~ ) Pergamon

Ocean Engng, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 663-682, 1994

Copyright 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd

Printed in Great Britain. All fights reserved
0029-8018/94 $7.00 + .00

FROUDE-KRYLOV
FORCE COEFFICIENTS
FOR
OF RECTANGULAR
SECTION IN THE VICINITY
FREE-SURFACE
AND SEA-BED

BODIES
OF THE

A. N. WILLIAMS
D e p a r t m e n t of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of
H o u s t o n , H o u s t o n , T X 77204-4791, U . S . A .
A b s t r a c t - - A two-dimensional linear diffraction solution for submerged bodies of rectangular
section is utilized to calculate the F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients for the case when the
body is located close to the free-surface or sea-bed. Numerical results are presented for the
F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients for a range of wave and structural parameters. It is found
that the force coefficients in these situations m a y be significantly different than those for the
same body located away from these boundaries.

INTRODUCTION

A NUMBER of simplified wave-structure interaction analyses are routinely used in

engineering practice. These approximate techniques are invaluable in obtaining timely
engineering estimates of the hydrodynamic loading on a variety of ocean structures.
One such method is the Froude-Krylov approach in which the undisturbed wave field
is utilized to compute the pressure distribution on the structure, from which the net
hydrodynamic loads may be calculated (Sarpkaya and Isaacson, 1981). This technique
may be used to efficiently estimate the hydrodynamic loads for a wide range of wave
and structural parameters. However, the method neglects all wave scattering effects,
and so is accurate only when the dominant part of the hydrodynamic forcing is due to
the incident wave field. In order to extend the region of applicability of this approximate
approach the effect of wave scattering may be accounted for through the use of scalar
wave loading coefficients, which may be frequency dependent, to premultiply the
Froude-Krylov load expression. In this way the magnitude (but not the phase) of the
load estimate predicted by a linear diffraction analysis may be reproduced. For essentially two-dimensional geometries such as long cylinders of circular or rectangular
section whose axes are perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, the limiting
values of the force coefficients are well known and may be found, for example, in
Chakrabarti (1987). However, published values of the Froude-Krylov force coefficients
for these bodies apply only when the flow field around the cylinder is unaffected by
the presence of the free-surface or sea-bed. For example, for a long cylinder of circular
section, it is well known that both the horizontal and vertical hydrodynamic force
components change significantly as the distance between the structure and the sea-bed
is decreased [see, for example, Subbiah et al. (1993)]. For cylinders of rectangular
section the same behavior may be expected, although at the time of writing the author
could find no comparable results for Froude-Krylov force coefficients for this geometry
in the vicinity of a boundary in the open literature. The rectangular geometry could
663

664

A.N.

WILLIAMS

represent, for example, a section of the base of a jack-up platform leg during raising/
lowering operations. In addition, the presence of the free-surface will also influence
the values of the Froude-Krylov force coefficients for the rectangular geometry. In
this case the structure could represent a section of the pontoon of a tension-leg platform
(TLP) during wet-tow to the installation site offshore, since in this situation the TLP
pontoons are much closer to the free-surface than in the installed, moored state.
In the present paper a linearized diffraction solution is developed for the waveinduced hydrodynamic loads on a long, submerged cylinder of rectangular section
located an arbitrary distance from the sea-bed. The problem is idealized as twodimensional and the flow above or beneath the structure as it approaches the freesurface or sea-bed, respectively, is assumed to be still governed by linear potential
theory. The interaction of linear waves with a long cylindrical structure of rectangular
section has been investigated by several authors. Variational solutions for a semiimmersed body at the free-surface and a submerged body resting on the sea-bed have
been presented by Mei and Black (1969) and Black et al. (1971). An eigenfunction
expansion approach similar to that adopted herein has been utilized by Mullarkey et
al. (1992) to study the hydrodynamic forces on TLP pontoons. An integral equation
formulation applicable to cylinders of arbitrary section has been presented by Naftgzer
and Chakrabarti (1979), Bird and Shepherd (1982) and Anderson and Wuzhou (1985).
Based on the diffraction analysis, this paper presents numerical results for
Froude-Krylov force coefficients as a function of body geometry, water depth, wave
period and distance from the free-surface or sea-bed. As expected, it is found that the
frequency dependent Froude-Krylov force coefficients for a rectangular section in the
vicinity of the free-surface or sea-bed may be significantly different from the corresponding coefficients for the same structure located away from these boundaries. The modified
coefficients presented herein should be used by engineers and designers applying the
Froude-Krylov theory whenever the structure under consideration is in close proximity
to either the free-surface or sea-bed.
DIFFRACTION MODEL
The geometry of the problem is shown in Fig. 1. A rectangular cross-section of width
2a, draft b and submergence h is located in water of uniform depth d. Cartesian
coordinates (x,z) are employed with the z-axis directed vertically upwards from an
origin at the still water level, above the geometric center of the structure. The structure
is subjected to a train of regular, small amplitude waves of height H and angular
frequency ~0 propagating in the positive x-direction.
Assuming that the fluid is inviscid and incompressible, the irrotational fluid motion
may be described in terms of a velocity potential ~(x,z; t) = R e [ ~ ( x , z ) e-i~'], where
Re[ ] denotes the real part of a complex expression. It follows that this potential must
satisfy the Laplace equation
V2O = 0

(1)

everywhere in the region of flow, and is subject to the following boundary conditions:
OO
gTz

oz~= 0

onz = 0

(2)

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

665

lx
k
J

I
I

I 2a
I
I
[ , f f J J f J J J f J J J J f f J J J J J J J J J J J J J J f J J J J J J J J J J J J J i f f f J J J J J f f f J J J J J J

r
-,1,j

FIG. 1. Definition sketch.

Oz

onz

-d.

(3)

The structural boundary condition, to be applied on the body surface, So, expresses
continuity of normal velocity on that surface, that is
V@n = 0

on So

(4)

where n is the unit normal vector to So.

Finally, a radiation condition must be specified at large distances from the structure.
This condition ensures that the scattered waves generated by the wave-structure interaction propagate away from the structure. This condition may be written as
lim ( ~ - T - i k o } ( * - * , , ) = O

(5)

x---a" - - oo I

in which ~z is the complex amplitude of the incident wave potential, defined by

~* -

gHi cosh ko( z + d)

2to
cosh kod
exp(ikox)

(6)

and ko is the incident wave number which is related to the angular frequency through
the dispersion relation to2 = gko tanh kod.
Since the structure is symmetric about x = 0, it is convenient to decompose the
scattered potential into symmetric (even function of x) and antisymmetric (odd function
of x) parts. Therefore, the solution for the scattered velocity potential may be obtained
by considering only the left half-plane, x --< 0, with a zero vertical axis through the
centroid of the section. This reduced fluid domain is now divided into three regions:
region 1 above the structure (-a -< x -< 0, -h -< z -< 0), region 2 beneath the structure
(-a <- x <- O, -d <- z <- -b-h), and region 3 which is semi-infinite (x -< -a, -d -< z 0). The potential in the exterior region (3) is decomposed into incident and scattered

666

A.N.

WILLIAMS

components, while the potentials in regions 1 and 2 are taken to consist of scattered
terms only, that is
p = 1,2

@p = ~Sp

(7)

(ID3 = (ID1 -I- (IDs3.

(8 )

The solutions in the three fluid regions are linked by the following matching conditions, representing continuity of pressure and radial velocity across the imaginary
interfaces between them, namely
(I) 1

(I) 3

Od~ -

and

Ox

~2 = ~3

and

0(I)3

o n x = - a , - h-< z - 0

Ox

Oqb2- 0~3
Ox
Ox

o n x = - a , - d<- z <- - b - h .

(9)
(10)

The symmetric and antisymmetric scattered potentials ~Sp.a), p = 1, 2, 3, are required

to satisfy Equations (1) and (2) and/or (3) as appropriate, and the following structural
boundary conditions
O,~(s~
)
"~"S l
Oz - 0
o n - a - - < x ~ O,z = - h
(lla)
O(I)(sS'A )

Oz

-0

O,r,(s~)
"i"S3
_
Ox

O~z
Ox

on-a<--x<-O,z = -b-h

(llb)

onx = -a, -b-h

(llc)

<- z <- - h.

In addition, "'S3m(S'A)must satisfy a radiation condition of the form of Equation (5) as

x ~ - 0o. Suitable forms for these potentials which satisfy the appropriate boundary
conditions discussed above are
o~

re(s) = A(os) cos (pox) M o ( z ) + ~ A (s) cosh (p,,x)

"~sl
n=l
cosh ~ )
Mn(z )

( 12a )

oc

tiN(a)
= A(oA) sin (pox) M o ( z ) + ~'~ A~A) sinh (p,,x) . . . .
"t" S '
n=l
~-a-)
Mn(Z)

(12b)

cosh ( q ~ )
~(s) = B(oS) Po(z) + ~ B~s)
P,,(z)
S2
cosh (q,,a)
n=l

(13a)

d ~ ) = x B(oA) Po(z) + ~ B~A) sinh (q,,x) P~(z)

n=l
sinh (q,,a)

(13b)

t~I(S'A) = C ( S ' A ) e--ikx t o ( Z )

The vertical eigenfunctions M,,(z),

Ln(z)

oo
+ Z C(nS'A) ekn(x+a) L n ( Z ) "
n=l

en(z)

= ~N61/2 cosh k o ( z + d )
INn 1/2 COSk,,(z+d)

(14)

and L,,(z), n = 0, 1, ..., are defined by

n = 0
n >- 1

(15a)

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

M,,(z)

= ~Qo 1/2 coshpo(z+h)

[ Q n 1/2 cosp,,(z+h)

I E~1/2
P,,(z) = [E~1/2 cos q,,(z+b+h)

667

n=0
n >- 1

(15b)

n=0
n >- 1

(15c)

in which

,,:o
~

(16a)
X{d
2

sin~knd}

n> 1

n--0

(16b)

Q. =

2 h

E"=

n>l

(d-b-h)

n=0

sin 2 q , , ( d - b - h )
(d-~-h){ 12q,,(d-b-h)}

n>-a

(16c)

and v = o~2/g. The wavenumber Po satisfies the dispersion relation in region 1, namely
~2 = gPo tanh poh while the kn, pn, n = 1, 2, ..., are the positive real roots of o~2 +
gk,, tan k,,d = 0 and to2 + gp,, tan p,,h = 0. The interior wave numbers q,, are defined
by q, = m r / ( d - b - h ) for n >- 1.
On x = -a, the dimensionless spatial solutions in region 1 may be written as
00

~S)sl = A~os) cos (poa) Mo(z) + ~ a~ s) M , ( z )

(lVa)

n=l
co

d~(A)sl = -- A~oA) sin (poa) Mo(z) - ~ a~ A) M,,(z).

(17b)

n=l

Multiplying both sides of these expressions by Mq(z), q = 0, 1 . . . . , applying the

matching conditions on the imaginary fluid interface, and integrating over the region
[ - h , 0 ] gives
0o

X~qs'a) a~ s'A) + ~ F~qsea) Off "a) = R~qs'a)

q = 0, 1, 2, ... ,

(18)

n~O

where the quantities X~qs-A), F~qs,a) and R~qs-a) are defined in Appendix A. Considering
now the dimensionless spatial solution in region 2 on x = - a :

~ s = B~os) Po(z) + ~ B~s) Pn(z)

(19a)

I"1=1

d ~ ) = - a B(oA) Po(z) - ~ B (A) P,,(z).

n=l

(19b)

668

A.N. WILIJAMS

Multiplying both sides of these expressions by Pq(z), q = 0, 1.... applying the matching
conditions on the imaginary fluid interface, and integrating over the region [ - d , - b - h ]
gives

y(qS,A) B(qS,A) + ~

qS ' A ) C ( n S , A ) =

S~i,A

q = 0, 1, 2 ....

(20)

n=O

where the quantities y(qS~A), n(~r(S'A)

vq
and S (S,A) are again defined in Appendix A.
Finally, consider the dimensionless spatial solution in the exterior region 3 given by
Equation (14). Differentiating this expression with respect to x and setting x -- - a ,
yields
O,~( S.A )
~'s3
_
Ox

iko C(oS'A)

e ikoaL o ( z ) +

(21)

k , C~s,A) L , ( z ) .
n=l

Multiplying both sides of Equation (21) by Lq(z), q = 0, 1, ..., applying the appropriate
matching conditions, and integrating over the region of validity leads to
~x~

Z(qS,a ) C(qS,A) = ~

gt -I4(
S,A ) A
( S,A ) + I(
S,A ) B~S,A ) } + Kq
~qn
"" n
--qn

q = O, 1, 2,

....

n=O

(22)
Again, the quantities ~qZ(S'A), --qn["[(S'A),--qn](S'A) and Kq are defined in Appendix A.
Truncating the infinite series in Equations (18), (20) and (22) at q = M and applying
each equation for n = 0, 1. . . . . M leads to a set of three ( M + I ) ( M + I ) linear
algebraic equations each for the symmetric and antisymmetric potential coefficients.
These equations may be solved by standard matrix techniques.
Once the potentials have been determined, the hydrodynamic forces may be obtained
by integrating the fluid pressure over the body surface

F=-P fs ~tndS.

(23)

FROUDE-KRYLOV FORCE COEFFICIENTS

Application of the Froude-Krylov approach to calculate the horizontal and vertical
wave-induced forces (Chakrabarti, 1987) yields the following expressions for the complex force amplitudes, where Fx,z(t) = Re[U~x,ze-i"],
2pgHi cosh koc
cosh kod sinh (kob/2) sin koa

(24a)

2pgH sinh
( kob/2 ) sin koa
ko coshk:d sinh

(24b)

~x = - CH ~-o
~z=-Cv

where CH and C v are the (real) frequency-dependent horizontal and vertical

Froude-Krylov force coefficients, respectively, and c = d - h - b/2 is the vertical
distance of the center of the rectangular section from the sea-bed.
Figure 2 presents the horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients for a
rectangular section with d/b = 10, a/b = 0.5 and (d - c ) / d = 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

2.8

669
I

2.6
2.4
~

2.2

'

2
Q

1.8
-4

1.6
1.4
I

1.2
0

0.2

0.4
Dimensionless

0.6

0.8

Frequency

2.8
2.6

,|/f/ '

~"

'

'

1.8
1.6
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless

Frequency

FIG. 2. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 10, a/b = 0.5 and (d - c)/d = 0.1(----), 0.15(---), 0.2( ..... ), 0.25(. . . . . ) and

0.5 (

).

0.5. In this case the structural cross-section is actually a square. It is n o t e d that the
quantity (d-c) is the vertical distance of the center of the rectangular section f r o m the
still-water level, and so the results shown in Fig. 2 c o r r e s p o n d to a structure in the
vicinity of the free-surface. T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g results for the same structure, d / b =
10, a/b --- 0.5, in the vicinity of the sea-bed, ( d - c ) / d = 0.5, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85 and 0.9,

670

A.N.

WILLIAMS

c)/d

are shown in Fig. 3. In each case the force coefficients for a structure located at middepth, that is, ( d = 0.5, are also shown for comparison. It can be seen from
Fig. 2 that the behavior of the F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficient for a structure in the
vicinity of the free-surface is a strong function of the incident wave frequency. At low
frequencies the force coefficients (both horizontal and vertical) are largest for the
2.6

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

;J
2.4

-i

r.~
1.8

Dimensionless
2.6

FrQquency
I

/
o
@

2.4

..--'-

.-."

-~

**

~-

~."

" "o ~ -

It

e~"/

. -.---~

......

.o

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless

Frequency

FIG. 3. Variation of horizontal and vertical F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 10, a/b = 0.5 and (d - c)/d = 0.5(
), 0.75( ..... ), 0 . 8 ( - - - ) , 0.85( . . . . . ) and
0.9 ( - - - - - ) .

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

671

structures with the smallest submergences, while at high frequency the opposite is true.
The behavior of the force coefficients for a structure in the vicinity of the sea-bed is
more regular with incident wave frequency (Fig. 3). Both force coefficients are seen
to increase as the distance between the structure and the sea-bed is reduced. The
horizontal force coefficient is seen to decrease with increasing wave frequency, while
the vertical coefficient is found to increase as the incident wave frequency increases.
It is also observed from Figs 2 and 3 that in the long wave limit (as koa approaches
zero) the horizontal force coefficients for symmetric submergences tend to the same
value, while the vertical coefficients do not, even though the boundary condition on
the free-surface at very low frequencies is essentially identical to that on the sea-bed.
This may be explained in terms of the limiting forms of the horizontal and vertical
water particle accelerations in the incident wave system. The horizontal accelerations,
being proportional to the hyperbolic cosine, are essentially constant with depth and so
the influence of the flee-surface and sea-bed boundaries on the horizontal water particle
accelerations are felt equally by each structure. Therefore, provided the distance of
one structure beneath the free-surface is equal to the distance of the second, identical
structure above the sea-bed, both of these structures will experience the same horizontal
force in the long wave limit. However, the vertical water particle accelerations are
proportional to the hyperbolic sine function and, in the long wave limit, these behave
linearly in the vertical varying from a maximum at the still-water level to zero on the
sea-bed. Therefore, in this case, if two identical structures are located at equal distances
from the flee-surface and sea-bed, respectively, and subjected to long waves, the
boundary effects will not be symmetric and so will give rise to unequal vertical forces
on the two bodies.
The effect on the F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients of increasing the horizontal
dimension of the rectangular sections so that a/b = 1 are presented in Figs 4 and 5.
Comparing Figs 2 and 4 it can be seen that although the two sets of curves for the
force coefficients (both horizontal and vertical) follow the same general trend, some
quantitative differences do exist--even in the long wave limit. It can be seen that the
horizontal force coefficients for a/b = 1 (Fig. 4) are smaller than those for a/b = 0.5
(Fig. 2), while the vertical force coefficients for the wider structure, a/b = 1, are
significantly larger than those for the narrower structure. The corresponding comparison
for structures in the vicinity of the sea-bed may be made by looking at Figs 3 and 5.
Again the two sets of curves are of the same general form, and, again, for the wider
structure (Fig. 5) the horizontal force coefficients are smaller and the vertical force
coefficients are larger than those for the narrower body shown in Fig. 3. Also, it is
noted that the force coefficients for the wider structure in the vicinity of the sea-bed
exhibit less variation with wave frequency than those for the narrower structure. The
effect of further increasing the width of the rectangular section, to a/b = 2, is shown
in Figs 6 and 7, for structures in the vicinity of the flee-surface and sea-bed, respectively.
The results for a structure in the vicinity of the flee-surface, presented in Fig. 6,
indicate that the horizontal force coefficients are further decreased from the values
seen for the narrower structures (Figs 2 and 4), while the vertical force coefficients
have increased significantly. The results for this structure located in the vicinity of the
sea-bed (Fig. 7) also show this decrease in the horizontal force coefficient and increase

672

A.N.

2.2

;9

WILLIAMS
I

.J
C

1.8

,
.
--::."
-= ....~.
....

;9

1.6

1.4
"4

tL

1.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

Dimensionless
5.6

5.2
;9

4.8

"~

4.4

o
;9

~o

f\

0.8

Frequency
I

\
S

3.6

3.2
"1
.q

2.s

gh

-:

2.4

0.2

0.4

0.6

Dimensionless

,<,_- t
i

0.8

~1

Frequency

Fro. 4. V a r i a t i o n of h o r i z o n t a l a n d vertical F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients with d i m e n s i o n l e s s f r e q u e n c y

koa for d/b = 10, a/b = 1 and (d - c)/d = 0 . 1 ( - - - - ) ,
0.15(---),
0.2( ..... ), 0.25( . . . . .
) and

05 (

in the vertical coefficient when compared to the same force coefficients for the narrower
structures. The values of the force coefficients for this geometry appear less sensitive
to incident frequency than those obtained for the narrower structures.
Figures 8 and 9 present the horizontal and vertical F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients
for a rectangular section with d / b = 5, a / b = 1 and ( d - c ) / d = 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

673

,.r
e~

1.8

" ~

" ""

~.~--.". . . . . .

" ""

~.

" ......
....

~p

" ""

.'-.---.

--.

1.6

"" " - ""'

.,,.n

F.I.,

1.4 ~
0

0.2

0.4
0.6
0.8
Dimensionless Frequency
I

3.8
3.6
"m ~"

3.4
-a

3.2
3

0.2

0.4
0.6
0.8
Dimensionless Frequency

Fie. 5. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 10, a/b = 1 and (d - c)/d = 0.5(
), 0.75(..... ), 0.8(---), 0.85(. . . . . ) and 0.9 (-----).

0.5 and ( d - c ) / d = 0.5, 0.75, 0.8 and 0.85, respectively. It is n o t e d that for this
relative water d e p t h the two extreme relative s u b m e r g e n c e values considered in the
previous cases, n a m e l y ( d - c ) / d = 0.1 and ( d - c ) / d = 0.9, have b e e n omitted. This
is because for the present p a r a m e t e r combination, these two s u b m e r g e n c e values will
result in either a floating, surface-piercing structure (i.e. h = 0) or a fully s u b m e r g e d
structure resting o n the sea bed (i.e. h = d - b). T h e results presented in Figs 8 and

674

A . N. WILLIAMS

1.8

1.6
o

: -~.- "--:" "".'.;-Z" . . . . . . .

" --

~-::.:,:-..

o
1.4

...

-,\

=..

-t

o
a.

1.2

\
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless Frequency
18

16
,.~

14

._o

12
~
Q

10

\
\

. .7....~ :.-:::" ' ::-:-::.~..X,..,. ,,

r~

~-~'t,..-,~-~2..:

4
1

2
0

0.2

[
0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless Frequency

FIG. 6. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 10, a/b = 2 and (d - c)/d = 0.1(----), 0.15(---), 0.2( ..... ), 0.25(. . . . . ) and
0.5 (
).

9 m a y be c o m p a r e d directly with those in Figs 4 a n d 5 to d e t e r m i n e the effect o n the

force coefficients of a r e d u c t i o n in the water depth. A g a i n , a l t h o u g h b o t h sets of curves
show the s a m e g e n e r a l f o r m , it can be seen that the effect of r e d u c i n g the relative
water d e p t h is to increase b o t h the h o r i z o n t a l a n d vertical force coefficients.

675

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

1.6

'

'

'

L_

~Jm

o~

'

I ~

1.4

" ............

"~,

-]

g
>
O

1.2
.q

[=.

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

DimensionlessFrequency
7.6

>
~J

7.2

._o

6.8

t~

E
g

6.4

>

6
5.6

-i

5.2
4.8
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless

Frequency

FIG. 7. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 10, a/b = 2 and (d - c)/d = 0.5(
), 0.75( ..... ), 0 . 8 ( - - - ) , 0.85( . . . . . ) and
0.9 ( - - - - - ) .

Finally, the influence of the relative width of the structure on the Froude-Krylov
force coefficients for a given submergence beneath the free-surface is shown in Figs
10 and 11 for structures in the vicinity of the free-surface and sea-bed, respectively.
These results are presented for d/b = 10, (d - c)/d = 0.15 and 0.85, for b/a = 0.5,

676

A.N. WILLIAMS
2.8

=
.)

2.4

.a,

~,

...~, " S ~
t#

.=
J

XN.

" " ~ . 2 " -, x

1.6

.:..

1.2
-i

o
gr.

0.8

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.4
0

Dimensionless Frequency
12

.o
F.

10

....-

o
....

#a

c..

....

. ,~

.......

....

"--~::.=.~_
.~

......

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-,--

Dimensionless Frequency

FIG. 8. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 5, a/b = 1 and (d - c)/d = 0 . 1 5 ( - - - - - - ) , 0.2( ..... ), 0.25(. . . . . ) and 0.5 (
).

1, 2, 4 and 8. It should be n o t e d that the F r o u d e - K r y l o v coefficients associated with

the vertical forces in these figures have b e e n modified by dividing by the factor a / b .
In Fig. 10, it is o b s e r v e d that, for lower incident wave frequencies, the horizontal force
coefficient decreases as the aspect ratio of the structure, a / b , increases, while at higher
frequencies the situation is m o r e confused with no clear trend being apparent. T h e
vertical force coefficients are f o u n d to increase significantly as the aspect ratio of the

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

2.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

677

1.8

1.6

1.4

Dimensionless
4.4

0.8

Frequency
I

4.2
4
o~

E
@
m

3.8
3.6
3.4

3.2
3

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless

Frequency

FIG. 9. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 5, a/b = 1 and (d - c)/d = 0.5(
), 0.75( ..... ), 0.8(---) and 0.85 (. . . . . ).

structure, a/b, increases, over the entire frequency range of interest. In Fig. 11, which
presents results for structures in the vicinity of the sea-bed, it can be seen that the
force coefficients are much less sensitive to wave frequency in this case. As the aspect
ratio of the structure, a/b, increases, the horizontal force coefficients are seen to
decrease while the vertical force coefficients are found to increase significantly over
the entire frequency range of interest.

678

A.N. WILLIAMS
2.6
m

2.2

gg

F.

1.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : ~,~ .~e: ~ -

1.4

.o

0.6
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless Frequency

~"

12

f-,
10

e~

.o
.~_
t::

oa.

.,.i

6
4

o
~

--._.......~ , , ~ _ _ _ .
'.,-.~ ~

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless Frequency

FIG. 10. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d/b = 10, (d - c)/d = 0.1 and a/b = 0.5(
), 1(-----), 2( ..... ), 4 ( - - - ) and 8 ( - - - - ) .

CONCLUSIONS
A t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l linear diffraction solution for bodies of r e c t a n g u l a r section has
b e e n utilized to calculate the F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients for the case w h e n the
b o d y is located close to the free-surface or sea-bed. N u m e r i c a l results have b e e n
p r e s e n t e d for the F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients for a r a n g e of wave a n d structural

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

2.4

679

2.2

1.8

1.6

~ w

--

- - o . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4
1.2

" ' * ' - - - - - - - i . .

- "

---

---

5.4

"--=

7__-

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dimensionless
~"

---

. . . . .

Frequency

I. . . . . . . .

r . . . . . . .

4.6
O

4.2

~,

3.8

,~

3.4

_m.

........

~ .........

0.2

0.4
Dimensionless

0.6

'~ . . . . .

0.8

"

Frequency

FIG. 11. Variation of horizontal and vertical Froude-Krylov force coefficients with dimensionless frequency
koa for d / b = 10, ( d - c ) / d = 0.9 and a / b = 0.5(
), 1 ( - - - - - ) , 2( ..... ), 4 ( - - - ) and 8 ( - - - - ) .

parameters. In all cases it has been found that the force coefficients are strong functions
of aspect ratio and, to a lesser extent for a structure located near the sea-bed, wave
frequency. Furthermore, this work has emphasized the fact that the force coefficients
for bodies in the vicinity of either the free-surface or sea-bed may differ significantly
from those for the same body located away from these boundaries. Therefore, the

680

A.N. WILLIAMS

modified F r o u d e - K r y l o v force coefficients p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n should be used w h e n

applying the F r o u d e - K r y l o v a p p r o a c h to calculate the h y d r o d y n a m i c loads o n structures
of r e c t a n g u l a r section located in close proximity to the free-surface or sea-bed.

Acknowledgements--The author would like to thank Dr Nagan Srinivasan of Zentech Inc., Houston, for
suggesting this problem and Mr Shawn Johnson, an undergraduate student at the University of Houston,
for running the diffraction model code to produce the figures for the force coefficients presented in this
paper.
REFERENCES
A~DV.RSEN, P. and WUZHOU,H. 1985. On the calculation of two-dimensional added mass and damping
coefficients by a simple Green's function technique. Ocean Engng 12, 425-451.
BraD, H.W.K. and SHErHERD,R. 1982. Wave interaction with large submerged structures. J. WatWay, Port,
Coastal Ocean Div., ASCE 108, 146-162.
BLACK, J.L., Mm, C.C. and BaAY, M.C.G. 1970. Radiation and scattering of water waves by rigid bodies.
J. Fluid Mech. 46, 151-164.
CnAKRABARXLS.K. 1987. Hydrodynamics of Offshore Structures. Springer, New York.
MEI, C.C. and BLACK,J.L. 1969. Scattering of surface waves by rectangular obstacles in water of finite
depth. J. Fluid Mech. 38, 499-511.
MULLARKEY,T.P., McNnMARA,J.F. and FARRELL,K.J. 1992. Semi-analytical solutions for the hydrodynamics
of submerged pontoons of finite length. In Proceedings of the llth Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering Conference, Calgary, Canada, pp. 135-142.
NAVmZER, R.A. and CHAKRABnR~,S.K. 1979. Scattering of waves by two-dimensional circular obstacles in
finite water depths. J. Ship Res. 23, 32-42.
SnRPKAYA,T. and ISAACSON,M. 1981. Mechanics of Wave Forces on Offshore Structures. Van NostrandReinhold, New York.
SUBBIAH,K., Joxm SnANrOa~,N. and CHroN,, H.-F. 1993. Wave forces on a large horizontal cylinder near
a plane boundary. Ocean Engng 20, 77-95.
APPENDIX A
T h e p r o b l e m following is a list of the matrix coefficients which a p p e a r in the
diffraction p r o b l e m :

F~qS~) = _ e,koa Qq,/Z N o l / 2 q~lq

q -> 0, n = 0

(A1)

l~qSn'A) = -- Q q ' / Z N ~ ' / 2 ~ I

q->0, n>0

(A2)

q >- 0

(A3)

G(s,a) = _ eikoa Eql/2 Nol/2 ~2q

q - 0, n = 0

(A4)

G (qnS , a ) = _ E q l / Z N n l / 2 ~ z n

q-->0, n > 0

(A5)

q >- 0

(A6)

H~q~) = p o c O S p o a N q l / Z Q o a / 2 ~ o l o

q->0, n=0

(A7)

I-I~qs) = Po sin poa N q 1/2 Q o 1/2 ~1o

q -> 0, n = 0

(A8)

H~qa) = p , N q l / 2 Q~1/2 c o t h p , a ~ 1

q -> 0, n > 0

(A9)

l-t(qSn) = - p n N q

q -> O, n > 0

(AIO)

q ->O,n = 0

(All)

R~qS'A) --

S~qS'Z) --

gHi
e-iko a
t9-1/2 ~1
4(o cosh kod '~q
voq

gHi
e-i~o a
F--1/2 q~2
40) cosh kod - q
voq

1/2 Q X l / Z t a n h p . a % ~ .

~qa) = ( d _ b _ h ) - ~ , ~ N ~ , ~ 2 q o

Froude-Krylov force coefficients

681

FqSo)= 0

q-0, n = 0

Itq
A) = q~(d-b-h) -1/2 coth q~a N q ~/2E ~ ~/2%2q~

q >- 0, n > 0 (AI3)

FqS)=-qn(d-b-h)-1/2tanhq~aNq1/2E~1/2%2~

q-0, n > 0

(AI4)

q = 0

(A15)

X~qA) = - 1

q > 0

(A16)

X is) = cospoa

q = 0

(A17)

26qs) = 1

q > 0

(A18)

~m) = _ a

q = 0

(A19)

q > 0

(A20)

q -> 0

(A21)

Z ~ "a) = - i ko eik:

q = 0

(A22)

Zfqset) = kq

q > 0

(A23)

q >- 0

(A24)

-- s i n p o a

X(0A) :

y(qm) =

__

yfqS) = 1

Kq

gHko

e-ik:

2to

cosh kod

N -1/z 5~
q
q

a n d the coefficients ~q,, j = 1, 2, q, n -> 0 a n d ~ q ,

(AI2)

q -> 0 are defined in A p p e n d i x

B.

APPENDIX B
"0

<~1oo =

cosh ko(z+d) coshpo(Z + h) dz

q = 0, n = 0

(B1)

COS kq(z+d) coshpo(z+h) dz

q > 0, n = 0

(B2)

cosh ko(z+d) cospn(z+h) dz

q = 0, n > 0

(B3)

COS kq(z+d) cosp,,(z+h) dz

q > 0, n > 0

(B4)

cosh ko(z+d) dz

q = 0, n = 0

(B5)

cos kq(z+d) dz

q > 0, n = 0

(B6)

cosh ko(z+d) cos q,,(z+b+h) dz

q = 0, n > 0

(B7)

-h
"0

%1o =
-h

"0
<~lon =
-h

"0
-h

"-(b+h)
~2 o =
-d

"-(b+h)
%2o =
-d

"--(b+h)
c~2n =
.d

682

A . N . WILLIAMS

~2

~o =

ff

(b+h)

f -~

COS kq(z+d) c o s

c o s h 2 ko (z+d)

q,,(z+b+h) dz

dz

q>0,

q = 0

(b+h)

~)q =

I -~

(b+h)

cosh

ko (z+d) c o s kq(z+d) dz

q>0.

n>0

(B8)
(B9)
(Sl0)