580
effect/purpose1537,1580
Seealso:Devotion(s).
VenialSin
definition/effects1807,1862
Seealso:Conversion,Penance,andSin.
Viaticum
forthedying1839,1873
Violence469
Virginity/Celibacy
andtheeschatologicaldimensionofmarriage1939,2011
andtheKingdom193839,2011
asastateoflife193839,2011
isaspecialformofservice1940
Virtues
and fidelity751
lifecycle985

loveofGod&neighbor/Commandments862,970,97886,994
respectforhumanlife995
theHolySpirit677,979,1266,127084,1336,133839
approachtomorality834,97886
Christian87886,994
Classification:
cardinal97882,994
natural979
theological978,983,202223,2132
definition979,982
newapproachto,978
sustainedandredeemedbygrace978
traditionalapproachto,renewed98283
Vocation
ofFilipinoCatholics52,60
sacramentsof18741993,19942021
Vows901,1938
W
War
notawaytovindicateviolatedrights1043
traditionaldoctrineon,1042
WePetitions216896
Will
ofGod,tobedone:meaning215965
Wine
usedintheMass1715,1750
WisdomLiterature44249
functionof,44150,46263
Witchcraft888
Witness,Christian
andmoralliving842
demands681
toJesusChrist124749,1264

WomensLib.Movement
positive&negativeaspects1065
WordofGod
andformationofconscience707,726
instrumentofJesusliberatingpower589,612
Seealso:Bible,Church,JesusChrist,andHolyScripture.
Work118186,120911
balancedview91922
Churchsteachingon,1181,1209
derivesitsvaluefromitsagent1181,1209
dutyto,1185,1212
essentialkeytothesocialquestion1181,1209
hastobepersonoriented1182,1210
musthavepriorityovercapital1183,1210
primacyof,initssubjectivedimension118283,121011
rightsrelatedto,1184,1211
spiritualityof,1186,1212
WorksofMercy
corporal97274,994
spiritual97577,994
WorksoftheFlesh
inSt.Paul382
World
descriptionofitsend,takenliterallybyfundamentalists2026
finaldestiny203031,2087
Worship14961501,155556,1566,1845
and Churchassacrament1443
dailylife1472,168788
duty903,91417,931,933
morality777,1197
RisenChrist661
definition1497,1566
enjoinedby3rdCommandment903,931
essentialdimensionofCath.Faith71
Eucharistisperfectactof,1687,1742
fromtheheart,vs.ritualism149798
ifauthentic,isneveremptyritualism1497,1566

includesalltypesofprayer1499,1566
official&public150203,1568
oftenseparatedfromlife113637,1199,1472,2111
renewed:
helpsconquerunbelief19596
isresponsetounbeliefinworship19394,211
shouldbemoreparticipatoryandaffective1473
Trinitarian1496,1506
Seealso:Liturgy,Prayer,andSacraments.
Writings(intheOT)44150,46263
Y
YouPetitions214067

Glossary

Absolution:intheSacramentofReconciliation,theformulapronouncedby
the priest, over repentant sinners, of forgiveness through Christ of
personalsins.(Cf.Trent,ND1620.)
Abstinence: commonly refers to refraining from eating meat on Ash
WednesdayandtheFridaysinLent.
Adoration:theworshipandhomageofferedtoGodalone.
Advent: theliturgicalseasonpreparingforChristmas,thefeastdaywhich
celebratesthecomingofChrist.
Agape:thespecialNTGreektermforGodsloveforus,andwhichChrist
commandedhisdisciplestohaveforoneanother.(Cf.Jn13:3435;1
Jn4:16;1Cor13.)
Agnosticism: thetheorythat God or theafterlife cannotbe known with
certainty.(Cf.VaticanII,GS57.)
Anamnesis: memorial or remembrance, Greektermusedtodescribe
the Eucharist as a commemoration of the Passion, Death and
Resurrection/AscensionofChrist.(Cf.1Cor11:2425;Lk22:19.)
Anathema:termusedbySt.Paultoexcludeanunworthymemberfromthe
community. (Cf. Gal 1:9; 1 Cor 16:22.) Later, it was used as the
Churchssolemncondemnationofanerroneous,hereticalpositionthat
contradictsCatholictruth.
Apocalyptic: the style of writing filled with visions, portents and signs
claimingtorevealdivinemysteries,especiallytheendoftheworld.
(Cf.Daniel,RevelationandMk13.)
Apocrypha: writingsofancientJewishandChristianoriginthathavenot
beenacceptedaspartoftheBiblicalCanon.Amongthemare: The
BookofHenoc and theAscensionMoses,the InfancyGospelof
James,theGospelofPeterandtheGospelofThomas.Protestant
practice includes under this term Apocripha what we call
Deuterocanonical Books (Wisdom, Sirach and Baruch) which the
CatholicandEasternChurchesacceptascanonical.
Apologetics:thesystematictheologicalpresentationofthereasonableness
ofChristiandoctrineindefensefromvariousattacks.

Apostle:someonesentasmessengerormissionaryoftheChurch.IntheNT,
the12discipleschosenbyChristtobetheprimarywitnessestohis
teaching,miraclesandresurrection.
ApostolicSee:namegiventotheCatholicChurchinRome,foundedonthe
apostles Peter and Paul, and especially to the Papal office whose
authorityrestsonthePopeassuccessorofSt.Peter.
Asceticism:thegeneralnamegiventothespiritualeffortsandexercisesat
purification and growth in Christian perfection, and toward a closer
followingofChrist.
Beatific Vision: the immediate direct knowledge of God and perfect
happinessenjoyedbytheBlessedinheaven.
BECs/BasicEcclesialCommunities:smallfaithcommunitiesofChristians,
gatheredtogetheraroundtheWordofGodandtheEucharist,strivingto
integratetheirfaithandtheirdailylife,insolidaritywithoneanother,
actionforjustice,andavibrantcelebrationoflifeintheliturgy. (Cf.
PCPII13839.)
BodyofChrist:canreferto:
a)thehumanearthlybodyofJesus;
b) the glorified body of the Risen Christ, present to us in the
Eucharist;or
c) theChurch,themysticalBodyofChrist,constitutedbyallthe
baptized,includingthoseinpurgatoryandthoseinheaven.
Canon:aruleornorm.WiththereferencetotheBible,thistermisused to
indicatethelistofbooksacceptedaspartoftheBiblewhosecontent
containsthenormofourfaithandChristianliving.(Cf.DV11.)
Canon Law: the body of laws, precepts and regulations of the Catholic
Church.
Canonization:thesolemndeclarationbythePopethatadeceasedperson,
alreadybeatified,isamongthesaintsinheavenandcanbepublicly
venerated.(Cf.CJC118690.)
Catechesis: education in the faith, especially the teaching of Christian
doctrineimpartedinanorganicandsystematicway,withaviewto

initiatingthehearersintothefullnessofChristianlife.(Cf.Catechesi
Trad.,18.)
Catechism:ageneraltermforthecontentsofcatechesis,usedprimarilyfor
books,manuals,andsummariesofCatholicteachings.
Charism:specialgraceorgiftoftheHolySpiritgivenforbuildingupthe
Christiancommunity.(Cf.1Cor12;LG1012.)
Charity:theinfusedtheologicalvirtueofloveofGodaboveall,andallelse
forGodssake.(Cf.Dt6:5;Jn13:34;1Jn4:75:4;1Cor13:1.)
Chastity:thevirtuethatenablespersonstointegratetheirsexualitywithin
their vocation in life, according to the principles of faith and right
reason.
Concupiscence:thedisorderofdesireswhich,whilenotsininthetrueand
proper sense, comes from original sin and inclines to sin. Since it
remainsinthebaptized,itislefttoustowrestlewith,andtoresistitby
the grace of Jesus Christ. (Cf. Trent, ND 512; 1 Jn
2:16.)
Conscience:theinnerpowerwhichdiscernsandcallsustodowhatisgood
andtoavoidevil,accordingtothelawGodhaswritteninourhearts.
(Cf.Rom2:1216.)
Conscienceappliesmorallawtoaparticularcase,thusformulating
moralobligation.
Conversion:achangeofheart (metanoia), turningawayfromsin(sorrow
andrepentance)andturningtowardGodandthefollowingofChristin
hisKingdom(purposeofamendment).(Cf.Mk1:15;Mt4:17.)
CorporalWorksofMercy:actsofcharityrespondingtobodyneeds:to
feedthehungry,givedrinktothethirsty,clothethenaked,shelterthe
homeless,visit thesickandimprisoned,andburythedead. (Cf.Mt
25:3146.)
Creation:Godsfreeactofputtingandkeepingallrealityinexistence.
Creationism:originally,Godsdirectcreationofeachhumansoul,butnow
more commonly referring to antievolutionary views which interpret
GenesisinaFundamentalistway.

Decalogue: Ten words: the Ten Commandments summarizing Israels

religiousandmoralobligationsintheCovenantwithYahweh.(Cf.Ex
20:117.)
Deposit of Faith:everythingGoddefinitivelyrevealed throughChristfor
oursalvationandentrustedtotheChurchtobeproclaimed,preserved,
andinterpreted.(Cf.1Tim6:20;2Tim1:12,14;DV10;GS62.)
Deuterocanonical Books: Catholic name for books found in the Greek
version[LXXSeptuagint]oftheOT,butnotintheHebrewversion.
These Books are: Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, 1 and 2
Maccabees.TherearealsoadditionalpartsintheBooksofEstherand
Daniel.
Devil:(tempter)LuciferorSatan,chiefofthefallenangels.(Cf.Wis2:24;
Mt25:41;Lk10:18;Rv12:912;16:14.)
DevelopmentofDoctrine:gradualgrowthintheChurchsunderstandingof
thedeepermeaningandimplicationsofthetruthsrevealedbyJesus
Christ.
Diakonia:service:theNTGreektermreferringtoministryintheChurch
for the good of the community. (Cf. Acts 12:17, 25; 21:19; Rom
11:13;1Tim1:12.)
Didache: theoldest ChristianwritingoutsidetheNT.Inthecatechetical
process, didache as teaching refers to what follows the first
proclaimingoftheGospel,thekerygma.
Discernment of spirits: the Holy Spirits gift, including prudence and
wisdom, enabling one to distinguish authentic divine charisms from
naturalorevilinfluences.(Cf.1Cor12:10;1Jn4:16.)
Dogma:truthsdefinedbytheinfallibleteachingauthorityoftheChurchas
revealedbyGodandthustobeacceptedbyallthefaithfulasamatter
offaith.(Cf.ND219,83940;LG25.)
Doxology: giving praise and glory to God, e.g., the Gloria and the
concluding prayer in the Eucharistic canon. (Cf. Ps 8; 66; 150; Lk
2:14;1Pt4:11;Rv4:11;5:12.)
Epiclesis:thecallingdownoftheHolySpirittoblessandsanctifycreation.
(Cf.1Tim4:15.)IntheMassitistheinvocationtotheSpirittocome

andchangethebreadandwineintotheBodyandBloodofChrist,and
sanctifytheparticipants.
Ecumenism:themovementtofosterthroughprayeranddialoguetheunity
willedbyChristforallhisdisciples.(Cf.Jn17:21;Eph4:45;UR14;
LG15.)
Eschatology:studyofthelastthings(death,judgment,heavenandhell),
especiallythecomingoftheKingdomofGod.
Excommunication: the exclusion from celebration or reception of the
Sacraments,andfromexercisinganyecclesiasticalofficeorministryin
theChurch.(Cf.CJC1331.)
Exegesis:bringingoutthemeaningoftheBiblicaltextsbyanalysisofits
words,grammaticalstructure,literaryform,historicalcontext,etc.(Cf.
DV12,23;OT16.)
Faith:thefree,reasonable,personalcommittedtotalresponsetoGod,orthe
objective revealed truth believed in, through the grace of the Holy
Spirit.(Cf.Jn20:31;Rom10:9;Heb11:1;2Cor3:1618;Acts16:14;
DV45.)
FruitsoftheSpirit:effectsworkedbytheHolySpiritinthebelievers.They
are: love,joy, peace,patience, kindness,generosity,faith,mildness
andchastity.(Cf.Gal5:22f.)
Fundamentalism: the movement that rejects the Bibles historical
formation, literary forms and study of original meaning, and
emphasizesitsliteralinterpretationasthesolenormforallChristian
beliefandbehavior.
Giftsof theHoly Spirit:sevenspecialgracesoftheHolySpirit:wisdom,
understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety and fear of the
Lord.(Cf.Is11:23.)
Grace:GodsfreeSelfgivingwherebyweshareinGodsownTriunelife
oflove(cf.2Pt1:4),andtheconsequentmultiplefavorsofferedtoall
persons,particularlysalvationinChrist.(Cf.Rom3:2126;1Tim2:4
6.) It brings new life (cf. Jn 1:13; 1 Pt 1:35), making us adopted
childrenofGodintheSpiritandmembersofChristsBody.(Cf.Rom
5:5,8:1417;Gal4:47.)

Hermeneutics: the theory and practice of interpretation of texts, their

originalandcontemporarymeanings;usuallytakenasbroaderinscope
thanexegesis.
Hierarchy:intheChurch,thesuccessorsoftheApostles,underthePopeas
successorofSt.Peter.Thistermdescribestheorderoftheordained:
bishops,priestsanddeacons;morecommonly,itreferssimplytothe
Popeandthebishops.
Infallibility: the special charism bestowed by Christ in the Spirit that
safeguards the Church from teaching error in matters of faith and
morals.(Jn16:1215;LG12.)Itisexercisedparticularlybythecollege
ofbishopsinunionwithPeterssuccessor,thePope (Acts15:129;1
Cor 15:311; LG 25), and by the Pope alone when, as Peters
successor,hesolemnlyteachesarevealedtruthoffaithandmorals.
Inspiration, biblical:thespecialassistancetothehumanauthoreditorsbythe
HolySpiritthroughwhichthebooksoftheBiblewerewrittenandhave
Godastheir[principal]author.(Cf.Jn20:31;2Tim3:16;2Pt1:19
21,3:1516;DV11.)
Justification:thesavinggracewhichisnotonlytheremissionofsinsbut
thesanctificationandrenewaloftheinteriorman,thathemaybean
heirinhopeofeternallife(Ti3:7)(cf.Trent,ND1932),throughfaith
inJesusChrist.(Cf.Rom1:17;9:3031.)
Kerygma: theactofproclaiming,orthecoremessageproclaimed,ofthe
GoodNewsofsalvationthroughJesusChrist (Cf.Rom16:25;1Cor
1:21;15:35.)
Koinonia:communityorfellowshipintheHolySpirit(cf.Acts2:4247;2
Cor13:13;Phil2:1),orthesharingintheEucharist(cf.1Cor10:16),
orinChristssufferings.(Cf.Phil3:10.)
Lent: the liturgical season of 40 days of prayer and penance (imitating
Jesus40dayfastinthedesert),beginningonAshWednesday,and
preparingforEaster,thecelebrationofChristsResurrection.
Lexorandi,lexcredendi:anoldLatinaxiomthatstatesthelawofprayer
isthelawofbelief,i.e.,liturgyisareliableexpressionoftheChurchs
basicbeliefs.

LiberationTheology:stressestheExodusandpropheticcallsforjusticeand
of liberation from sin and its consequences, especially structures of
injusticeandeconomicoppression.
Liturgy:originallyanypublicservice(cf.Phil2:17,30),itnowrefersto
theofficialpublicworshipoftheChurch,especiallytheEucharistand
theadministrationoftheSacraments.
Magisterium: theteachingauthorityoftheChurch,exercisedprimarilyby
the bishops, both collegially and individually, as successors of the
Apostles,andunitedunderthePopeassuccessorofSt.Peter.
Ministry:authorizedserviceofGodintheserviceofothers,accordingto
specificnormsoftheChurch.Therenderingofthisserviceisasharing
inChristsrolesasprophet,priestandking.Itcanbeconferredonall
thefaithfulinvirtueoftheirBaptismandConfirmation,andonclerics
inaparticularwaythroughtheSacramentofOrders. (Cf.VaticanII,
PO1;AA10;ChristifidelesLaici,14etpassim.)
Mystery:notanobscure,inexplicablematter,butGodslovingplanand
presentsavingaction,revealedthroughJesusChrist.(Rom16:25;Eph
1:9;3:9;Col1:2627;2:2;4:3.) Mysteryisnotprimarilywhatwe
cannotunderstand,butrathersomethingaboutwhichthereisalways
moretounderstand.(Cf.VaticanI,ND132.)
Natural Law:theuniversalmorallawbuiltintohumanbeingsbyGodin
creatingthem,andaccessibletothelightofreason.(Cf.GS79;DH2.)
Paraclete:helper,atitleappliedinJohnsGospeltotheHolySpirit(cf.
Jn14:16;15:16;16:7),theSpiritofTruthwhowillguidethedisciples
ineverythingChristhastaughtthem.
Parousia:theSecondComingofChristinglorytojudgetheworld.(Cf.Mt
24:2931;35:3146;NiceneConst.Creed.)
PaschalMystery:thesavingworkofChrist,especiallyhisPassion,Death,
Resurrection/Ascension(cf.SC5;GS22).Christiansshareinitthrough
Baptism,theEucharist,theothersacraments,andtheirlifeofgrace.
Pentateuch: the first five books of the OT (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,
NumbersandDeuteronomy)calledTorahbytheJews,andtraditionally
assignedtoMosesastheirauthor.

PetrineOffice/Ministry:thespecialservicefortheguidanceoftheChurch
anditsunity,exercisedbySt.Peterandhissuccessors,theBishopsof
Rome.
Predestination: Gods eternal foreknowledge and will of our salvation.
(Cf. Mt 20:23; Jn 10:29; Rom 8:2830; Eph 1:314.) While
safeguardingtheprimacyofGodsgrace,bothGodsuniversalsalvific
will(1Tim2:36)andauthentichumanfreedommustbepreserved.
Providence:GodsuniversallovingguidanceandcareforeverythingHe
has created, and particularly free human persons. (Cf. Mt 6:2534;
10:2931.)
Redemption: literally to buy back, pay a ransom: Gods action of
savingusfromsinandevil.IntheOTGodredeemedHispeoplein
theExodusevent(cf.Ex15:121;Dt7:8;13:5;24:18),andthereturn
fromtheExile(Is41:14;43:14).IntheNTGodredeemedallmankind
throughthePassion,DeathandResurrectionofJesusChrist. (Cf.Mk
10:45;Rom4:25;Eph1:7;1Pt1:1821.)
Resurrection:thecoreChristiantruththatGodhasraisedJesusfromthe
deadtohisdefinitiveglorifiedlife(cf.Acts2:24,3233,36;Rom1:34;
1 Cor 15:111, 4250; DV 4, 17), and which is the ground for the
resurrectionofallhumanpersonsandtheirworld. (Cf.1Cor15:20
28.)
Revelation:takingawaytheveil,GodmakingHimselfknownthrough
wordsanddeedsinsalvationhistory. (Cf.DV2,4,611.) Theterm
referscommonlytobothwho/whatismadeknown,andthemeansof
disclosure;italsoreferstothelastbookoftheNT.
Sacrilege:thedeliberateviolationanddesecrationofpersons,events,places
andthingssetasidepubliclyfortheservice/worshipofGod.
SanctifyingGrace:Godsfreelybestowedgiftbywhichwearemadeholy,
throughtheindwellingHolySpirit.
SensesofScripture: thedifferentmeaningsofbiblicaltexts.Traditionally,
thetermrefersto4senses:literal,themeaningintendedbytheoriginal
author,whathappened;allegorical,whatmustbebelieved;moral,what
istobedone;anagogic,towardwhatwemuststrain.

Soteriology: the study of Christs saving mission, from the Greek word
soter,meaningSavior.(Cf.Mk14:24;Jn11:4952;Rom4:25;5:611;
1Cor15:3;1Pt1:3.)
SpiritualWorksofMercy:actsofcharityrespondingtospiritualneeds:to
counsel the doubtful, instruct the ignorant, admonish the sinner,
comfortthesorrowful,forgiveinjuries,bearwrongspatiently,andpray
forthelivingandthedead.
Supernatural:whatisabovenatureandpertainstotheorderofgrace
whichelevatesournaturalcapacitiesbeyondtheircreatedabilities
andpreparesusforthelifeofglory.
Theological Virtues:infusedvirtuesthatcenterdirectlyonGod: faith, on
God as Creator and Savior; hope, on God as Provider and final
Destiny;charity,onGodasperfectLove.
Tradition:thehandingonofthecomplexofChristiandoctrines,moral
norms,andritesofworship.(Cf.DV811.)
Viaticum:foodforthejourney,theEucharistorHolyCommuniongiven
tothoseindangerofdeath,topreparethemforlifehereafter.
VicarofChrist:thePopeasvisibleheadoftheChurch,actingintheplace
ofChrist.Thebiblicalbasisofthistitle/roleisJn21:1517:feedmy
lambs,feedmysheep.
Virtue:anoperativegoodhabitorthecapacityfordoinggoodwithease,
pleasureandconsistency.Naturalvirtuesareacquiredthroughrepeated
acts,whileothervirtuesareinfusedbyGodsgrace.