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State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing
100084, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purication, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou
221116, China
Beijing Association of New Energy and Renewable Energy, Beijing 100029, China
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
S Supporting Information
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ABSTRACT: Emissions of air pollutants from household solid fuel combustion in low-eciency
stoves have serious negative impacts on human health and air quality in China. This study compares
the thermal eciency (TE) and emissions from solid fuel combustion in a newly developed underre heating stove and a typical traditional over-re heating stove. The average TEs for burning all
tested fuel types (semi-coke, anthracite, briquette, bituminous, lignite, and biomass) were 83 and
42% for the new stove and the traditional stove, respectively. The new stove was eective in reducing
CO2 and pollutant emissions per unit energy delivered to a radiator. The average reductions were
50% for CO2, 79% for PM2.5, 95% for EC, 85% for benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic
potency, and 66% for eight selected toxic elements (Pb, Cu, Sb, Cd, As, Ag, Se, and Ni) in PM2.5.
Improvements in stove technology are demonstrated as a practical approach for improving TE and
reducing emissions of hazardous pollutants and CO2.
INTRODUCTION
Coal is the dominant energy source in China and will continue
to be for a long time. Coal combustion makes the largest
contribution to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution1 and
CO2 emissions2 in China. These emissions negatively impact
the global climate and human health.3,4 Considerable eort has
been spent to limit their emissions in China.59 Air pollution
control devices, such as electrostatic precipitators, desulfurization systems, and selective catalytic reduction, have been widely
installed on industrial coal boilers.6,911 There is another way
to think about driving down pollutant and CO2 emissions,11
i.e., improving the eciency of energy utilization. The designed
thermal eciency (TE) of Chinas industrial coal boilers is
currently 7280%, whereas the target set in Chinas 13th FiveYear Plan (20162020) is to exceed 90%. However, the
eciency of household stoves has attracted less interest from
the public and the government even though household solid
fuel combustion has been one of the major emission sources of
CO212 and air pollutants directly associated with negative
impacts on human health.13 More than 4 million people die
prematurely from illnesses that can be attributed to household
air pollution globally, and the contribution of household stoves
to atmospheric PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic
XXXX American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00324
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00324
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00324
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Figure 2. Reductions in the EFs of CO2, PM2.5, EC, BaPeq, and eight toxic elements when solid fuel samples are burned in the new stove in
comparison to the traditional stove.
Figure 3. Typical emission proles of ultraviolet (UV)- and ECchannel-absorbing particulate matter for the lignite coal burned in the
new and traditional stoves. These test samples were added to the
stoves before complete burnout of coals in their last cycles, and thus,
samples in both the new (20 kg) and traditional (10 kg) stove
chambers were ignited as if they were in practical use.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
The implication drawn from this study on household heating
stoves and studies of other gasier cookstoves tested in
China18,19,46 is that improving the energy and combustion
eciencies of household stoves is a practical approach to
alleviating the current pollutant situation and greatly improving
air quality. The superior performance of the new combustion
technology in reducing CO2 and PM emissions will reduce the
household contribution to atmospheric burden and indoor
health risks and save energy. Compared with the current
replacement with clean solid fuels annually in the Beijing
TianjingHebei region, the improvement in household stoves
is advantageous in terms of a lower cost with at least 10 years of
stove life and is more feasible than the deployment of clean
fuels, as the improvement policy can be more readily supervised
by the government. Additionally, the new stove appears to work
well for various solid fuels used in the residential sector of
China.
Considering the simplied assumption that the eciency of
all household stoves can be improved from the current value of
42 to 83% by employing the under-re combustion technology,
the mass of household solid fuel can be reduced by
approximately 49%. This would result in a potential savings
of approximately 50 Mt of coal, 90 Mt of rewood, and 130 Mt
of stalks in China based on estimates of their consumption in
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00324
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Zizhen Ma from Tsinghua University and Lei Yu and
Dongfeng Liu from the China University of Mining and
Technology for their experimental support. Q.L. thanks Prof.
Yujing Mu from RCEES (CAS) for his helpful discussion.
Financial support from the National Key Basic Research and
Development Program of China (2013CB228505) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (41227805,
21422703, and 21521064) is acknowledged.
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00324
Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXXXXX
Letter
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00324
Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXXXXX