Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART 1
SI,
S. J. LA ZAN
A. A. BLATIriPWICK
UNIVEV ITY (h- MINNESOTA
Statement A
Approved for Public Release
NOTICES
*ssueuzoeuuPC0C1
B. J. Lazan
A. A. Blatberwiek
University of Minnesota
September 1953
Materials Laboratory
Contract No. AF 33(038)-20840
RDO No. 614-16
FOREWORD
WADOC TR 52-307 Pt 1
ABSTRACT
Newly developed equipment for axial stress fatigue testing in the
tension-compression range is described.
and 75S-T6 aluminum alloys are presented as S - N curves and stress range
diagrams to illustrate and analyze the effects of:
range from static tension to reversed axial stress, (b) stress magnitude
which causes failure in the range from 103 to 107 cycles, and (c) severity of
circumferential notches having four different theoretical stress concentration
factors in the range between 1.0 and 3.4.
diagrams are presented which indicate how material, life, and specimen
type affect the combinations of alternating and mean stress which cause
failure in a specified number of cycles.
PUBLICATION REVIEW
Che,
Materials Laboratory
Directorate of Research
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Sections
1.
II.
III.
IV.
Introduction . . . .
Prior Work .
. .
Test Program . . .
Test Materials .
..
4.1
V.
VI.
VIII.
.
.
.
.
....
. .
1
1
2
2
. . . .
.
.
.* *
..
.......
Specifications
................
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
7
7
8
. .*. o
.o.
.. .
9
9
10
7.1
10
7.2
11
7.3
8.1
IX.
4.2
Processing ..
..
.
. ..
. .
. ..
..
.
4.3
Chemical Analysis. .o.
. . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
Metallographic Structure. .o.
o .
.o.
.
...
Test Specimens... .
. .
. . . ..
. ..
. .
. . ..
5.1
Design of Specimens . . . . .
. . . . . . .
5.2
Preparation of Specimens . . . o o . . . .
Testing Equipment and Procedures. . . . .o. o
...
..
6. 1
Fatigue-testing Machines
o ..
. ..
.
.
6.2
Grips. . . .
o.. .
o.. . . . .
...
. . . . .
6.3
6.4
VII.
. ..
. .o.
.
..
..
..
.
.
...
8.2
Notch Sensitivity Properties - .
Summary and Conclusions ..
. o . ..
..
Bibliography
. . . . ..
Appendix A.
. .
. .
. ..
..0.
.
..
28
. ..
........................
21
23
24
. ..
12
13
20
21
21
..
29
Table s
I.
H.
IV.
V.
34
VI.
35
36
37
III.
VII.
VIII.
. . . . .
0 . . . .
. . . . .
iv
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
o o
. *
. ..
. .0. . . 0
. . . . . .
.
.
31
32
31
* *
.
..
.
.
33
Page
Figure
1.
. ..
. .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
9.
10.
II.
Step Loading in
...
16.
17.
18.
19.
-.
23b
14
45
45
46
46
47
47
. -.
. .
.
.
48
. .
49
0. . 0
49
. .
50
50
51
23a
.......
22.
43
21.
. .
20.
15.
42
..
14.
40
41
1
13.
40
.
...
12.
39
38
51
24.
25.
Fatigue
- Reduction
"Contour"
Curves
SpecimensStrength
of Aluminum
Alloy 114-T6
Showing
Kjasfora '4=l.6
Function of
of S
and S
S. and S
WADC TR 52-307 Pt 1
............
52
52
Page
Figures
26a
Aluminum
26b
26c
26.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
. ". .
35.
14S-T6 ....
37.
38.
39.
hO.
Ill.
L)2.
143.
Lh.
. .
* . *
=.
.
53
. . ...............................
53
. .
as a
Specimens of Aluminum Alloy lhS-T6 Showing
-.
- .
- .
Function of N and Stress Ratio R
Fatigue Strength - Reduction "Contoizr" Curves for'F =1.6
Specimens of Aluminum Alloy lLjS-T6 Showing Kt as a
)
.. . .
. . .
Function of N and Stress Ratio R..
Notch Sensitivity Index Curves for Yt=1.6, 2.b, and 3,)-i
Specimens of Aluminum Alloy lSS-T6 Showing q as a
.o.
Punction of Sa and Sm of the Unnotched Specimen .
S-N Fatigue Diagrams at Various Stress Ratios for Kt=l.0
....
.
..
Specimens of Aluminum Alloy 2lS-TL . ..
6
S-N Fatigue Diagrams at Various Stress Ratios for Kt=I.
Specimens of AluminumiAlloy 2iS-T4o . . . . . . . . . .
S-N 1ratigue Diag-rams at V:-Jous Stress Ratios for'K+=2.)4
. ..
o ..
Specimens of Aluminum Alloy 2LS-TL . ..
S-N Fatigue Diagrams at Various Stress Ratios for Kt3=3J)4
21tS-T4 ....
53
.0.
o o
........
..
vi
5*4
55
56
56
57
58
....
.... ...
59
e e
59
60
60
61
.
61
. .
62
62
WADC TR 52-307 Pt 1
55L.
57
.........
36.
3)4.
* .
27.
1l1S-T6
63
Page
Figure
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
5758.
59.
=1.3"4 Specimens of
. .
..
65
66
66
67
67
68
68
69
69
. .
* .oo.
.. .
..
61.
..
.0. .
79
70
71
. ..
71
72
. o o.
72
64.
64
Function of Sa and S
63.
64
60.
62.
63
. .
. .9
73
74
WADC TR 52-307 Pt 1
vii
Page
Figure
65.
66.
67.
68.
0 0
75S-T6 ......
For 24S-%T) and 75S-T6"for
Comparison Curves of
Various Numbers of Cycles of Reversed Stress & o
WADC TR 52-307 Pt 1
viii
..
75
76
77
78
.I.
INTRODUCTION
Notch sensitivity
data procured in this work extend the range of stress ratios and fatigue
lives covered in previous studies and provide improved prospective for
structural designers.
II.
PRIOR WORK
Much of the prior work on fatigue properties of notched and unnotched aluminum alloys has been under reversed bending conditions (1)*
(2) (3) (4) (5), in which the alternating to mean stress ratio A** is infinity.
The trend during recent years has been towards increased emphasis on
axial load fatigue tests and consideration of other stress ratios.
Although
there have been several investigations on the unnotched and notched fatigue
strength of aluminum alloys (6) (2) (3) it was not until very recently (7) (8)
(9) that a reasonably wide range of stress ratios and notch effecis were
covered.
*Numbers in parenthesis refer to references in the bibliography.
**See Appendix A for definition of terms and symbols.
WADC TR 52-307, Part I
III.
TEST PROGRAM
(tensile
ginally selected for this work were A = 0 (static tension), 0. 37, 0. 89,
2. 16, and co (reversed stress).
that in many cases small magnitude of alternating stress seriously decreased the allowable mean stress, and therefore in such cases additional
data were procured at stress ratios A of 0.15 and 0.08.
One single filleted unnotched type and three different notched types
of specimens, as described in Section V, were used in this program to provide a range of stress concentration effects of value in service analysis.
IV.
TEST MATERIALS
4. 1 Specifications
The three aluminum alloys used in this program were:
(spec. QQ-A-266),
14S-T6
All bars of each material were fabricated from one ingot, each ingot was made into several blooms, and the identification of the blooms
from which bars were rolled was recorded. Each bar was stamped at the
Alcoa mill and each specimen was given a number to indicate its location
in the original rolled bar.
This pre-
caution was apparently unnecessary since tests to date indicate the material
to be reasonably uniform.
Alcoa's fabrication procedures from bloom to final rod are indicated below for each material.
14S-T6:
Metallographic Structure
The metallographic structure of the three tests materials are shown
in Fig. 1.
reasonably normal, rather large insoluble constituents (see Fig. lh), which
are probably chromium bearing segregation, were found in the 75S-T6.
Since
the fatigue properties of this batch of 75S-T6 were lower than average, the
Materials Laboratory of Wright Air Development Center and the Research
Laboratories of the Aluminum Company of America both examined the material and reported (11) (18) the presence of chromium-bearing constitutents
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
Douglas Aircraft Company (19) indicate that chromium-bearing segregation of the type observed does not necessarily cause low fatigue strength.
V.
TEST SPECIMENS
5. 1 Design of Specimens
The four types of specimens used to obtain a range of stress concentration, illustrated in Fig. 2, are described below.
All specimens
tested have the same diameter (0. 400") at the test section.
Type V Unnotched Specimen has a single fillet which is large enough
to justify the assumption of zero concentration of stress (theoretical stress
concentration factor Kt is one).
men, failures were experienced in the thread instead of in the test section.
This difficulty was almost completely corrected by using a larger than
standard radius at the root of the thread (the "Unified" thread is now used)
and in some cases the thread root was also rolled.
ing groove of 3/16" radius was machined near the inside edge of the thread
in some cases.
Type W Notched Specimen has a 0. 400" diameter test section at the
root of a semicircular circumferential notch of radius 0. 100".
The theo-
specimen is 2.4.
Type X Notched Specimen has a 600 V notch with a 0. 010 inch root
radius.
3.4.
5.2 Preparation of Test Specimens
All fatigue specimens were prepared completely by the John Stulen
Company of Gibsonia, Pennsylvania (except for the polishing of type W and
AB specimens, which
ishing techniques may greatly affect fatigue properties, the procedures used
in specimen preparation are described below in detail.
5.2. 1.
Unnotched Specimens,
Type V.
machined, threaded and lathe turned with a 600 tool bit having a 1/32?t
radius at the nose.
rpm and feed of . 010 per revolution until the diameter was 0. 050" larger
than the final size.
. 005?,
and . 002",
during final cuts, and sulphurized cutting oil was used on these finishing
cuts to produce freer cutting action.
During polishing the specimen was revolved at 600 rpm.
An arm
containing a 150 foot roll of 1/2"? wide cloth abrasive tape was passed
around a rubber disc in contact with the specimen.
cated at 180 cycles per minute in a direction parallel to the axis of the
specimen.
The abrasive tape passed around this rubber disc and over the
was
the tape and the specimen was about 1/2" x 1/4", or 1/8 square inch.
The first polishing operation was done with 180 mesh tape of aluminum oxide abrasive grain.
minute.
The tape was saturated with sperm oil to free the abrasive grain
600 rpm and the tape reciprocating longitudinally across the specimen, a
cross hatching cutting action was produced at the center of the specimen.
This operation was continued until the specimen was within 0. 0005" of final
size.
The second polishing operation was similar to the first except that a
400 mesh aluminum oxide abrasive tape was used for 30 seconds.
This was
The notch
contour was cut in the specimens in two successive operations, rough machining to within 0. 016" in diameter of final size, followed by finish grinding.
Maching was done with sharp tools, cutting oil, and slow feed.
The
final grinding was done with a Carborundum Company wheel No. V80-V2BT, which is 6" diameter and 1/4" wide.
men was revolved at 900 rpm and metal was removed at a rate of . 001" per
67 revolutions.
In decid-
ing whether or not to polish the notches after final grinding, the advantages
of a smoother and perhaps more stress-free surface produced by polishing
must be weighed against the possibility that polishing may distort the notch
form.
affecting notch form accuracy and therefore preliminary tests were conducted on both polished and unpolished types W and AB specimens.
It was
found that the polished specimens displayed somewhat smaller scatter fhan
the unpolished ones and gave fatigue strength 5 to 10% higher. Therefore,
all types W and AB specimens used for this work were polished.
The polishing set-up is shown in Fig. 3.
at approximately 30 rpm.
slightly less than that of the notch was mounted in a chuck at right angles
to the axis of the specimen and rotated by motor spindle M at about 600 rpm.
A polishing compound was used consisting of one part of 600 grit Alumina
in 5 parts of 1OW lubricating oil and 2 parts kerosene.
ted by the polishing rod on the specimen was adjusted by positioning sliding
weight W on arm A so as to produce the desired moment about hinge H which
supports the motor spindle assembly M.
6. 1 Fatigue-testing Machines
Two different types of fatigue-testing machines were used to cover
The axial stress fatigue machine Li
the range of axial stress required.
was used for low and medium alternating force tests, whereas a Sonntag
fatigue machine with an amplifying fixture was used for high alternating
force tests.
Overlapping tests were made so that data from the two ma-
Model Ll.
Machines of this
type, see Fig. 4, were originally developed for dynamic creep and ruptur
tests at elevated temperatures (10).
adjusted to
the desired value with the aid of vernier scale V, is transmitted through
lever A to the lower grip K.
The capa-
city of the Li machine described above, was not adequate for several of the
short-life, high stress ratios fatigue tests.
one amplifying fixture was constructed for use with the standard Sonntag
SF-lU fatigue machine (13) or any other similar machine.
In this device,
The
strict the motion of cage C to a vertical direction only so as to avoid bending stress.
at 1800 rpm as compared to the 3600 rpm of the Li machines, this difference in fatigue stress frequency is not considered significant.
6.2 Grips
The production and maintenance of a uniform stress distribution in
direct stress fatigue specimens constitute a most important task.
Very
Fig. 7
grips, the specimen S, nuts J, plate H, cap K, and screws A are assembled
tightened until the ground outer faces of H and K are perpendicular to the
axis of the specimen.
the machine and the bolts securing cap K to cage B are tightened.
The three
(using a torque wrench) and plate H is securely locked between ring R and
screws D.
Calibration tests briefly described below indicate that this method
of gripping effectively eliminated significant bending stress during both the
specimen gripping operation and the application of the static and alternating
loads.
6. 3 Calibration of Machines and Grips
A thorough calibration study of the average stress and stress distribution in the test specimen was undertaken at the outset of this testing
program.
reference
(14),
Dynamic calibration of the forces applied to the specimen of one machine was accomplished in three independent ways:
of strain using SR-4 strain gages cemented to the specimen, (b) measurement of force on a proving ring inserted in place of the specimen, and (c)
calculation of force produced by the rotating eccentric.
account the inertial forces of the vibrating parts these three methods checked each other within 1-1/2%.
brations were made by the strain gage and theoretical methods only.
Bending stresses were measured with SR-4 gages cemented 1200
apart around the periphery of the specimen.
described in Section 6. 2, the bending stress was generally less than 3%.
6.4
exceeds the yield strength of the material) the creep in the specimen was
duced preload could not be tolerated for even a short period, some of the
early tests were in error.
made to impose full stress conditions as soon as possible after the start
of the test, and the stress-relaxation through creep is not considered
significant.
VII.
Data procured from specimens cut from the center and two ends
of each of the 20 foot bars used are listed in Tables II, III, and IV.
Also
given in these tables are the moduli of elasticity determined from autographic load-deflection curves.
only to establish the general effects of the various types of notches on the
static tensile strength but also to determine the zero stress ratio points
for the stress range fatigue diagrams to be presented later.
of these tests, given in Tables II,
The results
static strengths for the fatigue type specimens than for the ASTM tension
specimens.
10
The Kt values for all of the fatigue specimens are indicated along
the abscissa. Also shown in this figure are the average tensile strengths
for the standard straight-sectioned ASTM test specimen.
Figure 8 shows that the tensile strength increases with increasing
notch severity, reaching a maximum at some intermediate Kt value, beyond
which it decreases.
and the
b.
Figure 8 shows that the strength of the type V specimen is larger in all
cases than the ASTM specimen, and this may be explainable on the basis
that factor (a) above is practically the same for both specimens whereas
factor (b) favors the type V specimen. The peaked strength curve may similarly be explainable on the basis that factor (b) predominates up to a certain
notch severity beyond which factor (a) becomes 'the more critical. Thus, a
reduction in strength is observed for notch severities beyond that of type AB
specimen.
The elongation data for the various types of fatigue specimens are
plotted in the upper part of Fig. 8.
Note that the peak in the strength curves
occur at the stress concentration factor at which the elongation curves reach
a horizontal asymptote. However, a quantitative analysis of the relationship
of the elongation data and related ductility factors to the strength trends
shown in Fig. 8 is beyond the scope of this paper.
7.2
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
11
temperature.
Refer-
ring first to the lower curve of Fig. 9, the load on a specimen having a
Kt = 1 was gradually increased in the steps shown and maintained at each
step for sufficient time to establish creep trends.
However,
at 63, 700 psi, measurable creep was observed as shown in curve a-b of
Fig. 10.
specimen was increased to c-d (67, 000 psi) and again measurable creep
ensued.
cycles to failure were not carried beyond 2 x 107 cycles, which occurs in
less than 100 hours, these static stress-rupture tests were not carried beyond 100 hours.
was not significantly lower than the short duration static strength as shown
by Fig. 9.
Therefore,
stress ratio values are shown as one point for all lives.
The Kt = 3.4 specimen displayed a similar behavior as shown in the
upper part of Fig. 9 and the lower three curves of Fig. 10.
Even though
in all stress range diagrams are determined from the static tests on the
particular specimen type being diagrammed.
7. 3
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
12
ment given in the table, indicates less than one point of Rockwell B decrease
in 14S-T6.
dicated in Table V, are not greatly different before and after stress relief.
The Kt = 1 specimens showed an average increase of 5% in fatigue strength
at the same life (range from -3 to 13%), the Kt = 1.6 specimens showed an
average decrease of 2% (range from -10 to 3), and the Kt = 3.4 specimens
showed an average increase of 3% (range from -5%
to 9%).
The over-all
It
Figs. 11,
12, 13,
and 14.
The
S-N fatigue diagrams shown in these figures are plotted on the basis of the
logarithm of the maximum or crest stress Sc during the cycle versus the
log of the number of cycles to failure.
because of its constant percent spread feature, a 10% spread at any ordinate location being indicated to provide a measure of the scatter in the fatigue data.
Each stress ratio A is plotted as a separate S-N curve in accordance
with the point and line code shown.
lower the stress ratio the smaller the slope of the S-N curve.
13
The zero
stress ratio curve is not shown but as discussed previously, the static
stress-rupture data indicates practically a horizontal line.
Referring to Fig. 11, and others to be discussed later, it may be
observed that the crest stress Sc may slightly exceed the static ultimate
strength, Su, for the same type specimen during a low stress-ratio fatigue
test.
static ultimate strength) and since it occurs at high stress where the life
is quite short, the data cannot be considered conclusive.
Nevertheless,
several tests have produced this same result on various materials and
specimen types.
the static ultimate strength, since strain rate and time at peak load may be
important variables.
Since the scatter in fatigue strength data at long life is generally
larger than at short life, it is generally rather difficult to establish the
existence or non-existence of a horizontal asymptote or fatigue limit.
Al-
stress history does not appear to significantly affect the fatigue strength at
a higher stress level.
pared, it is seen that the higher the stress concentration factor the greater
is the steepness of the short life part of the curves.
This observation is
as expected since the notched specimens display higher static strength, but
lower long term Tatigue strength, than do the unnotched specimens.
7.4.2
Figs. 11,
12, 13, and 14 are replotted on a stress range basis in Figs. 15,
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
14
of the mater-
17, and 18
also include unitless scales in the upper abscissa and right hand ordinate.
The unitless abscissa scale is the ratio of the mean stress on the specimen
to the static ultimate strength of the material and the unitless ordinate is
the ratio of the alternating test stress to the alternating stress which will
cause failure in 107 cycles at a stress ratio of infinity.
Comparing Figs. 16, 17, and 18, it is apparent that the higher the
stress concentration factor in the specimen the flatter are the stress range
curves, particularly for long life.
that although the curves for the unnotched and mildly notched specimens are
generally either concave downward or straight, the severely notched specimens display curves which are concave upward.
relatively small alternating force may greatly reduce the allowable mean
stress. For example, referring to the curve in Fig. 18 for a life of 107
cycles, the addition of an alternating stress of only 8 per cent decreases the
allowable mean stress by 35% from 84, 000 to 54, 000, and an alternating
stress of 15% of the preload reduces the allowable mean stress 68% from
85, 000 psi to 27, 000 psi.
nificance since low magnitudes of alternating force are frequently encountered in service,
In
15
In these
unitless diagrams both the maximum ordinate and maximum abscissa are
arbitrarily made equal to one.
ratio of the alternating stress for a given life (the various lives plotted are
shown by the point and line code) to the alternating stress for the same life
under reversed stress conditions (A = co).
cannot be defined by one equation for all fatigue lives and specimen types.
7.4.3
the foregoing stress range diagrams that the reduction in fatigue strength
caused by a notch is a function of not only dimensions but also stress ratios
and stress level or life.
the basis of a fixed stress ratio (rather than fixed alternating stress and
variable mean stress or fixed mean stress under variable alternating stress)
and the ratios of (S cunnotched to (S cnotched is the same as the corresponding Sa and Sm ratios, thus it is not necessary in an analysis based on fixed
stress ratios to specify which stress (S
or S i)
Kf.
The first of the notch sensitivity diagrams, shown in Fig. 23b, is
constructed by first drawing "profile" curves of the type shown in Fig. 23a.
Each of the profile curves covers a different stress ratio and each point
represents the ratio of the fatigue strength of the unnotched specimen for a
given life (determined from Fig. 11) to the fatigue strength of the notched
specimen for the same life and same stress ratio (determined from Fig. 14).
16
The resultant Kf values are plotted against the alternating stress in the
unnotched specimen.
The "profile" curves shown in Fig. 23a are projected to within the
Sa versus S coordinate system shown in Fig. 23b to establish the Kf contour curves shown. For example, to determine the location of the Kf 2.2
point for the ratio A of 0. 89, a dashed line is drawn vertically along the
2.2 Kf value in Fig. 23a until it intersects the A = 0.89 curve, at which
alternating stress a horizontal projection line is constructed to intersect
the 0. 89 stress ratio line in Fig. 23b.
for A = 0. 89 and other stress ratios may be located and the contour curves
shown in Fig. 23b may be constructed to show the Kf surface.
Because of the inherent scatter in fatigue data and in order to avoid
complicated contour curves which might be difficult to interpret, some
liberties were taken in plotting the Kf surface in Fig. 23b. All the contour
points are located according to the actual S-N curves shown in Figs. 11-14,
but the contour lines do not always pass through these points. However, in
no case does the contour line deviate by more than 10%* from the plotted
contour points, and only in a very few cases is the deviation this large.
The regions of the contour curve shown in Fig. 23 in which the interpolation
or extrapolation are rather uncertain are shown in dashed lines.
Similar Kf data for the other notches, (Kt = 2.4 and 1.6) are diagrammed in Fig. 24 and 25. For conciseness, the "profile" curves are
omitted in this and subsequent figures of this type.
The following observations may be made from Figs. 23, 24 and 25.
If the fatigue reduction factor Kf were reasonably independent of mean stress
and dependent only on alternating stress, then the contour lines would be
horizontal; whereas if Kf were dependent on mean stress and not on alternating stress, these contour lines would be vertical. In general, these contour lines are inclined indicating the dependence of Kf on both alternating
and mean stress. However, in some regions the lines are essentially
*This limit of 10% deviation was established as follows: By inspection,
the S-N point scatter may cause an error in the S-N curve of up to approximately 5%. Thus, since the Kf values are based on the ratio of two curves,
an error up to 10% is possible.
17
horizontal whereas in other regions they are essentially vertical, indicating that either alternating or mean stress, respectively, may be the primary variable, depending on the conditions of test.
Referring again to Fig. 23, the highest Kf factor of 2.4 extends over
a central region which includes stress ratio as low as 0. 25.
This obser-
vation that high Kf may exist at low ratios is intended to point out again how
seriously even a small magnitude of alternating stress might affect parts
with stress concentration.
below the theoretical stress concentration factor of 3.4 for this specimen
type.
For the other two notched specimens, diagrammed in Figs. 24 and
25, the same general trends may be observed.
vere the notch, the more the high Kf plateau extends toward the low stressratio region.
Kf is 1.8, while for the mild notch (Kt = 1.6) the maximum Kf is 1.35.
In order to clarify the role of length of fatigue life, a second type of
notch sensitivity diagram is shown in Fig. 26.
Fig. 26c for the Kf surface are constructed within stress ratio versus life
N coordinates by projecting the sets of profile curves shown in Figs. 26a
and 26b. The experimental points shown in Fig. 26a were determined from
the ratio of the fatigue strengths for the same fatigue life for the unnotohed
and notched specimens diagrammed in Figs. 11 and 14.
in Fig. 26b were determined from the ratios of the fatigue strengths determined from Figs. 11 and 14 for the same stress ratios, each curve in Fig.
26b representing a different life.
in Fig. 26b and c instead of the alternating to mean stress ratio A, because
the range in R values from -1.0 to +1.0 (reversed stress to static stress) is
more easily diagrammed than the corresponding range of A values from zero
to infinity.
ness.
Referring to Fig. 26c it is possible to divide the Kf surface into
characteristic regions E, F and G.
short and stress ratio A is large, the Kf contour lines are essentially vertical.
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
18
This indicates that Kf is essentially independent of stress ratio and primarily dependent on the fatigue life.
gue life is comparatively long and the stress ratio A is small, the contour
lines are essentially horizontal, indicating that stress ratio rather than life
is most critical.
Region F,
in which both the stress ratio and fatigue life are important.
The large slope
in the K surface in region G, as indicated by the
n
density of the Kf contour lines, again indicates that adding relatively little
alternating stress in a notched member may greatly decrease the allowable
preload.
Here again, there is a gradual transition in going from the severely
notched specimen
three regions discussed previously being least apparent in the case of the
mild notch.
K f varies significantly with both stress ratio and life and that the pattern of
variation is dependent on the severity of the notch.
Several attempts have been made in the past (15) (16) to analyse the
over-all fatigue reduction factor Kf in terms of two more basic quantities:
(a) the theoretical stress concentration factor Kt determined from the geometry of the notch, and (b) a material factor.
Kf
.
On the basis of this definition q would normally
Kt- 1
lie between 0 (for a material that is extremely notch insensitive) to 1 (for a
material which is extremely notch sensitive).
It is unlikely that a single material constant of the type q would adequately define the behavior of material at all stress ratios since both the
static and fatigue properties may be involved to a varying degree.
milar reasons q is likely to be dependent upon fatigue life.
For si-
indicates that q does vary considerably with factors other than material.
Nevertheless, in the absence of a better measure of the material factor the
values of q are diagrammed in Fig. 29 within alternating and mean stress
coordinates for the three type specimens Kt = 1.6, 2.4, and 3.4).
19
Although
the general shapes of the q surfaces for these types of specimen are similar in some respects, the specific values for q are generally quite different
even under given stress conditions.
As dis-
cussed under Section VI, the test specimen yeilds and creeps during the
fatigue tests conducted above its yield strength.
This yield,
measured with
a micrometer, occurs almost entirely during the very early stages of the
test.
Total elongation was also determined by measuring the total length
of the specimen before and after the test, the broken specimens of course
being carefully matched at the fracture before measurement.
Total elonga-
tion measured by this method compared favorably with the elongation measured by the micrometer method, although some difference due to elongation
during final separation was sometimes apparent.
The total elongation of the specimens as a function of maximum stress
and stress ratio is shown in Fig. 63.
In general, elongation does not become significant until the maximum stress exceeds the yield strength. Above this
limit elongation decreases with increasing stress ratio, becoming negligible
under reversed stress conditions.
7.4. 5
Materials.
20
of Figs. 42 to 48 display characteristics similar to those of 14S-T6 discussed in the previous section.
mild notch (Kt = 1. 6), 2. 2 for the intermediate notch (Kt = 2.4), and 2. 6
for the sharp notch (Kt = 3.4).
7. 6
of 1, 1. 6, and 3.4 are listed in Table VIII and the corresponding S-N fatigue diagrams are shown in Figs. 49 to 51.
1.2 for the mild notch (Kt = 1.6) and 2.1 for the severe notch (Kt = 3.4).
The stress range diagrams shown in Figs. 52 to 54 (also see Figs.
55 to 57) are similar in many respects to those discussed previously except
that the unnotched specimen is abnormally flat.
COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
8.1
gram on 14S-T6 and 24S-T4 with those of other sources is shown in Figs.
64 and 65, respectively.
tating beam data (stress ratio of infinity) for these materials. * In general,
the agreement is good although the Minnesota stress range data at high
stress ratios is somewhat higher than the comparison data.
tating beam fatigue strengths are somewhat higher, in general, than the reversed axial stress strength, which is in agreement with general expectation.
However, it should be noted from Fig. 65 that the Minnesota rotating beam
data checks almost exactly the Minnesota reversed axial stress data (same
batch of 24S-T4 used for both tests).
A comparison of 75S-T9 data from various sources, as shown in
Fig. 66, reveals rather serious divergence.
The Minnesota data is as much
*The points marked "B" in Fig. 64 designate the rotating beam fatigue
strengths for a British alloy, B5562-1, having a chemical composition and
static strength similar to 14S-T6.
21
as 50% below the comparison data at 105 cycles, and shows even a greater
discrepancy at 107 cycles.
The ARL data, plotted as points "F" in Fig. 66, fall between Minne-
that, though the static strengths are reasonably uniform, there is a wider
variation in fatigue strengths of 75S-T6 than for the other aluminum alloys.
A determination of how widespread this condition has been in the past and
the probability of its occurrence in the future is beyond the scope of this
report.
Fig. 67 shows a comparison of the fatigue strengths of 14S-T6, 24ST4, and 75S-T6.
times, the fatigue strengths for 14S-T6 and 24S-T4 are almost the same.
at 10
The fatigue strength of 75S-T6, however, is much lower, especially
The curves for 75S-T6 are much flatter in the low stress-ratio re-
cycles.
a small vibration stress may have on the allowable mean strength of this
material.
In Fig. 67b, constant-life curves for 14S-T6 and 24S-T4 are diagrammed for specimens with an intermediate notch (Kt = 2.4).
At 104 cycles,
How-
fatigue strengths of the three materials for the sharp notch (Kt = 3.4) specimens.
Here the strength of 24S-T4 is the highest with 14S-T6 and 75S-T6
notched specimens of 75S-T6 were so much lower than those of 14S-T6 and
24S-T4 and yet the strengths of the sharp-notched specimens are practically
the same, it seems reasonable to conclude that the stress concentration
effects of the inhomogeneities in the 75S-T6 contribute to the low fatigue of
this material.
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
22
Kf factor for the sharp type X notch is about 2. 5 and it occurs under reversed stress conditions, as compared to a theoretical Kt factor of 3.4.
The
quite different from the other two materials, but the maximum Kf of 2. 1 is
lower than for the other materials and it occurs at a higher stress or shorter life.
A comparison of the notch sensitivity properties determined in this
work with those of sheet materials (7), (8),
(9)
Values
of Kf for the round specimens of 24S-T4 tested in this program are plotted
in Fig. 68a against Kt for different lifetimes.
sheet material
Comparison of the
However,
Here it is ob-
served that the values of Kf reported herein are much lower than those on
sheet material, indicated by dashed curves. This is in line with previous
discussion. The Ohio State data (5), however, are still lower. A few Kf
points reported by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (4) on DTD683, a British
alloy similar to 75S-T6 are also generally lower than the Minnesota data.
An analysis of the significance of q or other measures of the material factors, and the possibility of separating such factors from the geometry
factors, is beyond the scope of this report.
23
IX.
Stress combinations
were varied to produce fatigue failure in the range from 103 to 108 cycles.
The basic fatigue data are presented in a series of S-N curves and
stress range diagrams.
(or
life), the fatigue strength reduction factor was plotted as a Kf surface within
two coordinate systems:
analysed to determine the validity of the notch sensitivity index q as an indication of the "material factor. "
The fatigue data procured in this program was compared with published data on similar materials.
The following conclusions are based on the fatigue and notch sensitivity data presented in this report.
(a) Static tension tests performed on two types of unnotched specimens and three types of notched specimens indicate an approximately 25% increase in strength up to a theoretical notch severity
of 2. 5, beyond which a significant reduction occurs.
This trend
24
(c)
In general,
example, adding only 15% alternating stress reduces the allowable mean load by an average of approximately 70%.
Thus,
For the
The
same general patterns are evident in the 24S-T4 data except the
band width is somewhat larger.
the data on unnotched specimens is still wider and the long life
noints fall considerably below the straight line relationship.
25
(h)
The maxi-
mum Kf values observed are 2.4, 2.6, and 2.0 for 14S-T6,
24S-T4,
26
(k)
In the sharply notched specimens of 14S-T6 and 24S-T4, a circularly-shaped plateau appears in the Kf surface in the region
of high stress ratio A and long life.
lives
For
Plots were made of the notch sensitivity index "q" for the three
types of notch specimens within a mean stress versus alternating
stress coordinate system to determine if q is independent of notch
geometry.
Part I
27
(p)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
J. W. Spretnak, M. G. Fontana, and H. E. 3rooks, "Notched and Unnotched Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Two Engineering Alloys",
Trans. ASM, v. 43, 1951.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
28
Ann Arbor,
13.
14.
University of Minnesota, "Annual Report on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Temperature Resistant Materials, Members, and Joints",
Air Force Contract No. AF-33(038)-18903, March 1, 1952.
15.
16.
C. S. Yen, T. J. Dolan, "A Critical Review of the Criteria for NotchSensitivity in Fatigue of Metals", Bul. No. 398, University of Illinois
Engineering Experiment Station, March, 1952.
17.
18.
19.
APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS
The terms and symbols used in this report are defined below.
In
general, they are the same notation as used in the ASTM Manual on Fatigue
Testing (17) with a few minor deviations and some extensions.
S
--
--
St
S
S
--
29
Trough Stress Ratio - the ratio of the trough stress to the crest
stress = St/Sc.
N
SCn
cn
Crest Fatigue Strength - the highest crest stress that may be endured
for a specified number of alternating stress cycles at a given stress
ratio without failure.
S an
-Alternating
Smn
Mean Fatigue Strength - the highest mean stress that may be imposed
at a given stress ratio for a specified number of alternating stress
cycles without failure.
"Kt
Theoretical Stress Concentration Factor - the ratio of the true maximum stress based on the geometry of a notch to the nominal stress.
"Kf
Notch Sensitivity Index - a measure of the degree of agreement between Kf and K for a particular specimen or member of given size
and material = Kf - 1/Kt - 1.
30
TABLE I.
Ti-%
.00
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.05
.05
.05
1.42
1.46
1.49
.07
.07
.07
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
2.35
2.40
2.32
*5.60
*5.52
*5.51
.26
.26
.26
.05
.05
.05
Fe-%
Si-%
Mn-%
Mg-%
4.20
4.19
4.22
.50
.51
.50
.83
.81
.83
.76
.78
.78
.40
.40
.41
Rod #2
Rod #7
Rod #13
4.25
4.20
4.17
.30
.30
.30
.13
.14
.13
.63
.63
63
Rod #1
Rod#6
Rod #11
*1.59
*1.55
*1.63
*.32
*.32
*34
.15
.15
.15
.03
.03
.03
Alloy
Sample
Cu-%
14S-T6
Rod #1
Rod #6
Rod #11
24S-T4
75S-T6
TABLE II.
Specimen
No. and
Type
Hardness
RA
Zn-%
Tensile
Strength
(ksi)
. 2% Offset
Yield Str.
(ksi)
Elong.
H
H
H
I
I
1*
15*
29*
1*
15*
51.5
50.0
51.5
51.5
51.5
10.6
10.
10.5
10.7
10.6
71.7
71.9
71.1
71.9
63.7
64.4
62.4
63.5
14
14
14
14
14
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
16/2"
%/2"
I
J
J
J
K
29*
1*
15*
29*
1*
51.0
52.5
52.0
51.5
51.0
10.5
10.4
10.6
10.5
10.6
72.2
71.4
71.6
72.4
71.3
63.6
63.1
63.6
63.7
63.4
13
13
13
13
13
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"%/2"
%/2"
K 15*
K 29*
L
1*
L 15*
L 29*
51.5
52.0
51.0
51.5
51.0
10.3
10.7
10.5
10.5
10.6
71.7
71.8
71.2
71.6
71.9
63.7
63.4
63.4
63.4
62.9
13
14
12
12
14
%/2"
0/2"
%/2"
c/2"
%/2"
M
M
M
N
N
N
51.0
52.0
50.0
51.5
51.0
51.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
11.0
10.8
10.5
71.8
71.8
71.6
70.6
71.7
71.6
63.5
63.0
62.4
63.1
63.4
63.4
13 %/2"
14 %/2"
14 %/2"
51.3
10.5
71.6
63.5
13.6 %/2"
N23-V
73.9
68.3
I25-W**
87.2
0. 044"
Q1484AB
Q1459AB
Average for Type AB Specimens
97.4
96.6
97.0
0. 024"
0. 020"
0. 022"
M3-x
NI0-X
Average for Type X Specimens
84.2
84.8
84.5
0. 016"
0. 021"
0. 018"
1*
15*
29*
1*
15*
29*
Avg.*
12 16/2"
12 76/2"
0. 056"
"**Previous stress
31
TABLE III.
Specimen
No. and
Type
Hardness
R
A
Tensile
Strength
(ksi)
.2% Offset
Yield Str.
(ksi)
Elong.
A 1*
A 15*
A 29*
B 1*
B 15*
47
48
49.5
47
48.5
10.7
10.3
10.7
10.7
73.6
73. 1
73.7
72.9
72.8
48.5
48.8
49.2
48.6
48.7
22
21
21
22
21
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
B 29*
C 1*
C 15*
C 29*
D 1*
48
48.5
49
49
49
10.7
10.5
10.7
10.6
10.7
73.6
72.4
72.1
73.0
73.6
49.2
49.1
48.5
49.2
48.9
22
21
21
22
22
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
D 5*
D 29*
E 1*
E 15*
E 29*
48.5
49.5
49
48.5
49.5
10.7
10.6
10.7
10.5
10.4
72.3
73.1
72.7
72.2
72.9
48.5
49.2
49.0
48.3
48.5
21
21
21
22
22
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2 "
F
F
F
G
G
G
1*
15*
29*
1*
15*
29*
47.5
49
49
49
48
49
10.8
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
72.3
72.8
72.3
72.5
72.5
73.1
47.7
47.6
48.1
48.5
48.5
49.2
20
22
22
22
22
21
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
16/2"
%/2"
%/2"
Avg.*
48.5
10.6
72.8
48.6
21.4 %/2"
A9-V
G5-V
P475-V
74.6
74.4
73.8
53.6
51.3
0. 162"
74.3
52.5
F3-W
76.3
P1425-AB
P1439-AB
87.0
86.0
0. 028"
0. 024"
86.5
0.026"
B4-X
F13-X
D17-X
AI0-X
G17-X
73.2
72.6
75.2
74.8
75.0
0. 027"
0. 032"
74.2
0. 029"
*Standard ASTM specimen and test, 0. 505" diameter, 2" gage length.
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
32
TABLE IV.
Specimen
Hardness
No. and
Type
O 1*
O 15*
O 29*
P 1*
P 15*
55.5
56.5
56.0
10.5
10.3
10.3
57.0
10.4
55.5
P 29*
Q 1*
Q 15*
Q 29*
R 1*
R
R
S
S
S
T
T
T
U
U
U
Tensile
.22% Offset
Strength
(ksi)
Yield Str.
(ksi)
82.8
82.7
82.3
72.1
71.2
70.5
10.4
82.3
70.3
16 %/2"
57.5
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
10.3
10.3
10.5
10.4
10.3
81.7
82.1
82.3
82.1
82.7
70.3
70.1
70.5
71.6
71.3
16
17
16
17
17
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
15*
29*
1*
15*
29*
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.5
56.0
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.3
10.4
83.0
82.2
82.8
82.9
82.6
71.2
71.0
70.7
71.0
71.8
17
17
17
16
17
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
%/2"
1*
15*
29*
1*
15*
29*
55.5
55.5
56.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
10.4
10.4
10.4
9.7
10.4
10.5
82.2
82.6
81.8
82.3
82.3
81.8
70.5
70.3
70.8
70.8
71.1
70.8
17 %/2"
17 %/2"
16 %/2"
16 %/2"
16.5 %/2"
16.5 %/2"
Avg.*
56.0
10.4
82.3
70.9
16.5 %/2"
Q12-V
T23-V**
85.2
84.9
75.2
75.2
R28-W
T4-W
99.2
98.9
0. 043"
0. 055"
Q24-X
Q21-X
96.5
96.4
0.023"
10
(psi)
Elong.
16 %/2"
17 %/2"
16 %/2"
16 %/2"
*Standard ASTM specimen and test, 0. 505" diameter, 2" gage length.
**Previous stress history of 3. 6 x 10 7 cycles at Sc 20, 300 psi and
A = 0.85.
WADC TR 52-307; Part I
33
Material
and Heat
Treatment
Specimen
No. and
Type
Rockwell B
Before
After
H. T.
H.T.
N16-V
N12-V
83.5
84.0
84.1
SJ16-V
Sn
1.11
2.16
00
Fatigue Test
Sc
N to Fail
(ksi)
Kilocycles
68.0
31.0
36.0
:
81.4
81.3
81.3
SK14-W
84.4
83.5
85.3
Stress
Ratio A
CIO
L8 -W
K25-W
76.2
81.4
78.5
0.37
0.89
2.16
50.0
67.0
40.0
Per Cent**
Change in Sc
for Same N
Due to H. T.
31.6
77.8*
158
Average
+ 13
158
7.75
18.7
10
4
0
+
+
Average
L17-X
H7 -X
81.5
81.9
81.5
81.4
83.4
80.8
Average
82.3
81.6
P495-V
P494-V
77.5
77.3
77.5
74.5
75.1
74.5
SI10-X
SP481-V
n
Sn
Sw
0
Z 44
A14-W
B19-W
A19-W
SU-...
75.6
77.5
75.0
0.89
0.89
OD
0.37
0.89
00
31.0
49.0
21.0
70.0
39.0
39.0
48.0
37.0
39.0
B7 -X
G1O-X
C21-X
76.7
76.4
76.4
73.3
75.5
77.0
0.89
4.04
0o
Average
76.6
75.3
CD
U5 -V
R16-V
92.2
91.2
92.7
91.7
0.37
0.89
32.0
66.0
S16 -V
93.7
93.7
2.16
26.0
rn
>,
M
75.6
76.0
75.9
0.15
0.37
0.89
z
Q3 -V
U17-V
41.0
10.0
16.3
Q1O-V
89.9
90.9
91.0
91.4
92.7
92.6
Average
91.3
92.5
0.37
0.37
2.16
44.0
25.0
13.0
24,300*
13.6
140
+
+
+
3
9
8
Average
13.6
11,700*
153
Average
+
+
+
6
3
8
6
440
766
12.5
0
3
0
Average
8.54
24,700*
274
5
08
Average
447
10.8
3
3
300
+ 13
Average
I-
0
3
5
10.9
100
210
Average
+
+
+
-
0
2
4
OVERALL AVERAGE
+ 2.3
*Test stopped before fracture.
**This percentage represents the change in fatigue strength of the specimen
after heat treatment compared to the average fatigue strength at the same life N before
heat treatment.
WADC TR 52-307, Part I
34
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47
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0.9
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STRENGTHS
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0.3
0.4
0.1
60
70
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TO
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80.
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0.9
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____CYCLES
50
100
FOR Kt~I.O
24S-T4
AFTER
-~
90
KS I
ALUMINUM
OF
0.5
-j----
60
STRESS
3, 4,--
IDENTIFIED
8, R E SP.
3.0
'
40()-
4T
I
2.0
S,
15
I-
.0
CA!,
+1
S
10
20
00.0
30
40
S,- -MEAN
FIG. 35.-
WADC TR 52-307,
Part 1
STRESS
RANGE
SPECIMENS
OF
50
STRESS
60
70
80
-KSI
FATIGUE
DIAGRAM FOR Kt.I.6
ALUMINUM
ALLOY 24S-T4.
58
Lr
0C
90
100
Sm/Su
0.0G
( RATIO
0.1
OF
MEAN
0.4
0.3
0.2
STRESS
TO
STATIC
0.6
0.5
60
ULTIMATE
0.8
0.7
1.0
FATIGUE
CVO
,o
$1
50
STRENGTH)
0.9
STRENGTHS
,104--- 1O8
IDENTIFIED
!b
CYCLES,
BY
3,4,---S8, RESP.
50
zz
I-3
220
+1
"1
10
20
30
40
S,-
FIG. 36.
0.0
60
RANGE
OF
SPECIMENS
-STRESS
SSu
RATIO
0.1
Q.2
OF
0.3
---
-]-s--.--
MEAN
0.4
f.--
50
MEAN
60
STRESS
STRESS
0.5
TO
0.6
80
DIAGRAM
FOR Kt
ALLOY 2 4S - T4
STATIC
0.8
0.7
100
2.4
ULTIMATE
0.9
'.0
STRENGTH
STRENGTHS
.FATIGUE
10 3' 1 0 4---
-AFTER
pBY
10
CYCLES
IDENTIFIED
3,4,---B8, RESP.n
J.5
x50
70
=T
(n
90
-KS
FATIGUE
ALUMINUM
70
S__
40
uc4
__I
Z-\-~
____
Ur
U)
Z_
..
_6_
I'+
OM
m'
c
Suu
4-
zI
_________
20(__
At
(4a.O
15
O'3
10
20
30
40
S-
FIG.37.
WADC TR 52-307,
RANGE
SPECIMENS
OF
-STRESS
Part 1
50
MEAN
STRESS
60
-KS
FATIGUE
ALUMINUM
59
70
80
DIAGRAM
FOR
K t 3.4
ALLOY 24S-T4
90
100
VALUES
1.0.-
.- -
LIFE
.-
__,o__
--
--
__ -----__
__
U)-
OF
- 49
1.0
""0455
S.9
.4N
o_
.3
-~\
~~STRAIGHT
~ .6
LAl
,.o
S<
LINE RELATIONSHIP-.
s o-. ,_
...-....
.7
0
.2.
Su
sm
RATIO
OF
.5
.6
MEAN
ALUMINUM
2
r-
.7
STRESS
.8
TO
ULTIMATE
FOR KtzI.O
USING
1.0
.9
STATIC
STRENGTH
SPECIMENS
DIMENSIONLESS
----
OF 24S-T4
RATIOS
VALUES
En
10
L-I-
-TI
OF
LIFE
nl
10
00
~_
U,
(0
I,-
U)
w
0 U,
m10D
0n-J
-2
.-
6-7-
9-10
-.
--.
9(D
STRAIGHT
e .2
LINE
RELATIONSHIP
NIN__
.2
0
S,/
S,
I RATIO
FIG.39.STRESS
OF MEAN
RANGE
ALUMINUM
WADC TR 52-307.
Part 160
.5
.6
STRESS
CURVES
ALLOY
TO
8
STATIC
FOR K?--1.6
USING
.9
1.0
ULTIMATE
STRENGTH)
SPECIMENS
DIMENSIONLESS
OF
24S-T4
RATIOS
LIFE
OF
VALUES
-
oI-
in _5
._
w-
607
104
. _-
1 0_
_ _ _ _ _
0-
40
iz.
Z njW
cr
i,i
c
\w
I8
--
TR--GHTSTRAIGHT
LINE
RELATIONSHIP
.1
o
0
.1
S,/
.2
Su
.3
.4
OF
IRATIO
.5
MEAN
.6
STRESS
ALUMINUM
.8
.9
USING
ALLOY
SPECIMENS
OF
VALUES
1.0
o --
.0.10,
<
- -
~
.-
'
OF
24S-T4
RATIOS
nl
LIFE
10-
f)"103
-j
STRENGTH)
DIMENSIONLESS
1.
0
-o
1.0
ULTIMATE
TO STATIC
RANGE CURVES
FIG.40. STRESS
.7
.6
IOs
107
RELATIONSHIP
STRAIGHT LINE
ow
"Z
A
.4
.3.
0- -
.2
.4
.5
.2
.1.TF1
E S
A G
ALMIU
C R ES F R
ALO
UIN,
Kt44
S P C ME
IESOLESRTO
10
0
.1
.2
S, / Su
.4
3
RATIO
OF
.6
.7
STRESS
TO
.5
MEAN
WADC TR 52-307,
Part 1
ALLOY
STATIC
FOR Kt=3. 4
USING
61
.9
1.0
ULTIMATE
STRENGTHI
SPECIMENS
DIMENSIONLESS
OF 245-T4
RATIOS
0(
20
10
20
FIG. 42.
KI1
30
40
Sm,MEAN
STRESS
FATIGUE
I6
IN
STRENGTH
SPECIMENS
SHOWING
50
OF
KfAS
OF
THE
.60
70
UNN0TCH~ED
REDUCTION
SPECIMEN
UNNOTCHED
807--
ALLOY
OF
S.
90
100
KSI
"CONTOUR"
ALUMINUM
FUNCTION
CURVES
FOR
24S-T4
AND
S.
SPECIMEN.
.60
U)
w
1.
.0
w'
0
20 f-20
2
of
FI.4.
F TG
EN
SRS
E
S R N T
K1
OF,
24
0
N
ED
CI
THNTESSI
UNNOTCHED
PCMN
N "
OF
SP CIME
ALU INUM
62
UNOCE
O T U "
ALLO
SPECIMEN.
,K
C R E
24S.
,K
60
z
w
840
0-
5,
25
-j-
10
20
FIG, 44.
30
40
Sm,, MEAN
STRESS
FATIGUE
Kf =3.4
Kf
OF
IN
STRENGTH
SPECIMENS
SHOWING
50
AS
THE
UNNOTCHED
70
80
90
ALUMINUM
FUNCTION
UNNOTCHED
100
SPECIMEN, KS I
OF
A
60
FOR
ALLOY 24S-T4
OF
S.
AND
Sm,
SPECIMEN.
1.0
__
__
.8
__
.11
.6.2
__
_.0___
AN0
-i.0
.2
0
Nn *
FIG
w
WACT
UBROCCE
0
T
45. FATIGU
STEGHVRDCIN)CNOR-CRE
, 1.
PCMN
FAUMNMALY2ST
SHWN
UCINO
NADSRS
5-0nPatI6
1.5
ALR
O
AI
m~A
.0
__
83
43
4.
.44
10
00
(A
-4
ul
Xr
'~-6
g.
IC5
40
ol
90
-1.0
FIG 46.
K,
NUMBER
FATIGUE STRENGTH
2.4 SPECIMENS
OF
SHOWING
K,
OF
CYCLES
REDUCTION
ALUMINUM
AS A FUNCTION
106
104
OF
TO
FAILURE
"CONTOUR" CURVES
ALLOY
24S -T4
AND
RATIO
STRESS
FOR
R
1.00
__
6.
o:f
A,0
1 1_
0
__
.2
67___
-s1.5
NUMBER
OF CYCLES TO FAILURE
4.0
06
64
"CONTOUR" CURVES
ALLOY 24S -T4
AND
STRESS
RATIO
FOR
R
OD
-
____
____-
___
I.
4.'q
Z
nIs
%
4Z
10
Y.
00
0
a.
wCl
Ch
__
Cfl
__0
l-
0
L
00
uz
00o
00
zL
IS>4~~~~~~~~~
WADCLL
TR)
IS~1
5237zatI6
NN31
WNIJOd co0LNr
wj
-- _
90
SO-~
70
--
-_
..-T-,-_--____,_
,.,._ __
__
____
__
40
010
z
S30
~(2e .6
1'
P 0 1 NT
216
089
037
--
--- ----f74
lo
0 C8
5
;O
70
o_C-
--.........
.. .......
-... .. ....
_-
90
CYCLES
OF
_ _
---
5
FAILURE
TO
...
(LOG
10
10
FIG.49. S-N
_-
-_
10
NUMBER
SI 0 0
015------
,9
COCE.
LINE
AND
10
SCALE)
KI=I.O
. .....
.......
--
-J-
S40
30O
=i
AND
POINT
LINE
CODE
I ,
2.16_-_ _A A
10
A
A
0 89
0.37
0.15
z
.
20
--
".
(D
.. --... - v.........
5
10
NUMBER
FIG.50. S-N
WADC TR 52-307,
OF
I0
CYCLES
TO
FAILURE
Part 1
_ _0 0_
66
I(LOG
SCALE)
K,= 1.6
10
__
so__
o~ 70
_
_
60
50
404
.9
0.10
0.08
l
ac
D--
--
~---
--- ------
__________
FIG.51 .S-N
Sm/Su
0
CYCLES
OF
NUMBER
TO
FAILURE
(LOG
SCALE)
RAT 1
0.1
0.2
60
OF
0.5
0.4
0.3
.
STRESS
MEAN
TO
0.6
---.
STRENGTHS8
FATIGUE
AFTER I~I~-I
1,
.
1.0
0.9q
0.8
0.7
Ke3.4
STRENGTH
ULTIMATE
STATIC
10
(0 75
106
10 55
10 45
(0 35
IDENTFE
CYCLES
3,4,---8, RESP.
BY
"
cn
w0
zz
u)
40
c
-1
30
3
-r
0ACT
12-07Par
30
0
0
MENSTES0
675
U00D
sm/ Su
0
(RATIO
0.1
60
OF
0.2
MEAN
STRESS
0.3
-t.-
TO0
0.4
STATIC
0.5
-.-
ULTIIMATE
0.6
0.7
STRENGTH)
0.8
0.9
I10
STRE14GTHS
+---FATIGUE
0I D4--- 100
AF TER
CYCLES, IDENTIFIED
8, RES P
3, 4,4 4 8
F'-4I
<f
I~
-SO+Sm SU
Ln
-2
+1
10
2.0
30
40
Sm
FIG 53.
RANGE
-STRESS
SPECIMENS
S/u-
RATIO
0.1
50
OF
0.2
60
OF
60
STRESS
-MEAN
70
FATIGUE
DIAGRAM
FOR
ALUMINUM
ALLOY
75S-7T6
MEAN
STRESS
0.3
0.4
TO
STATIC
0.5
0.7
AFTER
0.9
1.0
STRENGTHS
0
1 0
4---
10 8
CYCLES
IDENTIFIED
3,4,---B, RESP.
-BY
_
STRENGTH
FATIGUE
,.
100
K~t1.6
0.8
Ib
__
90
ULTIMATE
0.6
7__
50
80
KSI
K
__*--.---4
c__
.
Lo
I cr
cn
40
---
30
'
<
133
0
Ir
20
-2
+1- 5
10
FIG.54.
20
-STRESS
30
Part 1
50
S,MEAN STRESS
RANGE
FATIGUE
SPECIMENS
WADC TR 52-307,
40
OF
60
-KS
ALUMINUM
68
TO
I
DIAGRAM
ALLOY
80
FOR
Kto 3.4
75S-T6.
90
100
<
VALUES
LIFE
OF
nl
1.0-04
u.
n:
.8
105
____
LINE
STRAIGHT
RELATIONSHIP____
\n
----
-_-_
toe------0
00
(ng
.7-.6
b-L.
__
-_
__
u..,...4
o)
o
.3.
.2
__
__
.1
I RATIO
S,
Sm,
MEAN STRESS
OF
RANGE
FIG.55.STRESS
.6
.5
.2
1.0
ULTIMATE
OF
75S-T6
OF
RATIOS
DIMENSIONLESS
VALUES
.1.0
STRENGTH
SPECIMENS
KtSLO
USING
1.
LIFE
nl
_0
tu
o<
.9
STATIC
TO
CURVES FOR
ALLOY
ALUMINUM
.8
.7
.9
.8
--
10 4
----
Io
---
--
- .1&'IO5
_IO _0
__"_
.7
ow
Z
.5
0Lu
STRAIGHT
w L.
20
LINE RELATIONhIP
...
0
0
.1
S, / Su
.2
.3
.4
( RATIO OF
MEAN
WADC TR 52-307,
Part I
.6
.5
.7
.8
STRESS TO
CURVES FOR
ALLOY
USING
69
STATIC
K
=1.6
1.0
.9
ULTIMATE
STRENGTH)
SPECIMENS
DIMENSIONLESS
OF
75S-T6
RATIOS
1.0-
OF
-VALUES
- -
nl
LIFE
101
19
uj
'0
-6
LINE' RELATIONSHIP
4-STRAIGHT
'
'z
.5
.4
00
.a
Sm, Su
I RATIO OF
FIG 57.STRESS
MEAN
RANGE
ALUMINUM
STRESS
CURVES
ALLOY
TO STATIC
FOR
USING
K,.3.4
10
ULTIMATE
STRENGTH)I
SPECIMENS
DIMENSIONLESS
OF 75S-T6
RATIOS
60
u501,-..-
U.1
40
40
z
z
*~
12
30
.-
'I
1.0
S,
FIG.58.
MEA
FATIGUE
Kt = .6
OF
SPCME
SPECIMENS
SHOWING
IN~~~ UN-'TCH-
STES
K IAS
THE
OF
A
ALUMINUM
FUNCTION
UNNOTCHED
70
OF
ALLOY
So~ AND
SPECIMEN
CURVES
75S-T6
S
FOR
UJ
,a0
40
z
z
2p
10
30
40
Sm, MEAN
STRESS
20
FIG. 59.
FATIGUE
Kt = 3.4
50
STRENGTH
SPECIMENS
SHOWING
KfAS
OF
THE
OF
A
.60
REDUCTION
UNNOTCHED
90
100
SPECIMEN , KSI
"CONTOUR"
CURVES
FOR
ALLOY 75S-T6
ALUMiNUM
FUNCTION
80
70
IN UNNOTCHED
OF
S,
AND
Sm
SPECIMEN.
Co
___
1++
25
43.81.
67
2'
o
4r
-~ 2_
15___
(n
(A
U
-4__2____(n
9i0
-8
FIG 60.
FATIGUE
STRENGTH
NUMBER
OF
CYCLES
REDUCTION
SPECIMENS OF ALUMINUM
Kt [I6
SHOWING. K, AS A FUNCTION OF N
71
TO
FAILURE
FOR
"CONTOUR" CURVFS
ALLOY 755- T6
AND STRESS RATIO R
1.0
K f -. 88
.1.6
.4
.438
.2
04'
_67
1.0
___._
U) -. 6
4.0
-1.
CID.
60
FOR
R
I -]
-+
e4
LIECODE
W lo
C
K,
~~0
U)
1I.6
~2 4-----
K,
20
S0
20
10
FIG.62.
SPECIMENS
FUNCTION
WADC TR 52-307,
30
SMEAN
STRESS
NOTCH
SENSITIVITY
OF ALUMINUM
OF
Part 1
40
S a AND
50
IN UNNOTCI4ED
INDEX
ALLOY 75S.-T6
SmOF
THE
72
60
70
SPECIMEN , KSI
CURVES
SHOWING
UNNOTCHED
Kt ~1 .6,AND 3.4
FOR
AS
SPECIMEN
80
-"75S-T6
w~
l--
-I-
0"
10
20
30
40
60
$0
70
80
90
100
80
90
100
80
90
100
18
POINT
AND
16
A=2.16
14
A =0.89
A =0.37
--
o
z
LINE CODE
--
/_
12
A =0.15
z
< tO
I
24S-T4
0L
XTr
I-
z
0
1/
m/
D04
S0
_ _
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
"i
"w
14S--T6
10
20
30
MAXIMUM
FIG.63.
ELONGATION
VARIOUS
WADC TR 52-307,
40
50
STRESS
60
73
70
KS I
IN FATIGUE
STRESSES
Part 1
AND
SPECIMENS
STRESS
AT
RATIOS.
ROUND -
AXIAL
LOAD--UNIV.OF MINN.
0.2"
ROUND -
AXIAL
LOAD -ARL
0.3"
ROUND -
ROTATING
0.4"
ROUND-
40
CODE
(3)
BEAM-ARL (3)
BSS6L-I-ROTATING
BEAM (4)
U,o
30
__
"
ATIGUE
LIFE
__
105~ CYCLES
20
to
1_
1_
1_
1_
I,F-1
30
B
FATIGUE
LIFE
I07
CYCLES
10
10
20
Sm
FIG. 64.
40
30
MEAN
STRESS-
COMPARISONS
FATIGUE
STRENGTHS
OF
WADC TR 52-307,
50
Part I
70
80
90
KSI
FROM
OF
ALUMINUM
60
VARIOUS
UNNOTCHED
ALLOY
74
14S-T6.
SOURCES
OF
SPECIMENS
AND
POINT
------
AC
E
LOAD-UNIV. OF
LOAD-ARL (3)
MINN.
BATTELLE (7)
A -
C D E -
50
40
CODE
0.4" ROUND-AXIAL
0.2" ROUND-AXIAL
60
LINE
-ARL
(3)
40
30
FATIGUE
20
,IO
LIFE
CYCLES
10
30
107 CYCLES
oil,
10-
10
30
20
Sm
MEAN
FIG.65. COMPARISONS
50
40
Part I
70
8o
90
STRESS - KSI
FROM
VARIOUS
STRENGTHS OF UNNOTCHED
ALUMINUM ALLOY
WADC TR 52-307,
0o
75
SOURCES
SPECIMENS
OF
OF
FATIGUE
24S-T4
POINT
30
30
UNIV. OF MINN.
O.2"ROUND--AXIAL
LOAD-
AR.L.(3)
O.09"SHEET-AXIAL
LOAD-
BATTELLE (7)
0.4" ROUND-
---
4--
---
AXIAL
A.R L.(3)
0.3" ROUND-ROTATING
BEAM-
0.5" ROUND-REVERSED
FLEXURE-OHIO STATE(5)
0.64" SHEET--REVERSED
FLEXURE-
0. 200" ROUND-
FROM
A R.L. (3)
CA
40
U)
CODE
LINE
LOAD-
- -0
-- C
AND
--
__
'
FATIGUE
LIFE
20
40
30
FATIGUE
20
10
10
30
20
50
40
COMPARISONS
FATIGUE
OF
VADC TR 52-307,
FROM
70
CYGLES
80
90
STRESS-KSI
Sm MEAN
FIG. 66.
60
LIFE
VARIOUS
STRENGTHS
OF
7 5 S-T6
ALUMINUM
Part I
76
SOUPCES
UNNOTCHED
ALLOV
OF
SPECIMENS
40
F I G.67a
3c
90
20
3
Sm
MAN
FIG.67
10 CYTESCLES
STEGH1FAUINM
W~ADCTR
Par 5-307
I
40
STES
0
-.
60
DARMS
SOIN
ALY04-6
1
70
KS:.1
OPAAIE
25TAD
AIU
75T
SI
I4.0
-----.
0
1"-
i I
0----
24S-T3-SHEET-BATTELLE
24S-T4
i
R OUND- REVERSED
-
OHIO
3.C
BENDING
-f--
(9)
STATE (5)
-.
P"
24S-T4-ROUND-MINN......-71
-3.5
i i
0-
,---
----
II
II
I~ _MINN
4,0
THEORETICAL
1.5
STRESS
75S-T -ROUND-REVERSED
4.0
___
DTD 683-ROUND-ROTATING
ROYAL
FIGE680
CONCENTRATION
05
60
FACTOR-Kt
A5
75S-T6-ROUND-AXIAL STRESS-MINN.
O
f
75S-T6-SHEET-AXIAL STRESS-BATTERLLE (9)
6
4.5-
Lo
5-_
_"_,_________"
-_
5.
1f---,,,- '0,"
,_
0)
I.5
-",
"".
BENDING
SENDING
AIRCRAFT (4)
--
-04
1.0
3.5
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
-D
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Ill
REFER
KtzKicr
IS-.
2.0
2.5
THEORETICAL
FIG. 68
WADC TR 52-307,
10 ,
10
CYCLES
RESPECTIVELY
w2.0-7-----
1.5
TO
10" 8 10'
(A
1.0
6.0
NUMBERS 4,5,6,8a 7
-b
2.5-----,-f----
5.5
3.0
STRESS
-.--3.5
FI.68
5---
4.0
CONCENTRATION
4.5
5.0
FACTOR -K
5.5
6.0
Part 1
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