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FIGURE 1
Types of structural slabs
TYPES OF SLABS
In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used to
provide flat, useful surfaces. A reinforced concrete slab is a
broad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top and bottom
surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by
reinforced concrete beams (and is usually cast monolithically
with such beams), by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by
structural steel members, directly by columns, or continuously
by the ground.
Slabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, as shown
in Fig. 1 a, in which case the structural action of the slab is
essentially one-way, the loads being carried by the slab in the
direction perpendicular to the supporting beams.
There may be beams on all four sides, as shown in Fig. 1 b, so
that two-way slab action is obtained. Concrete slabs in some
cases may be carried directly by columns, as shown in Fig. 1 d,
without the use of beams or girders. Such slabs are described
as flat plates and are commonly used where spans are not
large and loads not particularly heavy. Flat slab construction,
shown in Fig. 1 e, is also beamless but incorporates a thickened
slab region in the vicinity of the column and often employs
flared column tops. Both are devices to reduce stresses due to
shear and negative bending around the columns. They are
referred to as drop panels and column capitals, respectively.
Closely related to the flat plate slab is the two-way joist, also
known as a grid or waffle slab, shown in Fig. 1 f . To reduce the
dead load of solid-slab construction, voids ar formed in a
rectilinear pattern through use of metal or fiberglass form
inserts. A two way ribbed construction results. Usually inserts
are omitted near the columns, so a solid slab is formed to resist
moments and shears better in these areas
DESIGN OF ONE-WAY
SLABS
Fig. 2
Table. 2
Minimum thickness h of
non prestressed one-way slabs
in. for slabs up to 6 in. thickness, and to the next higher in. for
thicker slabs.
Shear will seldom control the design of one-way slabs, particularly if
low tensile reinforcement ratios are used. It will be found that the
shear capacity of the concrete Vc will, almost without exception, be
well above the required shear strength Vn at factored loads.
The concrete protection below the reinforcement should follow the
requirements of ACI Code 7.7.1, calling for in. below the bottom of
the steel . In a typical slab, 1 in. below the center of the steel may be
assumed.
The lateral spacing of the bars, except those used only to control
shrinkage and temperature cracks (see Section 13.3), should not
exceed 3 times the thickness h or 18 in., whichever is less, according
to ACI Code 7.6.5. Generally, bar size should be selected so that the
actual spacing is not less than about 1.5 times the slab thickness, to
avoid excessive cost for bar fabrication and handling. Also, to reduce
cost, straight bars are usually used for slab reinforcement, cut off
where permitted are as described for beams .
Since concrete is weak in tension, these temperature and shrinkage
stresses are likely to result in cracking. Cracks of this nature are not
detrimental, provided their size is limited to what are known as
hairline cracks. This can be achieved by placing reinforcement in the
slab to counteract contraction and distribute the cracks uniformly. In
one-way slabs, the reinforcement provided for resisting the bending
moments has the desired effect of reducing shrinkage and
distributing cracks. However, as contraction takes place equally in all
Example.
1. A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports
and consists of two equal spans, each with a clear span of 15 ft.
The service live load is 100 psf,v and 4000 psi concrete is
specified for use with steel with a yield stress equal to 60,000
psi.
Requiremaent
2. Design the slab, following the provisions of the ACI Code.
Solution
3. Thickness of Slab.
h= L/28
Table 3
h= 15x12/28 = 6.43 in
Say 6.5 in
4. Factored Loads
Dead Load = 1.2x( 6.5x150/12) = 97
psf
Live Load = 1.6x 100
= 160
Total
= 257
5.For this case, factored moments at critical sections may be
found using the ACI moment coefficients(see Table 12.1):
Notes
Ok
10. Check spacing of reinforcement etc
Fig. 1
When the slab is supported on all four sides and the length is
less than twice the width. The slab will deflect in two
directions. and the loads on the slab arc transferred to all four
supports. This slab is referred to as a two-way slab. The
bending moments and deflections in such slabs are less than
those in one-way slabs: thus. the same slab can carry more
load when supported on four sides. The load in this case is
carried in two directions, and the bending moment in each
direction is much less than the bending moment in the slab if
the load were carried in one direction only. Typical two-way
slabs is shown in Fig. 1
To visualize its flexural performance, it is convenient to think of
it as consisting of two sets of parallel strips, in each of the two
directions, intersecting each other. Evidently, part of the load is
carried by one set and transmitted to one pair of edge
supports, and the remainder by the other. Figure 1 shows the
two center strips of a rectangular plate with short span la and
long span lb' If the uniform load is q per square foot of slab,
each of the two strips acts approximately as a simple beam,
uniformly loaded by its share of q. Because these imaginary
strips actually are part of the same monolithic slab, their
deflections at the intersection point must be the same.
Equating the center deflections of the short and long strips
gives
where qais the share of the load q carried in the short direction
and qb is the share of the load q carried in the long direction.
Consequently,
One sees that the larger share of the load is carried in the short
direction, the ratio of the two portions of the total load being
inversely proportional to the fourth power of the ratio of the
spans.
Slabs on beams are suitable for spans between 20 and 30 ft and live
loads of 60 to 120 psf . The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs.
producing relatively low deflection. Additional form wor k for the beams
is needed.
One-way slabs on beams are most suitable for spans of 10 to 20 ft and a
live load of 60 to 100 psf. They can be used for larger spans with
relatively higher cost and higher slab deflection . Additional formwork
for the beams is needed.
A one-way joist floor system is most suitable for spans of 20 to 30 ft and
live loads of 80 to 120 psf. Because of the deep ribs. the concrete and
steel quantities are relatively low, but expensive formwork is expected.
The exposed ceiling of the slabs may look attractive.
Coefficient Method
This method has been used extensively since 1963 for slabs
supported at the edges by walls, steel beams, or monolithic
concrete beams having a total depth not less than about 3 times
the slab thickness. While it was not a part of the 1977 or later ACI
Codes, its continued use is permissible under the ACI 318-08 code
provision (13.5.1) that a slab system may be designed by any
procedure satisfying conditions of equilibrium and geometric
compatibility, if it is shown that the design strength at every
section is at least equal to the requires strength, and that
serviceability requirements are met.
The method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for a
variety of conditions. These coefficients are based on elastic
analysis but also account for inelastic redistribution. In
consequence, the design moment in either direction is smaller by
an appropriate amount than the elastic maximum moment in that
direction.
Table 1-4 gives coefficients for different conditions for bending
moments and shear force. These also specify formula to
determine design parameters. The method since falls with in
framework of ACI 318-08; all other specification of code do govern
relevant design parameters.
Span length of members not built integrally with supports shall be
considered as the clear span plus the depth of the member, but
need not exceed distance between centers of supports. ACI 8.9.1
Deflection of two-way slab should not exceed the limits specified
in table 9.5(b)
For slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides,
the minimum thickness, h, shall be as follows:
For fm greater than 0.2 but not
greater than 2.0, h shall not
be less than but not less than 5 in.
.
.
1.
Example
Design the roof slab, beam and column of house given in figure 1.
Concrete compressive strength (fc) = 3 ksi.
Steel yield strength (fy) = 40 ksi.
Load on slab:
4 thick mud.
2 thick brick tile.
Live Load = 40 psf.
Requirement
2. Design of slab for room and veranda.
Solution
Veranda Slab
3
Ratio of spans
lb/la = 24.75/8 = 3.09 > 2 one way slab
4
Assume slab thickness of slab = 5 in
Clear span = 8 + 5/12 = 8.42 ft
ACI 8.9.1
or
c/c of support = 8 + 13/24 + .5 = 9.0625 ft
Take l = 8.42 ft
Min slab thickness = l/20 x (0.4+fy/100000)x12 ACI 9.5.2.1
= 4.04 in 5 in is ok
5
d = 5 0.75 3/16 = 4 in
6
Factored loads
dead load
Slab = 0.15x5/12 = 0.0625 ksf
Mud = 0.12x4/12 = 0.04 ksf
Choka = 0.12x2/12= 0.02
ksf
total =0.1225 ksf
Live load = 0.04 ksf
Wu = 1.2x 0.1225 + 1.6x 0.04
= 0.211 ksf
Mu= (0.211x8.42x8.42/8)x12 = 22.44 in -kip/ft
long
(16 ft) = 0 in k
max positve BM in short Direction (12 ft ) =18.36 in-k
long
Reinforcement Plan
Example
2
The floor system shown in Fig. consists of solid slabs and beams in
two directions supported on 20-in. square columns. Design a typical
interior slab pannel to carry a live load of 100 psf appart from self
weight. Use f`c = 3 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
Solution
Since slab is supported on beams, we determine its thickness. To apply
the equation of ACI we need to find out Ib and Is etc. Effective X-Sec
of T beam is Shown in fig.
The moment of inertia of the slab in the long direction assuming slab
thickness of 7 in
Eq. 9.12
--------
Eq. 9.13
---------
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
pos
As= 0.161 #4 @ 14
In long dir for neg moment
As= 0.166 #4 @ 14
pos
As= 0.088 #4 @ 14
Max spacing = 2xhf = 14 in or temp & shrinkage rft
Temp= 0.0018xbxhf =0.151 sq in #4 @ 15 in c/c
Max spacing of 14 in c/c governs
TABLE. 1
COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE
MOMENTS IN SLABS
*A cross-hatched edge indicates that
the slab continues across or is fixed at
the support; an unmarked edge
indicates a support at which torsional
resistance is negligible ie simple
support
TABLE.2
COEFFICIENTS FOR DEAD
LOAD POSITIVE MOMENTS IN
SLABS
*A cross-hatched edge indicates that
the slab continues across or is fixed at
the support; an unmarked edge
indicates a support at which torsional
resistance is negligible ie simple
support.
*
TABLE.3
COEFFICIENTS FOR LIVE LOAD
POSITIVE MOMENTS IN
SLABS
*A cross-hatched edge indicates that
the slab continues across or is fixed at
the support; an unmarked edge
indicates a support at which torsional
resistance is negligible ie simple
support.
*
TABLE.4
RATIO OF LOAD lV IN A AND B
DIRECTIONS FOR SHEAR IN SLAB
AND LOAD ON SUPPORTS
*A cross-hatched edge indicates that
the slab continues across or is fixed at
the support; an unmarked edge
indicates a support at which torsional
resistance is negligible ie simple
support.