DANCE

art form referring to the movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or
presented in a spiritual or performance setting
Purpose
o no other instrument but the human body itself, which is the most eloquent and responsive of all instruments which makes it the
most personal medium of art
o allows the observer a glimpse into the very core or psyche of a nation; A peoples culture, nature and aspirations come to life in
dance.
o dependent on the human body, its possibilities, limitations and malformations
o serves as a way for a man and a woman to become acquainted before they marry; part of the wedding ritual performance in rural
areas of Philippines
o recreation; social dances for companionship; escape from the monotony of their daily routines
o means of communication, expression of feelings and even therapeutic or exercise purposes
Kinds of Dance
o Communal Dance spiritual dance performed by a local community; dance practices in rural provinces
o Ritual Dance for a ceremony, ritual or religious purpose; Religious Dances
o Folk Dance developed by groups of people that reflect the traditional life of the people of a certain country or region
o Social Dance sociability and socializing are the primary focuses; Tango, Waltz, Cha-cha, etc.
Elements of Dance
o Theme message conveyed
o Design plan or organization of movement in time and space
o Movement action using bodies to create/organize a pattern; medium of dance; its elements are space, time, duration, and force
o Techniques skill in executing movement; technically proficient means complete control over the muscles
o Music motivates the movement; melodic and harmonious for accompaniment; background to captivate spectators
o Costume and props enhance the effect; visual elements reflecting the customs, beliefs, and environment of the people
o Choreography forms, arrangement, and organization of steps and movements; term for dance composition
o Scenery setting of background; place of action to make it more artistic and beautiful
Popular Luzon Dance
o Maglalatik Binan, Laguna; mock-war dance demonstrating fight between Moros and Christians over prized latik or coconut
meat during the Spanish rule; coconut shell halves are attached to the chest, back and knees of male dancers who hit the shells
with shell halves attached to their hands

La Jota Manilea named after Manila; adaptation of Castilian Jota floats with the clacking of bamboo castanets played by the
dancers themselves
o Pandanggo sa Ilaw Lubang, Mindoro; balancing oil lamps on the head and hands; pandanggo comes from the Spanish dance
fandango characterized with lively steps and clapping while following a varying beat
o Sayaw sa Bangko (Northern Luzon) roots from areas of Pangasinan and Lingayen; native to the said barrios; town fiestas
Popular Visayan Dance
o Tinikling Leyte; imitation of tikling bird; pair of dancers hopping between two bamboo poles held just above the ground and
struck together in time to music usually in beat (Clap-tap-tap)
o Mazurka Boholana Spanish-inspired ballroom dance from the Bohol; Polish national dance; popular in Europe in the 19 th
century; men and women partners
o Cariosa national dance of Philippines; romantic, flirtatious folk dance set to a waltz-like 3/4 rhythm; popularized by National
Artist for dance Francisca Reyes-Aquino; in Spanish it means affectionate, lovable, or amiable; with a fan or handkerchief, the
dancers go through hide-and-seek movements and other flirting acts expressing tender feelings; introduced by the Spanish; Panay
island is considered to be its home; they don't touch each other, but their dancing indicates their romantic interest; peek at each
other around a handkerchief, exchange coy little waves, and drop to one knee while one partner dances around the other; first
published notation of Cariosa dance steps was from the book Philippine Folk Dances and Games by Francisca Reyes-Tolentino;
her masters thesis with the same title was revised and published in 1927; most common is from "Philippine Folk Dances v1" by
Francisca Reyes Aquino, published in 1940 which integrated all the common dance figures among the many versions throughout
the land
Popular Mindanao Dance
o Singkil maranao from Lake Lanao; derived from a story in the Darangen, the pre-Islamic Maranao interpretation of the ancient
Hindu Indian epic, Ramayana; means "to entangle the feet with disturbing objects such as vines or anything in your path"; danced
only by royal women originally which serves as either a conscious or unconscious advertisement to potential suitors
o Itik-itik Surigao del Norte; imitates movements of ducks
o

MUSIC

art of combining sounds into a coherent perceptual experience, typically in accordance with conventional patterns and aesthetic purpose
art of combining tones in such a way that is pleasing, expressive and intelligible
Evolution
o history says that musical practice had already started in 200 A.D
o proven by some archeologists through graphical representations of musical activities, like artifacts and drawings they found dating
to pre-historic times; discovered early musical instruments also

Music in the Philippines

o music in urban area is heavily influenced by the West owing to 333 years of Spanish rule and 45 years of American domination;
music in highland and lowland hamlets, where indigenous culture continues to thrive, has strong Asian elements
o Three Main Divisions in discussing
old Asian influenced music referred to as the indigenous
religious and secular music influenced by Spanish and European forms
American/European inspired classical, semi-classical, and popular music
Philippine Cultural Songs
o Lupang Hinirang composed in 1898 by Julian Felipe, with lyrics in Spanish adapted from the poem Filipinas, written by Jos
Palma in 1899; translated to Tagalog by National Artist for Music Felipe Padilla De Leon, who also composed Ako Ay Pilipino
and University of the East Hymn
o Bayan Ko patriotic kundiman song; penned in Spanish by the Revolutionary general, Jos Alejandrino; translated into Tagalog
three decades later by the poet Jos Corazn de Jess
o Salidumay indigenous folk song; Igorot and Kalinga natives of the Cordillera Mountains; traditionally not sung in Tagalog, but
in the popular modern interpretation by Filipina singer Grace Nono, the lyrics are translated into Tagalog; response song of young
women to the kalkalimusta songs of men during the weaving season; sweet melodies and gratitude; indicators of acceptance or
rejection during courtship age
o Matud Nila (They Say) Visayan/Cebuano folk song popularized by Pilita Corales during the 1960s; composed by Ben Zubiri in
1941 during World War II
o Paruparung Bukid (Mountain Butterfly) from a Spanish song Mariposa Bella composed during 1890s; compares a certain
woman to a mountain butterfly; Sampaguita Pictures released Paruparung Bukid as a soundtrack for the movie with the same
name in 1938
o Ugoy ng Duyan - lullaby song which was co-written by National Artist for Music Lucio San Pedro and National Artist for Music
Levi Celerio between 1946-1947
o Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut) one of the oldest and most classic Philippine folk song today which was composed by National Artist
for Music Felipe Padilla de Leon
o Ang Pasko ay Sumapit Christmas song which was written by Josefino Pepe Cenizal and lettered by National Artist for Music
Levi Celerio; melody was actually composed for Pugad ng Agila, a 1938 war movie
o Pasko Na Naman Christmas song which was composed by National Artist for Music Felipe De Leon and written by National
Artist for Music Levi Celerio
o Noche Buena composed by National Artist for Music Levi Celerio
o Gaano Kita Kamahal Tagalog song composed by National Artist for Music Ernani Cuenco and lyrics by National Artist for
Music Levi Celerio

Hating Gabi (At Midnight) serenade composition by National Artist for Music Antonio Molina using violin and piano
accompaniment; lyrics was done by National Artist for Music Levi Celerio; 1913
o Ikaw at Kahit Konting Pagtingin Tagalog love songs composed by National Artist for Music Levi Celerio; buth sung by Sharon
Cuneta
Trivia about Jovita Fuentes National Artist for Music was an ex-girlfriend of the late president Manuel Acua Roxas; first female
National Artist for Music in 1976 and died in 1978; Fuentes Drive corner Roxas Avenue, Roxas City, Capiz, Western Visayas
Trivia about Andrea Veneracion founder and Musical Director/ Voice Choir Master/ Conductor of the University of the Philippines
Madrigal Singers; founded and organized it in 1963; conferred as National Artist for Music in 1999 by president Joseph Ejercito Estrada
The Classical Music includes:
o Cantata work for choir or chorus; usually with an orchestra
o Concerto long piece of music in several movements; for a solo and an orchestra
o Madrigal piece of music for several singers in which each singer has a separate part and may sing different words
o Minuet originally a dance that became a piece of instrumental music
o Nocturne means night piece; short piano piece with a quiet reflective mood
o Oratorio large work for a big choir or chorus or even two choirs, several solo singers, and an orchestra
o Passion oratorio based on the biblical stories of the suffering, death, and resurrection of Christ
o Serenade piece of music intended for evening performance
o Sonata piece that is displayed rather than sung, but mainly a long work for one or two instruments with several movements
o Symphony long work for orchestra, sometimes including a chorus and solo singers in several movements
Modern Genres of Music
o Popular Music or Pop Music music produced and sold to a broad audience; includes jazz, music from motion pictures and
musical comedies, country and western music, soul music, and rock music; closely linked to social identity of its performers and
audiences; Elvis Presley (1950s)
o Honky-Tonk Music African-American music originally played in honky tonks (noisy bars) in the rural southern United States;
known for its raucous (harsh-sounding) quality and tinny sound; George Jones (1950s)
o Rhythm & Blues (R&B) variety of different, but related types of popular music produced and supported primarily by black
Americans beginning in the early 1940s; embraces such genres as jump blues, club blues, block rock & roll doo wop, funk,
disco and rap
o Reggae contemporary Caribbean music originating in Jamaica; one of the most influential styles of world popular music; term
reggae is also applied today to reggaes Jamaican antecedent styles, including mento, ska, and rock steady; Bob Marley
o Rap or Rap Music genre of R&B that consists of rhythmic vocals declaimed over musical accompaniment; accompaniment
consists of electric drum beats combined with samples (digitally isolated sound bites) from other musical recordings; term rap is
often used interchangeably with hip-hop, the latter term encompasses the sub-culture that rap music is simply one part of it
o

Alternative Rock popularized in the late 1980s by the group R.E.M.; combines heavy-metal guitars, folk and punk influences,
and cryptic, introspective lyrics; alternative style spawned a number of sub-styles, such as the grunge of Seattle based groups
Nirvana, Sound Garden and Pearl Jam
The Orchestral Instruments
o Woodwind Instruments once made by wood and are played by blowing them; examples are: Flute, Clarinet, Bassoon and
Oboe
o The Brass Family developed from hunting horns, post horns, and bugles; brass is an alloy, a mixture of two metals (copper and
zinc); examples are Trombone, Trumpet, French horn and Tuba
o The Percussion Family anything that shakes, rattles, and rolls; 2 types of percussion instrument, pitched and non-pitched;
examples are Cymbals, Tambourine, Drums, and Gong
o The String Family plucked or played using a bow; using a bow in different ways can produce different timbers; examples are
Violin, Harp, Bass, and Piano
A view of Philippine Music in Context music, society, culture and tradition changes are intertwined; music has the natural predisposition
to transform society, at the same time preserve tradition; can also lead to extinction of tradition; principal parameter of music is social
transformation
o

THEATER

associated with drama and geared to the audience; includes drama activities, which may lead to the formal presentation of a scripted play
involving acting, directing, designing, managing, and other technical aspects
Basic Concepts
o Theater is a living art that features living actors performing before a live audience
o Theater is a collaborative effort
Basic Styles
o Presentational style unabashedly theatrical; actors are presented as actors performing a role; formal type of presentation where
you can see detailed props and costumes; memorized scripts; Oedipus Rex
o Representational style informal type of play where costumes and props are not the focus and of importance; scripts can be read
on stage; play written by Henrick Ibsen
o Eclectic style incorporates many aspects of the two aforementioned styles plus influences from naturalism, expressionism,
symbolism, surrealism, and all other isms that emerged from the late 19th century and early 20th century
Functions of Theater
o Effect change in the audience theater is a lesson that teaches the audience
o Platform for propaganda

o Entertain
o Profit and pleasure Horaces
o Challenges the mind and touches the heart
Historical Survey of Theater
o Antonio Mabesa its roots in rituals and myths over 2000 years ago
o The Major Genres of Traditional Asian Theaters
Sanskrit Play and Kathakali of India
Beijing Opera of China
Hieratic Noh, Drama Bunraku or Doll Theater, and the popular Kabuki of Japan
Wayang Kulit or Shadow Puppet of Indonesia

Theater Critic someone who observes theater and then analyzes and gives comments; knowledgeable and highly sensitive audience
member
Critics versus Reviewers
o Reviewer usually works for a newspaper, or a magazine or a television station and reports on what has occurred at a theater
event; add opinion on whether or not the event was done well and is worth seeing
o Critic goes into a greater detail in describing and analyzing theater events, and has the time and space to do so; should have a
thorough grounding in the history of theater, in the elements that make up theater, and in the nature of acting and production
What is Criticism?
o To find fault
o To understand and appraise
Descriptive versus Prescriptive Criticism
o Descriptive criticism attempt to describe as clearly and accurately as possible what is happening in a performance
o Prescriptive criticism critic not only describes what has been done but offers advice and sometimes even insists on what should
be done
Elements
o Performers
o Audience
o Director
o Theater space/set
o Design elements
o Scene design
o Costume design

o Sounds and lights

o Playwright/text/script
Classification of a Director
o Traditional Director adheres as close as possible to the playwrights original intention; experience created by the playwright is
recreated
o Virtuoso Director uses the script only as a means to project his own ideas and intention, not of the playwrights; does not
develop the authors idea, but his own