Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Errata
Bill Gran
GRAN Corporation
A Companion to
Bruhn Errata
Bruhn Errata
by
BILL GRAN
President, CEO & Super Genius
GRAN CORPORATION
Second Edition
GRAN CORPORATION
2008
Bruhn Errata
Copyright, 2011, by GRAN Corporation. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-0-9816076-1-0
ISBN 0-9816076-x-x
Preface
Albert Einstein
Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.
Example isn't another way to teach, it is the only way to teach.
It is a miracle that curiosity survives formal education.
Thomas Huxley
Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.
Bertrand Russell
Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty a beauty cold and austere,
like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trappings of
painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can
show. The true spirit of delight, the exaltation, the sense of being more than Man, which is the touchstone
of the highest excellence, is to be found in mathematics as surely as poetry.
Forward
Legal Department
While every effort has been made to assure that the information contained in the book is accurate and
correct, it is only intended to provide general information for educational use. It is not intended to be a
substitute for the readers own research and judgment and the author assumes no liability for damages or
losses caused by, directly or indirectly, the information contained within.
Dedication
Dedicated to the memory of James R. Gran, Martin Gran, Marie Gran, Meredith Swede Gran, Gordon
Gran, Connie Gran, Grace Gran, Lavonne Gran my friends and classmates Robin Bennett, Gary
Golubski, Ed Lehman, Mike Lewis, Roger Merrick, Julie Reiter, Steve Sanger, Leon Schoenthaler, Sean
Shea, Dave Wetzel inventors and authors John V. Atanasoff, Clifford E. Berry, Elmer F. Bruhn, Hardy
Cross, Louis G. Dunn, Paul Kuhn, David J. Peery, William F. McCombs, Ernest E. Sechler, Fred Seely,
Francis R. Shanley, James Smith, Stephen P. Timoshenko and all of the giants in mathematics, science,
engineering and computer science.
The whole earth is the tomb of heroic men and their story is not given only on stone over their clay but
abides everywhere without visible symbol, woven into the stuff of other mens lives.
Pericles
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Dr. Charles (Ben) Basye, Dr. William F. Riley, Dr. Loren W. Zachary, Dr. Charles R.
Mishke, Dr. Howard N. Shapiro, Sherman Burns, Glen Crawford, Keith Francois, Sverre Gran, Gary
Holst, Lou Mavros, Bill Merrick, Rex Sanger, Fred Taylor the many contributors such as Jim
Baldwin, Robert Booth, Chris Boshers, Frank Dylla, Rudy Haitchi, Ned Hanson, Chuck Lilly, Craig
Plunkett, Jeff Schmidt, Clint Smith, Curt Wigant, Joe Zuklic my extended family from Norway to
California all of the fine folks in and around Maquoketa and the state of Iowa. Takk s mye!
Finally, an ever grateful thousand thanks to all veterans
Contents at a Glance
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
xiii
xiv
Table of Contents
1.0
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
PAGE C5.12 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF FLAT SHEET IN COMBINED STRESS SYSTEMS .............................................................. 1.130
PAGE C6.3 BUCKLING STRESS FOR HAT-SECTION STIFFENERS .......................................................................................... 1.130
PAGE C6.4 Z-SECTION STIFFENERS ............................................................................................................................ 1.130
PAGE C7.6 RESTRAINT PRODUCED BY LIPS AND BULBS ................................................................................................... 1.131
Equation C7.8 ................................................................................................................................................. 1.131
Equation C7.9 ................................................................................................................................................. 1.131
Figure C7.12 .................................................................................................................................................... 1.132
PAGE C7.6 RESTRAINT PRODUCED BY LIPS AND BULBS ................................................................................................... 1.133
PAGE C7.10 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTHS ....................................................................................................................... 1.134
PAGE C7.11 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTHS ....................................................................................................................... 1.134
PAGE C7.15 FAILURE BY INTER-RIVET BUCKLING........................................................................................................... 1.135
PAGE C7.26 COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ........................................................................... 1.135
PAGE C7.27 COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ........................................................................... 1.136
PAGE C8.24 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF MONOCOQUE CYLINDERS ...................................................................................... 1.136
PAGE C9.12 ORTHOTROPIC CIRCULAR CYLINDERS ......................................................................................................... 1.136
PAGE C9.14 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 1.136
PAGE C10.7 STIFFENER SIZE TO USE WITH NON-BUCKLING WEB ..................................................................................... 1.137
PAGE C10.8 MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA REQUIRED IN STIFFENING MEMBERS ............................................................ 1.137
PAGE C10.14 BUCKLING EQUATION ........................................................................................................................... 1.137
PAGE C11.11 WAGNER BEAM, CHECK OF WEB TO FLANGE RIVET ATTACHMENT ................................................................ 1.138
PAGE C11.12 LOWER FLANGE BENDING STRESSES ........................................................................................................ 1.138
PAGE C11.12 COMBINED FLANGE AXIAL STRESSES........................................................................................................ 1.138
PAGE C11.13 CRIPPLING STRESS FOR THE UPPER FLANGE .............................................................................................. 1.139
PAGE C11.14 NACA SYMBOLS ................................................................................................................................. 1.139
PAGE C11.15 THICKNESS AND FLANGE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR ............................................................................................ 1.139
PAGE C11.17 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM STRESS IN UPRIGHT OR WEB STIFFENER ............................................................... 1.139
PAGE C11.18 WEB DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................... 1.140
PAGE C11.19 SECONDARY BENDING MOMENT IN FLANGES ............................................................................................ 1.140
PAGE C11.38 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN FUSELAGE SKIN - DIAGONAL TENSION....................................................................... 1.140
PAGE C11.44 LONGERON TYPE FUSELAGE STRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 1.140
PAGE C11.49 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 1.140
PAGE C12.13 HEXAGONAL CELL CORE WRINKLING - BIAXIAL AND SHEAR INTERACTION ....................................................... 1.141
PAGE C12.14 SHEAR CRIMPING ................................................................................................................................ 1.142
PAGE D3.6 SPLICE WITH FILLER.................................................................................................................................. 1.142
PAGE D3.7 FRAMING CUTOUTS IN WEB ...................................................................................................................... 1.142
PAGE D3.9 FRAMING CUTOUTS IN WEB ...................................................................................................................... 1.142
Figure D3.24 ................................................................................................................................................... 1.143
PAGE D3.10 FRAMING CUTOUTS WITH DOUBLERS OR BENTS ......................................................................................... 1.143
2.0
xx
xxi
xxii
MMPDS-01.............................................................................................................................................................. 4.1
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION .................................................................................................................................... 4.1
FAR 25 Transport Category Aircraft.................................................................................................................... 4.1
Subpart C STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................... 4.1
Subpart D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................................................... 4.1
EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY ............................................................................................................................. 4.1
EASA CS-25 Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes ............................................................................ 4.1
Subpart C STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................... 4.1
Subpart D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................................................... 4.1
JOURNAL OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES....................................................................................................................... 4.2
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE - ANSI ......................................................................................................... 4.2
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS - ASME.................................................................................................. 4.2
About .................................................................................................................................................................. 4.2
Search ................................................................................................................................................................. 4.2
BOOKS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4.3
General ............................................................................................................................................................... 4.3
Piping Stress Analysis.......................................................................................................................................... 4.5
ESDU ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4.5
NASA ASTRONAUTICS STRUCTURES MANUAL................................................................................................................... 4.6
Volume I NASA/TMX-73305 ........................................................................................................................... 4.6
Volume II NASA/TMX-73306 ........................................................................................................................... 4.6
Volume III
NASA/TMX-73307 ....................................................................................................................... 4.6
STRESS ANALYSIS MANUAL AFFDL-TR-69-42 ................................................................................................................. 4.6
NACA REPORTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 4.7
Beams ................................................................................................................................................................. 4.7
Shells ................................................................................................................................................................... 4.7
Shear Lag ............................................................................................................................................................ 4.7
Webs Diagonal Tension ................................................................................................................................... 4.8
Skin-Stringer Panels ............................................................................................................................................ 4.8
Curved Panels ..................................................................................................................................................... 4.9
Plates ................................................................................................................................................................ 4.10
Shells ................................................................................................................................................................. 4.10
Cylinders ........................................................................................................................................................... 4.11
Spanwise Lift Distribution ................................................................................................................................. 4.11
Buckling ............................................................................................................................................................ 4.12
Box Beams ........................................................................................................................................................ 4.13
Doublers............................................................................................................................................................ 4.14
Lightening Holes ............................................................................................................................................... 4.14
Technical Memorandums ................................................................................................................................. 4.14
LUG ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................................................... 4.16
xxiii
xxiv
xxv
xxvi
Introduction
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures by Elmer Franklin Bruhn may as well have been written
in Latin when I purchased my first copy more than twenty-five years ago. It is arguably the most
comprehensive book on aircraft stress analysis ever written.
While many of the methods in Bruhn have been overshadowed by Finite Element Analysis, they provide
valuable insight into the fundamentals of aircraft design and an appreciation for the men and women that
designed aircraft before John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry invented the electronic digital computer
at Iowa State University. You won't find many aircraft stress analysts using the Moment Distribution
(Hardy Cross) Method, Slope Deflection Method or the Methods of Elastic Weights, Dummy Unit-Loads,
Moment Areas, Virtual Work or Influence Coefficients. While some of the methods are more than fifty
years old, the lessons are timeless.
This book is a compilation of the mistakes, omissions and typographical errors my teammates and I have
discovered in the last two decades. Keep in mind that Bruhn was written before electronic calculators
and spreadsheets were invented. Note the slide rule disclaimer on page A13.13, column 2:
The calculations in this example being done on a slide rule cannot provide exact checks.
The examples in Bruhn are condensed. The book could easily be expanded to fill a five volume set. I
would organize it differently ... but as Marge and Homer Simpson might say, "It's easy to criticize ... and
FUN TOO!"
If you insist on punishing yourself and throwing your life away by pursuing a career in aeronautical or
aerospace engineering ... study Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures by Elmer F. Bruhn and
the first edition of Aircraft Structures by David J. Peery. A lot of subjects are still Greek to me, but in the
last thirty years I have learned this much pseudo-Latin:
ILLEGITIMI NON CARBORUNDUM.
Mange Takk!
xxvii
xxviii
N.A.O.A.
should be
N.A.C.A.
Stringer
Area
Astr
(in2)
Effective
Skin
Area
(in2)
Total
Area
A
(in2)
y
(in)
Ay
(in2)
Ay2
(in3)
x
(in)
Ax
(in2)
Ax2
(in3)
Ixy =
Axy
(in4)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.110
0.110
0.300
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.130
0.240
0.070
0.070
0.130
0.110
0.110
0.110
0.240
0.031
0.031
0.080
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.050
0.100
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.110
0.141
0.141
0.380
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.168
0.290
0.170
0.170
0.280
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.350
4.00
6.05
7.00
7.37
7.55
7.50
7.30
6.90
6.50
-3.30
-4.90
-5.95
-7.40
-8.13
-8.62
-8.87
0.563
0.851
2.660
1.241
1.271
1.263
1.229
1.162
1.885
-0.561
-0.833
-1.666
-2.294
-2.520
-2.672
-3.105
2.252
5.151
18.620
9.147
9.599
9.473
8.974
8.018
12.253
1.851
4.082
9.913
16.976
20.490
23.034
27.537
-33.15
-29.28
-24.85
-21.18
-16.60
-12.60
-8.60
-4.00
-0.35
-33.25
-29.28
-24.85
-18.70
-12.42
-6.10
-0.35
-4.665
-4.120
-9.443
-3.567
-2.795
-2.122
-1.448
-0.674
-0.102
-5.653
-4.978
-6.958
-5.797
-3.850
-1.891
-0.123
154.640
120.642
234.659
75.543
46.404
26.735
12.455
2.694
0.036
187.946
145.744
172.906
108.404
47.819
11.535
0.043
-18.659
-24.928
-66.101
-26.287
-21.106
-15.914
-10.572
-4.648
-0.660
18.653
24.390
41.400
42.898
31.302
16.300
1.087
3.693
-1.525
187.368
-58.184
1348.205
-12.843
y =
1.525
= 0.413 in
3.693
x =
58.184
= 15.753 in
3.693
I x = A y 2 A y = 187.368 in 4 3.693 in 2
( 0.413 in ) 2
= 186.738 in 4
I y = A x 2 A x = 1,348.205 in 4 3.693 in 2
( 15.753 in ) 2
I xy = I xy A x y = 12.843 in 4 3.693 in 2
( 15.753 in ) ( 0.413 in )
tan 2 =
2 I xy
Iy Ix
( cos ) 2
= 36.867 in 4
2 36.867 in 4
= 0.301
431.604 in 4 186.738 in 4
I xp = I x
= 431.604 in 4
+ Iy
I xp = 186.738 in 4 ( 0.989
( sin ) 2
sin = -0.146
cos = 0.989
2 I xy sin cos
) 2 + 431.604 in 4 ( 0.146 ) 2
I xp = 181.308 in 4
1.1
Bruhn Errata
v v0
= 2 a s
should be
v 2 v0
a air load
an air load
should be
i =
1
P
M 2 M1
C
C
wL
x
x
+ w x 1 cos
+ 2 sin
L
2
j
j
j
j
should be
1 =
1
P
M 2 M1
C
C
wL
x
x
+ w x 1 cos
+ 2 sin
L
2
j
j
j
j
1.2
= 2 a s
L
C1 = w j 2 tan
2j
C2 = w j 2
w j 2 cos 1
j
C1 =
L
sin
j
C2 = w j 2
( x )= w j2
instead of
( x )= w
tan
x C1
=
j C2
M max = C1 + C 2
Should be
If b >
If b <
j
2
j
2
1
2
M max
W j sin
=
L
sin
j
a
j
M max
W j sin
=
L
sin
j
a
j
at x = L
sin b
j
1.3
at x = a
j
2
Bruhn Errata
tan
x
=
j
D2 D1 cos
D1 sin
L
j
L
j
should be
) ] = 65,162 = 1.2187
53,469
Figure A5.67
Figure A5.68
w = 20 lb / in
4,419
lb
P
M1
3,314
R1
in-lb
946.7 lb
M max =
D1
x
cos
j
100 in
1.4
+ w j2
M2
8,640
R2
in-lb
1,500 lb
4,419
lb
26 ''
12 ''
R3
R4
C
R1
40 ''
B
PB
38 ''
M = C1 sin
tan
x
=
j
M 2 M 1 cos
L
M 1 sin
j
3 ''
12,000 lb
x
x
+ C 2 cos + f (w)
j
j
L
j
If M 1 = 0, x =
1.5
j
2
M max =
M2
L
sin
j
Bruhn Errata
Figure A5.70
19,756
lb
B
PAB
P
M1
0
in-lb
862 lb
19,756
lb
M2
36,000
R2
in-lb
862 lb
R1
41.76 in
40,000
Mmax
x
x
M = C1 sin + C2 cos + f (w)
j
j
20,000
10,000
Mmax
0
0
10
15
20
Position, x (in)
1.6
25
30
35
40
INPUT
OUTPUT
Maximum Bending Moment
Design Load
PB
Young's Modulus
Diameter of Tube
2.50
in
Wall Thickness
0.083
in
Dimension
26
in
Dimension
12
in
Dimension
40
in
Offset of P
in
Moment - Point C
M1
in-lb
12,000
lb
Mctr
2.90E+07 psi
36,022
in-lb
If M1 = 0, x = j / 2
40.85
in
at L / 2
25,913
in-lb
at L / 2, M = P d / 2
18,000
in-lb
7,913
in-lb
0.401
in
DATA
R3y
6,923.1
lb
R4y
18,923.1
lb
PB
12,000
lb
Fy
lb
R3x
6,576.9
lb
R4x
5,676.9
lb
R3x - R4x
900.0
lb
Fx
lb
R3
9,549.1
lb
R4
19,756.3
lb
R1
862.0
lb
MB
in-lb
M1
in-lb
C1
36,022
41.76
in
20.881
M2
36,000
in-lb
C2
26.007
26.007
PAB
19,756
lb
0.4608
L/j
1.606
x/j
0.80289
in
1.7
in
Bruhn Errata
GRAN
INPUT
Pressure Distribution
P1
L1
24
in
L2
in
1.25
in
0.049
in
3.80E+06
psi
40
lb/ft
P2 =
b
w
2
P2
1.39 lb
2.78 lb
At Leading Edge
w =
0.463
lb/in
1.5 ''
4 ''
8 ''
12 ''
3 ''
Dimension, a
a
in
12
in
W ( a+b )
1
= a w+ b w
2
2
2
144 in ft
Dimension, b
b
OUTPUT
4.17 lb/in
Angle of Twist
0.0150
radians
Angle of Twist
0.86
degrees
Running Load
Running Torque
0.463
0.463
lb/in
Maximum Torque
T max
261.8
in-lb
T / in
9.03
in-lb/in
max
2,450
psi
1.8
max =
Open Tube
Outside Diameter
1''
Tr
J
J=
( D4 d 4
32
max =
Wall Thickness
0.035''
J = b t3
J = b t 3 3 for
J = Ix + Iy
b
for = = 0.333
t
T L
GJ
Closed Tube
J=
( D4 d 4
Outside Diameter
1.00
in
Wall Thickness
0.035
in
J=
T
b t3 G
b t3
3
OUTPUT
INPUT
Shear Modulus
b
=
t
b = 2 r
Open Tube
32
b t2
3.80E+06 psi
Constant,
0.333
Constant,
0.333
Closed Tube
0.024735 in4
Open Tube
0.000045 in4
Torsional Stiffness
DATA
Inside Diameter
0.930
in
Moment of Inertia
0.01237
in
Width
3.142
in
Ratio
b/t
89.8
Ratio
550.9
to 1
See also Raymond J. Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, Table 10.1, Case 17 and Case 18.
Thanks to Frank Dylla.
1.9
Bruhn Errata
Member
Length
L
Area
A
Modulus
E
AE
Load,
S
S2 L / A E
OA
AB
AC
OC
40
50
63.25
84.85
4.70
0.875
0.875
4.70
2.90E+07
1.35E+07
1.35E+07
2.90E+07
136.3
11.813
11.813
136.3
-1.5 P
2.5 P
1.581 P
-2.121 P
0.660
26.455
13.385
2.801
43.302
( feet )
( in2 )
( psi )
( lb )
Strain Energy
U =
43.30 P 2 x 10 6
1 S2 L
=
lb ft
2 AE
2
Castiglianos Theorem
P =
43.30 P x 10 6
U
= 2
2
P
= 43.3 x 10 06 P feet
Example
For P = 10,000 lb
Deflection
1.10
(x P2 x 10-6)
P2 x 10-6
1,000 lb
1,000 lb
a
10,500
2,250
2,250
-1,000
-8,750
5,000
2,000
-3,750
-5,250
-5,250
-1.25
-0.75
1.25
u1
2,000 lb
2,000 lb
0
0
-0.75
u2
1.5
2,000
1.0
1.0
1.0
1 lb
1 lb
Check the last two columns in Table A7.3 for slide rule errors.
Member
Length,
L
ab
bc
cd
ef
fg
gh
be
bg
dg
bf
cg
dh
30
30
30
30
30
30
50
50
50
40
40
40
0.456
0.293
0.293
0.511
0.511
0.331
0.967
0.331
0.511
0.293
0.293
0.293
1 =
( in )
( x10-6 )
L/AE
( x10-6 )
Load,
S
Unit
Load,
Unit
Load,
S u1 L
AE
S u2 L
AE
4.785
3.074
3.074
5.366
5.366
3.480
10.150
3.480
5.365
3.074
3.074
3.074
6.270
9.759
9.759
5.591
5.591
8.621
4.926
14.368
9.320
13.012
13.012
13.012
10,500
2,250
2,250
-5,250
-5,250
0
-8,750
5,000
-3,750
2,000
-1,000
2,000
1.50
0
0
-0.75
-0.75
0
-1.25
1.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.405
0
0
2.097
2.097
0
5.131
8.552
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2.796
-2.796
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27.3
-5.6
AE
( lb )
S u1 L
27.3
=
= 0.027 inch 2 =
1,000
A E
1.11
u1
u2
( x103 )
( x103 )
S u2 L
5.6
=
= 0.006 inch
1,000
A E
Bruhn Errata
total =
Vv
dx
AG
etc.
50 lb
10 in
Unit Load
10 in
A
x
Again, I prefer G to Es .
Vv
dx
AG
1.12
Tt
dx
GJ
120.0
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
120
97.2
100
80.3
80
67.5
60
0
10
20
30
Location, x ( in )
1.13
40
50
60
Bruhn Errata
Shear Flow
1.14
Real Loads
Virtual Loads
Data
Member
(Flange)
( in )
( in2 )
AB
BC
CD
EF
FG
GH
DH
CG
BF
20.017
20.017
20.017
20.017
20.017
20.017
15.000
16.667
18.333
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.08
0.08
E = 10.0 E6
G = 3,846,154 psi
P = 1,800 lb
1.15
Bruhn Errata
Member
10
Columns
Columns
Si
Sj
ui
uj
2ui + uj
6
ui + 2 uj
6
L/AE
(2)(6)+(3)(7)
(8) x (9)
3P
2.184 P
1.201 P
-3 P
-2.184 P
-1.201 P
1P
0P
0P
2.184 P
1.201 P
0P
-2.184 P
-1.201 P
0P
0P
0P
0P
2.000
1.092
0
-2.000
-1.092
0
0
1.000
0
1.092
0
0
-1.092
0
0
0
0
0
0.849
0.364
0
-0.849
-0.364
0
0
0.333
0
0.697
0.182
0
-0.697
-0.182
0
0
0.167
0
13.34
13.34
13.34
13.34
13.34
13.34
30.00
20.83
22.92
4.069 P
1.013 P
0P
4.069 P
1.013 P
0P
0P
0P
0P
54.30 P
13.52 P
0P
54.30 P
13.52 P
0P
0P
0P
0P
135.64 P
(Flange)
AB
BC
CD
EF
FG
GH
DH
CG
BF
( x 106 )
Spar Webs
1
Shear Flow
Shear Flow
Panel Area
6
Columns
Member
q avg
q avg
( lb / in )
( x 106 )
(2)(3)(4)(5)
( lb / in )
( in2 )
1/Gt
(Web)
A-B-E-F
B-C-F-G
C-D-G-H
0.0409 P
0.0491 P
0.0600 P
0.0455
0.0545
0
383.33
350.00
-
8.125
8.125
-
5.792 P
7.615 P
0P
Real
Virtual
13.41 P
x 10-6
Deflection at Point G
G =
S u dx
L
=
AE
AE
S u dx
+
AE
qq
dx dy
Gt
S u
S u
S i ui S i u j
+
+ j i + j j
6
6
3
3
qq
A
dx dy qavg q avg
Gt
Gt
1.16
G = 0.268 inch
x 10-6
120.0
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
120
97.2
100
80.3
80
67.5
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Location, x ( in )
300
100
50
200
150
100
50
0
-5
-2.5
200
150
100
50
0
0
2.5
5
( in )
7.5
10
-10
-7.5
-5
-2.5
250
Tensile Stress
150
250
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
250
(psi)
350
300
(psi)
350
300
200
-7.5
350
300
250
-10
350
(psi)
(psi)
200
150
100
50
0
0
2.5
7.5
10
-10
-7.5
-5
-2.5
0
0
2.5
( in )
1.17
5
( in )
7.5
10
-10
-7.5
-5
-2.5
2.5
5
( in )
7.5
10
Bruhn Errata
A2 = 0.217 in
A7 = 0.171 in
A1 = 0.217 in
A6 = 0.109 in
A3 = 0.109 in
A4 =0.171 in
A8 = 0.370 in
A9 = 0.109 in
Graphic
1.18
A5 = 0.370 in
E = 10 E6 psi
Column 2
1 lb
A
1 lb
B
1.131
-1.00
1.25
0.20
0.40
0.849
-0.75
3
-1.00
-1.031
-1.649
3
0
-0.825
1.00
0
7
D
Column 3
Column 4
1.131
9
0.40
0.849
-0.75
3
0
-1.031
-1.649
0
1.25
-0.825
3
0
0.20
1
1.00
0
7
1 lb
1 lb
0
0
0
0
0
-1.000
1.131
-0.825
0.20
[ G im ] =
1.00
0
-1.00
1.25
-1.031
-0.750
0.849
-1.649
0.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.131
-0.825
0.20
1.00
0
0
1.25
-1.031
-0.750
0.849
-1.649
0.40
Transpose
[ G im ]
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
1.25
0
1.25
1.19
0
-1.031
0
-1.031
-1
-0.75
0
-0.75
1.131
0.85
1.131
0.85
-0.82
-1.65
-0.82
-1.65
0.20
0.40
0.20
0.40
Bruhn Errata
Flexibility Coefficients
[ ij ] = 1 / E
92.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
92.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
137.61
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
146.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55.72
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183.49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
165.41
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55.72
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229.36
Multiply
[ ij ] [ G im ]
0
92.17
0
92.17
0
0
0
0
0
-137.61
0
0
0
182.75
0
182.75
0
-57.43
0
-57.43
-183.49
-137.61
0
-137.61
187.13
140.35
187.13
140.35
-45.95
-91.89
-45.95
-91.89
45.87
91.74
45.87
91.74
[ G im ] [ ij ] [ G im ]
= 1/E
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
Deflections
1
2
3
4
= 1/E
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
2,500
2,000
800
450
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
0.227
0.339
0.147
0.312
in
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
2,500
-1,200
1,800
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
2,000
-800
1,470
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
800
-2,100
-1,200
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
450
-1,750
-1,100
442.3
390.5
258.8
390.5
2,500
-1,200
1,800
390.5
928.0
252.9
790.4
2,000
-800
1,470
258.8
252.9
258.8
252.9
800
-2,100
-1,200
390.5
790.4
252.9
790.4
450
-1,750
-1,100
C
E
F
= 1/E
= 1/E
1.20
= 1/E
2,269,486 -2,070,007
630,039
3,390,247 -3,125,245
894,179
1,473,615 -1,498,906
248,846
3,115,017 -3,015,154
691,885
0.227
-0.207
0.339
-0.313
0.063
0.089
0.147
-0.150
0.025
0.312
-0.302
0.069
in
44 = L 3 / 3 E I = 15,552 / E I
15,600 / E I
rounded up
E I / G J = ( 10 * I ) / ( 3.846154 * 2 I ) = 1.30
G J = E I / 1.30
22 =
L AB 1.30 ( 3 in ) 3.90
=
=
GJ
EI
EI
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.900
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
instead of
2.810
1
0
0
0.342
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
-0.940
0.342
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
[ ij ] = 1 / E I
77 =
0
0
0
15,552
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
648
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
0
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
46.800
0
0
0
0
0
0
648
0
15,552
[ G im ]
0
0
1
0
0
1.026
2.819
1
Transpose
[ G im ] T
0
0
1
0.3420
0
0
3
0
0
0
-0.9397
1.0261
0
0.3420
2.8191
0
0
1
Multiply
9
0
0
[ ij ] [ G im ] T = 1 / E I
0
3.896
0
0
0
9
7,263
0
0
329.6
0
0
[ G im ] [ ij ] [ G im ]
= 1/EI
9
0
0
0
3.900
0
1.21
0
0
9
0
-33.829
684.9
0
15.991
131.8
0
-608.921
16,216.9
Bruhn Errata
Flexibility Coefficients
Spar Webs
Stiffeners
BF
CG
HI
18.333
16.667
15.00
in
Ai
0.080
0.080
0.050
in2
in2
Aj
0.080
0.080
0.050
in2
44.48
/ E
ii
76.39
69.44
100
/ E
22.24
22.24
/ E
ij
38.19
34.72
50
/ E
44.48
44.48
/ E
jj
76.39
69.44
100
/ E
AB
BC
CD
20.017
20.017
20.017
in
i i = L / 3AE
Ai
0.150
0.150
0.150
in2
i j = L / 6AE
Aj
0.150
0.150
0.150
ii
44.48
44.48
ij
22.24
jj
44.48
1.22
Matrix Form
[ G im ]
1
0.0667
1.2010
0
0.0540
2.1837
0
0.0446
3
0
0
0
1
0.0600
1.0919
0
0.0496
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.0545
1
Transpose
[ G im ] T =
1
0
0
0.067
0
0
1.201
0
0
0
1
0
0.054
0.060
0
2.1837113
1.092
0
126.91
141.01
0
57.54
28.32
4.45
0
0
1
0.045
0.050
0.055
3
2
1
Multiply
[ ij ] [ G im ] T =
10
0
0
138.94
0
0
31.08
4.86
0
0
6.94
0
1.23
0
0
7.64
116.80
129.77
142.75
36.40
22.65
8.90
Bruhn Errata
[ G im ] [ ij ] [ G im ] T
10 / E
303.5
149.0
42.8
149.0
98.1
29.7
42.8
29.7
24.3
1.24
Deflections
H
G
10 / E
303.5
149.0
42.8
1,800
149.0
98.1
29.7
42.8
29.7
24.3
H
G
546,352
=
10 / E
268,275
0.546
=
76,994
0.268
in
0.077
Deflection at Point G
G = 0.268 in
See Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, pages A7.22, A7.26 and A15.27.
should be
should be
should be
acting at point a
should be
acting at point A
Column 2
1.25
Bruhn Errata
Add
M max =
wL2
8
w L3
2
2 L w L2
Area =
b h =
=
3
3 2 8
24
Deflection at Center of Beam
w L3 L
w L3 3 L 1
5
=
center =
24 16 E I
384
24 2
center
5
=
384
wL4
EI
1.26
wL4
EI
Plan View
Centerline of Airplane
50''
50''
30''
Aileron
Rear Beam
B
Front Beam
30''
25 lb/in
15 lb/in
Aileron
63,594
62,318
61,781
62,539
65,885
63,750
52,426
41,417
30,865
21,023
lb
299,679
225,919
50 in
50 in
Table A7.6
Table A7.6
Strip
No.
ds
(in)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Midpoint Moment
(in)
(midpoint)
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
11,563
20,063
31,063
44,563
60,563
79,063
100,063
123,563
149,563
178,063
1.27
Inertia
(in4)
Elastic
Load *
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
12
16
20
24
28
21,023
30,865
41,417
52,426
63,750
65,885
62,539
61,781
62,318
63,594
* Elastic Load = M ds / I
Bruhn Errata
Aileron
63,594
62,318
61,781
62,539
65,885
52,426
41,417
30,865
21,023
A
299,679
lb
50 in
225,919
50 in
400,000
63,750
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
-100,000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
70
80
90
100
-200,000
-300,000
Position, x (in)
Moment, M (in-lb)
8,000,000
7,129,082
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Position, x (in)
1.28
60
Figure A7.46
1000 lb
a
400''
D
1000 lb
200 lb
500 lb
b
300''
500 lb
c
40''
A
EI Constant
EI Constant
Internal Moment, M
600
(in-lb/1000)
500
400
300
200
100
0
-750
-600
-450
-300
-150
Position, x (in)
150
300
450
600
750
Figure A7.43d
40,000
127,500
127,500
25,920
266.67 ''
40,000
25,920
C
576.47 ''
719.98 ''
193,420 lb
193,420 lb
1.29
Bruhn Errata
(with respect to C)
650 + 646
40 ''
19.98 ''
2
(with respect to tangent at C)
Deflection of A
40,000
266.67 ''
Rectangle
Triangle
x
20
13.33
x bar =
/ 1,000
517,867 / E I
/ 1,000
102,828,533 / E I
M = 650
A
25,840
80
xA
516,800
1,066.7
25,920
517,866.7
xA
A
= 19.98
M = 646
x bar
in
40 in
-40 ''
0 ''
M = 650
Rectangle
Triangle
x
150
100
x bar =
A
60,000
67,500
127,500
xA
9,000,000
6,750,000
15,750,000
xA
A
= 123.53
M = 200
x bar
in
40,000
127,500
25,920
25,920
127,500
40,000
MD
266.67 ''
576.47 ''
719.98 ''
760.02 ''
903.53 ''
1213.33 ''
10,666,667
73,500,000
18,661,867
19,699,733
1.152E+08
48,533,333
1213.33
903.53
760.02
719.98
576.47
266.67
193,420
48,533,333
1.152E+08
19,699,733
18,661,867
73,500,000
10,666,667
OUTPUT
Deflection of A
/ 1,000
517,867
/EI
(with respect to C)
Deflection of D
/ 1,000 102,828,533 / E I
Deflection of Tip
/ 1,000 102,310,667 / E I
1.30
40 ''
193,420
ME
300 in
340 ''
Pa( La
Pa( La
L
should be
Example Problem 37
200 lb
100 lb
P2
P1
MA
MB
b
12 in
a
9 in
c
9 in
1,530
Simply Supporte d
M2
M1
1,200
1,170
800
760.5
Moment, M (in-lb)
994.5
Fix e d
400
459
351
0
0
-400
-410
-800
MA
-819
10
15
20
25
30
-536
-1,071
-1,200
MB
Position, x (in)
Moment, M (in-lb)
1,600
1,530
1,200
1,170
800
400
10
15
Position, x (in)
1.31
20
25
30
Bruhn Errata
Simply Supported
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Area 4
MA
MB
1,170
12
14,040
180
12
2,160
765
9
6,885
0.5
30
15 Ma
0.5
30
15 Mb
M1
M2
Due to P1
630
270
585
9
5,265
Due to P2
540
1,260
x bar
6.00 in
15 in
17.00 in
24.00 in
10.00 in
20.00 in
1,170
1,530
31,590
210,600
36,720
165,240
150 Ma
300 Mb
=0
=0
Fixed
200 lb
100 lb
P1
MA
P2
a
9 in
MB
b
12 in
c
9 in
MA
15 MA
10 in
MB
20 in
15 MB
15 Ma + 15 Mb + 28,350
= 0
= 0
MA
MB
0.1333
-0.0667
-0.0067
0.0067
MA = -819 in-lb
versus
MA = -816 in-lb
MB = -1,071 in-lb
versus
MB = -1,074 in-lb
15
150
-28,350
-819
=
-444,150
-1,071
1.32
15
300
in-lb
in-lb
MA
MB
=
=
-28,350
-444,150
P1
1
P2
2
Load Case 1
P1 = 1,000 lb
P2 = 500 lb
P3 = 800 lb
P4 = 400 lb
7
10
1.5 A
1.5 A
Load Case 2
2A
1.5 A
10
5
10
P4
P1 = 300 lb
P2 = 700 lb
P3 = 400 lb
P4 = 600 lb
P3
Influence Coefficients
[ ij ] = 1 / E
10.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.00
[ G im ]
0
0
0
0
0
-1
1.414
-1
0
1
0
-1
1.414
-1
-1
1.414
-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.414
-1
0
1
0
0
1.414
-1
-1
1.414
-2
0
Transpose
[ G im ]
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
1.414
0
1.414
1.33
0
-1
0
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
1.414
1.414
1.414
1.414
-1
-2
-1
-2
0
0
0
0
Bruhn Errata
Multiply
[ ij ] [ G im ]
0
10
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
-6.667
0
0
0
20
0
20
0
-6.667
0
-6.667
-6.667
-6.667
0
-6.667
20
20
20
20
-5
-10
-5
-10
0
0
0
0
[ G im ] [ ij ] [ G im ] T
39.95
44.95
33.28
44.95
= 1/E
44.95
106.57
38.28
99.90
33.28
38.28
33.28
38.28
44.95
99.90
38.28
99.90
Deflections
{ mk }
39.95 44.95
44.95 106.57
33.28 38.28
44.95 99.90
1
=
E
33.28
33.28
33.28
38.28
44.95
99.90
38.28
99.90
1,000
500
800
400
300
700
400
600
2
1
=
3
10 10 6
4
300
0.011
0.017
700
=
400
0.009
0.017
600
Load Case 1
1 = 0.011 in
2 = 0.017 in
3 = 0.009 in
4 = 0.017 in
2 = 0.016 in
3 = 0.007 in
4 = 0.016 in
Load Case 2
1 = 0.008 in
1.34
0.008
0.016
0.007
0.016
x
y
z
should be
MR
should be
PL
Then
PL
Last equation
2 PL
should be
2PL
PL
should be
PL
1.35
Bruhn Errata
S Loads
A
Table A8.1
1.36
page A8.7
True Loads
( 61,213.2 )
/
=
= 559.0
2
109.50
P AB = S + X u
P BC = S + X u
P CD = S + X u
P BD = S + X u
P CE = S + X u
P CE = S + X u
Degree of Redundancy
n = m - ( 2 p - 3 )
m
6 Members
4 Pinned Joints
n = m - (2 p - 3 ) = 6 - [2(4) - 3 ] = 1
1.37
Bruhn Errata
Spreadsheet
Elmer F. Bruhn
INPUT
F3
E
1,000
lb
u4
u1
u3
F3
3.00E+07 psi
30
in
30
in
Aab
1.00
in2
Abd
1.00
in2
Adc
1.00
in2
Aca
1.00
in2
Acb
2.00
in2
Aad
1.50
in
DATA
Degree of Redundancy
n
page A8.7
30
395.3
Pbd
-604.7
lb
Pdc
395.3
lb
395.3
lb
Pcb
-559.0
lb
Pad
855.2
lb
u3
0.00174
in
u5
n =m-(2p-3)
m
p
=
=
6
4
members
pinned joints
Table A8.1
Length,
Area,
Load,
Unit
Member
L
(in)
A
(in^2)
S
(lb)
Load,
u
SuL/A
u2 L / A
S+Xu
ab
bd
dc
ca
cb
ad
30
30
30
30
42.43
42.43
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
0
-1,000
0
0
0
1,414.2
-0.7071
-0.7071
-0.7071
-0.7071
1
1
0
21,213
0
0
0
40,000
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
21.21
28.28
395.3
-604.7
395.3
395.3
-559.0
855.2
X=
-559.0
61,213
109.50
Member
Length,
L
(in)
Area,
A
(in^2)
Load,
S*
(lb)
Unit
Load,
u**
SuL/A
ab
bd
dc
ca
cb
ad
30
30
30
30
42.43
42.43
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
395.3
-604.7
395.3
395.3
-559.0
855.2
0.3953
-0.6047
0.3953
0.3953
-0.5590
0.8552
4,688
10,970
4,688
4,688
6,630
20,685
52,348
lb
Pca
u6
u7
30
OUTPUT
Pab
u8
lb
EA/L
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.41E+06
1.06E+06
True Load
(lb)
1.38
100 ''
173.21 ''
45.00
0.20
0.20
30.00
h
100 ''
0.40
1,000 lb
Member
Length,
L
Area,
A
Load,
S
(lb)
Unit
Load,
ux
AO
BO
CO
141.42
100
200
0.20
0.20
0.40
0
1,000
0
1.2247
-1.3660
1
(in)
(in^2)
1.39
S ux L / A ux 2 L / A
0
-6.8E+05
0
1,060.7
933.0
500.0
-6.8E+05 2,493.67
True Load
S+Xu
(lb)
335.5
625.8
273.9
Bruhn Errata
page A8.8
Given
P = 1,000 lb
AO = 141.421 inch
A 1 = 0.200 in
BO = 100 inch
A 2 = 0.200 in
= 45
CO = 200 inch
2
= 60
A 3 = 0.400 in
S Loads
Fx = 0
- AO sin + CO sin = 0
- AO ( 0.7071 ) + 1 ( 0.8660 ) = 0
Fy = 0
AO = 1.22474
AO cos + BO + CO cos = 0
1.22474 ( 0.7071 ) + BO + 1 ( 0.500 ) = 0
BO = -1.36603
Member Forces
( inch )
Area
A
( in )
Load
S
( lb )
Unit
Load
u
S ux L / A
141.421
100
200
0.200
0.200
0.400
0
1,000
0
1.22474
-1.36603
1
0
-683,012.70
0
1,060.66
933.01
500
-683,012.70
2,493.67
Member
Length
L
AO
BO
CO
ux
L/A
( 683,012.70 )
/
=
= 273.9
2
2,493.67
R 1 = S + X u = 0 + 273.9 ( 1.2247 )
= 335.5 lb
1.40
= 625.8 lb
True Load
S+Xu
( lb )
335.5
625.8
273.9
Displacements
Vertical Displacements
/
( 683,012.70 )
=
= 0.0683
10.006
Horizontal Displacements
Fx = 0
- AO sin + CO sin + 1 = 0
- AO ( 0.7071 ) + 0 + 1 = 0
Fy = 0
AO = 1.4142
AO cos + BO + CO cos = 0
1.4142 ( 0.7071 ) + BO + 0 ( 0.500 ) = 0
BO = -1.000
/
22,531.5
=
= 0.0023
10.006
1.41
Bruhn Errata
Fx = 0
- AO sin + CO sin + 1 = 0
0 + CO ( 0.86603 ) + 1 = 0
Fy = 0
CO = -1.1547
AO cos + BO + CO cos = 0
0 ( 0.7071 ) + BO - 1.1547 ( 0.500 ) = 0
BO = 0.5774
/
22,531.5
=
= 0.0023
10.006
1.42
Spreadsheet Page 1
1.43
Bruhn Errata
Spreadsheet Page 2
1.44
S Loads
Table A8.2
1.45
page A8.10
Bruhn Errata
S Loads Expanded
sin = 0.80
cos = 0.60
Joint C
Fx = 0
BC - CE cos = 0
BC - 0 = 0
BC = 0 lb
Fy = 0
CD - CE - P 2 = 0
CD - 0 - 1,000 = 0
CD = 1,000 lb
Joint D
Fy = 0
CD - BD sin = 0
1,000 lb - BD ( 0.80 ) = 0
BD = 1,250 lb
Fx = 0
DE - BD cos = 0
DE - 1,250 lb ( 0.60 ) = 0
DE = 750 lb
Joint F
Fx = 0
3,000 lb - EF - BF cos = 0
3,000 lb - EF - 0 = 0
EF = -3,000 lb
Fy = 0
AF - BF sin = 0
AF - 0 ( 0.80 ) = 0
AF = 0 lb
Joint E
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
DE - EF - AE cos + CE cos = 0
750 - 3,000 - AE ( 0.60 ) + 0 ( 0.60 ) = 0
AE = 3,750 lb
BE + AE sin + CE sin = 0
BE = -3,000 lb
BE + 3,750 ( 0.80 ) - 0 = 0
Joint A
Fx = 0
1.46
AB = 750 lb
Bay 2
Unit X Loads
Joint B
Fx = 0
- AB - BF cos = 0
- AB - 1 lb ( 0.60 ) = 0
AB = - 0.60 lb
Fy = 0
- BE - BF sin = 0
- BE - 1 lb ( 0.80 ) = 0
CD = - 0.80 lb
Fx = 0
AB - AE cos = 0
0.60 lb - AE ( 0.60 ) = 0
AE = 1.00 lb
Fy = 0
- AF - AE sin = 0
- AF - 1.00 ( 0.80 ) = 0
AF = - 0.80 lb
EF + BF cos = 0
EF + 1 lb ( 0.60 ) = 0
EF = - 0.60 lb
Fx = 0
- BC - CE cos = 0
- AB - 1 lb ( 0.60 ) = 0
BC = - 0.60 lb
Fy = 0
- CD - CE sin = 0
- CD - 1 lb ( 0.80 ) = 0
CD = - 0.80 lb
Fy = 0
- CD - BD sin = 0
- (- 0.80 ) - BD ( 0.80 ) = 0
BD = 1.00 lb
Fx = 0
- DE - BD cos = 0
- DE - 1 lb ( 0.60 ) = 0
DE = - 0.60 lb
Joint A
Joint F
Fx = 0
Unit Y Loads
Joint C
Joint D
1.47
Bruhn Errata
Unit Loads
Bay 1
Bay 2
2
+
=
2
+
=
562,285.7
338.5 36.6
=
478,142.9
36.6 452.6
0.00298
338.5 36.6 1
=
0.00024
36.6 452.6
0.00298
=
0.00024
X = -1,560.6
0.00024
0.00223
562,285.7
0.00024
1,560.59
=
478,142.9
0.00223
930.39
Y = -930.4
True Loads
P AB = S + X u
P BC = S + X u
P CD = S + X u
P BD = S + X u
P CE = S + X u
P BE = S + X u
P ED = S + X u
P BF = S + X u
P AE = S + X u
P EF = S + X u
P AF = S + X u
page A8.11
Solution
Table A8.3
1.49
Bruhn Errata
S Loads
Unit Loads u x
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
AO = 0.8062
BO = -1.5652
Unit Loads u y
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
AO = 1.1541
0
1.50
BO = -1.7285
-1.154
Member 4
1 lb
-1.729
0.806
1 lb
1.564
2
+
=
2
+
=
2,444.8 2,349.4
2,252,160
2,349.4 3,041.0
2,439,760
0.00159
=
0.00123
X = 521.9
2,252,160
0.00123
521.9
=
2,439,760
0.00128
415.5
Y = 415.5
True Loads
P AO = S + X u
P BO = S + X u
P CO = S + X u
P DO = S + X u
Degree of Redundancy
Degree of Redundancy = 2
Two Equations
1.51
Bruhn Errata
Flexibility Coefficients
Elmer F. Bruhn
3'
2'
Area,
A
True Load
( in )
( in2 )
S+Xu
( lb )
ae
be
ce
de
86.53
72.00
80.50
93.72
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.30
899.95
465.19
522.59
414.71
0
0
402.49
0
0
0
0
312.41
Member
6'
Length,
L
2,000 lb
[ ij ] = 1 / E
0
720
0
0
1.1541
-1.7285
0
1
[ g ir ]
0.8062
-1.5652
1
0
[ g ri ]
0.8062
1.1541
-1.5652
-1.7285
1
0
0
1
348.83
499.34
-1,126.98
-1,244.52
402.49
0
0
312.41
[ ij ] { g ir }
= 1 / E
First
Second
Third
Problem 3
( Cut )
( Guess )
( True )
( True )
( page A8.11 )
0
1
0
0
0.400
0.258
0.400
0.0672
0.4500
0.2326
0.2613
0.2074
0.391
0.202
0.227
0.180
899.95
465.19
522.59
414.71
= 1/E
-1,127.0
-1,244.5
9.77
-100.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
{ g im }
[ rn ]
432.67
0
0
0
2,302.44 lb
lb
[ g i2 ]
0
-0.5
-0.56
-0.56
-0.56
0.25
0.25
0
0
0
0
1 lb
should be
-0.5
[ g i2 ]
0
-0.56
0.56
0.56
-0.56
0.25
1 lb
0.25
A 1-7 = 1.00 in
For
0
0
A 8-15 = 0.50 in
A 16-31 = 1.00 in
0
0
i = 1/E
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 22.36
1.53
Bruhn Errata
Matrix [ g im ]
[ g i1 ]
0.50
-1.118
1.118
-0.56
-0.50
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
1 lb
0.56
-0.25
0.56
0.56
-0.56
0.25
0.50
-0.56
0
0
0.56
0.56
-0.56
0.56
1 lb
-0.56
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.25
-0.50
0.50
0.50
1 lb
[ g i4 ]
0.25
-0.50
-0.56
[ g i3 ]
0.50
0
0
1.50
[ g i2 ]
0.56
-0.25
-0.56
-1.118
1.118
-0.75
-0.50
0.50
1.50
1 lb
Figure A8.30a
0
0.56
0.50
-0.56
-0.25
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
-0.56
0.50
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
0.56
-0.25
1.54
Figure A8.30b
Missing the 1# label
0.50
0.56
-0.56
0.56
-0.56
-0.25
0.50
-0.56
-0.75
0.56
-0.56
-0.75
0.56
-0.25
Calculations
Bruhn, page A8.22
[ rs ] = [ g ri ] [ ij ]
[ rn ] = [ g ri ] [ ij ]
[ r s ] -1
[ r s ] -1 [ r n ] =
0.0074
0.0004
0.0004
0.0074
1
E
[ g jn ] =
0.00738 0.00043
- [ r s ] -1 [ r n ]
1
E
-7.951
0
-7.951
0
0.00043 0.00738
1
E
[ g js ] =
-15
0
18,432
0
-15
0
-7.951
135.9 -7.951
-7.951 135.9
-15
0
0
-7.951
136.1 7.962
7.962 136.1
0.0587
0.1108
0.0065
0.0034
0.0034
0.0065
0.1108
0.0587
1.55
0
-15
Bruhn Errata
[ g im ]
[ G im
1
0
0
0
0.50
-0.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.50
0.50
0
0
0
1
-0.5
0
0
0
-0.75
0.25
0
0
-0.25
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
-0.25
0
0
0.25
-0.75
0
0
0
-0.50
0
0
0
] = 1.118
-1.118
0
0
0
-0.559 -0.559
0
0
0.559 0.559
0
0
-0.559 0.559
0
0
0.559 -0.559
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.559 0.559
0
0
0.559 -0.559
0
0
0.559 0.559
0
0
-0.559 -0.559
0
0
0
-1.118
0
0
0
1.118
[ r s ] -1 [ r n ] [ g i r ]
0
0.029
0.059
0.031
0.003
0.002
0
0
-0.015
-0.044
-0.045
-0.017
-0.003
-0.001
0
0
0
0.033
-0.033
0.033
-0.033
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002
0
0
+-
0
0.055
0.111
0.059
0.006
0.003
0
0
-0.028
-0.083
-0.085
-0.033
-0.005
-0.002
0
0
0
0.062
-0.062
0.062
-0.062
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.004
0
0
0
0.003
0.006
0.059
0.111
0.055
0
0
-0.002
-0.005
-0.033
-0.085
-0.083
-0.028
0
0
0
0.004
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
-0.062
0.062
-0.062
0.062
0
0
0
0.002
0.003
0.031
0.059
0.029
0
0
-0.001
-0.003
-0.017
-0.045
-0.044
-0.015
0
0
0
0.002
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
-0.033
0.033
-0.033
0.033
0
0
1
0.529
0.059
0.031
0.003
0.002
0
-0.50
-0.765
-0.294
-0.045
-0.017
-0.003
0
0
1.118
-1.118
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.002
0
0
0
-0.445
0.111
0.059
0.006
0.003
0
0
0.222
0.167
-0.085
-0.033
-0.005
-0.002
0
0
0
-0.497
0.497
0.621
-0.621
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.004
0
0
0
0.003
0.006
0.059
0.111
-0.445
0
0
-0.002
-0.005
-0.033
-0.085
0.167
0.222
0
0
0
0.004
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
-0.621
0.621
0.497
-0.497
0
0
0
0.002
0.003
0.031
0.059
0.529
1
0
0
-0.003
-0.017
-0.045
-0.294
-0.765
-0.50
0
0
0.002
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
-1.118
1.118
Example
For P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = 1,000 lb
1,000
1,118
-1,118
-500
1,000 lb
90
-1,018
1,018
179
100
-545
-100
-135
179
179
-179
-179
1,000 lb
90
-100
100
1,018
-135
-1,018
-545
1,000 lb
1.56
1,000
-1,118
1,118
-500
1,000 lb
[ G im ] =
1
0
0.529 -0.445
0.059 0.111
0.031 0.059
0.003 0.006
0.002 0.003
0
0
-0.500
0
-0.765 0.222
-0.294 0.167
-0.045 -0.085
-0.017 -0.033
-0.003 -0.005
0
-0.002
0
0
1.118
0
-1.118
0
-0.526 -0.497
0.526 0.497
-0.526 0.621
0.526 -0.621
-0.031 -0.058
0.031 0.058
-0.031 -0.058
0.031 0.058
-0.002 -0.004
0.002 0.004
-0.002 -0.004
0.002 0.004
0
0
0
0
0
0.003
0.006
0.059
0.111
-0.445
0
0
-0.002
-0.005
-0.033
-0.085
0.167
0.222
0
0
0
0.004
-0.004
0.004
-0.004
0.058
-0.058
0.058
-0.058
-0.621
0.621
0.497
-0.497
0
0
1.57
0
0.002
0.003
0.031
0.059
0.529
1
0
0
-0.003
-0.017
-0.045
-0.294
-0.765
-0.500
0
0
0.002
-0.002
0.002
-0.002
0.031
-0.031
0.031
-0.031
0.526
-0.526
0.526
-0.526
-1.118
1.118
Bruhn Errata
E
A
D
B
P1
K
C
F
P2
P3
G
H
15
25
35
11.43
25
1.58
Figure A8.31
Member
Number
AB
BC
BD
CD
DE
FG
GH
HI
IJ
GJ
JK
AG
BG
BH
HC
IC
DI
DJ
EJ
AD
FJ
GI
DG
BJ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Length
L
Area
A
L/A
( in )
( in2 )
( in-1 )
35.474
25.420
9.200
25.420
35.474
35.474
25.341
5.000
25.341
9.200
35.474
40.415
15.000
27.569
11.700
11.700
27.569
15.000
40.415
37.369
37.369
26.233
17.597
17.597
0.565
0.499
0.165
0.499
0.565
0.565
0.565
0.165
0.565
0.165
0.565
0.630
0.165
0.500
0.395
0.395
0.500
0.165
0.630
0.565
0.565
0.500
0.165
0.165
62.79
50.94
55.76
50.94
62.79
62.79
44.85
30.30
44.85
55.76
62.79
64.15
90.91
55.14
29.62
29.62
55.14
90.91
64.15
66.14
66.14
52.47
106.65
106.65
Joint Coordinates
Joint
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
0
2.90
7.50
12.10
15.00
0
2.90
5.00
10.00
12.10
15.00
25.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
25.00
0
5.00
8.57
8.57
5.00
0
0
35.00
60.00
35.00
0
0
35.00
60.00
60.00
35.00
0
1.59
Bruhn Errata
Statics
Page A8.23, Column 2
Joint C
C
B
x
7.5
2.9
y
20
20
z
60
35
C
D
x
7.5
12.1
y
20
20
z
60
35
BC
#2
i
-4.6
j
0
k
-25
CD
#4
i
4.6
j
0
k
-25
0.180962
79.57419
0
90
-0.9834901
169.5742
25.41968 in
25.41968 in
-0.180962
100.426
0
90
-0.98349
169.574
C
H
x
7.5
5
y
20
8.57
z
60
60
C
I
x
7.5
10
y
20
8.57
z
60
60
HC
# 15
i
-2.5
j
-11.43
k
0
IC
# 16
i
2.5
j
-11.43
k
0
cos
cos
11.70021 in
cos
Fx = 0
-0.213671 -0.976906
102.338 167.662
11.70021 in
0
90
cos
0.213671 -0.976906
77.66241 167.6624
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
0.98349 q2 0.98349 q4 = 0
q2 + q4 = 0
1.60
0
90
Joint B
B
A
x
2.9
0
y
20
25
z
35
0
B
C
x
2.9
7.5
y
20
20
z
35
60
AB
#1
i
-2.9
j
5
k
-35
BC
#2
i
4.6
j
0
k
25
0.180962
79.57419
0
90
0.9834901
10.42581
35.47408 in
cos
-0.08175
94.6892
25.41968 in
0.140948 -0.986636
81.8973 170.622
cos
B
D
x
2.9
12.1
y
20
20
z
35
35
B
G
x
2.9
2.9
y
20
5
z
35
35
BD
#3
i
9.2
j
0
k
0
BG
# 13
i
0
j
-15
k
0
0
90
-1
180
0
90
9.2
in
15
in
1
0
0
90
0
90
B
H
x
2.9
5
y
20
8.57
z
35
60
B
J
x
2.9
12.1
y
20
5
z
35
35
BH
# 14
i
2.1
j
-11.43
k
25
BJ
# 24
i
9.2
j
-15
k
0
cos
cos
27.56909 in
cos
Fx = 0
17.59659 in
cos
0.522829 -0.852438
58.47782 148.4778
0
90
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
1.61
and so on
Bruhn Errata
Joints
q2
q4
q 15
q 16
P1
2
3
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
-0.18096
0
0
-0.98349
0.18096
0
0
-0.98349
-0.21367
-0.97691
1
0
0.21367
-0.97691
1
0
1
-1.02364
4
5
6
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
-0.08287
-0.14088
-0.98655
q7
q8
7
8
9
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
10
11
12
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
Fz = 0
13
14
15
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
16
17
18
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
-0.08175
-0.14095
-0.98664
0.08287
0.14088
0.98655
19
20
21
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Fz = 0
-0.08287
0.14088
0.98655
q9
q10
22
23
24
GI
DG
BJ
q22 = q22
q23 = q23
q24 = q24
q 14
1
0
0
q9
q 16
q 17
q 22
-1
0
0
0.08287
-0.14088
-0.98655
-0.21367
0.97691
0.00000
0.07617
0.41459
-0.90681
-0.27065
-0.13609
-0.95301
q1
q2
q3
q13
q4
-1
0
0
q6
1
0
0
q5
-0.18096
0
0.98349
0.08175
0.14095
-0.98664
q7
q10
-1
0
0
P2
P3
-1
0.21367
0.97691
0
q8
q3
P3
q 15
-0.07617
0.41459
-0.9068126
-0.08175 0.18096
0.14095
0
-0.98664 0.98349
1
-0.996811
P2
-1
q14
0
-1
0
0.07617
-0.41459
0.90681
-0.919095
q17
q18
q12
q13
-0.07617
-0.41459
0.90681
1
0
0
-0.07175
0.49486
-0.86601
q11
q18
0.08175
-0.14095
-0.98664
0
1
0
P1
q24
0.52283
-0.85244
0
0
q20
0
-1
0
-0.32380
0.13380
-0.93662
q22
0
1
0
q23
0.27065
0.13609
0.95301
q19
q21
q24
q23
q24
q22
0.52283
0.85244
0
q22
1
q23
q24
Matrix [ C ij ]
0.181
0
0.983
0.181
0
-0.983
0
0
0.083
0.141
0.987
0
0
0.082 0.181
-0.141
0
1
0.997
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
-1
0
0
0.083
-0.141
-0.987
0
-1
0
0.181 0.082
0
0.141
-0.983 -0.987
0
0
0.214 -0.214
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.076 0.214
0
0
-0.415 0.977
0
0
0.907
0
0
0
0
0
-0.214 -0.076
0
0
0.977 -0.415
0
0.907
0
0
0.076
0
0
0
-0.415
0
0
0
0.919
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.076
-0.415
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.907
0
0
-1
0
0.072
-0.495
0.866
0.082
-0.141
-0.987
0.083
-0.141
-0.987
1
0
0
1
0
0
0.324
-0.134
0.937
0
0
0.083
0.141
0.987
0.082
0.141
0.987
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.62
0
-1
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.495
0.866
0
-1
0
0.324
0.134
0.937
0
0
Inverse of [ C ij ] Matrix
-2.754
2.763
-0.275
2.763
-2.754
-0.483
3E-16
4E-17
3E-16
-3E-19
0.5508
-0.825
2E-16
-9E-04
2E-16
0.8295
1.2344
-0.825
-0.107
0.8252
0.0009
-0.466
-0.507
0.5084
-0.051
-0.508
0.746
0.089
-3E-17
-4E-18
-3E-17
4E-20
-0.101
-1.107
-2.763
0.2705
-2.763
-1.107
2.4475
-3.862
0.5
-3.862
0.0044
1.611
1.6892
0
0.0019
0
-0.005
-1.693
1.6894
0
0
-0.002
0.0045
-0.148
0.2321
-0.023
0.2321
0.0937
-0.98
1.0968
-0.042
0.3244
-0.001
-0.133
-1.107
-2.763
0.2705
-2.763
-1.107
2.4475
-3.862
-0.5
-3.862
0.0044
1.611
-2E-16
-6E-16
6E-17
-6E-16
-1.694
-0.834
-8E-16
-1E-16
-1.689
8E-19
0.9502
-0.093 5E-16
-0.232 -5E-16
0.0227
1
-0.232 -5E-16
0.1488 -2.365
-0.567
0
-0.324
0
-0.042
0
-1.097
0
0.0004
0
1.0158
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-5E-16 1E-48 -7E-17
0
0
5E-16 -1E-48 1E-16
0
-0.082 -4E-17 1E-49 -1E-17
0
0
5E-16 -1E-48 1E-16
0
0.1933 2.3649 -7E-33 -0.818
0
0
0
-1.245 -0.178 2.0758
0
0
0
7E-17
0
0
0
0
9E-18
0
0
0
0
7E-17
0
0
0
0
-8E-20
1
0
0
1.419 0.2027 -2.365
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.8416 -2.076
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.083
0
0.196 2.3649
8E-17
0
2E-16
0
-2E-17
0
2E-16
0
8E-17
0
1.2455 0.5397
3E-16
0
3E-17
0
3E-16
0
-3E-19
0
-1.419 -0.615
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.341
0.3882
-3E-16
-2E-16
2E-16
3E-16
-0.388
0.6276
-1E-16
-5E-34
0
0
0
0.2885
-0.256
0.8977
0.5
0.5
0.8977
-0.256
0.4138
0.0046
-0.005
0
0
0
0.0627
0.0714
4E-17
2E-17
-2E-17
-4E-17
0.0714
-0.115
0.252
0
0
0
0
-0.996
-1.586
4.2015
2.34
-2.34
-4.202
1.5858
-2.564
1E-16
2E-17
0
0
0
-0.003
0.5239
-1.838
0
0
0
0
0
-0.005
0.0047
0
0
0
0.0824
0.0584
-0.09
-0.197
0.1966
0.3529
-0.133
0.2154
0.0007
0.0022
0
0
0
-0.996
-1.586
4.2015
2.34
-2.34
-4.202
1.5858
-2.564
1E-16
2E-17
0
0
0
-0.588
-3E-16
8E-16
5E-16
-5E-16
-1.838
0.5239
-0.847
-0.005
0.0047
0
0
0
-0.628
0
-0.133
0
0.3529
0
0.1966
0
-0.197
0
-0.09
0
0.0584
0
-0.095
0
0.0007 -2.491
0.0022
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.878 -0.125 1.4629
-0.141
0
0
3E-17
0
0
0
0
-7E-17
0
0
0
0
-4E-17
0
0
0
0
4E-17
0
0
0
0
7E-17
0
0
0
-1
-0.143
0
0
0
1.6166 0.2309
0
0.2037 2.4912 -8E-33 0.2064
0
0
0
0
0
-2.491
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
P2
P3
q22
q23
g ir ]
page A8.24
q24 ]
External Load
-0.001
-1
0
0.849
1.264
-0.845
-0.109
0.845
0.001
-0.477
2.75
-2.76
0.27
-2.76
2.75
0.48
-3E-16
-4E-17
-3E-16
3E-19
-0.551
0.295
-0.262
0.919
0.512
0.512
0.919
-0.262
0.424
0
0
0
0
0
0.341
-0.388
3E-16
2E-16
-2E-16
-3E-16
0.388
-0.628
0.000
5E-34
0
0
0
1.024
-1
-0.845
0
0.271
0.136
0.953
0.523
-0.852
0
0.271 -0.523
0.136 -0.852
0.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.523
-0.852
0
0
0
and so on
1.63
Redundant Load
1.11
2.76
-0.27
2.76
1.11
-2.45
3.862
0.5
3.862
-0.004
-1.611
-0.39
-0.97
0.09
-0.97
-0.39
1.37
-1.354
-0.175
-2.320
0.193
1.080
0
0
0
0
0
-1.085
0
0
0
-0.523
1.236
0
0
0.523
0
-1.236
-2.147
-2E-16
-3E-17
-2E-16
3E-19
2.446
0.996
1.586
-4.202
-2.340
2.340
4.202
-1.586
2.564
0.000
0.000
0
0
0
-0.668
-0.556
1.474
0.821
-0.821
-1.474
0.556
-0.899
0.000
-0.475
1
0
0
0.088
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.302
0
1
0
-1.513
0.852
3E-16
1E-16
-1E-16
-3E-16
9E-17
1.378
-1.302
1.302
0
0
1
Bruhn Errata
1,000 lb
P5
10 ''
P6
P4
600 lb
1,000 lb
P3
0.330 in2
typical
600 lb
P2
400 lb
20 ''
P1
400 lb
2.5 ''
20 ''
20 ''
0.120 in2
t i l
15 ''
Flexibility Coefficients
For E = 10 E6 psi
G = 3.85 E6 psi
Area
Length
Thickness
jj
ii
2 jj
h1
h2
( in )
( in )
( in )
( in2 )
( in )
Bay 1 Skin
25
30
20
550 in2
0.032
44,643
/ E
31,002
/ E
62,004
/ E
Bay 2 Skin
20
25
20
450 in2
0.025
46,753
/ E
29,922
/ E
59,844
/ E
Bay 3 Skin
15
20
20
350 in2
0.020
45,455
/ E
25,568
/ E
51,136
/ E
7.5
10.0
20
175 in2
0.065
6,993
/ E
3,934
/ E
5.0
7.5
20
125 in2
0.050
6,494
/ E
2,886
/ E
20
0.040
4,870
/ E
1,218
/ E
Panel
2.5
5.0
75 in
S/Gt
( h1 / h2 ) a ii
Matrix
ij = 1 / E
1,218
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51,136
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,218
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134.5
0
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134.5
0
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,886
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59,844
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,886
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.64
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
80.7
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
0
24.64
0
0
0
0
80.7
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,934
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
62,004
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,934
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
27.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.69
0
0
0
0
27.62
Tapered Bar
L = 60 inches
A i = 0.120 in
i i = 0.7310
i j = 0.5569
A j = 0.330 in
A i / A j = 0.364
j j = 0.4558
i i = [ L / ( 3 A i E ) ] i i = 121.84 / E
i j = [ L / ( 6 A i E ) ] i j = 46.41 / E
j j = [ L / ( 3 A j E ) ] j j = 27.62 / E
j j = 27.62 / E
0.9
ii
0.8
ij
0.7
jj
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ai/Aj
1.65
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
My Results
[ rs ] = [ g ri ] [ ij ] [ g js ]
[ rs ] =
[ g js ] = [ g ir ]
1,000,000 / E
0.3873
0.1935
0.0513
0.1935
0.2895
0.0722
0.0513
0.0722
0.1254
[ rn ] = [ g ri ] [ ij ] [ g jn ]
[ r n ] = 1,000,000 / E
[ G sn ] =
-0.0348
0.0349
-0.0031
0.0100
-0.0016
0.0016
-0.0251
0.0248
-0.0052
0.0126
-0.0022
0.0022
-0.0081
0.0081
-0.0039
0.0048
-0.0023
0.0023
3.8781
-2.5649
-0.1097
-2.5649
5.7284
-2.2472
-0.1097
-2.2472
9.3106
0.0697
-0.0708
-0.0017
-0.0060
0.0002
0.0364
-0.0345
0.0130
-0.0358
0.0036
-0.0036
0.0153
-0.0159
0.0240
-0.0148
0.0160
-0.0160
[ r s ] -1 = E / 1,000,000
[ G sn ] = - [ rs ]
[ g jn ] = [ g im ]
-1
[ rn ]
True Stresses
[ G im ] = [ g im ] - [ g ir ] [ G rm ]
[ G rm ] = [ G sn ]
1.66
-0.00017
Influence Coefficients
[ ]
ij
1
=
E
432 0
0
0
0 720 0
0
0
0 402 0
0
0
0 312
0.10 in
0.20 in
0.20 in
0.30 in
[ ]
ij
0
0
432.67 0
0
720
0
0
=
0
0 402.49
0
0
0
312.41
0
Member
ae
be
ce
de
[ g ir ]
0.8062
-1.5652
1
0
1.1541
-1.7285
0
1
0.8062
1.1541
-1.5652
-1.7285
Length,
L
( in )
86.53
72.00
80.50
93.72
Transpose
[ g ri ]
1
0
0
1
Multiply
[ ij ] { g ri }
= 1 / E
348.83
499.34
-1,126.98
-1,244.52
1.67
402.49
0
0
312.41
Area,
A
True Load
( in )
S+Xu
( lb )
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.30
900.16
465.31
521.91
415.51
Bruhn Errata
[ g im ] TRUE
0.450
0.232
0.260
0.280
should be
[ g im ] TRUE
0.450
0.233
0.261
0.207
Dividing the forces from Example Problem 3 on page A8.11 by 2,000 yields the distribution above. Using
a percentage will give you the same distribution.
Redundant Forces
First
Third
rn
( True )
( page A8.11 )
0
1
0
0
0.400
0.258
0.400
0.0672
0.4500
0.2326
0.2613
0.2074
0.391
0.202
0.227
0.180
899.95
465.19
522.59
414.71
= 1/E
-1,127.0
-1,244.5
9.77
-100.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
CUT
[ g ] [ ] { g }
CUT
[ g ] [ ] { g }
CUT
ri
ij
jn
1126 1
=
1245 E I
should be
[ ]
rn
CUT
ri
ij
jn
1126 1
=
1245 E
Problem 3
( True )
Note:
[ ]
( Guess )
{ g im }
[ rn ]
Second
( Cut )
should be
w =
ds
I
2,302.44 lb
lb
Page A11.9 Moment Distribution Method Fixed Beam with Support Deflections
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures
page A11.9
and
L
2
should be
ML L ML 5
L
4 EI 6 4 EI
6
ML L
ML 5
4 M L2
=
L =
24 E I
4E I 6
4E I 6
where the area of each moment curve
Therefore
A =
M L
1 L M
=
2 2 EI
4EI
M L2
6EI
M
E I
M L
4 E I
M L
4 E I
L/6
L/2
5L/ 6
1.69
M
E I
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.9 Moment Distribution Method Continuous Beam with Deflected Supports
Column 2, The fixed-end moments for a trapezoidal loading from Table A11.4
Table A11.4
should be
29.25
12
Example Problem #8
38.50
34.00
41.25
Engine
Mount
34.50
34.50
10
20
19.25
30.50
30.00
34.00
Landing
Gear
Example Problem #8, Table A11.2
Upper tubes are longer than the lower tubes yet AB and FG are both 34.50 inches long. Using DF = 30.50
inches (instead of 30 inches) and EG = 38.50 inches (instead of 38 inches) I get the following lengths:
ED = 35.42 inch instead of 35.40 inch
BC = 39.51 inch instead of 39.50 inch
CE = 40.92 inch instead of 41.00 inch
Moments (in-lb)
Mab = -1,614.5
Med = -111.7
Mac = -785.3
Mfd = 206.3
Mba = -1,863.1
Meg = -201.2
Mca = -51.3
Mdg = 452.7
Mbc = -652.5
Mge = -117.4
Mbe = -684.2
Mgd = 192.0
Mcb = -159.9
Mfg = -67.0
Meb = 397.5
Mfi = -47.8
Mcd = -212.7
Mgf = -51.3
Mce = -1.5
Mif = -13.7
Mdc = 1,098.3
Mgi = -22.1
Mec = -100.2
Mhf = -25.4
Mde = 207.3
Mig = -6.3
Mdf = 641.7
Mfh = -88.7
1.70
Page A11.15 Moment Distribution Method Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia
Table A11.3
Trial MA / I Curve
Static M / I Curve
Beam
Portion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Trial MB / I Curve
Avg Ord.
Mom. Arm
Moment
Avg Ord.
Mom. Arm
Moment
Avg Ord.
Mom. Arm
yx
yx
Moment
yx
106.7
397.6
770.9
1,120.0
1,440.0
1,760.0
1,614.5
974.5
420.0
100.0
8,704.2
2.67
6.31
10.16
14.10
18.07
22.06
26.13
30.23
34.35
38.67
284
2,508
7,835
15,787
26,027
38,827
42,182
29,459
14,427
3,867
181,202
110
132.7
142.7
130.0
110.0
90.0
67.3
40.6
17.5
4.2
845.0
2.06
6.06
10.01
14.05
18.06
22.07
26.13
30.23
34.35
38.67
226.7
804.8
1,429.1
1,826.7
1,986.7
1,986.7
1,757.6
1,227.5
601.1
161.1
12,007.9
6.7
24.8
48.2
70.0
90.0
110.0
123.6
117.0
90.8
62.5
743.6
2.67
6.31
10.16
14.10
18.07
22.06
26.02
30.06
34.12
38.13
17.8
156.8
489.7
986.7
1,626.7
2,426.7
3,217.0
3,516.0
3,098.9
2,383.3
17,919.4
It appears that the orientations of the trapezoids from the moment diagram were not considered when
calculating xbar for some areas. I calculate xbar from the left of each area using xbar = 2/3 (x2-x1) for the
triangular portion of areas with the point on left side and xbar = 1/3 (x2-x1) for the triangular portion of
areas with the point on the right side. My guess is that xbar = 2/3 (x2-x1) was used throughout the
analysis regardless of the orientation of the trapezoid.
Static M / I Curve: The sum of the average ordinate, y is wrong in Bruhn. Adding up the values in his
table yields 8,704 instead of 8,504. This gives a value for xbar = 179,809 / 8,704 = 20.66 inch instead
of 21.15 inch. The last four values in my column for Moment Arm, x take into account the xbar
discussion above. xbar = 181,202 / 8,704.2 = 20.82 inch.
Trial M A / I Curve: The last eight values in the column for Moment Arm, x take into account the xbar
discussion above. xbar = 12,008 / 845.0 = 14.21 in
Trial MB / I Curve: The last three values in the column for Moment Arm, x take into account the xbar
discussion above. xbar = 17,919.4 / 743.6 = 24.10 in
Fixed End Moments
Constant, c
Stiffness Factors
1.71
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.16 Moment Distribution Method Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia
MA
MB
P = 100 lb
a
24 in
b
16 in
Figure A11.27
1.5
1.2
1
1.0
0.75
(in 4 )
Moment of Inertia, I
2.0
0.55
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.55
12
16
20
24
28
0.75
0.5
0.0
0
Position, x (in)
32
36
40
Figure A11.28
Moment, M
(in-lb)
1,200
960
1,000
800
800
480
600
480
320
400
200
720
640
240
160
0
0
0
12
16
20
Position, x
1.72
(in)
24
28
32
36
40
Figure A11.29
20
24
-40
-60
32
36
-10
0
40
-30
-60
-80
-70
-80
-100
-20
28
-50
-90
Position, x (in)
0
A
16
-20
-100
-120
Trial Moment, M
12
-40
(in-lb)
Trial Moment, M
-20
0
0
-10
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
-20
-40
-30
-40
-60
-50
-60
-80
-70
-80
-100
-90
-100
-120
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.30a
Moment / Inertia at x = 24 inches should be 1,920 not 1,420
1,920
Moment / Inertia
2,000
1,600
1,309
1,280
1,500
960
1,000
640
582
500
20.82
213
200
12
16
20
Position, x
1.73
24
(in)
28
32
36
40
Bruhn Errata
Figure A11.30b
0
-20 0
12
-M A / I
-40
16
20
24
28
32
-8
-27
14.21
-60
0
40
36
-55
-80
-80
-100
-120-100
-100
-120
-140
-160
-120
-145
-140
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.30c
0
-20
0
0
-13
-M A / I
-40
12
16
20
24
32
36
40
24.10
-36
-60
28
-50
-60
-80
-75
-80
-100
-100
-120
-107
-120
-140
Position, x (in)
-127
2,000
1,600
Moment / Inertia, M / I
1,500
1,280
960
1,000
582
500
-500-342
1,258
967
938
640
200
298
240
0
0
0
1,309
618
213
0
1,578
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
0
40
-142
-128
Position, x (in)
1.74
-391
Page A11.21 Moment Distribution Method Frame with Missing Diagonal Shear Member
Elmer F. Bruhn
page A11.21
Joint a
Joint b
Joint c
Joint d
Joint e
Joint f
Joint g
Joint h
Prop.
ab
ba
bc
cb
cd
dc
de
ed
ef
fe
fg
gf
gh
hg
ah
ha
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
1.0
1.0
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
0.083
DF
ab
ah
DF
Member
ab
bc
cd
de
ef
fg
gh
ah
bg
cf
bh
df
0.174
0.800
0.200
1
M. Iner.
I
( units )
4.0
4.0
2.0
0.5
0.5
3.0
3.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
ba
bc
bg
bh
0.117
0.3841
0.3841
0.0960
0.1358
1
Length
L
( inch )
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
84.85
84.85
cb
cd
cf
0.053
0.5714
0.2857
0.1429
dc
de
df
0.017
0.624
0.156
0.220
ed
ef
0.087
0.500
0.500
Prop.
bg
gb
1.0
1.0
60
60
0.125
fc
fd
fe
fg
bh
0.1920
0.1358
0.0960
0.5761
1
gb
gf
gh
0.099
0.1333
0.4000
0.4667
ha
hb
hg
0.1691
0.2391
0.5918
hb
cf
fc
df
fd
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
84.85
84.85
60
60
84.85
84.85
1.75
Bruhn Errata
Continued
ab
Order
Begin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7 Iter.
1st Iter.
2nd Iter.
3rd Iter.
4th Iter.
5th Iter.
6th Iter.
7th Iter.
FINAL
MOMENT
(in-lb)
Vc =
ba
-13.718
-27.435
9.825
4.913
bc
cb
cd
5
100
-28.571
Start
100
-57.143
-27.435
-2.909
1.107
0.554
-0.135
-0.270
0.104
0.052
8.196
-2.909
-1.454
0.491
0.983
-0.270
-0.008
-0.015
0.006
0.003
0.0005
0.0009
-0.0004
-0.0002
0.050
-0.015
-0.008
-0.0015
-0.0030
0.0009
0.000
0.000
0.000
-14.286
5.891
11.782
4.098
2.049
-0.923
-1.846
0.491
0.246
-0.102
-0.204
0.025
0.012
-0.004
-0.007
-0.0015
-0.0008
0.0005
0.0009
0.0005
-0.001
0.000
-28.571
-0.135
0.025
-0.001
0.000
0.000
-0.0002
-0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
-4.27
0.0000
-25.11
45.41
36.77
-0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.0002
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
-19.10
de
ed
-13.718
4.098
-1.454
dc
-2.25
1.473
0.893
-0.462
-0.025
-0.231
-0.049
-0.051
-0.012
-0.025
-0.025
-0.002
-0.002
-0.001
-0.004
0.0001
-0.0005
0.000
0.000
0.0000
0.0000
fe
2.946
0.446
0.0002
-0.0002
ef
0.000
0.000
0.0000
0.0000
2.84
2.03
-3.258
-6.516
0.893
0.446
0.329
0.658
-0.049
-0.025
0.075
0.149
-0.025
-0.012
0.008
0.017
-0.004
-0.002
0.0008
0.0016
-0.0005
-0.0002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-2.03
-5.28
fg
gf
2
75
75
-39.095
-19.547
-10.405
-20.809
3.947
1.974
-1.327
-2.655
0.896
0.448
-0.132
-0.265
0.100
0.050
-0.013
-0.027
0.0098
0.0049
-0.0013
-0.0026
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
28.98
gh
hg
ah
ha
-24.277
5.027
-12.139
10.054
-3.097
0.247
-1.549
0.494
-0.309
0.019
-0.154
0.038
-0.031
0.002
-0.016
0.003
-0.0031
0.0002
-0.0015
0.0004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
34.17
-22.42
-3.27
1.436
2.456
2.873
1.228
0.071
0.277
0.141
0.138
0.005
0.026
0.011
0.013
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.0001
-0.0001
0.0001
-0.0001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0000
0.0000
4.27
0.0000
0.0000
4.41
ab
ba
bc
cb
cd
dc
de
ed
ef
fe
fg
gf
gh
hg
ah
ha
-3.89
-4.240
-4.271
-4.273
-4.2730
-4.2729
-4.2729
-22.52
-24.878
-25.096
-25.108
-25.1076
-25.1072
-25.1071
43.99
45.183
45.404
45.414
45.4131
45.4128
45.4128
29.14
35.881
36.729
36.771
36.7683
36.7671
36.7668
-22.68
-19.506
-19.116
-19.095
-19.0961
-19.0966
-19.0968
-2.50
-2.301
-2.259
-2.254
-2.2539
-2.2539
-2.2540
3.39
2.906
2.842
2.839
2.8387
2.8388
2.8388
2.37
2.085
2.035
2.031
2.0304
2.0304
2.0304
-2.37
-2.085
-2.035
-2.031
-2.0304
-2.0304
-2.0304
-6.07
-5.436
-5.299
-5.284
-5.2829
-5.2828
-5.2827
25.50
28.120
28.884
28.971
28.9796
28.9804
28.9804
34.64
33.962
34.146
34.169
34.1713
34.1714
34.1714
-19.25
-22.101
-22.391
-22.420
-22.4232
-22.4235
-22.4235
-2.08
-3.140
-3.256
-3.269
-3.2699
-3.2700
-3.2700
3.89
4.240
4.271
4.273
4.2730
4.2729
4.2729
4.10
4.380
4.404
4.405
4.4056
4.4056
4.4056
-4.273
-25.107
45.413
36.767
-19.097
-2.254
2.839
2.030
-2.030
-5.283
28.980
34.171
-22.424
-3.270
4.273
4.406
lb =
Vc
1.3697
VVff =
=
1.0525lb
1.0525
V =(M
+M
1.3697
V =(M
Vc = ( M cb + M bc ) / c60 in cb
lb
+ M bc ) / 60 in
Vc + Vf =
Vc + Vf =
2.42
External Shear =
External Shear =
20
2.42
lb
lb
20
lb
lb
lb
) / 60 in
gf
Vff = ( Mfgfg + M
gf ) / 60 in
Multiply by
Multiply by
8.26
8.26
to develop
20
to develop
lb shear reaction
20
lb shear reaction
Moment
ab
ba
bc
cb
cd
dc
de
ed
ef
fe
fg
gf
gh
hg
ah
ha
M (in-lb)
-35.3
-207.3
375.0
303.6
-157.7
-18.6
23.4
16.8
-16.8
-43.6
239.3
282.2
-185.2
-27.0
35.3
36.4
1.76
Continued
bg
Order
Begin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1st Iter.
2nd Iter.
3rd Iter.
4th Iter.
5th Iter.
6th Iter.
7th Iter.
FINAL
MOMENT
(in-lb)
-6.859
-3.468
-0.727
-0.442
-0.067
-0.044
-0.004
-0.004
0.0002
-0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
gb
-3.429
-6.936
-0.364
-0.885
-0.034
-0.088
-0.002
-0.009
0.0001
-0.0009
0.0001
-0.0001
bh
hb
-9.700
-4.850
2.031
4.062
-1.028
-0.514
0.100
0.200
-0.095
-0.048
0.008
0.015
-0.005
-0.003
0.001
0.001
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
8.82E-05
1.55E-05
3.09E-05
cf
fc
-14.286
-6.516
-7.143
-13.032
2.049
0.658
1.024
1.316
0.246
0.149
0.123
0.299
0.012
0.017
0.006
0.033
-0.0008
0.0016
-0.0004
0.0033
-0.0004
0.0002
-0.0002
0.0003
df
fd
-4.607
4.166
-9.215
2.083
0.465
-0.653
0.930
-0.326
0.106
-0.072
0.211
-0.036
0.012
-0.003
0.024
-0.001
0.0012
0.0003
0.0023
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
-7.91E-05 -3.95E-05
1.5E-05
3E-05
1.06E-05
2.14E-05
2.83E-05 1.41E-05
-6.49E-06 -1.3E-05
-11.62
-11.75
4E-05
2E-05
3.44E-06
6.88E-06
-8.69
-1.14
-17.67
-17.37
-0.58
2.12E-05
1.07E-05
-6.33
bg
gb
bh
hb
cf
fc
df
fd
-10.33
-11.497
-11.608
-11.616
-11.6167
-11.6166
-11.6166
-10.37
-11.614
-11.736
-11.747
-11.7479
-11.7479
-11.7479
-7.67
-8.597
-8.685
-8.690
-8.6894
-8.6892
-8.6891
-0.79
-1.102
-1.135
-1.136
-1.1357
-1.1356
-1.1356
-20.80
-18.095
-17.700
-17.671
-17.6697
-17.6699
-17.6699
-20.17
-17.834
-17.413
-17.373
-17.3702
-17.3700
-17.3701
-0.44
-0.629
-0.596
-0.587
-0.5851
-0.5849
-0.5849
-7.13
-6.528
-6.353
-6.330
-6.3280
-6.3277
-6.3277
-11.617
-11.748
-8.689
-1.136
-17.670
-17.370
-0.585
-6.328
Moment
bg
gb
bh
hb
cf
fc
df
fd
M (in-lb)
-95.9
-97.0
-71.7
-9.4
-145.9
-143.4
-4.8
-52.2
1.77
Bruhn Errata
Five Iterations
Iteration
1
2
3
4
5
ab
ba
bc
cb
-13.718
9.825
-1.454
1.107
-0.135
-27.435
4.913
-2.909
0.554
-0.270
100
-28.571
-27.435
4.098
-2.909
0.491
100
-57.143
-13.718
8.196
-1.454
0.983
cd
dc
de
ed
ef
fe
fg
gf
gh
hg
ah
ha
bg
-3.258
0.893
0.329
-0.049
0.075
-6.516
0.446
0.658
-0.025
0.149
75
-39.095
-10.405
3.947
-1.327
0.896
75
-19.547
-20.809
1.974
-2.655
0.448
-28.571
5.891
4.098
-0.923
0.491
-14.286
11.782
2.049
-1.846
0.246
2.946
0.446
-0.462
-0.025
-0.051
1.473
0.893
-0.231
-0.049
-0.025
-24.277
5.027
-3.097
0.247
-0.309
-12.139
10.054
-1.549
0.494
-0.154
1.436
2.456
0.071
0.277
0.005
2.873
1.228
0.141
0.138
0.011
-6.859
-3.468
-0.727
-0.442
-0.067
-4.37
-25.15
45.67
36.86
-19.01
-2.06
2.85
2.06
-2.01
-5.29
29.02
34.41
-22.41
-3.29
4.25
4.39
-11.56
cd
dc
de
ed
ef
fe
fg
gf
gh
hg
ah
ha
bg
75
-19.547
-20.809
1.974
-2.655
0.448
-0.265
0.050
-0.027
-24.277
5.027
-3.097
0.247
-0.309
0.019
-0.031
0.002
-12.139
10.054
-1.549
0.494
-0.154
0.038
-0.016
0.003
1.436
2.456
0.071
0.277
0.005
0.026
0.000
0.001
2.873
1.228
0.141
0.138
0.011
0.013
0.001
0.001
-6.859
-3.468
-0.727
-0.442
-0.067
-0.044
-0.004
-0.004
Eight Iterations
Iteration
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ab
ba
bc
cb
-13.718
9.825
-1.454
1.107
-0.135
0.104
-0.008
0.006
-27.435
4.913
-2.909
0.554
-0.270
0.052
-0.015
0.003
100
-28.571
-27.435
4.098
-2.909
0.491
-0.270
0.025
-0.015
100
-57.143
-13.718
8.196
-1.454
0.983
-0.135
0.050
-0.008
-28.571
5.891
4.098
-0.923
0.491
-0.102
0.025
-0.004
-14.286
11.782
2.049
-1.846
0.246
-0.204
0.012
-0.007
2.946
0.446
-0.462
-0.025
-0.051
-0.012
-0.002
-0.002
1.473
0.893
-0.231
-0.049
-0.025
-0.025
-0.001
-0.004
-3.258
0.893
0.329
-0.049
0.075
-0.025
0.008
-0.004
-6.516
0.446
0.658
-0.025
0.149
-0.012
0.017
-0.002
75
-39.095
-10.405
3.947
-1.327
0.896
-0.132
0.100
-0.013
-4.27
-25.11
45.41
36.77
-19.10
-2.25
2.84
2.03
-2.03
-5.28
28.97
34.17
-22.42
-3.27
4.27
4.41
-11.62
cb
cd
dc
de
ed
ef
fe
fg
gf
gh
hg
ah
ha
bg
1.4363
2.4563
0.0706
0.2768
0.0054
0.0259
0.0005
0.0015
0.0001
-0.0001
0.0000
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
2.8725
1.2281
0.1411
0.1384
0.0108
0.0129
0.0009
0.0007
0.0001
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-6.8588
-3.4682
-0.7272
-0.4425
-0.0674
-0.0441
-0.0039
-0.0045
0.0002
-0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
4.27
4.41
-11.62
Fourteen Iterations
Iteration
ab
ba
bc
100
100
-13.7175 -27.4350 -28.5714 -57.1429 -28.5714 -14.2857
9.8250
4.9125 -27.4350 -13.7175 5.8910 11.7820
-1.4544 -2.9088 4.0978
8.1956
4.0978
2.0489
1.1071
0.5535 -2.9088 -1.4544 -0.9231 -1.8461
-0.1349 -0.2697 0.4913
0.9826
0.4913
0.2457
0.1036
0.0518 -0.2697 -0.1349 -0.1019 -0.2038
-0.0077 -0.0155 0.0250
0.0499
0.0250
0.0125
0.0058
0.0029 -0.0155 -0.0077 -0.0037 -0.0075
0.0005
0.0009 -0.0015 -0.0030 -0.0015 -0.0008
-0.0004 -0.0002 0.0009
0.0005
0.0005
0.0009
0.0002
0.0005 -0.0007 -0.0015 -0.0007 -0.0004
-0.0002 -0.0001 0.0005
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0002 -0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-4.27
-25.11
45.41
36.77
-19.10
-2.25
2.9455
0.4463
-0.4615
-0.0245
-0.0509
-0.0123
-0.0019
-0.0019
0.0002
-0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.4728
0.8926
-0.2308
-0.0491
-0.0255
-0.0246
-0.0009
-0.0037
0.0001
-0.0005
0.0000
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
-3.2579
0.8926
0.3289
-0.0491
0.0747
-0.0246
0.0084
-0.0037
0.0008
-0.0005
0.0001
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
-6.5158
0.4463
0.6579
-0.0245
0.1494
-0.0123
0.0167
-0.0019
0.0016
-0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
2.84
2.03
-2.03
-5.28
1.78
75
75
-39.0949 -19.5475 -24.2775 -12.1387
-10.4046 -20.8093 5.0269 10.0538
3.9472
1.9736 -3.0972 -1.5486
-1.3274 -2.6547 0.2470
0.4940
0.8961
0.4481 -0.3086 -0.1543
-0.1323 -0.2645 0.0188
0.0376
0.1004
0.0502 -0.0313 -0.0157
-0.0134 -0.0268 0.0016
0.0032
0.0098
0.0049 -0.0031 -0.0015
-0.0013 -0.0026 0.0002
0.0004
0.0009
0.0005 -0.0003 -0.0002
-0.0001 -0.0003 0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
28.98
34.17
-22.42
-3.27
Summary
1.79
Bruhn Errata
( .00374 / .00374
+ .01198
= .238
should be
The distribution factor at joint C equals
= 0.238
Page A11.24 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, Uniformly Varying Load Figure A11.49
Figure A11.49 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table C, page 44.
I have ended CA at L / j = 4.1 (dashed curve to L / j = 4.5) and CB at L / j = 4.6 per Graph IV on page
48 of NACA TN-534.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient for MA, Concentrated Load Figure A11.54
Figure A11.54 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table E, page 46.
For L/j = 2.0 and a/L = 0.5 of MA I am assuming that the value 1.0370 should be 1.0570.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient for MB, Concentrated Load Figure A11.55
Figure A11.55 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table E, page 46.
For L/j = 5.0 and a/L = 0.3 I am using the value 0.6846 instead of 0.6746.
1.80
Stiffness Factor, K
0.00817
0.00363
0.01201
0.01201
1.0E+100
K / K
0.232
0.768
1.000
0.720
0.624
0.624
-884.1
862
-862
464
-464
22.0
Balance Joint B
Carry Over to C
(WAS) 146
Balance Joint C
Carry Over
15.8
88.8
293.6
(WAS) 314
183.1
Balance Joint D
Carry Over to D
Final Moments
(WAS) 148
(WAS) 243.8
280.8
-280.8
280.8
-884.1
884.1
-757.5
757.5
This yields values of 183.1 vs. 148, 280.8 vs. 314 and Final Moments of 757.5 vs. 705.8 and 280.8
versus 314.
1.81
Bruhn Errata
B'
A'
Cabane Struts
Fuselage
Lift Strut
Lift Strut
Figure A11.59
Axial Beam Loads, Front Beam
-507
C'
P1
-7,052
-1,006
-1,006
B'
-2,187
-2,187
A'
-11,758
(lb/in)
Air Load, w
-220
-200
-180
38,400
0
16
32
32
31
31
32
32
-120
16
0
-20,855
-1,006
20,855
-20,855
P5
-507
-7,052
-8,565
-7,559
20,855
-38,400
38,400 in-lb
-80
-60
-40
-20
Position, x
20
(in)
40
P4
-9,571
A'
-202
-202
-142
-42
-42
42
42
142
-160
202 -140
202
-1,006
P3
-38,400
P2
M = 20,855 in-lb
1.82
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Solution
0.1498
0.0919
0.2355
0.2355
0.0919
0.1498
K / K
0.281
0.719
0.719
0.281
COF
0.618
0.589
0.589
0.618
-38,400
28,540
-28,540
19,175
-19,175
28,540
-28,540
38,400
First Balancing
9,860
2,629
6,736
-6,736
-2,629
-9,860
6,091
-3,966
3,966
-6,091
-596
-1,528
1,528
596
900
-900
-253
-647
647
253
381
-381
-107
-274
274
107
161
-161
-45
-116
116
45
68
-68
-19
-49
49
19
29
-29
-8
-21
21
12
-12
-3
-9
-5
-1
-4
-2
-1
-2
-38,400
38,400
-20,855
20,855
-20,855
20,855
-38,400
38,400
Carry Over
Second Balancing
Carry Over
Third Balancing
Carry Over
Fourth Balancing
Carry Over
Fifth Balancing
Carry Over
Sixth Balancing
Carry Over
Seventh Balancing
Carry Over
Eighth Balancing
Carry Over
Ninth Balancing
Carry Over
Tenth Balancing
Final Moments
should be
K=E I
L = 10,000,000 ( 0.03339
M 4 3 = 2 K ( 2 4 3 3 ) + M F 4 5
should be
M 4 3 = 2 K ( 2 4 + 3 3 ) + M F 4 5
1.83
/ 40 = 8,347
Bruhn Errata
( 13 )
should be
b1 =
should be
b 9 = [ 238.5 ] 15.39 =
b 9 = [ 238.5 ] 15.39
should be
1.84
should be
-10,000
-100,00
should be
-10,000
Column 2.
I calculate
I calculate
I calculate
k1 = -7.408
k2 = 3.258
k3 = 34.264
= 1000 ( 2
+ 400 ( 3
should be
+ 32,257 = 35,457 in lb
1.85
Bruhn Errata
page A15.18
2.879 lb/in
2.097 lb/in
33.485 lb/in
0.211 lb/in
18.964 lb/in
2.879 lb/in
1,000 lb
1.254 lb/in
10.977 lb/in
2.097 lb/in
2.586 lb/in
10.555 lb/in
0.211 lb/in
10.423 lb/in
15.596 lb/in
1.254 lb/in
2.586 lb/in
0.030
0.030
x_bar
0.040
Cell 1
0.064
0.040
Cell 2
0.050
0.040
1,000 lb
0.040
Cell 3
0.040
0.040
Cell 4
0.040
0.040
1.86
Cell 5
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
36.36
Cell 1
36.36
Start
54.55
Cell 2
63.64
54.55
Cell 3
72.73
Cell 4
81.82
72.73
63.64
Cell 5
100
81.82
Table A15.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
-21.234
-6.706
-3.000
-1.367
-0.713
-0.249
-0.135
-0.044
-0.024
-0.008
-0.004
-0.0013
-0.0007
-0.0002
-0.0001
0.0000
-28.708
-4.470
-8.373
-1.412
-4.441
-0.632
-2.420
-0.288
-0.777
-0.150
-0.427
-0.052
-0.135
-0.028
-0.074
-0.009
-0.023
-0.005
-0.013
-0.002
-0.004
-0.0009
-0.0022
-0.0003
-0.0007
-0.0002
-0.0004
0.0000
-0.0001
0.0000
-0.0001
-31.818
-7.177
-9.697
-3.211
-5.985
-1.463
-1.490
-0.763
-0.859
-0.266
-0.247
-0.144
-0.138
-0.047
-0.042
-0.026
-0.023
-0.008
-0.007
-0.004
-0.004
-0.0014
-0.0013
-0.0008
-0.0007
-0.0002
-0.0002
-0.0001
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
-38.788
-6.364
-17.576
-3.375
-2.586
-1.839
-1.596
-0.591
-0.397
-0.324
-0.229
-0.103
-0.066
-0.057
-0.037
-0.018
-0.011
-0.010
-0.006
-0.003
-0.002
-0.0017
-0.0011
-0.0005
-0.0003
-0.0003
-0.0002
-0.0001
-0.0001
-0.0001
0.0000
-65.909
-9.697
-5.985
-1.490
-0.859
-0.247
-0.138
-0.042
-0.023
-0.007
-0.004
-0.0013
-0.0007
-0.0002
-0.0001
0.0000
Shear Flow q
-33.485
-52.448
-63.425
-73.981
-84.404
Cell 1
-33.485
Cell 2
-52.448
Cell 3
-63.425
Cell 4
-73.981
Cell 5
-84.404
Shear Flow q
Carry Over Factor
Reiteration
q' = - qs L/t / L/t
Shear Flow q
Carry Over Factor
Second Reiteration
q' = - qs L/t / L/t
Shear Flow q
18,182
856.25
-12.251
-21.234
-33.485
-12.251
-21.234
-33.485
200
0.2105 0.2336
0.2105 0.2336
27,273
950
250
0.2500 0.2632
0.2500 0.2632
31,818
1,000
250
0.2000 0.2500
0.2000 0.2500
48,485
1,250
87,879
1,333.33
333
0.2500 0.2667
0.2500 0.2667
-18.495
-7.049
-16.691
-13.112
-18.495
-12.685
-22.508
-28.708
-31.818
-38.788
-65.909
-52.449
-63.425
-73.981
-84.404
0.2105 0.2336
0.2500 0.2632
0.2000 0.2500
0.2500 0.2667
-7.049
-16.691
-28.708
-52.449
1.87
-13.112
-18.495
-31.818
-63.426
-12.685
-22.508
-38.788
-73.981
-18.495
-65.909
-84.404
Bruhn Errata
-33.485
-52.449
-63.426
-73.981
-84.404
54.55
63.64
72.73
81.82
36.36
Cell 1
Cell 2
36.36
Cell 3
Cell 4
Cell 5
54.55
63.64
72.73
81.82
2.097
0.211
-1.254
-2.586
100
2.879
-33.485
-18.964
2.879
-10.977
2.097
-10.555
0.211
1.88
-10.423
-1.254
15.596
-2.586
Vz
2.879 lb/in
2.097 lb/in
33.485 lb/in
2.879 lb/in
1,000 lb
0.211 lb/in
18.964 lb/in
2.586 lb/in
1.254 lb/in
10.977 lb/in
2.097 lb/in
page A15.21
10.555 lb/in
0.211 lb/in
10.423 lb/in
15.596 lb/in
1.254 lb/in
2.586 lb/in
0.030
0.030
x_bar
0.040
Cell 1
0.064
0.040
Cell 2
0.050
0.040
1,000 lb
0.040
Cell 3
0.040
0.040
Cell 4
0.040
0.040
1.89
Cell 5
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
Bruhn Errata
36.36
Start
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Cell 1
Cell 2
18.18
Shear Flow q
Carry Over Factor
Reiteration
q' = - qs L/t / L/t
Shear Flow q
Carry Over Factor
Second Reiteration
q' = - qs L/t / L/t
Shear Flow q
Cell 3
9.09
-2,045
856.25
Cell 1
2.879
0.490
2.389
2.879
0.490
2.389
2.879
9.09
Cell 4
-1,364
950
200
0.2105 0.2336
2.389
0.335
0.117
0.029
0.004
0.0034
-0.000218
0.000486
-0.000093
0.000078
-0.000019
0.000013
-0.000004
0.000002
-0.000001
0.000000
0.2105 0.2336
Cell 2
2.097
0.606
0.2105 0.2336
1.435
2.097
0.606
Cell 5
9.09
0
1,000
250
0.2500 0.2632
1.435
0.503
0.000
0.071
0.055
0.025
-0.007
0.006
0.008
0.0009
-0.0018
0.000711 0.001371
-0.000046 -0.000352
0.000102 0.000234
-0.000020 -0.000063
0.000017 0.000040
-0.000004 -0.000011
0.000003 0.000007
-0.000001 -0.000002
0.000000 0.000001
0.000000 0.000000
18.18
250
0.2000 0.2500
758
1,250
3,030
1,333.33
333
0.2500 0.2667
0.000
0.359
-0.152
0.126
-0.152
0.031
0.000
0.004
-0.011
0.0036
0.0016
-0.000234 -0.001105
0.000520 0.000367
-0.000100 -0.000141
0.000084 0.000069
-0.000021 -0.000021
0.000014 0.000012
-0.000004 -0.000004
0.000002 0.000002
-0.000001 -0.000001
0.000000 0.000000
-0.606
0.000
-0.606
0.041
-0.040
-0.005
-0.040
0.006
0.000
-0.0014
-0.0030
0.001042 0.000425
-0.000268 -0.000295
0.000177 0.000098
-0.000048 -0.000037
0.000031 0.000018
-0.000008 -0.000006
0.000005 0.000003
-0.000001 -0.000001
0.000001 0.000001
0.000000 0.000000
-2.273
-0.152
-0.152
0.000
-0.011
0.0016
-0.001105
0.000367
-0.000141
0.000069
-0.000021
0.000012
-0.000004
0.000002
-0.000001
0.000000
Cell 3
0.211
Cell 4
-1.254
Cell 5
-2.586
0.2500 0.2632
0.2000 0.2500
0.2500 0.2667
-0.313
-0.313
0.042
-0.690
0.000
-0.606
-2.273
0.211
-1.254
-2.586
0.2500 0.2632
0.2000 0.2500
0.2500 0.2667
0.055
0.524
0.055
0.524
1.435
2.097
1.90
-0.313
0.000
0.211
0.042
-0.690
-0.606
-1.254
-0.313
-2.273
-2.586
2.879
2.097
0.211
-1.254
-2.586
36.36
Cell 1
Cell 2
18.18
Cell 3
9.09
Cell 4
9.09
Cell 5
9.09
2.10
0.21
-1.25
-2.59
18.2
2.88
33.48
18.96
2.88
10.98
2.10
10.56
0.21
1.91
10.42
-1.25
15.60
-2.59
Bruhn Errata
page A15.22
-11.358
-3.638
-1.389
-2.918
-1.229
-8.9
-78.09
-98.08
-78.09
156.18
78.09
-78.09
156.18
78.09
-78.09
156.18
78.09
-78.09
0
156.18
78.09
-78.09
0
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Cell 5
185.54
-78.09
-78.09
185.54
78.09
-78.09
156.18
185.54
78.09
-78.09
156.18
185.54
78.09
-78.09
156.18
Cel
185.54
78.09
-78.09
156.18
0
78.09
-78.09
156.18
-89.45
148.46
66.73
-81.73
153.93
-79.48
74.45
156.02
76.70
157.86
-79.32
76.86
162.25
-81.01
75.17
-87.08
-89.45
-109.44
Cell 1
174.18
Cell 2
181.90
Cell 3
Cell 4
184.15
Cell 5
184.31
Ce
182.62
-89.45
-89.45
66.73
-81.73
148.46
-79.48
74.45
153.93
76.70
-79.32
156.02
1.92
76.86
-81.01
157.86
75.17
-87.08
162.25
918
-8.995
-4.291
-5.147
5.516
22.534
156.18
78.09
-78.09
0
l5
185.54
156.18
78.09
-78.09
0
156.18
78.09
-78.09
0
156.18
78.09
-78.09
0
0
Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 8
Cell 9
181.48
78.09
-78.09
156.18
181.48
78.09
-78.09
156.18
178.66
78.09
-78.09
156.18
Cell 10
178.66
78.09
-78.09
156.18
78.09
0
78.09
-78.09
156.18
78.09
78.09
98.08
78.09
162.25
75.17
-87.08
69.09
145.51
157.03
-82.38
73.80
-83.23
72.94
139.16
-72.57
83.60
-55.55
100.62
78.09
l5
Cell 6
182.62
Cell 7
172.48
Cell 8
177.19
Cell 10
Cell 9
173.52
184.18
120.61
78.09
75.17
-87.08
162.25
69.09
-82.38
151.47
73.80
-83.23
157.03
72.94
-72.57
145.51
1.93
83.60
-55.55
139.16
100.62
Bruhn Errata
-89.45
-89.45
148.46
153.93
156.02
157.86
162.25
66.73 -81.73
74.45 -79.48
76.70 -79.32
76.86 -81.01
75.17 -87.08
a'
b'
c'
Cell 1
-109.44
-89.45
181.90
-89.45
Cell 5
184.31
74.45 -79.48
153.93
f'
Cell 4
184.15
66.73 -81.73
148.46
e'
Cell 3
Cell 2
174.18
d'
182.62
76.70 -79.32
156.02
76.86 -81.01
157.86
75.17 -87.08
162.25
162.25
151.47
157.03
145.51
139.16
75.17 -87.08
69.09 -82.38
73.80 -83.23
72.94 -72.57
83.60 -55.55
I'
j'
f'
g'
Cell 6
182.62
Cell 7
172.48
75.17 -87.08
162.25
h'
Cell 8
177.19
69.09 -82.38
151.47
Cell 9
173.52
73.80 -83.23
157.03
1.94
100.62
k'
Cell 10
184.18
120.61
72.94 -72.57
145.51
83.60 -55.55
139.16
100.62
Shear Flow
Shear Flow vs. Position, Web 2 (b-b')
200
q2
q1
150
100
Web 2
0
0
-50
-100
Position (in)
Bay 1
1.95
10
Bruhn Errata
Summary
Cell 1
2,207
211.32
Cell 2
0
186.38
Cell 3
0
186.38
Cell 4
0
186.38
Cell 5
0
186.38
53.19
53.19
53.19
53.19
53.19
0.2854 0.2517
0.2854 0.2854
0.2854 0.2854
0.2854 0.2854
0.2729 0.2
-10.442
0
0
0
0
0
-2.980
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.952
-0.750
0
0
-0.850
0
0
-0.557
0
0
-0
0
-0.214
-0.243
0
-0.159
-0.243
0
-0.159
-0.496
-0.115
0
-0.045
-0.130
-0.069
-0.045
-0.187
-0.069
0
-0
-0.011
-0.033
-0.057
-0.013
-0.066
-0.057
-0.020
-0.066
-0.086
-0
-0.023
-0.0033 -0.023
-0.026
-0.022
-0.023
-0.043
-0.022
-0.005
-0
-0.007
-0.006
-0.014
-0.007
-0.019
-0.014
-0.008
-0.019
-0.018
-0
-0.005
-0.0019 -0.0075 -0.0057 -0.0061 -0.0075 -0.0104 -0.0061 -0.0026 -0
-0.002
-0.0014 -0.0034 -0.0027 -0.0051 -0.0034 -0.0025 -0.0051 -0.0043 -0
-0.0012
-0.00067 -0.0022 -0.0014 -0.0017 -0.0022 -0.0027 -0.0017 -0.0010 -0
-0.0007
-0.00035 -0.00087 -0.00083 -0.00140 -0.00087 -0.00076 -0.00140 -0.00116 -0.0
-0.00031
-0.00021 -0.00063 -0.00035 -0.00046 -0.00063 -0.00073 -0.00046 -0.00033 -0.0
-0.00021
-0.00009 -0.00023 -0.00024 -0.00039 -0.00023 -0.00023 -0.00039 -0.00034 -0.0
-0.00008
-0.00006 -0.00018 -0.00009 -0.00013 -0.00018 -0.00021 -0.00013 -0.00011 -0.0
-0.00006
-0.00002 -0.00006 -0.00007 -0.00011 -0.00006 -0.00007 -0.00011 -0.00010 -0.0
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Cell 5
-11.358
-3.638
-1.389
-1.229
-2.918
Cell 6
1,333
194.92
Cell 7
0
203.46
Cell 8
1,205
211.17
Cell 9
0
218.89
Cell 10
-4,745
227.57
53.19
61.73
61.73
69.44
69.44
729 0.2854
0.3034 0.3167
0.2923 0.3034
0.3173 0.3289
0.3052 0.3173
-6.840
0
-5.707
0
20.850
0
52
0
0
-2.075
-1.731
0
0
-1.810
6.615
1.466
-0.533
-1.205
0
0
-1.113
1.580
0
0
0
96
0
0
-0.527
0.142
0
0
0.148
0.465
0.187
-0.179
-0.122
0
0
-0.113
0.202
0
0
0
86
-0.019
0
-0.091
0.027
0
0
0.028
0.059
0.027
05
-0.042
-0.020
-0.006
0.000
-0.019
0.029
0.000
0.000
0.000
18
-0.007
-0.002
-0.019
0.003
-0.002
0.000
0.003
0.008
0.0036
026 -0.0100 -0.0050 -0.0028 -0.0005 -0.0046 0.0038 -0.0005 0.0000
-0.0002
043 -0.0024 -0.0011 -0.0045 -0.0002 -0.0010 -0.0002 -0.0002 0.0011
0.00027
010 -0.0026 -0.0015 -0.0010 -0.0003 -0.0014 0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0001
-0.00013
116 -0.00072 -0.00044 -0.00123 -0.00033 -0.00041 -0.00014 -0.00035 0.00009
-0.00008
033 -0.00070 -0.00050 -0.00035 -0.00016 -0.00046 -0.00009 -0.00017 -0.00004
-0.00006
034 -0.00022 -0.00016 -0.00036 -0.00017 -0.00015 -0.00007 -0.00017 -0.00003
-0.00006
011 -0.00020 -0.00017 -0.00012 -0.00007 -0.00015 -0.00007 -0.00007 -0.00002
-0.00003
010 -0.00007 -0.00006 -0.00011 -0.00007 -0.00005 -0.00003 -0.00007 -0.00002
Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 8
Cell 9
Cell 10
-8.995
-4.290
-5.147
5.516
22.534
1.96
q =
M
20323
=
= 20.6 lb. / in.
2 A
2 x 493
q =
should be
M
35,457
=
= 36 lb / in
2 A
2 ( 493 )
Figure A15-28
A = 125.9
A = 125.9 in
should be
Figure A15-29
Pz = 1,000 lb
2"
Px = 400 lb
1
3"
10
11
10
11
12
13
14
15
12
13
14
15
16
10
16
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
10
16
Member
1.97
15
14
13
12
11
Bruhn Errata
Table A15.1
Check Column 13 in Table A15.1.
qy
-0.485
qz
-5.264
Acell
493.0
q
-35.96
10
11
12
13
14
Total
Area*
A
Arm
Z
ZA
Arm
X
ZA
XA
qz
zA
qxz
xA + zA
qxz m
(in )
(in )
(in )
(in )
(in )
(in )
(in )
(in )
(lb/in)
Final
q
(in )
(in)
qy
xA
(in)
XA
0.141
4.396
0.619
-17.41
-2.450
0.141
6.446
0.907
-13.54
-1.905
0.619
-2.450
1.189
-3.256
2.067
0.380
7.396
2.810
-9.11
-3.462
1.526
-4.355
2.114
-8.031
0.168
7.766
1.308
-5.44
-0.916
4.336
-7.817
3.795
0.168
7.946
1.338
-0.86
-0.145
5.644
-8.733
0.168
7.896
1.330
3.14
0.529
6.982
0.168
7.696
1.296
7.14
1.202
0.168
7.296
1.229
11.74
1.977
0.290
6.896
2.000
15.39
4.463
16
0.350
-8.411
-2.944
15.39
5.387
15
0.310
-8.224
-2.549
9.64
2.988
14
0.310
-7.734
-2.398
3.32
1.029
13
0.310
-7.004
-2.171
-2.96
-0.918
12
0.280
-5.554
-1.555
-9.11
-2.551
11
0.170
-4.504
-0.766
-13.54
-2.302
10
0.170
-2.904
-0.494
-17.51
-2.977
Member
(lb/in)
0.0
-36
55.2
114.1
-33.9
5.917
44.2
261.5
-30.0
-22.826
19.031
32.0
609.0
-16.9
4.240
-29.710
25.471
38.2
973.0
-10.5
-8.878
4.310
-36.754
32.444
33.0
1,070.7
-3.5
8.312
-8.349
4.053
-43.754
39.700
33.2
1,318.1
3.7
9.608
-7.147
3.470
-50.576
47.106
40.2
1,893.7
11.1
10.836
-5.170
2.510
-57.044
54.534
32.6
1,777.8
18.6
12.836
-0.707
0.343
-67.571
67.228
251.8
16,928.0
31.3
9.892
4.680
-2.272
-52.074
54.346
46.0
2,499.9
18.4
7.343
7.668
-3.723
-38.654
42.376
48.2
2,042.5
6.4
4.945
8.697
-4.222
-26.033
30.255
46.4
1,403.8
-5.7
2.774
7.780
-3.777
-14.603
18.380
47.6
874.9
-17.6
1.219
5.229
-2.538
-6.417
8.956
36.6
327.8
-27.0
0.453
2.927
-1.421
-2.387
3.808
42.6
162.2
-32.2
-0.040
-0.050
-36
1.98
32,256.9
STA 120.0
STA 60.0
STA 90.0
3.25
2.50
1.75
10
6
STA 120.0
2.50
2.50
5.5
1.75
5.5
STA 0.0
STA 30.0
2.00
1.50
8.5
3.25
1.75
1.50
1.25
7.0
2.50
2.00
5
1.50
5
STA 60.0
STA 90.0
1
5.5
1.75
1.50
4.5
1.25
4.5
STA 30.0
Figure A15-73
745.1
470.6
196.1
STA 90.0
745.1
470.6
196.1
1.99
STA 120.0
4.0
1
1
4
1
4
STA 0.0
Bruhn Errata
Figure A15-74
3 ''
100 lb
133.33 lb
88.89 lb
a'
2''
66.67 lb
Vz
22.77
b'
37.15
2''
c'
44.44 lb
3''
3''
40.0
3''
3''
88.89 lb
2''
22.77
133.33 lb
22.77
37.15
100 lb
2''
44.44 lb
66.67 lb
37.15
0.0
40.0
22.77
37.15
1.100
Figure A15-75
-13.23
1.15
-36.0
4.0
-13.23
1.15
-15.5
-2.1
Figure A15-76
-33.2
6.8
-15.5
-2.1
1.101
Bruhn Errata
For the Roark reference, the pages are 458-476 in the 6 edition.
Thanks to Jim Baldwin.
TABLE A17.2
Membrane Stress and Deflection Coefficients
a/b
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
n1
n2
0.318
0.411
0.228
0.370
0.160
0.336
0.125
0.304
0.100
0.272
0.068
0.23
0.052
0.205
Coefficient n2 for a/b = 1.0 should be 0.411 instead of 0.356. Reference NACA TM-965.
NACA TM-965
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094451_1993094451.pdf
1.102
q =
E t3
b
a4
a
wmax +
1 Et
3
wmax
3
4
n1 a
SparWeb suggests:
E t
3
+ wmax 3 4
n1 b
E t3
q = wmax
4
a
q a4
1 wmax
=
4
t
E t
1 w
a
+ 3 max
n1 t
b
Column 2, Equation 4a
(0
z 1 a
should be
0 z
(1
should be
Fourier series
1.103
Bruhn Errata
Mx
should be
should be
2 places
Ez
Column 2, Equation 4b
z
should be
Ez
should be
Ey
2 places
should be
My dy
My dx
should be
Mx dx
E h2
D =
12 1 2
should be
E h3
D =
12 1 2
should be
Vx = -700 lb
should be
y x z
Page A19.17 Bending and Shear Stress Analysis Tapered Multiple Stringer Wing
Column 1, For Station 20
K 1 = 50 / [ 230.3 ( 1,030
should be
) ] = 50 / 234,709 = .0002130
should be
Column 2,
b = [ .00098 x 285000
( .0002125 x
)]
1300000
.004378 x 1,300,000
( .0002125 x
285000
)]
should be
b = [ 0 .000978 ( 285,000
) ( .0002130) 1,300,000 ]
b = 3.3 x 5639 z
should be
) ( 285,000 ) ]
b = 1.83 x 5,625.5 z
should be
should be
( .000324 x
1,000,000
)]
.00643 x 1,000,000
( .00324 x
215000
)]
should be
b = 14.5 x 6360 z
should be
b = 14.3 x 6,356 z
should be
cg
cg
1.105
) ( 215,000 ) ]
Bruhn Errata
2a
10
11
12
Stringer
No.
Area
A
Area
A
Arm
z'
A z'
A z' 2
wt
Aeff
Aeff z
Az2
2
4
6
8
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.088
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.151
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.088
24.2
22.0
18.2
13.3
6.9
0
-3.2
-6.9
-10.1
-13.3
-15.8
-18.2
-20.3
-22.0
-23.7
-24.2
-24.9
3.65
3.32
2.74
2.00
1.04
0
-0.72
-0.83
-2.26
-1.60
-2.53
-2.18
-3.25
-2.64
-3.79
-2.90
-2.19
88.27
72.95
49.92
26.66
7.18
0
2.29
5.71
22.85
21.23
39.94
39.75
65.93
58.08
89.87
70.28
54.56
27.55
25.35
21.55
16.65
10.25
3.35
0.15
-3.55
-6.75
-9.95
-12.45
-14.85
-16.95
-18.65
-20.35
-20.85
-21.55
-29,925
-27,535
-23,408
-18,085
-11,134
-3,639
1.009
1.052
1.141
1.298
1.655
2.894
0.032
0.034
0.037
0.042
0.053
0.093
0.152
0.154
0.157
0.162
0.173
0.213
0.224
0.120
0.224
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.160
0.120
0.088
4.196
3.896
3.373
2.690
1.773
0.712
0.034
-0.426
-1.512
-1.194
-1.992
-1.782
-2.712
-2.238
-3.256
-2.502
-1.896
115.59
98.75
72.69
44.78
18.17
2.39
0.01
1.51
10.21
11.88
24.80
26.46
45.97
41.74
66.26
52.17
40.87
-12.14
715.47
2.626
-2.838
674.2
2.49
Skin
in
Tension
Table A20.2
Trial No. 1 - Buckled Sheets
1
10
11
Buckled
Sheet
b'
cr
Aeff
Arm
z'
A z'
A z' 2
1
3
5
7
9
11
2.262
4.024
4.024
4.024
6.024
6.512
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
11
11
24
38
38
38
-8,989
-8,989
-4,120
-2,602
-2,602
-2,602
-31,900
-30,300
-26,000
-20,200
-12,900
-4,100
0.282
0.297
0.158
0.129
0.202
0.635
0.020
0.038
0.020
0.017
0.039
0.132
24.9
23.7
20.3
15.8
10.1
3.2
0.51
0.91
0.41
0.26
0.39
0.42
12.65
21.46
8.41
4.14
3.97
1.35
2.91
51.97
0.267
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Buckled
Sheet
b'
a = K t b'
az
a Z2
1
3
5
7
9
11
28.25
27.05
23.65
19.15
13.45
6.55
-30,685
-29,382
-25,689
-20,801
-14,609
-7,115
0.293
0.306
0.160
0.125
0.178
0.366
2.252
3.981
3.911
3.789
5.556
4.930
0.021
0.039
0.020
0.015
0.032
0.058
0.60
1.05
0.47
0.29
0.43
0.38
16.85
28.52
11.23
5.56
5.73
2.48
0.185
3.22
70.36
1.106
Stress in Stringers
Table A20.3
1
Element
No.
az
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.021
0.153
0.039
0.154
0.020
0.157
0.015
0.162
0.032
0.174
0.058
0.216
28.250
27.367
27.050
25.167
23.650
21.367
19.150
16.467
13.450
10.067
6.550
3.167
0.604
4.178
1.068
3.877
0.481
3.354
0.294
2.669
0.431
1.750
0.382
0.684
19.77
From my calculations:
Trial No.
A z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.513
5.612
5.636
5.636
5.637
5.637
5.637
5.637
5.637
5.637
-18.468
-17.704
-17.517
-17.467
-17.448
-17.442
-17.440
-17.439
-17.439
-17.439
bar
-3.3501
-3.2142
-3.1811
-3.1722
-3.1688
-3.1677
-3.1673
-3.1672
-3.1672
-3.1671
I NA
1,473.03
1,489.19
1,492.59
1,494.38
1,494.95
1,495.13
1,495.19
1,495.21
1,495.22
1,495.22
1.107
Stringer
Ref.
2
4
6
8
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
27.367
25.167
21.367
16.467
10.067
3.167
-0.033
-3.733
-6.933
-10.133
-12.633
-15.033
-17.133
-18.833
-20.533
-21.033
-21.733
-29,285
-26,931
-22,865
-17,621
-10,773
-3,389
35
3,994
7,419
10,843
13,518
16,086
18,333
20,153
21,972
22,507
23,256
Bruhn Errata
pages A20.7-A20.8
should be
Mx =
36,500 ( 3,252
( 35.7 + 0.7 )
Table A20.4
Table A20.4
1
Stringer
Stringer Linear
Area
Stress
( in2 )
b
Eff.
Skin
Total
Area
Arm
Z1
Strain
Stress
( in )
( in/in )
( psi )
True
10
11
12
13
KA
K A Z1
K A Z2
Area
( in )
-36,500
0.033
0.168
35.7
-0.006
-36,500
1.00
0.168
5.99
213.7
-34,700
0.034
0.169
33.8
-0.0057 -36,500
1.05
0.177
5.99
202.5
0.180
-31,000
0.035
0.215
30.3
-0.0051 -39,100
1.26
0.272
8.23
249.5
S1
0.135
-26,600
0.038
0.173
26.0
-0.0048 -36,000
1.35
0.235
6.10
158.5
S3
0.080
-20,500
0.044
0.124
20.1
-0.0034 -31,500
1.54
0.190
3.82
76.7
S3
0.080
-13,400
0.054
0.134
13.7
-0.0023 -24,000
1.79
0.240
3.29
45.0
S3
0.080
-7,150
0.074
0.154
7.0
-0.0012 -12,500
1.75
0.269
1.88
13.2
S3
0.080
0.080
1.00
0.080
S3
0.080
6,130
0.216
0.296
-6.0
0.0010
10,000
1.63
0.483
-2.90
17.4
10
S3
0.080
12,280
0.216
0.296
-12.0
0.0200
20,500
1.67
0.494
-5.93
71.2
11
S3
0.080
16,800
0.216
0.296
-16.5
0.0028
30,000
1.79
0.529
-8.72
143.9
12
S3
0.080
20,400
0.216
0.296
-20.0
0.0034
35,000
1.72
0.508
-10.16
203.1
13
S3
0.080
21,700
0.216
0.296
-21.2
0.0036
38,000
1.75
0.518
-10.99
233.0
4.162
-3.40
1,627.7
Number
Type
S1
0.135
S1
0.135
S2
2.696
Fig A20.5
w = 1.9 t
ST
= 1.9
( 0.032 inch )
10,300,000 psi
= 1.021 inch
36,500 psi
Page A20.9 Shear Flow Analysis for Tapered Fuselage Beam Properties at One Section
Elmer F. Bruhn
pages A20.9-A20.10
Table A20.5
Table A20.5
1
Stringer
No.
Arm, z
Sta 0
Area
A
Px
Sta 0
dz / dx
dy / dx
Pz
Py
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15.00
13.86
10.61
5.74
0.00
-5.74
-10.61
-13.86
-15.00
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.05
-25,000
-23,097
-17,678
-9,567
0
9,567
17,678
23,097
25,000
-1,250
-2,310
-1,768
-957
0
957
1,768
2,310
1,250
-0.0333
-0.0308
-0.0236
-0.0128
0
0.0128
0.0236
0.0308
0.0333
0.0000
-0.0128
-0.0236
-0.0308
-0.0333
-0.0308
-0.0236
-0.0128
0
-41.67
-71.13
-41.67
-12.20
0
-12.20
-41.67
-71.13
-41.67
0.00
-29.46
-41.67
-29.46
0
29.46
41.67
29.46
0.00
-333.33
Properties
Properties
10
11
12
13
14
15
Arm, y
Sta 0
Arm, y
Sta 150
Arm, z
Sta 0
Arm, z
Sta 150
dz / dx
dy / dx
0.00
5.74
10.61
13.86
15.00
-13.86
-10.61
-5.74
0
0.00
3.83
7.07
9.24
10.00
-9.24
-7.07
-3.83
0
15.00
13.86
10.61
5.74
0
-5.74
-10.61
-13.86
-15.00
10.00
9.24
7.07
3.83
0
-3.83
-7.07
-9.24
-10.00
-0.0333
-0.0308
-0.0236
-0.0128
0
0.0128
0.0236
0.0308
0.0333
0.0000
-0.0128
-0.0236
-0.0308
-0.0333
-0.0308
-0.0236
-0.0128
0
1.109
Bruhn Errata
Shear Flow
See Figure A20.7 page A20.10
Stringer
No.
q flexural
qinternal
qtotal
Stringer
No.
q flexural
qinternal
qtotal
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
-5.56
-15.82
-23.68
-27.93
-27.93
-23.68
-15.82
-5.56
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-1.52
8.75
16.60
20.86
20.86
16.60
8.75
-1.52
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-1
5.56
15.82
23.68
27.93
27.93
23.68
15.82
5.56
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-12.63
-22.89
-30.75
-35.00
-35.00
-30.75
-22.89
-12.63
1.110
Page A20.10 Tapered Circular Fuselage with Asymmetrical Stringer Areas Delta P Method
Elmer F. Bruhn
pages A20.10-A20.15
Table A20.6
Table A20.6
1
Stringer
No.
Area
Sta 0
Area
Sta 30
Arm, z
Sta 0
Arm, z
Sta 30
Sta 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.05
15.00
13.86
10.61
5.74
0.00
-5.74
-10.61
-13.86
-15.00
14
12.93
9.90
5.36
0.00
-5.36
-9.90
-12.93
-14
-25,000
-23,097
-17,678
-9,567
0
9,567
17,678
23,097
25,000
10
11
12
13
Sta 30
Px
Sta 0
Px
Sta 30
P
30
P K
30
-21,429
-19,797
-15,152
-8,200
0
8,200
15,152
19,797
21,429
-1,250
-2,310
-1,768
-957
0
957
1,768
2,310
1,250
-1,071
-1,980
-1,515
-820
0
820
1,515
1,980
1,071
5.95
11.00
8.42
4.56
0
-4.56
-8.42
-11.00
-5.95
0.935
0.935
0.935
0.935
0
0.935
0.935
0.935
0.935
5.57
10.29
7.87
4.26
0
-4.26
-7.87
-10.29
-5.57
5.57
15.86
23.73
27.99
27.99
23.73
15.86
5.57
Table A20.7
Table A20.7
Section Properties at Station 0
10
11
12
13
14
Stringer
Ref.
Area
A
Arm
z'
Arm
y'
A z'
A z' 2
A y'
A y' 2
A z' y'
Ps
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
I
j
0.60
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.80
0.80
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.30
10.50
18.98
22.50
18.98
10.50
-10.50
-18.98
-22.50
-18.98
-10.50
-12.00
-8.48
0.00
8.48
12.00
12.00
8.48
0.00
-8.48
-12.00
6.30
1.90
2.25
1.90
8.40
-8.40
-3.80
-4.50
-3.80
-3.15
66.15
36.02
50.63
36.02
88.20
88.20
72.05
101.25
72.05
33.08
-7.20
-0.85
0.00
0.85
9.60
9.60
1.70
0.00
-1.70
-3.60
86.40
7.19
0.00
7.19
115.20
115.20
14.38
0.00
14.38
43.20
-75.60
-16.10
0.00
16.10
100.80
-100.80
-32.19
0.00
32.19
37.80
11.352
19.832
23.352
19.832
11.352
-9.648
-18.128
-21.648
-18.128
-9.648
-14.471
-10.951
-2.471
6.009
9.529
9.529
6.009
-2.471
-10.951
-14.471
-15,111
-21,996
-22,697
-16,785
-7,736
11,992
18,877
19,578
13,666
4,618
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-441.2
-9,331.4
-2,243.7
-2,313.8
-1,722.6
-6,542.0
9,241.0
3,687.2
3,827.5
2,644.9
1,252.9
-2.90
643.64
8.40
403.15
-37.80
3.40
-1,500.0
Table A20.8
Table A20.8
Section Properties at Station 30
10
11
12
13
14
Stringer
Ref.
Area
A
Arm
z'
Arm
y'
A z'
A z' 2
A y'
A y' 2
A z' y'
Ps
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
I
j
0.50
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.66
0.66
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.26
9.80
17.72
21.00
17.72
9.80
-9.80
-17.72
-21.00
-17.72
-9.80
-11.20
-7.92
0.00
7.92
11.20
11.20
7.92
0.00
-7.92
-11.20
4.90
1.77
2.10
1.77
6.47
-6.47
-3.54
-4.20
-3.54
-2.55
48.02
31.40
44.10
31.40
63.39
63.39
62.80
88.20
62.80
24.97
-5.60
-0.79
0.00
0.79
7.39
7.39
1.58
0.00
-1.58
-2.91
62.72
6.27
0.00
6.27
82.79
82.79
12.55
0.00
12.55
32.61
-54.88
-14.03
0.00
14.03
72.44
-72.44
-28.07
0.00
28.07
28.54
10.905
18.825
22.105
18.825
10.905
-8.695
-16.615
-19.895
-16.615
-8.695
-13.305
-10.025
-2.105
5.815
9.095
9.095
5.815
-2.105
-10.025
-13.305
-14,840
-21,146
-21,490
-15,672
-7,100
11,310
17,616
17,960
12,142
3,570
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-503.4
-7,671.8
-2,164.9
-2,199.3
-1,617.6
-5,018.0
7,132.7
3,422.6
3,491.4
2,327.8
797.3
-3.29
520.46
6.27
298.55
-26.34
2.98
1.111
-1,500.0
Bruhn Errata
Table A20.9
Table A20.10
1.112
Comparison
Beam Properties at One Section
Delta P Method
Stringer
No.
q flexural
qinternal
qtotal
Stringer
No.
q flexural
qinternal
qtotal
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-1
-5.56
-15.82
-23.68
-27.93
-27.93
-23.68
-15.82
-5.56
5.56
15.82
23.68
27.93
27.93
23.68
15.82
5.56
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-1.52
8.75
16.60
20.86
20.86
16.60
8.75
-1.52
-12.63
-22.89
-30.75
-35.00
-35.00
-30.75
-22.89
-12.63
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-1
5.57
15.86
23.73
27.99
27.99
23.73
15.86
5.57
5.57
15.86
23.73
27.99
27.99
23.73
15.86
5.57
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-7.07
-1.51
8.78
16.66
20.92
20.92
16.66
8.78
-1.51
-12.64
-22.93
-30.80
-35.06
-35.06
-30.80
-22.93
-12.64
Difference
Stringer
No.
qtotal
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-1
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.01
-0.01
-0.03
-0.05
-0.06
-0.06
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
1.113
Bruhn Errata
[ ] = 10
rs
should be
[ ] = 10
rs
[ Gim ]
[ Gim ]
[ g im ]
[ g ir ]
rs
] [
0.07692
0
.03453
0.92300
0
0.92300
0.41439
0.41439
0
0.07692
0
0.03134
0
1.84610
0
1.84610
0.79046
0.79046
0
0.07692
0
0.02402
0
2.76900
0
2.76900
1.07874
1.07874
0.07692
0
0.01004
0
0
3.69200
1.19928
3.692
1.19928
rs
0.07692
0.03453
0.92300
0.50861
0.41439
0.07692
0.03134
1.84610
1.05564
0.79046
=
0.07692
0.02402
2.76900
1.69026
1.07874
0.07692
0.01004
3.69200
2.49272
1.19928
1.114
q8
q9
q10
q11
q19
q 21
q 22
.0295
.00676 .00676
.1006
.2409
.2409
.00676 .00676
.9355 .3444
.964
3.087
P1
P2
q12 "
q14 "
should be
q8
0.02948
0.10060
0.07911 0.02084
q9
0.00126 0.04108
q10
q11 = 0.04220
0.11342
0.24090
q19
0.24058
q 21
0.96255
3.08824
2.37776 1.47345
q 22
0.00676
0.01753
0.00402
0.00676
0.00676
0.93541
0.22841
0.00676
0.00949
0.02301
0.00676
0.00676
0.34450
0.36250
P1
P2
q12 "
q14 "
Table A23.3, AE/L = 1.607 x 10 should be 1.06066 x 10 if the areas are to be the same as Problem
2
2
#1 on page A8.7 for E = 30E6 psi. I use cross-sectional areas, Aab = 1.0 in , Abd = 1.0 in , Adc = 1.0
2
2
2
2
in , Aca = 1.0 in , Acb = 2.0 in and Aad = 1.5 in .
2
For E = 10E6 psi. use cross-sectional areas, Aab = 3.0 in , Abd = 3.0 in , Adc = 3.0 in , Aca = 3.0 in ,
2
2
Acb = 6.0 in and Aad = 4.5 in . These will yield the same A E / L.
1.115
Bruhn Errata
INPUT
F3
E
lb
u2
3.00E+07 lb
30
in
30
in
members
joints
u8
1.00
in
Abd
1.00
in2
Adc
1.00
in2
Aca
1.00
in2
Acb
2.00
in2
Aad
1.50
in2
u3 F3
30
Area
Aab
u4
u1
u6
u7
30
C ij
(k )
j
1
1.7071
-0.7071
-1
0
-0.7071
i
1
2
3
4
5
= C ij
( k 1)
u5
C ik
C kk
( k 1)
( k 1)
C1 j
( k 1)
Stiffness Matrix
2
-0.7071
1.7071
0
0
0.7071
3
-1
0
1.530
0.530
0
4
0
0
0.530
1.530
0
5
-0.7071
0.7071
0
0
1.7071
DATA
After Gaussian Elimination
Degree of Redundancy
n
1.7071
0
0
0
0
-0.7071
1.41421
0
0
0
-1
-0.41421
0.8232
0
0
0
0
0.5303
1.1887
0
-0.7071
0.4142
-0.2929
0.1887
1.1587
Member
AE/L
cos
sin
ab
bd
dc
ca
cb
ad
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.00E+06
1.41E+06
1.06E+06
0
90
0
90
-45
45
1
0
1
0
0.7071
0.7071
0
1
0
1
-0.7071
0.7071
395.3 lb
-604.7 lb
395.3 lb
395.3 lb
-559.0 lb
855.2 lb
OUTPUT
u1
0.0013
in
u2
0.0004
in
u3
0.0017
in
u4
-0.0006
in
u5
0.0004
in
1.116
Page 2
Stiffness Matrix
C ij
i
1
2
3
4
5
i
1
2
3
4
5
i
1
2
3
4
5
i
1
2
3
4
5
(k )
= C ij
( k 1)
C ik
C kk
( k 1)
( k 1)
C1 j
1.70711 -0.70711
-0.70711 1.70711
-1
0
0
0
-0.70711 0.70711
( k 1)
k=1
C11
0
0
0
0
(1)
C11
C21(2)
0
0
0
C13
C12
1.414215 -0.41421
-0.41421 0.944515
0
0.5303
0.414215 -0.41421
(1)
C14
0
0.5303
1.5303
0
(1)
C15
0.414215
-0.41421
0
1.414215
1.70711 -0.70711
-1
0
1.414215 -0.41421
0
-0.41421 0.944515
0
0
0.5303
0
0.414215 -0.41421
C11
C21(3)
C31(3)
0
0
C12
C13
C22(2)
0
0
0
(2)
C23(2)
0.823194
0.5303
-0.29289
C14
(2)
C24(2)
0.5303
1.5303
0
C15
(2)
C25(2)
-0.29289
0
1.292894
1.70711
-0.70711
-1
0
0
0
0
1.414215
0
0
0
-0.41421
0.82319
0.53030
-0.29289
C11
C21(4)
C31(4)
C41(4)
0
C12
C13
(3)
C23(3)
C22(3)
C33(3)
0
0
C32(3)
0
0
C14
(3)
C24(3)
C15
(3)
C25(3)
C35(3)
C34(3)
1.188682 0.188682
0.188682 1.188682
-0.70711
0.414215
-0.41421
0
1.414215
-0.70711
0
0.414215
0.53030 -0.29289
1.53030
0
0
1.292894
1.70711
-0.70711
-1
1.41421
-0.41421
-0.70711
0.41421
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.82319
0
0
0.53030
1.18868
0.18868
-0.29289
0.18868
1.18868
-0.70711
After Step 4
C12
(4)
C13
(4)
C14
C24(4)
C23(4)
C22(4)
C34(4)
C33(4)
C32(4)
C44(4)
0
C43(4)
0
C42(4)
0
(4)
C15
(4)
C25(4)
C35(4)
C45(4)
1.158732
Stiffness Matrix
1.70711
0
0
0.5303
1.5303
0
After Step 3
(3)
k=4
(4)
-0.70711
0.70711
0
0
1.70711
After Step 2
(2)
k=3
(3)
0
0
0.5303
1.5303
0
After Step 1
(1)
(1)
k=2
(2)
-1
0
1.5303
0.5303
0
-0.70711
-1
1.414215 -0.41421
0.823194
1.70711
-0.70711
-1
1.41421
-0.41421
0.41421
0.82319
0.53030
-0.29289
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.18868
0
0.18868
1.15873
Displacements
Forces
F1
-0.70711
u1
0.414215
u2
0.5303
-0.29289
u3
1.188682 0.188682
u4
F4
u5
F5
1.158732
1.117
F2
=
F3
Bruhn Errata
Page 3
C16(1)
0.41421
0.58579
0
0.414215
C17(1)
1
0
0
0
C18(1)
0
1
0
0
C19(1)
0
0
1
0
C10(1)
0
0
0
1
C16(2)
C17(2)
C18(2)
C19(2)
C10(2)
C26(2)
0.70711
0
0.29289
C27(2)
0.29289
0
-0.29289
C16(3)
C17(3)
C26(3)
C28(2)
1
0
0
C29(2)
0
1
0
C18(3)
C27(3)
C19(3)
C28(3)
C29(3)
C36(3)
C37(3)
C38(3)
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420
0.54448 -0.18868 0.35580
C16(4)
C26(4)
C36(4)
C17(4)
C39(3)
1
0
C18(4)
C27(4)
C19(4)
C28(4)
C37(4)
C46(4)
0.61679
C47(4)
-0.15873
1.70711
-0.70711
C38(4)
C48(4)
0.45806
C29(4)
C39(4)
C49(4)
-0.15873
C20(2)
0
0
1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
1
0.41421
0.58579
0
0.41421
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
0.41421
0.70711
0
0.29289
1
0.29289
0
-0.29289
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
0.41421
0
1
0
0
0
1
F5
C10(3)
C20(3)
C30(3)
0
1
0.70711 0.29289
1
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420
0.54448 -0.18868 0.35580
F1
F2
F3
F4
0.41421
0.70711
0.29289
C10(4)
C20(4)
C30(4)
C40(4)
1
0.823194
1.70711
u1
0.58579
0
0
0
0
0.29289
0.70711
0
0
0
F1
F2
F3
F4
0.414215
u2
0.41421
0.5303
-0.29289
u3
0.70711
0.29289
1.188682 0.188682
u4
u5
0.61679
-0.15873
-0.15873
1.158732
u5
0.45806
1.188682
u4
0.188682
u5
-0.64420
F3
0.5303
u4
-0.29289
u5
F3
1.158732
0.823194
u3
F3
u2
-0.41421
u3
u4
0.414215
u5
F3
-0.70711
u2
-1
u3
u4
-0.70711
u5
F3
0.85898
0.35580
1.21478
0
0
-0.38321 0.53230
-0.15873 -0.13699
-0.54194 0.39531
0.84127 -0.13699
0
0.86301
Displacements
Displacements
0.5323
0.8630
0.3953
-0.1370
-0.1370
0.45806
F5
1.414215
1.8174
0.5323
1.3497
-0.4677
0.5323
5d
0
1
u1
1.414215 -0.41421
5c
-0.70711
-1
5b
Stiffness Matrix
0
5a
1.3497
0.3953
1.7450
-0.6047
0.3953
-0.4677
-0.1370
-0.6047
0.8630
-0.1370
0.5323
-0.1370
0.3953
-0.1370
0.8630
1.118
u5
0.3953
x 10-6
( F3 )
u4
-0.6047
x 10-6
( F3 )
u3
1.7450
x 10-6
( F3 )
u2
0.3953
-6
x 10
( F3 )
u1
1.3497
x 10-6
( F3 )
Page 4
Member
ab
bd
dc
ca
cb
ad
AE/L
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,414,214
1,060,660
0
90
0
90
-45
45
cos
1
0
1
0
0.7071
0.7071
sin
0
1
0
1
-0.7071
0.7071
Stiffness Matrix
1.70711 -0.70711
-1
0
-0.70711
0
1.414215 -0.41421
0
0.414215
0
0
0.823194 0.5303 -0.29289
0
0
0
1.188682 0.188682
0
0
0
0
1.158732
Coordinate Transformation
Deflections
Element Deflections
[ e ]
{u}
{ ue }
Member
ab
uab =
1
0
0
1
0.3953
0
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.3953
0
x 10-6 ( F3 )
bd
ubd =
0
-1
1
0
0.3953
-1
x 10-6 ( F3 )
-1
-0.3953
x 10-6 ( F3 )
dc
udc =
1
0
0
0
0.3953
-1
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.3953
0
x 10-6 ( F3 )
ca
uca =
0
-1
1
0
0.0000
0.3953
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.3953
0
x 10-6 ( F3 )
cb
ucb =
0.7071
0
-0.7071
0
-0.9544
-0.3953
x 10-6 ( F3 )
-0.3953
0
x 10-6 ( F3 )
ad
uad =
0.7071
0
0.7071
0
1.7450
-0.6047
x 10-6 ( F3 )
0.8063
0
x 10-6 ( F3 )
Element
Deflections
{ ue }
ab
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
bd
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
-1
-0.3953
x 10-6 F3
dc
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
ca
1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
-1.0E+06
1.0E+06
0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
cb
1.4E+06
-1.4E+06
-1.4E+06
1.4E+06
-0.3953
0
x 10-6 F3
ad
1.1E+06
-1.1E+06
-1.1E+06
1.1E+06
0.8063
0
x 10-6 F3
should be
A = 60 t
1.119
Element Forces
Element Forces
{ Fe }
{ Fe }
395,308
-395,308
-604,692
604,692
395,308
-395,308
395,308
-395,308
-559,048
559,048
855,211
-855,211
x 10-6 F3
395.3
-395.3
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
-604.7
604.7
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
395.3
-395.3
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
395.3
-395.3
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
-559.0
559.0
lb
lb
x 10-6 F3
855.2
-855.2
lb
lb
Bruhn Errata
should be
should be
Column 1, Paragraph 2
The Ramsberg and Osgood proposed
Equation (3)
f
E
f
=
+
F0.7
F0.7
F0.7
should be
E
f
3 f
=
+
F0.7
F0.7
7 F0.7
This is obvious when you plot the equation as Figure B1.14 on page B1.9.
n
2
3
1.20
5
10
20
50
1.00
f / F 0.7
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
Ramberg & Osgood Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters , NACA T.N. 902
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
E / F0.7
1.120
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
tan 2 '
2 x 12000
1000 ( 20000
tan 2 ' =
= .8
2 ( 12,000 )
10,000 ( 20,000
should be
= 0.675 radians
= 19.33 degrees
The figure for Mohrs circle on page C1.5 might look like:
25,000
20,000
15,000
xy
Shear Stress Component,
10,000
5,000
-30,000
-25,000
-20,000
-15,000
-10,000
-5,000
-5,000
-10,000
-15,000
-20,000
-25,000
1.121
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Bruhn Errata
xz2
term.
3 ( x + y + z ) 2 + ( x y + y z + z x xy2 yz2 )
1.122
f =
1
2
( f x f z )2 + ( f z f y )2 + ( f y f x )2 + 6 ( f s xz +
f s zy + f s yx
should be
f =
1
2
( f x f z )2 + ( f z f y )2 + ( f y f x )2 + 6 ( f s xz 2 +
) 2 + 6 ( xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2
f s zy + f s yx
1
2
+ ( y z
+ ( z x
should be
24.49 in
L / r = 41
should be
40.9
etc.
1.123
Bruhn Errata
B = 1.365
Fc / F0.7 = 0.537
Fc = 38,635 psi
B = 1.005
Fc / F0.7 = 0.736
Fc = 21,344 psi
B becomes or 10 as shown
should be
54.9
26,311
59,556
For Portion 2
0.827
f1 / F0.7 = 0.826
0.731
Et / E = 0.675
Et = 0.675 x 10,500,000 = 7,090,000
4.31
E I1 / E I2 = 4.7
B = 5.6
5.92
= 258,000
(257,551)
2.56
1.124
K 1 L3
q=
EI
K ' L3
q=
EI
should be
should be
should be
Rb1 + Rst = ( 1 Rc
2
R ' b = .20
)2
should be
should be
Rb ' + Rst = ( 1 Rc
2
Rb ' = 0.20
1.125
)2
Bruhn Errata
M
0.9
P
0.8
0.7
Rb ' + Rst = ( 1 Rc
M .S . =
0.6
1
Rc +
Rb ' + Rst
0.5
Rb
0.4
P
0.3
0.2
Rst
=0
Rc
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Rc
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Rc + Rst +
Rb + Rs = 1.0
should be
1.126
Rc + Rst +
Rb + Rs = 1
2 1 e 2
2
1
1
2
3 Et 1 e 2
E s
0.352 + 0.324 1 +
2
E
E s 1
1
2
3 Et E s 1 e 2
0.352 + 0.324 1 +
2
E
s E 1
E
= s
2E
3 Et
1 + 0.5 1 +
Es
should be
or if you wish
Es 1 e 2
=
2
E 1
) 0.500 + 0.250 1 + 3 E
t
E
s
Es 1 e 2
=
2
E 1
) 0.352 + 0.324 1 + 3 E
1
2
t
E
s
1.127
Bruhn Errata
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930084505_1993084505.pdf
......................................................................................................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
Bruhn Figure C5.10 is Figure 12, page 78 in NACA TN-3781.
Bruhn Table C5.1 is Table 3, page 61 in NACA TN-3781.
Thanks to Jim Baldwin and Jeff Schmidt.
1.128
q =
200
= 4.05 Z A
49.3
q =
should be
200
49.3
Z A
= 4.05 Z A
q32
q23
q23
q1=0
q21
q21
q34
q34
q32
t = 0.035 in
Panel C
5.0 in
5.0 in
3.715 in
8.5 in
q43
q32
Panel A
5.0 in
3.69 in
7.0 in
t = 0.051 in
q32
q32
t = 0.035 in
q34
q21
q1=0
q23
q43
t = 0.051 in
q34
q21
q23
q32
q32
16.5 in
q1 = 0 (Symmetry)
q21 = ( -4.0568 ) Z A = - 4.0568 ( 4.2325 ) 2.5 ( 0.035 ) = -1.50 lb / in
q23 = -1.50 - 4.0568 Z A = 1.50 - 4.0568 ( 3.715 ) 0.18 = -4.22 lb / in
q32 = -4.22 - 4.0568 Z A = -4.22 - 4.0568 ( 4.2325 ) 5.0 ( 0.035 ) = -7.22 lb / in
q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568 Z A = -7.22 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 ) 0.25 = -10.96 lb / in
q43 = -10.96 - 4.0568 Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in
1.129
Bruhn Errata
M .S . =
Rc + Rs = 1.042
2
0.906 +
0.906 2 + 4
( 0.368 ) 2
1 = 0.04
NACA TN-3782
should be
IL
AL
3
bf t
bf t
2.73
IL
should be
2.73
should be
b
0.910 L
t
f
bf t f
AL
5
bf t f
Equation C7.9
b
0.910 L
t
2.73
IL
bf t f
0.910
bL
tf
3
3
b
L
t
= 5
AL
5
bf t f
bf
b
L 5
tf
t
L
bf
t
2.73
t L bL
bf t f
3
3
bL
tf
bf
tL
bL t L
5
bf t f
b
b
0.910 L L
t
tf
f
bf
tL
D. F. Windenberg
Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Elmer F. Bruhn
Bruhn Errata
Figure C7.12
Minimum bulb dimensions required for buckle as simply supported plate
should be
Minimum Bulb Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
D. F. Windenberg
Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Elmer F. Bruhn
1.132
f cr =
2K E t
12 ( 1 2 ) b
2 K
2 ( 4.0 )
=
= 3.615
12 ( 1 2 ) 12 ( 1 0.30 2 )
K = 0.43 From Figure C5.2E on page C5.2
f cr =
2K E t
12 ( 1 2 ) b
2 K
2 ( 0.43 )
=
= 0.3886
12 ( 1 2 ) 12 ( 1 0.30 2 )
For v = 0.33
Simply Supported Plate K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2
2K E t
f cr =
12 ( 1 2 ) b
2 K
2 ( 4.0 )
=
= 3.692
12 ( 1 2 ) 12 ( 1 0.33 2 )
K = 0.43 From Figure C5.2E on page C5.2
2K E t
f cr =
12 ( 1 2 ) b
2 K
2 ( 0.43 )
=
= 0.3969
12 ( 1 2 ) 12 ( 1 0.33 2 )
(a
+ b
(a
+ b
2 t
2 t =
=
1.95
= 19.5
0.10
1.95
= 19.5
0.10
should be
1.133
Bruhn Errata
2K E t
f cr =
12 ( 1 2 ) b
2
12 1 2 Fcy
t
=
42 E
we
Fcy
= 0.5259
we
2 ( 4.0 ) E t
Fcy =
12 ( 1 2 ) we
2
F
t
= 0.2766 cy
E
we
we
= 1.90
t
E
Fcy
Effective Width
we = 1.90 t
E
Fcy
we = 1.70 t
E
Fcy
2K E t
f cr =
12 ( 1 2 ) b
2
12 1 2 Fcy
t
=
0.43 2 E
we
t
= 1.604
we
Fcy
E
Effective Width
2 ( 0.43 ) E
Fcy =
12 ( 1 2 )
we
F
t
= 2.573 cy
E
we
we
= 0.623
t
we = 0.623 t
E
Fcy
E
Fcy
c2
Fir =
12 1 2
ts
should be
c 2 Et
Fir =
12 1 2
ts
w = .965
should be
0.960 in
Figure C7.36
Figure C7.36
F
= c =
FST
o
2.5
S wt
1 + 1 +
o Ao
wt
1 +
Ao
( / o ) 2 = F c / F ST
2.0
S
o
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.0
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
0.5
1.2
1.0
Thesis b y R.J.White: The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels, Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
w t / Ao
1.135
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Bruhn Errata
0.205
1.05
1.117
= .548
0.565
L / = 44.8
43.4
Fc = 26,050
26,357 psi
26,050
should be
w = .99 in
w = 0.948 in
should be
26,357
should be
3,708
equation
b s
g = 4.80
d f
ts
t
f
should
2
ts 2 s 2
t b
14
Thanks to SparWeb.
should be
should be
NACA WR-L-57
1.136
be
Iv
2.29d V hw
=
t
33 E
43
Iv
should be
2.29 d
=
t
V hw
33
E
43
Iv
0.0217
=
3
8
d t
3
h
K s
d / h
ks
should be
Ks
The required moment of inertia where ks as used in buckling equation must be multiplied by
2 / 1 .3 2 = .905
d/h
Thus,
k s = 3.57 / 7.125
should be
The required moment of inertia where Ks as used in the shear buckling equation must be multiplied
by
12
(1 )
2
d
h
Ks
12
(1
3.57
7.125
6.4
0.3 2
( 0.904 )
= 0.904
Thus,
= 0.208
1.137
Bruhn Errata
Pr =
Vcr I F
V
+ tu
h
h I
V
+ tu tan
12
2
244 210
12850
12850
Pr =
+
x .933 3
+
28
.
56
270
.
5
28
.
56
28
.
56
12
should be
2
2
244 210
12,850
12,850
Pr =
+
0.933
+
28.56
28.56 270.5
28.56
fb =
12200 x 17.42
662800 x 19.06
+
270.5
210
fb =
12,200 ( 17.42
270.5
662,800 ( 19.06
210
should be
should be
1.138
12
A
g t2
Fcy
Ec
12
0.675
70,000
=
2
4 x .1562 10,300,000
12
= .572
From Fig. C7.7 we read Fcs / Fcy = .90, hence Fcs = 0.90 x 70000 = 63000 psi. compression.
For a tee section Figure C7.8 (page C7.5) is applicable and the cutoff is 0.80 Fcy . (Without bulbs, g = 3.)
From Figure C7.8 we read Fcs / Fcy = 0.839, hence Fcs = 0.839 ( 70,000 psi ) = 58,730 psi compression.
Therefore, Fcs = 56 ksi.
static moment about neutral axis of parts of cross-section as specified by subscripts. in.
should be
First Area Moment about Neutral Axis of Parts of Cross-Section as Specified by Subscripts ( in )
thickness
wd
fu =
k f s tan
Au
+ .05
dt
1 k
NACA TN-2661
should be
fu =
k f s tan
Au
+ 0.50
dt
(1
1.139
Bruhn Errata
should be
fs max = fs ( 1 + k C1 ) ( 1 + k C2 )
M =
1
k fs t d
12
C3
should be
M max =
1
k f s t d 2 C 3 tan
12
See NACA TN 2661, page 50. Thanks to SuperStress on the www.eng-tips.com website.
should be
should be
TM-838
T.N. 774
should be
TM-774
1.140
Page C12.13 Hexagonal Cell Core Wrinkling - Biaxial and Shear Interaction
At the bottom of the right hand column it appears that a square root symbol is missing
M .S . =
Ra + Ra
2
+
(4
Rs
)1=
0.18
should be
M .S . =
M .S . =
2
Ra +
Ra
+ 4 Rs
1 = 0.02
2
0.762 +
0.732
+ 4
( 0.543 )
1 = 0.02
Interaction Equations
Ra + R s
= 1
Ra + R s
= 1
Ra
0.6
0.5
M.S. = -0.02
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
RS
1.141
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
should be
should be
7075-T6 Alum.
The number of fasteners required does not change in this example if Fbru is greater than 132,128 psi.
1.142
Figure D3.24
Figure D3.24 (b)
qo
-qo
should be
a = 12 in
b = 12 in
c = 12 in
d = 5 in
1q
1q
1q
qo
1q
qo
1q
f = 7 in
-0.875 q
0.875 q
0q
1q
-1 q
1.875 q
0.125 q
1q
qo
2q
should be
1.143
e = 3 in
qo
Bruhn Errata
1.144
Incorrect
0
222 168
20
20
0
4
6 10
qba
q ac
q
bc
90,000
= 2,000
9,000
Invert Matrix
0
222 168
20
20
0
4
6 10
0
0.00256 0.02154
=
0
0.00256 0.02846
0.00256 0.00846 0.10
Solve
qba
q ac
q
bc
0.00256 0.02154
0
= 0.00256 0.02846
90,000
2,000
9,000
2.1
187.7
= 287.7
652.3
Bruhn Errata
Aircraft Structures
Wing Loads
Pz
Px
30,000
9,000
lb
lb
Z (Up)
A1
A2
A3
A4
75
200
90
90
in
2
in
2
in
2
in
A5
A6
150
150
in
2
in
X (Aft)
Y (Outbd)
Station 30
Geometry
a
b
15
15
in
in
c
d
7
3
in
in
e
f
9
3
in
in
Station 60
30 Kips
Station 90
9 Kips
Wing Stations
WS
WS
WS
WS
120
90
60
30
Station 120
in
in
in
in
2 A2 = 400
30,000
c
2 A1 = 150
9,000
2 A5 = 300
e
2 A3 = 180
2 A4 = 180
2.2
2 A6 = 300
30,000
qa
9,000
qc
qd
+ Fx = 0
-30
qb
30
qd
9,000
0
+
Fz = 0
- qa
10
qb
qc
12
CCW +
MA = 0
qa
150
qb
400
qc
180
CCW +
MB = 0
qc
300
qd
300
30,000
0
-10
150
0
-30
2
-400
0
0
12
180
300
30
0
-180
-300
qa
qb
qc
qd
0.0842
0.0316
0.0649
0.0649
-0.2105
-0.0789
-0.0789
-0.0789
-0.0074
-0.0053
-0.0053
-0.0053
0.0128
0.0063
0.0096
0.0063
-9,000
-30,000
0
-387,000
15
30,000
qd
9,000
-9,000
-30,000
0
-387,000
588
-360
-1,950
-660
qb
-360 lb/in
qa
588
lb/in
qc
-1,950
lb/in
-660 lb/in
2.3
qa
588
lb/in
qb
-360
lb/in
qc
-1,950
lb/in
qd
-660
lb/in
180
7
Bruhn Errata
q2
q3
660 lb/in
+ Fx = 0
30
q2
-30
660
Fz = 0
q1
10
660
12
q3
CCW +
MA = 0
- q1
150
400
q2
180
q3
180
0
10
-150
30
0
400
0
-12
-180
q1
q2
q3
19,800
1,320
-118,800
0.0444
0.0333
0.0370
0.0500
0
-0.0417
-0.0033
0
-0.0028
19,800
1,320
-118,800
1,342
660
1,008
q1
1,342
lb/in
q2
660
lb/in
q3
1,008
lb/in
q1
1,342
lb/in
q3
1,008
lb/in
660 lb/in
2.4
660
= 0
2.5
Bruhn Errata
-360 lb/in
-360 lb/in
588
lb/in
588
lb/in
-1,950
lb/in
-660 lb/in
-660 lb/in
660.0 lb/in
330.0 lb/in
-671.0
lb/in
-504.2
lb/in
1,342.0
lb/in
1,008.3
lb/in
-660.0 lb/in
330.0 lb/in
300.0 lb/in
-690.0 lb/in
-83.0
lb/in
-1,950
lb/in
-2,454.2
lb/in
1,930.0
lb/in
-941.7
lb/in
0 lb/in
-990.0 lb/in
2.6
588
lb/in
-1,950
lb/in
Rib at WS60
990.0 lb/in
-660 lb/in
2,013.0
lb/in
1,512.5
lb/in
330.0 lb/in
990.0 lb/in
-671.0
lb/in
-504.2
lb/in
Rib at WS90
990.0 lb/in
330.0 lb/in
2,013.0
lb/in
1,512.5
lb/in
-690.0 lb/in
990.0 lb/in
-83.0
lb/in
-2,454.2
lb/in
-990.0 lb/in
2.7
Bruhn Errata
Without Cutout
30 Kips
Correcting Shear
9 Kips
30 Kips
Station 30
Station 60
30 Kips
Station 90
9 Kips
Station 120
2.8
Lug Shear-Out
David Peery
Aircraft Structures
Use forty degree angles to define the length of the shear area.
Equation for the Length of Shear-Out Area
= + 1
Example
2 40
cos 40
2
R = 0.70 inch
r = 0.3125 inch
t = 0.5625 inch
e = 0.125 inch
P = 12,000 lb
d = 2 r
h = 2 R
e
R
40
h
40
x
Length of Shear-Out Area
= 0.125 + 0.70 1
Shear Stress
0.3125 2
0.3125
2 40
cos 40 = 0.556
0.70 2
0.70
21,600
=
= 34.5
2
2 ( 0.556 ) 0.5625
21,600
=
= 49.5
( )
( 1.40 0.625 ) 0.5625
2.9
Bruhn Errata
Aircraft Structures
NACA TN-948
INPUT
Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2
240
in
c1
102
in
c12
63.75
in
y1 - y4
23.040
in
23.04
y5 - y8
21.960
in
21.96
y9 - y12
15.000
in
15.00
Taper
0.625
to 1
38,340
in2
0.25
4 x
15.00 ''
100
80
60
40
30.00
20
-1.20
To
-8.00
0
0
20
40
60
Symbols
Table 9.1
Span
y
2y/b
Chord
c
( in )
0
10.00
23.04
46.08
69.12
92.16
114.12
136.08
158.04
180.00
195.00
210.00
215.00
220.00
225.00
240.00
0
0.042
0.096
0.192
0.288
0.384
0.476
0.567
0.659
0.750
0.813
0.875
0.896
0.917
0.938
1.000
102.0
100.0
98.3
94.7
91.0
87.4
83.8
80.3
76.8
73.3
69.2
63.0
60.0
55.8
49.5
0
( in )
4 x
21.96 ''
120
Flap Deflection
f
4 x
23.04 ''
1
0.999
0.995
0.981
0.958
0.923
0.880
0.824
0.753
0.661
0.583
0.484
0.444
0.400
0.348
0
101.7
101.6
101.2
99.8
97.4
93.9
89.5
83.8
76.5
67.3
59.3
49.2
45.2
40.6
35.4
0
cci
ci
101.85
100.81
99.77
97.25
94.20
90.65
86.63
82.04
76.67
70.28
64.24
56.12
52.60
48.22
42.45
0
0.999
1.008
1.015
1.027
1.035
1.037
1.034
1.022
0.998
0.959
0.928
0.891
0.877
0.864
0.857
0
2.10
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
DATA
Figure 9.14
Simpson's Rule
aR c
59,335
S/2
19,170
w0
3.10
m0
0.10
per degree
m0 / 2
0.050
per degree
6.01
to 1
30.00
in2
4 x
23.04 ''
4 x
21.96 ''
4 x
15.00 ''
b 2
w0 =
10
m0 aR c dy
b 2
m0 c dy
1.33
-5
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
-10
-15
Postion, y ( in )
Table 9.2
Span
y
Chord
c
aR
clb
c clb
( in )
faired
c clb
clb / c
3.71
3.71
3.71
3.71
3.71
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.185
18.90
18.21
17.55
16.86
16.19
18.90
18.21
17.49
11.85
1.29
0.185
0.185
0.185
0.130
0.015
0
0
0
0
0
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-13.53
-12.97
-12.43
-11.89
-11.34
1.29
-7.32
-11.08
-11.80
-11.34
0.015
-0.087
-0.138
-0.154
-0.155
0
0
0
0
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-3.10
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-0.155
-10.71
-9.75
-7.66
0
-10.72
-9.65
-7.67
0
-0.155
-0.153
-0.155
0
aR c
( in )
0
23.04
46.08
69.12
92.16
102.0
98.3
94.7
91.0
87.4
6.80
6.80
6.80
6.80
6.80
693.7
668.5
644.1
618.9
594.4
92.16
114.12
136.08
158.04
180.00
87.4
83.8
80.3
76.8
73.3
0
0
0
0
0
195.00
210.00
225.00
240.00
69.2
63.0
49.5
0.0
0
0
0
0
zero lift
2.11
240
Bruhn Errata
Figure 9.16
CL = 1.72
2
cl for CL = 1.72
1.6
1.2
Cl
cla1
0.8
cl for CL = 1.0
0.4
clb
0
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
-0.4
Spanwise Position, y ( in )
Table 9.4
( deg. )
( radians )
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
2y/b
m/m
cs / c
sin q
ci
0
1.9245
1.3600
1.1670
1.0000
0
0.383
0.707
0.924
1.000
0
0.736
0.962
1.078
1.000
y4
y3
y2
y1
y0
( in )
1.000
0.924
0.707
0.383
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
53.0
75.0
87.4
102.0
2.12
Aircraft Structures
Figure 9.14
INPUT
Geometry
b/2
240
in
c1
102
in
c12
63.75
in
y1 - y4
23.040
in
y5 - y8
21.960
in
y9 - y12
15.000
in
Taper
0.625
to 1
38,340
in2
4 x
23.04 ''
DATA
A1
A3
A5
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
B1
B3
B5
1
0
0
180 /
57.30
1.00
radian
6.01
to 1
Aspect Ratio
A
0.1000
C2 - C4
C2 - C 6
C2 - C 8
C4 - C 6
-0.1400
-0.2416
-0.2826
-0.1017
P1
P3
P5
1.309
1.797
2.341
C0
C2
C4
C6
C8
C10
0.819
-0.371
-0.231
-0.129
-0.088
0
Cl
0.10
/ radian
ms
5.730
2.6178
-0.1400
-0.1017
-0.1400
3.5937
-0.2826
-0.1017
-0.2826
4.6820
A1
A3
A5
2
0
0
0.383
0.016
0.009
0.016
0.280
0.017
0.009
0.017
0.215
2
0
0
=
=
=
0.7664
0.0313
0.0185
A1 / CL
A2 / CL
A3 / CL
0.1740
0.0071
0.0042
= a
/ radian
c s ms
4 b
0.3044
B1
B3
B5
4 x
15.00 ''
Solve for A
4 x
21.96 ''
per degree
CL =
c s m s b A1
4S
4.404
Table 9.4
( deg. )
( radians )
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.18
1.57
2y/b
m/m
cs / c
sin q
ci
0
1.9245
1.3600
1.1670
1.0000
0
0.383
0.707
0.924
1.000
0
0.736
0.962
1.078
1.000
y4
y3
y2
y1
y0
( in )
1.000
0.924
0.707
0.383
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
53.0
75.0
87.4
102.0
2.13
Bruhn Errata
Table 9.5
Table 9.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
y = b / 2 cos
sin
sin 3
sin 5
0.1740 sin
0.0071 sin 3
0.0042 sin 5
An sin n
c cl
90
0
1
-1
1
0.1740
-0.0071
0.0042
0.1711
100.00
72
74.2
0.951
-0.588
0
0.1655
-0.0042
0
0.1613
94.28
54
141.1
0.809
0.309
-1
0.1408
0.0022
-0.0042
0.1388
81.10
36
194.2
0.588
0.951
0
0.1023
0.0068
0
0.1090
63.73
18
228.3
0.309
0.809
1
0.0538
0.0058
0.0042
0.0637
37.25
Table 9.6
Table 9.6
y
ccl
Chord Length, c
cl
a = 1 / 4.41
cl / mo = cl / 5.73
a = a - cl / mo
cdi = cl i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
101.85
102
0.999
0.227
0.174
0.053
0.053
46.1
97.3
94.7
1.027
0.227
0.179
0.048
0.049
92.2
90.7
87.4
1.037
0.227
0.181
0.046
0.048
136.1
82.0
80.3
1.022
0.227
0.178
0.049
0.050
Plot
1,000 c
0
46.08
92.16
136.08
180
195
200
210
215
220
225
230
235
52.7
49.1
47.7
49.8
57.7
61.6
62.9
65.4
66.8
67.7
67.8
67.2
64.5
0.053
0.049
0.048
0.050
0.058
0.062
0.063
0.065
0.067
0.068
0.068
0.067
0.064
2.14
180
70.0
73.3
0.955
0.227
0.167
0.060
0.058
195
63.3
69.2
0.915
0.227
0.160
0.067
0.062
210
54.8
63.0
0.870
0.227
0.152
0.075
0.065
215
51.1
60.0
0.852
0.227
0.149
0.078
0.067
220
46.7
55.8
0.838
0.227
0.146
0.081
0.068
225
41.4
49.5
0.837
0.227
0.146
0.081
0.068
Graph
110
Schrenk's
Method
100
0.010
Fourier's
Method
90
0.008
70
( lb/in )
80
0.006
60
cdi
Induced Drag
cdi
50
0.004
40
30
0.002
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Spanwise Position, y
2.15
( in )
160
180
200
220
240
Bruhn Errata
External Loads
David J. Peery
Aircraft Structures
GRAN
External Loads
Aircraft Structures
David J. Peery
Corporation
page 264-270
INPUT
Gross Weight
8,000
lb
266.25
ft2
6.00
-3.00
Wing Area
200
86
86
0.10
per radian
Distance to Tail
Lt
Vd
400
mph
Effectiveness Factor
n = C za
0.68
50
ft / sec
( 1.4667
SV2
26
deg
20
deg
-17
deg
n = C za
( 1.4667
200
( 1.4667
2W
Angle of Attack
in
2
SV
C za
2
W
2
ft / sec per mph
SV2
2W
in
( 0.00256 )
0.00256
C za
SV2
W
DATA
Normal Force
Lift
KU
34
0.0762
W/S
n
n
n
30
0.1767
-0.1021
0.00862
ft / sec
/ deg
2
lb / ft
2
-3
-3
V x 10
V x 10
Cza
-1.1990
26 deg
Cza
2.0755
-17 deg
23,207
lb ( STA 0 )
V avg
2,456
lb ( STA 0-20 )
2,389
in-kips ( STA 0 )
20
184.3
mph
CL
1.670
212.1
knots
CL
2.0875
270.3
0.00238
Drag
Assume
1.25
26
ft/sec
slugs / ft
OUTPUT
V
Factor
2.16
q
3
86.855
0.603
CL
deg
x 1.25
lb/ft
2
2
lb/in
1.12 CL
deg
2.132
2
5.091
cd
5.091
Conv.
1.467
0.00256
CD
CM
2.132
1.670
1.285
0.900
0.515
0.130
-0.255
-0.640
-1.025
-1.180
0.324
0.207
0.131
0.076
0.040
0.023
0.026
0.049
0.092
0.115
0.0400
0.0350
0.0280
0.0185
0.0070
-0.0105
-0.0316
-0.0525
-0.0770
-0.0860
26
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-17
26
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-17
Table 10.2
Ct
Cza
CD sin
CL cos
Lift
Tail
Airplane
0.1420
0.0708
0.0339
0.0132
0.0035
0.0000
-0.0023
-0.0085
-0.0238
-0.0336
1.9162
1.5693
1.2412
0.8863
0.5130
0.1300
-0.2540
-0.6303
-0.9901
-1.1284
0.0172
0.0151
0.0120
0.0080
0.0030
-0.0045
-0.0136
-0.0226
-0.0331
-0.0370
2.0755
1.6551
1.2872
0.9075
0.5195
0.1255
-0.2699
-0.6614
-1.0470
-1.1990
Drag
Figure 10.9
Figure 10.9
2.5
CL
Cza
1.5
Ct
0.02
CL
C za
Ct
0.01
0.5
-17
26
-0.5
-0.01
-1
-0.02
-1.5
-0.03
-2
-20
-15
-10
-5
Angle of Attack ,
2.17
10
15
( degrees )
20
25
30
Bruhn Errata
Table 10.3
1
Station
cdi1
cd
cd sin
cla1
cl cos
cn
0.01 + (3)
(4) sin
Fig 9.16
(6) cos
(5) + (7)
Fig 9.20
220
200
180
160
0.068
0.063
0.058
0.053
0.345
0.320
0.294
0.271
0.355
0.330
0.304
0.281
0.156
0.145
0.133
0.123
0.880
0.924
0.964
0.996
1.687
1.771
1.847
1.909
1.843
1.916
1.981
2.032
140
120
100
80
60
0.050
0.047
0.046
0.046
0.047
0.252
0.240
0.235
0.235
0.241
0.262
0.250
0.245
0.245
0.251
0.115
0.110
0.107
0.107
0.110
1.019
1.032
1.038
1.037
1.032
1.952
1.978
1.988
1.987
1.977
2.067
2.088
2.096
2.094
2.087
40
20
0
0.049
0.052
0.055
0.251
0.264
0.279
0.261
0.274
0.289
0.114
0.120
0.127
1.024
1.013
0.998
1.962
1.942
1.913
2.077
2.062
2.040
Figure 9.16
1.6
cla1
1.2
Cl
0.8
0.4
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
di
Figure 9.20
0.08
0.07
0.06
cdi
Induced Drag
0.05
0.04
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Spanwise Position, y
2.18
140
( in )
160
180
200
220
240
Data
V
184.3
86.9
lb / ft2
0.603
lb / in2
mph
Table 10.4
1
Station
( in )
2
c
cn
( in )
c cn
c cn q/144
( lb / in )
( lb )
( lb )
277.8
5.6
936.9
24.3
1,478.3
53.9
1,725.9
88.4
1,872.4
125.8
1,984.4
165.5
2,084.5
207.2
2,173.6
250.7
2,253.6
295.7
2,326.8
342.3
2,394.6
390.2
2,455.8
439.3
1.843
92.1
55.6
200
66.0
1.916
126.4
76.3
180
73.3
1.981
145.2
87.6
160
76.5
2.032
155.4
93.8
140
79.7
2.067
164.8
99.4
120
82.9
2.088
173.0
104.4
100
86.1
2.096
180.4
108.8
80
89.3
2.094
187.0
112.8
60
92.4
2.087
193.0
116.4
40
95.6
2.077
198.6
119.8
20
98.8
2.062
203.8
122.9
102.0
2.040
208.1
125.5
cn
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
50.00
66.00
73.31
76.50
79.69
82.88
86.07
89.26
92.45
95.64
98.83
102.02
1.843
1.916
1.981
2.032
2.067
2.088
2.096
2.094
2.087
2.077
2.062
2.040
555.7
1,318.2
1,638.4
1,813.4
1,931.3
2,037.4
2,131.6
2,215.5
2,291.6
2,362.0
2,427.2
2,484.5
Moment
Bending
Increment Increment
( in )
50.0
Average
Shear
220
( in )
Shear
240
Station
Shear
Increment
0
555.7
1,873.9
3,512.3
5,325.7
7,257.0
9,294.4
11,426.0
13,641.5
15,933.1
18,295.1
20,722.3
23,206.8
Vavg
M /1000
M/1000
( lb )
( in-kip )
( in-kip )
0
5.6
29.9
83.7
172.1
297.9
463.4
670.6
921.3
1,217.1
1,559.3
1,949.5
2,388.8
c cn
c cn q/144
Vavg
M /1000
M/1000
( in )
( lb / in )
( lb )
( lb )
( lb )
( in-kip )
( in-kip )
92.1
126.4
145.2
155.4
164.8
173.0
180.4
187.0
193.0
198.6
203.8
208.1
55.57
76.26
87.58
93.76
99.37
104.37
108.79
112.76
116.40
119.80
122.92
125.53
556
1,318
1,638
1,813
1,931
2,037
2,132
2,216
2,292
2,362
2,427
2,485
0
556
1,874
3,512
5,326
7,257
9,294
11,426
13,642
15,933
18,295
20,722
23,207
0
937
1,478
1,726
1,872
1,984
2,084
2,174
2,254
2,327
2,395
2,456
5.6
24.3
53.9
88.4
125.8
165.5
207.2
250.7
295.7
342.3
390.2
439.3
0
6
30
84
172
298
463
671
921
1,217
1,559
1,950
2,389
2.19
Bruhn Errata
V-n Diagram
Figure 10.10
7
Structural Damage
n=6
5
F
4
Stall
( g's )
Vd = 400
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-1
Stall
-2
-3
n=-3
D
E
-4
Velocity, V (mph)
2.20
Tapered Beams
Section 6.8, page 141
The K Method
2.21
Bruhn Errata
Differential Bending
Section 8.5, page 203
2.22
Shear Lag
Section 17.13, page 502
See also Section A19.18 beginning on page A19.24 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures
2.23
Bruhn Errata
2.24
Rt
+ Rs
Rt
= 1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
+ Rs
= 1
RT
RT
0.5
M.S. = + 0.12
M.S. = + 0.20
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
RS
Rt
+ Rs
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Rt
= 1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
+ Rs
10
= 1
RT
RT
0.5
RS
0.5
M.S. = + 0.35
M.S. = + 0.23
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
RS
RS
3.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
AN Steel Bolts
Elmer F. Bruhn
PT
70,000
AN-20
60,000
50,000
AN-18
40,000
AN-16
30,000
AN-10
AN-14
AN-9
20,000
AN-8
AN-7
10,000 AN-6
AN-12
0
0
PS
3.2
Figure D1.4
25,000
PT
20,000
15,000
AN-10
AN-9
10,000
AN-8
AN-7
5,000
AN-6
AN-5
AN-4
AN-3
0
0
5,000
10,000
PS
3.3
15,000
20,000
25,000
Bruhn Errata
ANC-5 Strength of Metal Aircraft Elements
ANC-5
Interaction Formula
Margin of Safety
R 1 + R 2 = 1.0
MS =
R1 + R 2
= 1.0
MS =
R 1 + R 2 = 1.0
MS =
R1
+ R2
= 1.0
MS =
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1.0
2
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1.0
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1.0
R1 + R 2
+ R3
= 1.0
MS =
MS =
MS =
MS =
R1
1
1
+ R2
2
R1 +
R1
+ 4 R2
2
R2
+ R2
R2 +
1
R1
R1
+ 4 R1
1
1
+ R2 + R3
(R
R1 + R 2 +
2
R1 +
R1
+ 4
2
+ R2
(R
1
R1
3.4
+ R2
+ R3
2
2
+ 4 R3
+ R3
Interaction Curves
ANC-5
Figure 1.535 Typical Interaction Curves for Combined Loading Conditions, page 13.
(For ANC-5, June 1951 see Figure 1.535, page 12)
3.5
Bruhn Errata
Interaction Surfaces
Interaction Formula
Margin of Safety
R1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1
M S =
1
+ R2 + R3
R1
GRAN
Corporation
Made in America
INPUT
Fitting Factor
FF
1.15
Load 1 Applied
f1
2,000
lb
Load 1 Allowable
F1
4,650
lb
Load 2 Applied
f2
2,000
lb
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Load 2 Allowable
F2
5,450
1,000
5,450
41
61
81
101
S69
121
141
161
S35
181
201
221
S1
241
Interaction Formula
Margin of Safety
R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1.0
1
1
R1 + R 2 + R 3
lb
Load 3 Allowable
F3
21
S103
lb
Load 3 Applied
f3
S137
1
lb
S161
S141
DATA
R1
S121
S101
0.495
S81
R2
0.422
R2
0.211
S61
S41
S21
S1
1
21
41
61
OUTPUT
M.S.
-0.11
3.6
81
101
121
141
161
181
201
221
241
Interaction Formula
R1 + R 2 + R 3
Margin of Safety
= 1
M S =
R1 + R 2 +
R 1 + R2
+ 4 R3
GRAN
Corporation
Made in America
INPUT
Fitting Factor
FF
1.15
Load 1 Applied
f1
2,000
lb
Load 1 Allowable
F1
4,650
lb
Load 2 Applied
f2
2,000
lb
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Load 2 Allowable
F2
5,450
1,000
5,450
41
S100
61
81
101
S67
121
141
161
S34
181
Interaction Formula
201
R1 + R 2 + R 3
= 1.0
S1
221
241
Margin of Safety
lb
Load 3 Allowable
F3
21
lb
Load 3 Applied
f3
S166
S133
(R
R1 + R 2 +
2
1
+ R2
+ 4 R3
lb
S161
S141
DATA
S121
S101
R1
0.495
R2
0.422
R2
0.211
S81
S61
S41
S21
S1
1
21
41
61
OUTPUT
M.S.
0.04
3.7
81
101
121
141
161
181
201
221
241
Bruhn Errata
Interaction Formula
R1 + R 2
+ R3
Margin of Safety
= 1
M S =
R1 +
R1
+ 4
R2 + R3
GRAN
Corporation
Made in America
INPUT
Fitting Factor
FF
1.15
Load 1 Applied
f1
2,000
lb
Load 1 Allowable
F1
4,650
lb
Load 2 Applied
f2
2,000
lb
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Load 2 Allowable
F2
5,450
1,000
5,450
41
61
81
101
S69
121
141
161
S35
181
Interaction Formula
lb
R1 + R 2
Load 3 Allowable
F3
S103
21
lb
Load 3 Applied
f3
S137
1
+ R3
201
221
S1
241
Margin of Safety
= 1.0
2
R1 +
R1
+ 4
(R
2
2
+ R3
lb
S161
S141
DATA
S121
S101
R1
0.495
R2
0.422
R2
0.211
S81
S61
S41
S21
S1
1
21
41
61
OUTPUT
M.S.
0.28
3.8
81
101
121
141
161
181
201
221
241
Interaction Formula
R1
+ R2
+ R3
Margin of Safety
2
= 1
M S =
R1
+ R2
+ R3
GRAN
Corporation
Made in America
INPUT
Fitting Factor
FF
1.15
Load 1 Applied
f1
2,000
lb
Load 1 Allowable
F1
4,650
lb
Load 2 Applied
f2
2,000
lb
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Load 2 Allowable
F2
5,450
S137
1
1,000
5,450
61
81
101
S69
121
141
161
S35
181
201
Interaction Formula
lb
R1
Load 3 Allowable
F3
41
lb
Load 3 Applied
f3
21
S103
+ R2
+ R3
221
S1
241
Margin of Safety
= 1.0
R1
+ R2
+ R3
lb
S161
S141
DATA
R1
S121
S101
0.495
S81
R2
0.422
R2
0.211
S61
S41
S21
21
41
61
OUTPUT
M.S.
0.46
3.9
81
101
121
141
161
181
201
221
241
S1
Bruhn Errata
R ax
1.6
+ R tr
M .S . =
1.6
(R
= 1
1
ax
1.6
+ R tr
1.6
0.625
Product Engineering
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, pages 113-117, May 1950
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, pages 160-170, June 1953
R tr
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Rax
3.10
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, Figure C7.33, page C7.23
Aluminum Alloy
For E = 10.4 E6 psi
Johnson
Curves
70
Euler Curve
Euler Curve
Fc =
(L )
'
(ksi)
60
2E
50
Johnson Curves
Fc = Fcc
40
Fcc
4 2E
L'
30
20
10
L' =
L
c
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
L' /
3.11
60
70
80
90
100
Bruhn Errata
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, Figure C2.17, page C2.7
Fc
F0.7
F0.7
E
3.12
L'
Elmer F. Bruhn
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, Figure C2.16, page C2.6
Et
=
E
17
ln
n = 1 +
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
1
F
3
n
1 +
7
F0.7
n 1
0.9
3
10
15
n=
20 25 35 45 60 100
2.5
0.8
n = 2.0
0.7
Et / E
0.6
E
=
Et
0.5
1
3 F
1 + n
7 F0.7
n 1
n = 2.0
0.4
2.5
17
n = 1 + ln
7
0.3
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
4
0.2
5
6
0.1
10
Reference: NACA T.N.902
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
20
n=
0
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
F / F0.7
3.13
0.9
15
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Bruhn Errata
Michael C. Y. Niu
Es
=
E
17
ln
n = 1 +
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
1
3
1 +
7
F0.7
n 1
0.9
2.5
10
15
20
100
35 60
25 45
n=
n = 2.0
0.8
0.7
n = 2.0
Es / E
0.6
2.5
Es
=
E
0.5
0.4
1
1+
3
7
F0.7
n 1
4
5
17
n = 1 + ln
7
0.3
F
ln 0.7
F0.85
0.2
10
0.1
15
20
n=
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
F / F0.7
3.14
100
60
35
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Elmer F. Bruhn
E
f
3 f
=
+
F0.7
F0.7
7 F0.7
E
f
3 f
=
+
F0.7 F0.7 7 F0.7
1.20
n=2
n=
1.00
5
10
20
50
n=
f / F 0.7
0.80
n=2
0.60
0.40
0.20
Ramberg & Osgood Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters , NACA T.N. 902
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
E / F0.7
3.15
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Bruhn Errata
Elmer F. Bruhn
FST
Ao
Area of Stiffener
Fc
FST
S w t
1 + 1 +
o Ao
=
2
w t
1 +
Ao
Figure C7.36
F
= c =
FST
o
2.5
S wt
1 + 1 +
o Ao
wt
1 +
Ao
( / o ) 2 = F c / F ST
2.0
S
o
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.0
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
0.5
1.2
1.0
Thesis b y R.J.White: The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels, Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
w t / Ao
3.16
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Elmer F. Bruhn
300 t d / R h = 2.0
0.9
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.5
Curved Panel
f
td
k = tanh 0.5 + 300 log 10 s
R
h
f
scr
0.4
0.3
Flat Panel
f
k = tanh 0.5 log10 s
f scr
0.2
0.1
K h
P t
AS
f Di
0
1
10
lT
P t I M th d
fs / fscr
3.17
fA
N AC AT
100
h i
l N t 2661
1000
Bruhn Errata
Elmer F. Bruhn
3.2
3.0
2.8
0.90
fs
2k
+ sin 2 ( 1 k
sin 2
) ( 1 + )
2.6
E / fs
2.4
0.70
2.2
2.0
0.50
0.8
1.8
0.6
1.6
0.4
0.30
0.2
1.4
1.2
0.10
1.0
0.8
18
20
Kuhn, Peterson, Levin: A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part 1. Methods of Analysis NACA T.N. 2661
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
3.18
40
42
44
46
Elmer F. Bruhn
AST / h t
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Correction,
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
ARG / d t
3.19
2.0
Bruhn Errata
100
Iv / d t
II v
0.0217
= 0.0217
v
3=
83
dd tt3 d d
8
3
h Khs K s
10
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.05
0.10
0.15
d
h Ks
0.20
0.025
0.035
0.032
0.032
0.040
0.040
0.051
3.20
0.051
0.064
0.074
0.064
0.081
0.091
0.072
0.102
0.081
0.125
Buckling Coefficients
Shear Buckling Coefficients Flat Plates
Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-3781
Figure 22
14
13
12
Clamped Edges
ks
11
10
9.35
8.98
Hinged Edges
5.35
5
0
a/b
3.21
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.1 Axial Compressive Buckling Coefficient for Long Curved Plates
NACA TN-1928
Critical Combinations of Shear and Direct Axial Stress for Curved Rectangular Panels
Murry Schildcrout and Manuel Stein
NACA TR-887
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure 2
r / t = 1,000
r / t = 700
r / t = 500
2 kc E t
Fc =
12(1 2 ) b
100
Theory
Kc
cr
r / t = 3,000
r / t = 2,000
10
b2
Z=
rt
(1 )
2
1
1
10
100
3.22
1,000
10,000
Figure C9.2 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Long, Clamped, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348
Figure 7
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
a / b = 2.0
100
Ks
a / b = 3.0
b =
10
1
1
10
3.23
100
1000
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.3 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Wide, Clamped, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348
Figure 6
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
100
Ks
a / b = 2.0
Cylinder
10
1
1
10
3.24
100
1000
Figure C9.4 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Long, Simply Supported, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348
Figure 2
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
100
a / b = 2.0
Ks
a / b = 3.0
b =
10
1
1
10
3.25
100
1000
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.5 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Wide, Simply Supported, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348
Figure 1
1000
100
a / b = 1.0
Ks
a / b = 1.5
a / b = 2.0
10
Cylinder
1
1
10
3.26
100
1000
Margin of Safety
M .S . =
1
Rb
1.75
+ Rs
R c = f c / F c cr
0.7
M.S. = 0.00
0.6
M.S. = -0.10
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.5
0.4
M .S . =
0.3
1
Rb
1.75
+ Rc
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Rb = fb / Fb cr
3.27
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Bruhn Errata
Margin of Safety
M .S . =
1
Rb
+ Rs
1.00
0.90
M.S. = -0.10
0.80
M.S. = 0.00
0.70
0.20
0.60
Rb
0.50
0.50
M .S . =
0.40
1
2
Rb + Rs
0.40
0.10
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Rs
3.28
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
M .S . =
2
RL +
RL
+ 4 Rs
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
R s or R st
1.1
M.S. = 0.00
M.S. = -0.10
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
RL Longitudinal Tension
3.29
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
RL Longitudinal Compression
1.2
Bruhn Errata
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Rs / Rc = 0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.1
1.0
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Rc
3.30
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.8
Rc / Rs = 0
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.5
Rb
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Rs
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
The chart above was solved for the interaction equation below by setting MS = 0 and changing R b with a
VBA trial and error routine.
MS =
1
Rs ( Rc
Rs
(R
+ Rs
0.75
3.31
Bruhn Errata
M
0.9
P
0.8
0.7
Rc + Rst +
Rb + Rs = 1
0.5
0.4
0.3
Rb + Rs
=0
Rc
0.2
0.1
0.025
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Rc
3.32
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
R st
0.6
Rs is the stress ratio for flexural shear R st for torsional shear R b for bending R c for compression.
1.0
0.9
P
0.8
0.7
Rc + Rst +
Rb + Rs = 1
R st
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
2
0.2
Rb + Rs
0.2
Rc
=0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Rb + Rs
3.33
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Bruhn Errata
The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45
Degree Flanges
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930093634_1993093634.pdf
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
Elmer F. Bruhn
36,000
sh
or f sc (psi)
32,000
D
q allow = k t f sh 1 + f sc
h
28,000
C'
D
h
b
24,000
k = 0.85 0.0006
20,000
h
t
C' = c 2 B
16,000
c =bD
12,000
t (in)
8,000
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.040
0.051
0.064
4,000
Paul Kuhn The Strength and Stiffness of Shear Web s with Round Lightening Holes Having 45 Degree Flanges
NACA A.R.R. L-323 December 1942
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
h/t
3.34
160
or
180
c/t
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Curved Beams
Fred B. Seely
James O. Smith
page 161
1.6
and
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
b = b
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
b2 / r t
' = G
= maximum lateral bending stress in the flange
G = circumferential bending stress t / 2 from the extreme fiber, using the Winkler-Bach equation
= a ratio obtained from Bleichs solution
3.35
Bruhn Errata
Lugs
Peaking Factor for Pin Bending
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, pages 113-117, May 1950
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins
M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, pages 160-170, June 1953
NASA/TMX-73305
r = 0.02
0.04
0.9
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.8
0.15
0.20
0.7
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.6
0.5
r 0.55
0.4
0.3
0.2
e
e D/2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
( P' u )
min
1.2
1.4
1.6
/ Abr Ftu
Dashed lines indicate region where these theoretical curves are not substantiated by test data.
3.36
1.8
Figure 5
D
P/2
t1
P/2
t2
t2 / 4
P/2
P/2
t1
3.37
Bruhn Errata
Elmer F. Bruhn
3.38
NASA/TMX-73305
AFFDL-TR-69-42
Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
3.39
Bruhn Errata
Elmer F. Bruhn
3.40
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
K
0.7
L/D
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
Multiply Fcc for each joggled flange by K. For L / D < 4 see Bruhn Section D3.4.
0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
D/t
3.41
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
Bruhn Errata
Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C7.11
Minimum Lip Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
vs.
bf / tf
Buckling of Lip
bf
bL
0.328
tL
tf
tL / tf = 1.00
6
bL / t L
tL
tf
bL
bf
2.73
IL
A
L 5
3
bf t f bf t f
D.F.Windenberg Proc. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pp.54-61, 1939
3
0
10
20
30
bf / tf
40
3.42
50
60
70
80
Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Elmer F. Bruhn
Figure C7.12
Minimum Bulb Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
5.0
4.8
Equation C7.12
4.6
D
b
1.6 D 0.374 D = 7.44 f
t
t
t
tf
f
f
f
( D / t ) min
4.4
Figure C7.10
4.2
Bulb
4.0
3.8
3.6
b
tf
3.4
3.2
3.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
bf / tf
3.43
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Bruhn Errata
max =
Solid Round
4 V
D d
1 + 2
3 A
D + d2
max =
D d
1 + 2
D + d2
1.5
max =
4 V
3 A
vs. t / R
2V
A
1.4
1.3
Dd
1 + 2
+d2
D
1.2
1.1
S o lid R o und
max =
1.0
0
0.2
0.4
t/R
3.44
0.6
0.8
4V
3A
1
Carry-Over Factor
Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-534
Graph I, page 47
1.8
Compression
1.6
1.4
C=
Constant, C
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Tension
0.2
NACA TN-534 , Table B, page 43, Graph I, page 47 Benjamin Wylie James
0.0
0
L/j
3.45
Bruhn Errata
NACA TN-534
1.8
Tension, Far End Fixed
1.6
K =C
I
L
1.4
Tension, Far End Pinned
Constant, C
1.2
1.0
0.8
Compression, Far End Fixed
0.6
0.4
Compression, Far End Pinned
0.2
NACA TN-534 , Table B, page 43, Graph II, page 47 Benjamin Wylie James
0.0
0
L/j
3.46
NACA TN-534
17.5
w lb / in
16.5
MA =
w L2
C
MB =
w L2
C
15.5
K =C
I
L
Tension
14.5
Constant, C
13.5
12.5
11.5
Compression
10.5
9.5
8.5
NACA TN-534 , Table C, page 44, Graph III, page 48 Benjamin Wylie James
7.5
0
L/j
3.47
Bruhn Errata
NACA TN-534
1.35
1.30
1.25
2 -
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
Tension
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
L/j
3.0
3.48
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Rectangular Plate
Stephen Timoshenko
w =
a mn
m x
n y
sin
sin
a
b
x
Simply
Supported
Nx
a
y
( N x )cr
2 a2 D m2
2
a
m2
D =
Flexural Rigidity
1
+ 2
b
E t3
12 1 2
2 D mb
b2
a
+
mb
mb
a
k =
+
mb
a
Graph
See Figure 12, page A18.22
m=1
mb
a
k =
+
mb
a
4.500
4.167
4.083
4.050
0
0
6 a / ba / b
3.49
12
20
Bruhn Errata
K =
t1 = Web Thickness
2 Q
2 Q c
=
Z
I
t2 = Flange Thickness
t2
t2
t1
t1
t2
t1
t2
t2
K =
t1 = Flange Thickness
t2 = Web Thickness
t1
2 Q
2 Q c
=
Z
I
t1
t1
t2
t2
3.50
1
1.49
0.9
1.45
0.8
0.7
1.4
0.6
t1 / b
0.5
1.35
0.4
1.3
0.3
1.25
0.2
1.2
0.1
1.15
1.1
1.05
0
0
0.1
0.2
t2 / h
3.51
0.3
0.4
0.5
Bruhn Errata
t2 / h = 0.5
1.5
0.4
1.45
1.4
0.3
1.35
0.2
1.3
0.1
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
1.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t1 / b
3.52
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bending Axis
t1 / b = 0.10
2.3
0.12
2.2
0.14
0.16
2.1
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
1.9
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
1.8
0.36
0.38
0.4
0.42
0.44
1.7
0.46
0.48
0.5
0.6
1.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
3.53
t2 / h
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
Effective Width
Ernest E. Sechler and Louis G. Dunn
Equation 6-5
We
= 0.25
b
1 + cr
se
cr
se
= 0.37
se
yp
0.4
Marquerre
0.3
0
0.1
We / b
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.09
0.5
0.08
0.07
0.6
0.06
0.05
0.7
0.04
0.8
0.9
0.03
1
0.02
Krm n - Sechler
0.01
1
1
5 6 7 8 10
20
30
40
se / cr
3.54
60
80 100
200
300
500
1000
We
Marquerre
b
Krmn-Sechler
1
2
se
yp
We
= 0.447
b
se
yp
0.4
Marquerre
0.3
We / b
0.2
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
Krm n - Sechler
0.01
1
1
5 6 7 8 10
20
30
40
se / cr
3.55
60
80 100
200
300
500
1000
Bruhn Errata
The family of curves shifts up with increasing values of the web buckling angle, . It is interesting to see
how cleverly the shift was accounted for in the days of static graphs. With a spreadsheet we can simply
input a new value for and the curves will shift as shown on the following three pages.
Equation 6-33, page 238
d = 1.25 d
( IC
+ IT ) h
0.25
sin
40
45
100
4.5
150
200
Flexibility Factor, d
3.5
300
400
500
750
1,000
2.5
1,500
2
1.5
d4
d = 1.25
( IT + IC ) ( h'
t)
0.25
sin
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
5.0
0
0
50,000
4
d /(IC + IT)
3.56
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
4.5
100
150
Flexibility Factor, d
3.5
200
300
400
500
2.5
750
1,000
1,500
1.5
0.5
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
4
d /(IC + IT)
3.57
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
Bruhn Errata
100
4.5
150
200
3.5
300
Flexibility Factor, d
400
500
750
1,000
2.5
1,500
2
1.5
0.5
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
4
d /(IC + IT)
3.58
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
100
4.5
150
200
4
300
400
3.5
Flexibility Factor, d
500
750
1,000
1,500
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
4
d /(IC + IT)
3.59
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
Bruhn Errata
Flat Sheet Metal Girders With Very Thin Metal Web, Part III
From Zeitschrift fr Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt Volume 20, Nos. 11 and 12, June 14 & 28, 1929
0.9
C
0.8
R or C
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0
d radians
3.60
-0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fcr
65
-0.2
60
-0.1
55
50
7075-T6
2014-T6
0.1
45
40
0.2
2024-T3
0.3
35
0.4
30
0.5
25
0.6
20
0.7
15
0.8
10
0.9
tu / t
0.5
1
0.7
2
1.5
3
2.5
5
0
3.61
Bruhn Errata
AFFDL-TR-67-184
http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD831711&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
W. F. McCombs, J. C. McQueen, J. L. Perry
Fastened-Joint Spring Constants
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
x
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
y
1.3
1.319
1.337
1.355
1.372
1.388
1.402
A
B
C
-4.4
7.7
-1.8
0
0.6
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
Sheet 1
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.06
Sheet 1
1.2
0
0.461
0.461
0.461
0.922
0.922
0.922
0
0
0.653
0.653
0.653
1.306
1.306
1.306
0
0.6
Sheet 1
Sheet 2
0.5
0.212
0.264
0.317
0.423
0.528
0.633
0.732
0.845
0.952
1.060
0.212
0.264
0.317
0.423
0.528
0.633
0.732
0.845
0.952
1.060
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.000
1.200
1.300
1.319
1.338
1.355
1.372
1.388
1.402
1.418
1.432
1.445
Sheet
2
1.456
1.467
1.476
1.485
1.492
1.500
1.506
1.512
1.518
1.523
1.527
1.532
1.535
1.539
1.542
1.544
1.546
1.548
1.550
1.551
1.552
1.552
1.552
1.552
1.552
1.552
1.552
Center
xc
0.970
yc
1.25
yupr
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
1.383
1.402
1.418
1.432
1.445
1.456
1.467
1.476
1.485
1.492
1.500
1.506
1.512
1.518
1.523
1.527
1.532
1.535
1.539
1.542
1.544
1.546
1.548
1.550
1.551
1.552
1.552
Alum
Steel
Other
Radius
0.300
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
t/D
Table E-2
5/32" Hi-Lok
kn x 10 -6
Alum
Steel
Other
0.125
0.156
0.188
0.250
0.313
0.375
0.438
0.540
0.563
0.625
0.212
0.264
0.317
0.423
0.528
0.633
0.732
0.845
0.952
1.060
4.71
5.88
7.07
9.43
11.80
14.20
16.40
18.90
21.20
23.50
0.715
0.892
1.073
1.431
1.790
2.154
2.488
2.867
3.216
3.565
Sheets
Test
Calc
Ratio
Qty 2 - 0.072
Qty 2 - 0.102
0.072 & 0.102
2 - 0.072 & 0.102
127,800
153,200
136,800
291,300
121,651
172,339
142,626
285,251
1.05
0.89
0.96
1.02
Sheets
Test
Calc
Ratio
Qty 2 - 0.072
Qty 2 - 0.102
0.072 & 0.102
2 - 0.072 & 0.102
163,000
200,000
183,000
318,000
121,824
172,584
142,828
285,656
1.34
1.16
1.28
1.11
3.62
1.4
240
15
220
13
200
12
180
Yield
0
0.002
0.002
0.002
160
Stress, f ksi
140
14
93.358
93.358
93.358
0
11
Ultimate
0
0.002
0.002
0.002
120
10
173.416
173.416
173.416
0
100
16
80
4
1
60
40
6
20
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
Size
No.
Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
t 4 in
t > 0.020 in
t 2 in
t 6 in
t 0.25 in
0.016-0.25
> 0.188 in
t 0.188 in
3.63
Yield
Ultimate
f m = F ty
fo
f m = F tu
fo
52
35
65
62
21
18
26
70
75
103
132
163
176
150
200
110
18.8
17.5
25.5
33.5
7.5
4
7.5
43.2
47.1
51.6
66
53
65
62
55
36
62
42
75
71
38
30
42
90
95
125
150
180
200
180
225
120
57.5
40.5
70
67
15.7
22.6
30.8
83.1
86
116
146
172
192
161
160
115
0.011
Bruhn Errata
200
15
180
13
12
160
14
140
Stress, f ksi
120
0
0.002
0.002
0.002
93.358
93.358
93.358
0
0
0.002
0.002
0.002
173.416
173.416
173.416
0
11
16
100
80
10
3
4
60
1
40
20
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
No.
Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
t 4 in
t > 0.020 in
t 0.25 in
ZK60AMargnesium Forging
AISI Alloy Steel (Normalized)
AISI Alloy Steel (Normalized)
AISI Alloy Steel (Heat Treated)
AISI Alloy Steel (Heat Treated)
AISI Alloy Steel (Heat Treated)
Size
t 2 in
t 6 in
0.016-0.25
> 0.188 in
t 0.188 in
3.64
Yield
Ultimate
f m = F ty
fo
f m = F tu
fo
52
35
65
62
21
18
26
70
75
103
132
163
176
150
200
110
18.8
17.5
25.5
33.5
7.5
4
7.5
43.2
47.1
51.6
66
53
65
62
55
36
62
42
75
71
38
30
42
90
95
125
150
180
200
180
225
120
57.5
40.5
70
67
15.7
22.6
30.8
83.1
86
116
146
172
192
161
160
115
0.008
NACA TN-2661
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043
0.1
0.2
1.6
0.3
1.5
1.4
0.5
c_max
/fc
0.4
0.6
1.3
0.7
1.2
0.8
1.1
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
d / hu
3.65
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Bruhn Errata
3.66
4.0 References
4.0 References
MMPDS-01
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS)
http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/at/courses/at308/Technical_Links/MMPDS/OptionsMenu.pdf
4.1
Bruhn Errata
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences
Analysis of Stiffened Curved Panels Under Shear and Compression
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, February 1953, pp. 111-126
................................................................................................................. M. A. Melcon and A. F. Ensrud
Surface Texture
4.2
4.0 References
Books
General
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures .............................................. Elmer F. Bruhn
http://www.jacobspublishing.net/
A Supplement to Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures .................. William F. McCombs
Engineering Column Analysis The Analysis of Compression Members ........ William F. McCombs
Aircraft Structures, First Edition ......................................................................... David J. Peery
Stresses in Aircraft and Shell Structures ........................................................... Paul Kuhn
Airplane Structures ............................................................................................ A.S. Niles and J.S. Newell
Airplane Structural Analysis and Design ........................................................... E.E. Sechler and L.G.Dunn
Fundamentals of Aircraft Design ....................................................................... Leland M. Nicolai
Strength of Materials ......................................................................................... Francis R. Shanley
Strength of Materials: Part I - Elementary Theory and Problems ...................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Strength of Materials, Part II: Advanced Theory and Problems ........................ Stephen P. Timoshenko
History of Strength of Materials ......................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Mechanics of Flight ............................................................................................ Warren F. Phillips
Mechanics of Materials ...................................................................................... Gere and Timoshenko
Mechanics of Materials ...................................................................................... Francis R. Shanley
Mechanics of Composite Materials, Second Edition ......................................... Robert M. Jones
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... Fred Seely and James Smith
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... A.P. Boresi, R.J. Schmidt
Theory of Plates................................................................................................. Stephen P. Timoshenko
Theory of Plates and Shells ............................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Basic Structures................................................................................................. Francis R. Shanley
Weight-Strength Analysis of Aircraft Structures ................................................ Francis R. Shanley
Theory of Elasticity ............................................................................................ Stephen P. Timoshenko
Theory of Elastic Stability ................................................................................. Stephen P. Timoshenko
Vibration Problems in Engineering .................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
4.3
Bruhn Errata
Composite Airframe Structures ......................................................................... Michael C. Y. Niu
Stress Concentration Factors ............................................................................ Rudolf Earl Peterson
Petersons Stress Concentration Factors .......................................................... Walter D Pilkey
The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory ................................................. Hermann Glauert
Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures ........................................................... Robert M. Rivello
Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators ...................................................................... Hugh H. Hurt
Aerodynamics of the Helicopter ......................................................................... Alfred Gessow
More Helicopter Aerodynamics ......................................................................... Raymond W. Prouty
Helicopter Performance, Stability and Control ................................................. Raymond W. Prouty
Military Helicopter Design Technology .............................................................. Raymond W. Prouty
Fluid-Dynamic Drag ........................................................................................... Sighard F. Hoerner
Fluid-Dynamic Lift .............................................................................................. Sighard F. Hoerner
Design of Light Aircraft ...................................................................................... Richard D. Hiscocks
Introduction to Flight .......................................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics ........................................................................ John D. Anderson, Jr.
Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers and their Predecessors .......................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
The Airplane: A History of its Technology ......................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
A History of Aerodynamics and its Impact on Flying Machines ........................ John D. Anderson, Jr.
Aircraft Performance & Design .......................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Modern Compressible Flow: with Historical Perspective................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction ............................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Computational Fluid Dynamics .......................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics ........................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
VBA Developers Handbook, 2nd Edition .......................................................... Ken Getz
Excel 2003 Power Programming with VBA ....................................................... John Walkenbach
Excel 2003 Formulas ......................................................................................... John Walkenbach
UNIX in a Nutshell ............................................................................................. Arnold Robbins
MSC/NASTRAN Primer, Static and Normal Modes Analysis ............................ H.G. Schaeffer
The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics .............................................. Gellert/Kustner/Hellwich/Kastner
4.4
4.0 References
Piping Stress Analysis
Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis ............................................................Sockalingam (Sam) Kannappan
Piping Stress Handbook ..............................................................................Victor Helguero
Piping and Pipe Support Systems ...............................................................P.R. Smith and T.J. Van Laan
Design of Piping Systems ............................................................................M. W. Kellogg Company
Practical Guide to ASME B31.3: Process Piping ........................................Glynn Woods & Roy Baguley
Piping Design and Engineering Bluebook ...................................................Anvil International
formerly Piping Design and Engineering...............................................Grinnell Inc.
Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe ......................................Crane Technical Paper 410
http://www.tp410.com
ASME Codes
http://www.asme.org/Codes
ASTM Standards
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/index.shtml?E+mystore
ESDU
http://www.esdu.com
ESDU (originally an acronym of "Engineering Sciences Data Unit" but now used on its own account) is
an engineering advisory organization based in the United Kingdom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESDU
4.5
Bruhn Errata
NASA Astronautics Structures Manual
Volume I
NASA/TMX-73305
Section A: General Introduction of the Methods Used and Includes Sections on Load, Combined
Stress, and Interaction Curves
Section B: Methods of Strength Analysis (B1 - B6)
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000254/
Volume II
NASA/TMX-73306
Volume III
Section D:
Section E:
Section F:
Section G:
Section H:
NASA/TMX-73307
Thermal Stresses
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
Composites
Rotating Machinery
Statistics
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000177/
4.6
4.0 References
NACA Reports
http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp
Beams
NACA Report 608
Stress Analysis of Beams with Shear Deformation of the Flanges
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930091683_1993091683.pdf ....................... Paul Kuhn
Some Elementary Principles of Shell Stress Analysis with Notes on Shear Center
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081541_1993081541.pdf
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
Shear Lag
NACA TN-704
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1558
NACA TN-739
Paul Kuhn
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930091818_1993091818.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082421_1993082421.pdf
4.7
Bruhn Errata
Webs Diagonal Tension
NACA TN-469
A Summary Of Design Formulas For Beams Having Thin Webs In Diagonal Tension
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081248_1993081248.pdf
................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-1364
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081990_1993081990.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082135_1993082135.pdf
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5044
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081483_1993081483.pdf
................................................................................... Walter Rambert, Albert E. McPherson, Sam Levy
NACA TN-1176
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081940_1993081940.pdf
........................................................................................... Paul Kuhn, Norman Rafel, George E. Griffith
NACA TN-1241
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081847_1993081847.pdf
............................................................................................................................................... Daniel Farb
4.8
4.0 References
Curved Panels
NACA TN-1345
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-tn-1346.pdf
........................................................................................ S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
NACA TN-1347
Shear And Longitudinal Direct Stress For Long Plates With Transverse Curvature
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081973_1993081973.pdf
........................................................................................ S. B. Batdorf, Manuel Stein, Murry Schildcrout
NACA TN-1348
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-tn-1348.pdf
........................................................................................ S. B. Batdorf, Manuel Stein, Murry Schildcrout
NACA TN-1928
Critical Combinations of Shear and Direct Axial Stress Curved Rectangular Panels
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082606_1993082606.pdf
......................................................................................................... Murry Schildcrout and Manuel Stein
NACA WR-L-57 Effect of Normal Pressure Critical Compressive and Shear Stress of Curved Sheet
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930090918_1993090918.pdf
................................................................................................ Norman Rafel and Charles W. Sandlin, Jr
Originally issued as NACA ARR-L5B10
ARR = Advanced Restricted Report
WR = Wartime Report
4.9
Bruhn Errata
Plates
NACA ARR-L6A05
Charts for Critical Combinations of Longitudinal and Transverse Stress for Flat Rectangular Plates
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930093360_1993093360.pdf
............................................................................................................. Charles Libove and Manuel Stein
NACA ARR-3K13
Critical Stress For An Infinitely Long Flat Plate With Elastically Restrained Edges Under Combined
Shear and Direct Stress
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930092503_1993092503.pdf
........................................................................................... Elbridge Z. Stowell and Edward B. Schwartz
NACA ARR-3K27
Tables Of Stiffness And Carry-Over Factor For Flat Rectangular Plates Under Compression
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930093351_1993093351.pdf
.................................................................................................................................................. Kroll, W D
NACA TN-1817
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082491_1993082491.pdf
.................................................................................................. Richard A. Pride and George J. Heimerl
ARR = Advanced Restricted Report
Shells
NACA TN-691
Some Elementary Principles of Shell Stress Analysis with Notes on the Use of the Shear Center
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081541_1993081541.pdf
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
4.10
4.0 References
Cylinders
NACA TN-951
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930087870_1993087870.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082107_1993082107.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082161_1993082161.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930085193_1993085193.pdf
......................................................................................................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TR-887
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930091956_1993091956.pdf
........................................................................................ S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
4.11
Bruhn Errata
Buckling
NACA TN-534
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081286_1993081286.pdf
..............................................................................................................................Benjamin Wylie James
NACA TN-733
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081491_1993081491.pdf
...................................................................................................................................................... S. Niles
NACA TN-902
http://www.apesolutions.com/spd/public/NACA-TN902.pdf
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930083739_1993083739.pdf
.................................................................................................................... P.P. Bijlaard and G.P. Fisher
NACA TN-3781
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930084505_1993084505.pdf
......................................................................................................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3782
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930084506_1993084506.pdf
.......................................................................................................................................... Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3783
Handbook of Structural Stability Part III - Buckling of Curved Plates and Shells
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930084510_1993084510.pdf
........................................................................................................ George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3784
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=209695&id=8&qs=N%3D4294800010
......................................................................................................................................... George Gerard
4.12
4.0 References
NACA TN-3785
Handbook of Structural Stability Part VI -Strength of Stiffened Curved Plates and Shells
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930084534_1993084534.pdf
NASA SP-8032
NASA SP-8068
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710023855_1971023855.pdf
.......................................................................................................................................... Gallagher, R H
Non-Dimensional Buckling Curves
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, October 1946 ........................................... Cozzone & Melcon, Jr.
Box Beams
NACA TN-530
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081277_1993081277.pdf
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-1066
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081723_1993081723.pdf
4.13
Bruhn Errata
Doublers
Holes with Reinforced Doublers
Aero Digest, August 1955, pages 24 -29 ....................................................................... Paul K. M. King
Lightening Holes
NACA-WR-L-323 The Strength and Stiffness of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45
Degree Flanges
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930093634_1993093634.pdf
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
NACA-WR-L-402 The Strength and Stiffness of Shear Webs With and Without Lightening Holes
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930093371_1993093371.pdf
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
Technical Memorandums
NACA TM-490
NACA TM-604
Flat Sheet Metal Girders With Very Thin Metal Web. Part I : General Theories and
Assumptions
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094812_1993094812.pdf
........................................................................................................................................ Herbert Wagner
NACA TM-605
The Flat Sheet Metal Girders With Very Thin Metal Web. Part II : Sheet Metal Girders
With Spars Resistant To Bending - Oblique Uprights - Stiffness
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094811_1993094811.pdf
........................................................................................................................................ Herbert Wagner
NACA TM-606
Flat Sheet Metal Girders With Very Thin Metal Web. Part III : Sheet Metal Girders With
Spars Resistant To Bending - The Stress In Uprights - Diagonal Tension Fields
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094810_1993094810.pdf
........................................................................................................................................ Herbert Wagner
4.14
4.0 References
NACA TM-774
The Tension Fields In Originally Curved, Thin Sheets During Shearing Stresses
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094643_1993094643.pdf
......................................................................................................................... H. Wagner and W. Ballerstedt
NACA TM-784
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094633_1993094633.pdf
.................................................................................................................. H. Wagner and W. Pretschner
NACA TM-809
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094606_1993094606.pdf
.......................................................................................................................... R. Lahde and H. Wagner
NACA TM-838
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094578_1993094578.pdf
.................................................................................................................................................... H. Ebner
NACA TM-870
Behavior of a Plate Strip Under Shear and Compressive Stresses Beyond the Buckling
Limit
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094546_1993094546.pdf
..................................................................................................................... A. Kromm and K. Marguerre
NACA TM-965
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094451_1993094451.pdf
...................................................................................................................... M. Neubert and A. Sommer
4.15
Bruhn Errata
Lug Analysis
Product Engineering
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, pages 113-117, May 1950
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins
M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, pages 160-170, June 1953
4.16
4.0 References
Average Area
A avg
6
3
1
1
1
+
+
+
A1
A2
A3
A4
AFFDL-TR-69-42
4.17
Bruhn Errata
Military Handbooks
MIL-HDBK
MIL-HDBK-5J
MIL-HDBK-17-1F
MIL-HDBK-17-2E
MIL-HDBK-17-3F
MIL-HDBK-17-4
MIL-HDBK-17-5
MIL-HDBK-23A
MIL-HDBK-700A
Plastics
MIL-HDBK-754
MIL-HDBK-17 Online
http://euler9.tripod.com/materials/mil17v1.html
MMPDS-04
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS)
http://store.ihs.com/specsstore/controller;jsessionid=+ip-IzSUbqB8JBFblKqgg**.app2?event=DOCUMENT_DETAILS&docId=HLAAHCAAAAAAAAAA
ANC-18
ANC-19
http://www.eflightmanuals.com/search/searchResults.asp
4.18
4.0 References
MMPDS and MIL-HDBK-5
Online Information Resource
http://www.hdbk-5.battelle.org/
Public Version
http://www.hdbk-5.battelle.org/Default2.htm
MMPDS
http://www.mmpds.org/
MIL-HDBK-5J
http://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/basic_profile.cfm?ident_number=53876
Background
MIL-HDBK-5 has been the primary source of statistically based, design allowables for metallic materials
and fastened joints used in the design of aerospace vehicle structures in the United States for over 50
years. In 2001/2002, the US Air Force transitioned custodianship of the handbook to the FAA. The FAA,
in conjunction with Battelle Memorial Labs and an Industrial Steering Group (ISG), established the
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) handbook as the ultimate
replacement for MIL-HDBK-5.
History
http://www.hdbk-5.battelle.org/history.pdf
NASGRO
Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis Software
http://www.nasgro.swri.org/
4.19
Bruhn Errata
Fatigue Analysis
NAVWEPS 00-25-559
Tips on Fatigue
Clarence R. Smith
References on Fatigue
STP 91
STP 203
STP 237
STP 274
STP 284
STP 338
Note: ASTM International was originally called the American Society for Testing and Materials.
http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/filtrexx40.cgi?-P+COMMIT+E08+commitpubs_stp.frm
Miscellaneous
Fatigue of Metals .................................................................................. P.G. Forrest
Fatigue in Aircraft Structure .................................................................. A.M. Freudenthal
The Fatigue of Metals and Structures .................................................. Gordon Grover & Jackson
Metallic Fatigue With Particular Reference to Significance of Certain Standard Aircraft Fabrication and
Finishing Process ................................................................................. W.J. Harris
Designing by Photoelasticity................................................................. R.B. Heywood
Designing Against Fatigue of Metals .................................................... R.B. Heywood
Stress Concentration Design Factors ................................................... R.E. Peterson
Full-Scale Fatigue Testing of Aircraft Structures .................................. R.J. Plantema & Schijve (Editors)
Metal Fatigue ........................................................................................ George Sines and J.L. Waisman
Fatigue Testing and Analysis of Results .............................................. W. Weibull
4.20
4.0 References
AFGRO
Crack Growth Life Prediction Program
http://afgrow.wpafb.af.mil/
AFGRO History
http://afgrow.wpafb.af.mil/about/history.php
Download
http://afgrow.wpafb.af.mil/downloads/afgrow/pdownload.php
Mathcad Files
http://www.mathcad.com/library/mathcad_files.asp
4.21
Bruhn Errata
MacNeal-Schwendler Documentation
http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/documentation/
Numerical Recipes
http://www.library.cornell.edu/nr/
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu/index.html
Eng-Tips Forums
http://www.eng-tips.com/
Time
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl
NASA Links
http://mscweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/543web/designref.html
Magazines
Aviation Week
http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/
Scientific American
http://www.sciam.com/
NASA Tech Briefs
http://www.nasatech.com/
4.22
4.0 References
Internet
Elmer F. Bruhn
https://engineering.purdue.edu/AAE/History
http://aae.www.ecn.purdue.edu/AAE/History/HistPics/HistL.html
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
The final product was the size of a desk, weighed 700 pounds, had over 300 vacuum tubes, and
contained a mile of wire. It could calculate about one operation every 15 seconds
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa050898.htm?once=true&
http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Progress.html
John Vincent Atanasoff
(1903 - 1995)
The obsession of finding a solution to the computer problem had built to a frenzy in the winter months of
1937. One night, frustrated after many discouraging events, he got into his car and started driving without
destination. Two hundred miles later, he pulled onto a roadhouse in the state of Illinois. Here, he had a
drink of bourbon and continued thinking about the creation of the machine. No longer nervous and tense,
he realized that this thoughts were coming together clearly. He began generating ideas on how to build
this computer! After receiving a grant of $650 from Iowa State College in March 1939, Atanasoff was
ready to embark in this exciting adventure. To help him accomplish his goal, he hired a particularly bright
electrical engineering student, Clifford E. Berry. From 1939 until 1941 they worked at developing and
improving the ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer, as it was later named. When World War II started on 7
December 1941, the work on the computer came to a halt. Although Iowa State College had hired a
Chicago patent lawyer, Richard R. Trexler, the patenting of the ABC was never completed.
http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Biographies.html
The idea of building an electronic digital computer came to him while he was sitting in a tavern. Dr.
Atanasoff came up with four principles for his electronic digital computer.
He would use electricity and electronics as the medium for the computer.
In spite of custom, he would use base-two numbers (the binary system) for his computer.
He would use condensers for memory and would use a regenerative or "jogging" process to avoid
lapses that might be caused by leakage of power.
He would compute by direct logical action and not by enumeration as used in analog calculating
devices.
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/do_Atanasoff.html
Clifford E. Berry
http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Biographies.html
4.23
Bruhn Errata
Stephen Prokofyevich Timoshenko
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Timoshenko
Hardy Cross
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Cross
http://www.nexusjournal.com/Eaton.html#anchor316605
Francis R. Shanley
http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb229003hz&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00008&toc.depth=1&toc.idd=
Joseph Raphson
http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/anecdotes/raphson.html
Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chebyshev.html
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Chebyshev_nets.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev
Andr-Louis Cholesky
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Cholesky
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier
Richard von Mises
In aerodynamics, Richard von Mises made notable advances in boundary-layer-flow theory and airfoil
design. He developed the distortion energy theory of stress, which is one of the most important concepts
used by engineers in material strength calculations. On probability, he posed the well-known birthday
problem.
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Mises.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_mises
Birthday Problem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem
http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=402
4.24
4.0 References
von Mises Yield Criterion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mises_stress
Ludwig von Mises
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/
Famous Curves Index
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Curves/Curves.html
Chebyshev Linkage
The Chebyshev linkage is a mechanical linkage that converts rotational motion to approximate straightline motion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_linkage
Peaucellier-Lipkin Linkage
The Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage (or Peaucellier-Lipkin cell), invented in 1864, was the first linkage capable
of transforming rotary motion into perfect straight-line motion, and vice versa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaucellier-Lipkin_linkage
Regulations.gov
http://www.regulations.gov/
4.25
Bruhn Errata
4.26
Area
Aij
[A]
Dimension
Angle
Bij
[B]
BL
Butt Line
Angle
Cij
Diameter
Dij
[D]
Deflection
Differential Operator
= 2
= 2 2 = 4
(Composites)
5.1
i = Cij j
Bruhn Errata
Ec
EL
ET
Fbru
Fbry
Fcc
Crippling Allowable
Fcy
Fir
Fsu
Ftu
Fty
Fs_cr
F0.7
F0.85
fb
Bending Stress
fs
Shear Stress
Shear Modulus
Gs
Moment of Inertia
Ix
Iy
Ixy
Product of Inertia
Kt
ks
Length
= xy + yx = 2 xy
5.2
LT
Effective Length
= 1 2
Moment
Mmax
Slope
M.S.
Margin of Safety
NACA
NASA
ni
Load
Ps
Shear Load
Pt
Tensile Load
Pallow
Allowable Load
Pax
Axial Load
Ptr
Transverse Load
pz
Pressure Loading
Qij
Q ij
Reaction
Rax
Rtr
Rs
Bruhn Errata
Rt
Radius of Curvature
Radius of Gyration
Sij
ST
STA
Fuselage Station
cr
Critical Stress
cr
[T ]
[T ] 1
Thickness
Shear
WL
Water Line
Deflection of a Plate
Width
a
Section Property for Curved Beams Z = 1 + a b ln o
a
A
i
Composites
Extensional Stiffness Matrix
Aij
( Q ) ( h
n
ij
k =1
hk 1
Bij
1
2
( Q ) ( h
n
k =1
ij
h 2 k 1
h 3 k 1
Dij
1
3
( Q ) ( h
n
k =1
ij
5.4
( b tw )
a t
ln o
ai + t
Stiffness Matrix
Constants for Stress-Strain Relationship
Cij
Cij = Cji
2
3
23
31
12
C11
12
C13
=
C14
C15
C16
i = Cij j
C12
C 22
C 23
C 24
C13
C 23
C 33
C 34
C14
C 24
C 34
C 44
C15
C 25
C 35
C 45
C16
C 26
C 36
C 46
C 25
C 26
C 35
C 36
C 45
C 46
C 55
C 56
C 56
C 66
1
2
3
23
31
12
Compliance Matrix
Constants for Strain-Stress Relationship
Sij
Sij = Sji
1
2
3
23
31
12
S11
12
S13
=
S14
S15
S16
i = Cij j
S12
S 22
S 23
S 24
S 25
S 26
S13
S 23
S 33
S 34
S 35
S 36
S14
S 24
S 34
S 44
S 45
S 46
S15
S 25
S 35
S 45
S 55
S 56
S16
S 26
S 36
S 46
S 56
S 66
2
3
23
31
12
Transformation Matrix
cos 2
sin 2
=
sin cos
[T ]
sin 2
cos 2
sin cos
2 sin cos
2 sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
[T ]
cos 2
= sin 2
sin cos
sin 2
cos 2
sin cos
2 sin cos
2 sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
5.5
Bruhn Errata
Qij
Qij
C ij
Ci3 C j 3
S 22
Q11 =
S11 S 22 S12
S11
Q22 =
S11 S 22 S12
S12
Q12 =
S11 S 22 S12
1
S 66
Q66 =
Where
C 33
3 = 0
23 = 0
31 = 0
EL
1 LT TL
E
2 (1 +
ET
1 LT TL
LT ET
1 LT TL
= G LT
Q ij
Q 11
Q 22
Q 12
Q 66
Q 16
( Q11 Q12 2 Q66 ) cos 3 sin ( Q22 Q12 2 Q66 ) cos sin 3
Q 26
( Q11 Q12 2 Q66 ) cos sin 3 ( Q22 Q12 2 Q66 ) cos 3 sin
5.6
)
)
Ge
Effective Shear Modulus ( ksi ) Note: Includes effects of diagonal tension and plasticity.
Moment of Inertia ( in )
Torsion Constant ( in )
Le
Force ( kips )
PU
First Area Moment about Neutral Axis of Parts of Cross-Section as Specified by Subscripts ( in )
Total Shear Strength ( kips in single shear ) of all uprightto-web rivets in one upright
Torque ( in-kips )
fn
Normal Stress
fs
Shear Stress
Angle between Neutral Axis of Beam and Direction of Diagonal Tension ( degrees )
Normal Strain
Poissons Ratio
5.7
Bruhn Errata
Centroidal Radius of Gyration of Cross-Section of Upright about Axis Parallel to Web ( inches )
( No sheet should be included. )
*all
Basic Allowable Value of Web Shear Stress ( ksi ) given by Figure (19) in NACA TN-2661
Subscripts
DT
Diagonal Tension
IDT
PDT
Flange
Shear
Upright
Web
all
Allowable
avg
Average
cr
Critical
cy
Compressive Yield
Effective
max
Maximum
ult
Ultimate
Special Combinations
Pu
RR
Rd
5.8
Rh
Rtot
Total Shear Strength in Single Shear of All Rivets in One Upright ( kips )
dc
hc
he
hR
hU
kss
Fu
Ring
ST
Stringer
References
Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-2661
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5044
Bruhn Errata
Aerodynamics
2
Angle of Attack
aR
w0
CD
CL
CM
Ct
Cza
Chord
cd
Drag Coefficient
cdi
cdi1
cl
clb
Basic Lift
cla1
cn
Lt
m0
Dynamic Pressure ( lb / ft )
Velocity
5.10
Wing Shear
5.11
Bruhn Errata
5.12
Index
Index
A
Abbreviations, 5.1
AFGRO, 4.20
AIAA Publications, 4.20
ANC-5, 3.4
Andr-Louis Cholesky, 4.23
Army-Navy-Civil Committee, 4.18
Asymmetrical Stringer Areas, 1.101
Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 4.22
Aviation Week, 4.21
B
Beam Bending, 1.74, 1.75
Bending Stiffness Matrix, 5.4
Bents, 1.133
Biplane, 1.4
Biplane Wing, 1.72
Box Beam, 1.54
Box Beams, 1.104, 2.20, 2.22, 4.7, 4.13
Buckling, 1.117, 1.118, 1.120, 1.126, 1.127, 1.131, 3.12,
3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27, 3.29, 4.12, 4.13,
5.1, 5.2
Bulbs, 1.121, 1.123
Bulkheads, 2.21
C
Cantilever Wing, 1.119
Carry-Over Factor, 3.45
CASI, 4.20
Castiglianos Theorem, 1.10
Cathedral and the Bazaar, 4.24
Chebyshev Linkage, 4.24
Circular Cylinders, 1.126, 4.11, 4.13
Clifford E. Berry, 4.22
Column, 1.71, 1.113, 1.114, 1.115, 1.126, 3.11, 3.12, 3.16
Column Curves, 1.113, 3.11
Column Distribution Coefficient, 3.48
Column Distribution Factor, 1.71
Columns, 1.113, 1.114, 1.115
Compliance Matrix, 5.5
Composites, 5.4
Continuous Beam, 1.60, 1.71
Continuous Truss, 1.43
Correction Factor R, 3.60
COSPAR, 4.20
Coupling Stiffness Matrix, 5.1, 5.4
Cozzone-Melcon, 3.12
Crippling, 1.129, 5.2
Curved Beams, 3.35, 5.1, 5.4
Curved Panels, 4.9
Curved Webs, 3.19, 4.8, 5.1
D
David J. Peery, 2.2, 2.9
Deflected Supports, 1.60
E
Effective Cross Section, 1.96, 1.97
Effective Sheet, 1.125, 1.126, 3.16
Effective Width, 1.124, 3.54
Effective Widths, 1.124
Elmer F. Bruhn, 4.22
Eng-Tips Forums, 4.21
European Aviation Safety Agency, 4.1
Extensional Stiffness Matrix, 5.1, 5.4
External Loads, 2.15
F
Famous Curves, 4.24
Fastener, 3.1
Federal Aviation Regulation, 4.1
Five Cell Beam, 1.76
Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia, 1.62
Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, 3.47
Flange Flexibility Factor, 1.129, 3.56
Flanges, 1.130, 3.34, 4.7, 4.14
Flexibility Coefficients, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.42, 1.54
Framing Cutouts, 1.132, 1.133
Free Body Diagram, 1.13, 1.22
Fuselage, 1.48, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98, 1.130, 2.21, 2.22
Fuselage Rings, 2.22
Fuselage Side Truss, 1.60
Fuselage Truss, 1.48
G
Gaussian Elimination, 1.106
H
Hardy Cross, 4.23
Hat-Section, 1.120
Hexagonal Cell Core, 1.131
I
Induced Drag, 2.12
Influence Coefficient Matrix, 1.33, 1.57
Influence Coefficients, 1.18, 1.21, 1.22, 1.33, 1.57
Inter-Rivet Buckling, 1.125
Inverse of the Transformation Matrix, 5.5
Bruhn Errata
J
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, 4.23
John Vincent Atanasoff, 4.22
Johnson-Euler, 3.11
Joseph Raphson, 4.23
L
Landing Gear, 1.21
Lips, 1.121, 1.123
Longeron, 1.130
Ludwig von Mises, 4.24
Lug Analysis, 4.16
Lugs, 3.10, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 4.16
M
MacNeal-Schwendler, 4.21
Mathcad, 4.20
Matrix Triple Product, 1.20, 1.21, 1.24, 1.34
Member Flexibility Coefficient, 1.43
Membrane Stress, 1.92
Method of Displacements, 1.106
Method of Dummy Unit Loads, 1.36
Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, 1.37
Method of Elastic Weights, 1.26
Method of Least Work, 1.35
MIL-HDBK-5, 4.19
Minimum Bulb, 3.43
Minimum Lip, 1.122, 3.42, 3.43
MMPDS-01, 4.1
Mohrs Circle, 1.111
Mohrs Method, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28
Moment Area Method, 1.29, 1.31
Moment Distribution Method, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.65,
1.71
Monocoque Cylinders, 1.126
Multi-Cell Structures, 2.22
Multiple Redundancy, 2.22
N
NACA, 1.70, 1.71, 1.92, 1.117, 1.126, 1.129, 1.130
NACA Symbols, 5.7
NASA Astronautics Structures Manual, 4.6
NASA Links, 4.21
NASA Tech Briefs, 4.21
NASGRO, 4.19
Neutral Axis Method, 1.74, 1.75
Numerical Recipes, 4.21
O
Octahedral Shear Stress, 1.113
R
Ramberg-Osgood, 1.110, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15
Real Loads, 1.15
Rectangular Plate, 3.49
Reduced Stiffness Matrix, 5.6
Redundant Forces, 1.58
Restraining Moment, 1.114, 1.115
Ribs, 2.1, 2.21
Richard von Mises, 4.23
Rigid Bodies, 1.2
Round Tubes, 3.32
S
Schrenk, 2.9, 4.11
Schrenks Method, 2.9
Scientific American, 4.21
Secant Modulus, 3.14
Secondary Bending Moment, 1.130
Semi-Monocoque Structures, 2.21
Shear and Tension Interaction, 3.1
Shear Beam, 1.13, 1.22
Shear Flow, 1.14, 1.17, 1.75, 1.76, 1.82, 1.89, 2.20, 2.21
Shear Flow Analysis, 1.99
Shear Lag, 1.104, 2.22, 4.7
Shells, 4.7
Simplified Cladding Reduction Factors, 1.118
Single Redundancy, 2.21
Singly Redundant Truss, 1.37
Slope Deflection Method, 1.73
Southwest Research Institute, 4.19
Spanwise Air-Load Distribution, 2.9
Spanwise Lift Distribution, 4.11
Spar Caps, 1.16, 1.22
Spar Webs, 1.16, 1.22
Splice with Filler, 1.132
Stephen Prokofyevich Timoshenko, 4.23
Stepped Column, 1.114
Stiffener, 1.125, 1.126, 1.127, 3.16, 3.20
Stiffeners, 1.16, 1.22
Stiffness Factor Coefficient, 3.46
Stiffness Matrix, 5.5
Stiffness Method, 1.106
Stress Analysis Manual, 4.6
Stress-Strain Curve, 1.110, 3.15
Stringer, 1.74, 1.95, 1.98
Stringers, 1.87
Sweepback, 2.21
Symbols, 5.1
P
Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev, 4.23
T
Tapered Beams, 2.20
Index
U
Ultimate Bending Strength, 1.98
Ultimate Strength, 1.115, 1.116
Unit Load Distribution, 1.19, 1.21, 1.23, 1.24, 1.33, 1.57
Unit Stress Distribution, 1.53
V
Variable Flange Areas, 2.20
W
Wagner Beam, 1.128
Warping Deformation, 2.22
Web Design, 1.130
Web Stiffener, 1.129
Web Strain, 3.18
Wing, 1.1, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.72, 1.75, 1.87, 1.95, 2.1,
2.21, 4.13
Wing Beam, 1.1, 1.75, 1.87
Wing Spar, 1.4
Wrinkling, 1.131
Z
Zee Section, 1.75