Professional Documents
Culture Documents
``
A LAB MANUAL ON
PREPARED BY
APPROVED BY
GOPINATH.B.L
A G SURESH
PREFACE
The significance of the Electrical Machines Lab - I, is renowned in the
various fields of engineering applications. For an Electrical Engineer, it is
obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Electrical Machines. By this
perspective we have introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for
Electrical Machines Lab-I.
The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the
fundamental aspects of Electrical Machines in practical. The manual prepared
very carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in executing an
experiment. And validation by means of observation, Development of
theory/hypotheses, experimental validation
``
``
7. Do not cause short-circuits or high currents arcs. Burn from arcs may be very severe even at a
distance of a few meters. Report all electrical burns to your instructor. Be careful to keep metallic
accessories of apparel or jewelry out of contact with live circuit parts and loose articles of clothing out
of moving machinery.
8. When using a multiple range meter always use the high range first to determine the feasibility of
using a lower range.
9. Check the current rating of all rheostats before use. Make sure that no current overload will occur as
the rheostat setting is changed.
10. Check the current rating of all rheostats before use. Make sure that no current overload will occur as
the rheostat setting is changed.
11. Never overload any electrical machinery by more than 125% of the rated voltage or current for more
than a few seconds.
12. Select ratings of a current coil (CC) and potential coil (PC) in a wattmeter properly before
connecting in a test circuit.
13. Do not permit a hot leg of a three phase 415V supply, or of a 230V supply to come in contact with
any grounded objects, as a dangerous short-circuits will result.
THE LABORATORY
DOS:1) Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in with
apron and shoes, girls with apron)
2) All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6,
Insulation remover and phase tester)
3) Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4) Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
5) Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6) Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
7) Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment
from the Lab Store Room.
8) After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
Instructor.
9) The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
`` 10) Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
connections are removed.
11) All patch cords and tools should be placed at their original positions.
DONTs:1) Dont come late to the Lab.
2) Dont enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3) Dont make or remove the connections with power ON.
4) Dont switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5) Dont switch OFF the machine with load.
6) Dont leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.
``
INDEX
Sl No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Contents
PREFACE
LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
DOS & DONTS
VTU SYLLABUS
INDEX
CERTIFICATE
INTRODUCTION
INSTRUCTION TO STUDENTS
LAB CYCLES
Page No
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10.
11
11.
15
12.
18
13.
``
14.
15.
16.
17.
20
23
26
29
33
18.
38
19.
40
20.
PERFORMANCE
OF
ASYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
CONNECTED TO INFINITE BUS, UNDER CONSTANT POWER
AND VARIABLE EXCITATION & VICE - VERSA.
43
21.
22.
23.
VIVA QUESTIONS
SAFETY & COMMON SYMBOLS
47
51
53
CERTIFICATE
``
INTRODUCTION
A practical approach is probably the best approach to mastering a subject and gaining a clear insight.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - I Sub Code: 15EEL38
Practical session covers those practical oriented Electrical AC Machines that are very essential for
the students to solidify their theoretical concepts. This workbook provides a communication bridge between
the theory and practical world of the Electrical Laboratory. The knowledge of these practical are very
essential for the engineering students. All of these practical are arranged on the modern trainer boards.
The program starts with courses of providing in-depth coverage of basic topics related to the field of
electrical machines such as Testing of transformers, rotating machines, ac power Generation. The program
then builds on the knowledge gained by the student through these basic courses to provide training
synchronous generator, and asynchronous generator technologies
This manual, teaches the basic concepts of three-phase transformer banks. Students are introduced to
the different characteristics of Single/three-phase transformer banks. They learn how to connect the
windings of three-phase transformer banks in wye or delta. Students are also determining the voltage,
current, and phase relationships between the primary windings and the secondary windings of three-phase
``
transformer banks of various configurations. They learn how to ensure proper phase relationships between
the phase windings. Students also verify the theory presented in the manual by performing circuit
measurements and calculations.
10
LAB CYCLE-1
1
Open Circuit and Short circuit tests on single phase step up or step down transformer and predetermination of
(i) Efficiency and regulation (ii) Calculation of parameters of equivalent circuit.
Sumpners test on similar transformers and determination of combined and individual transformer efficiency.
Parallel operation of two dissimilar single-phase transformers of different kVA and determination of load
sharing and analytical verification given the Short circuit test data.
Polarity test and connection of 3 single-phase transformers in star delta and determination of efficiency and
regulation under balanced resistive load.
Comparison of performance of 3 single-phase transformers in delta delta and Y Y (open delta) connection
under load.
LAB CYCLE-2
8
`` 9
10
Slip test Measurement of direct and quadrature axis reactance and predetermination of Regulation of salient
pole synchronous machines.
11
Performance of synchronous generator connected to infinite bus, under constant power and variable excitation
& vice - versa.
12
11
EXPERIMENT NO:-01
DATE:
O.C. TEST S.C. TEST & LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
Objective:
To determine the iron losses, copper losses and efficiency of a transformer at any load.
Apparatus:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
Instruments
0-1 Amps Ammeter
0-5 Amps Ammeter
0-300 Volts Voltmeter
0-200 Watts L.P.F. type Wattmeter
0-3.0 KW U.P.F. type Wattmeter
Qty.
01
01
01
01
01
Transformer Ratings:
Power: 1 KVA, Primary/Secondary :230/230 Volts. Max Current Rating : 4.43 Amps.
Circuit Diagram:
``
Procedure:
FOR O.C. TEST
1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Ensure that the dimmerstat Position is at zero.
3) Switch on the single phase AC. Supply.
4) Apply rated voltage of 230V, to the primary side of transformer.
5) Note the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
12
Precautions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Observations:
FOR O.C.TEST (Read on primary side.)
Rated input Voltage
No load current
No load power
V0
I0
W0
230V
4.35amp
Calculations:
FOR O.C. TEST
No load power factor =cos<Do = Wo / (Vo Io) Magnetising
component of Io = I = Io sin<Do amps.
Core loss component of Io = Ic = Io cos<Do amps.
Core loss resistance Ro = Vo/ Ic ohm.
Magnetising reactance Xo = Vo/ I ohms. FOR S.C. TEST
Short circuit power factor cos<Dsc = Wsc/ (Vsc Isc) Short circuit
impedence Zsc =Vsc / Isc Q
Short circuit resistance Rsc = Wsc / Isc2 Q
Short circuit reactance Xsc = -- Zsc2-Rsc2
Copper loss in transformer at full load =Wsc watts.
Copper loss in transformer at half full load = Wsc/4 watts.
13
EFFICIENCIES:
1) At full load and at 0.8 power factor
Full load kVA x103 x cos<D x 100
=
Full load KVA x103x cos<D +core loss +copper loss at full load
2)
=
Half load KVA x 103 x cos<D + core loss + copper loss at half load
``
REGULATIONS:
1) At full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
Voltage drop = Isc (Rsc cos<D + Xsc sin<D)
% Regulation =
Voltage drop x100
Rated primary voltage (Vo)
2) At full load and 0.8 power factor leading.
Voltage drop = Isc (Rsc cos<D Xsc sin<D)
Voltage drop x100
% Regulation =
Rated primary voltage (Vo)
3) At full load and U.P.F.
Voltage drop = Isc Rsc cos<D
% Regulation = Voltage drop x100
Rated primary voltage (Vo)
14
Equivalent Circuit:
Draw simplified equivalent circuit showing calculated values of all parameters on it.
Result: -
``
Viva Questions: Q.1. What is the significance of O.C. & S.C. test?
Q.2. Why h.v. winding is kept open during O.C. test and 1.v. winding is shorted during S.C. test in
case of large transformers?
Q.3. In O.C. test, a voltmeter is connected across secondary winding and still it is
called as O.C. test. Why?
Q.4. What will happen if dc supply instead of ac supply is applied to a transformer? Q.5. Which is the
alternate method for finding efficiency and regulation of a
transformer other than O.C. & S.C. tests ? What are their advantages over each
other?
Q.6. What is the importance of equivalent circuit?
Q.7. Why regulation of transformer is negative for leading p.f. load?
Q.8. The wattmeter reading during O.C. test is considered as core loss while wattmeter reading during
S.C. test is considered as copper loss Justify
15
EXPERIMENT NO:-02
Sumpners Test
Objective : To predetermine the efficiency, regulation and equivalent circuit of a given pair of
identical single - phase transformers by conducting Sumpner's test.
Name plate details of the two identical transformers:
Primary voltage : 230 Volts
Secondary voltage: 230 Volts
Primary current : 4.34 Amps
Secondary current 4.34 Amps Power
(Burden) : 1 KVA
Frequency:
50 Hz.
Apparatus:
Digital voltmeter,0 to 1000Volts
02
Digital ammeter, 0 to l0 Amps
02
wattmeter, 0 to 300 Watts
02
Digital temperature indicator, 0 to 100
01
D
Theory:
The efficiency of a transformer can be predetermined by conducting o.c. and s.c. tests. But the
rise in temperature can be found only by conducting the actual load test. It is difficult io conduct the
actual load test for large transformers. [n case of Sumpners test the efficiency, regulation and rise in
temperature can be obtained with small amount of power consumption.
In Sumpner's test, the two primary windings of the identical transformers are connected in parallel
across the supply and the two secondarys are connected in series with their polarities in opposition. One
digital wattmeter (L.P.F. type), one voltmeter and one ammeter are connected
at primary side. One digital wattmeter (U.P.F: type), one voltmeter and one ammeter are connected at
secondary side. If primaries are energized then the voltage across the two secondaries will be zero since
both the transformers are identical transformers.
The power input to the transformers at no-load is indicated by the wattmeter on the primary
side.
This
power is, equal-to the iron losses of the two transformers. An auto-transformer is connected
``
in series with the two secondarys. A small voltage is injected in the secondary circuit from a separate ac
source. It will circulate a current in the secondary side since the secondarys are in opposition, the
secondary current will cause primary current in opposite directions so that the reading of wattmeter on
primary is not affected and it will indicate the iron losses of the two transformers. The auto-transformer is
adjusted till the full load current flows in the secondary side of the transformer. At full load current the
wattmeter on the secondary side indicates the full load copper losses of the two transformers.
Procedure:
* Make all the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig .Z.Z.
* Keep the switch 's' open on the secondary side of the transformer.
* Keep the auto-transformer at zero position and disconnect the supply to
the auto transformer.
* Apply the normal voltage of 230Volts to the primary side.
* Check the voltmeter reading across the switch. If it reads zero, it means the secondarys are
connected in opposition. If the voltmeter reads twice the secondary rated voltage then the connections
should be reversed on the secondary side.
*
lf voltmeter reads zero close the switch .S'.
* Connect the supply to the auto-transformer and energize the secondary circuit and adjust the auto
transformer till the ammeter on the secondary side reads the rated current (4.82A).
* Record the readings of the meters on both the primary and secondary
sides.
* Calculate Req , xeq , regulation and efficiency of the transformer 0.8 pf lag, 0.8pf lead and upf for
full
16
Procedure:
``
Observation Table:
SR.
No.
Primary
voltage
V1
Primary
current
I2
Primary
power
Iron loss W1
Secondary
voltage
V2
Secondary
Current
I2
Calculations:
Wi = W1 / 2
Iron loss per transformer
Copper loss per transformer Wcu = W2 / 2
% Efficiency
Secondary
power
Cu. Loss W2
17
Results:
It is found that,
i) % Efficiency at F.L. & unity power factor =
ii) % Efficiency at half full load & 0.8 power factor (lag.) =
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the condition to be satisfied by the two transformers to be tested using this method?
What is the main advantage of this test?
Other than losses and efficiency, what else can be determined from this test?
How are the full load conditions simulated?
How are the losses separated?
``
18
EXPERIMENT NO:- 03
DATE:
T/F-1
HV side
LV side
T/F-2
HV side LV side
Rated power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
``
SL.
NO
Name of the
Apparatus
Type
Ammeter
MI
Ammeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Wattmeter
EDM(LPF)
Wattmeter
EDM(UPF)
Dimmerstat
Range
Quantity
THEORY
Transformers may be connected in parallel to supply currents greater than rated for each transformer. Two
requirements must be satisfied:
1) The windings to be connected in parallel must have identical output ratings;
2) The windings to be connected in parallel must have identical polarities.
Severe damage may be made to circuitry if these requirements are not satisfied , KVA Ratings may vary.
Two transformers with different kVAs, same percent impedances, are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no circulating
currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same.
PROCEDURE :a) Make connections as for circuit diagram, keep the load switch and switch S open .
b) Switch on the mains , see the volt meter reading of V1 , if this reading is
460V(double the secondary voltage of both the machines) then switch of and inter
change the connections of secondary of any transformer . if reads zero then the
switch S can be closed , this way the polarities can be checked since wrong polarity
will short circuit the transformers if operated in parallel .
c) Close switch S and then close the load switch.
15EEL 38 Electrical Machines 1 Laboratory Manual
19
d) For various values of load current , record terminal voltage ,current in two secondarys
power supply by the two transformers and the total power,(do not exceed 10 A
for total current)
e) Switch of load and switch of main.
f) Determine the equivalent reactances and resistances of both transformers referred
to HV winding by SC test
``
CAULATIONS :-For a given load current IL at an angle the current and power
supply by each transformer can be found out by the following formula
IA= (IL)X{(ZB)/(ZA+ZB)} IB = (IL)X{(ZA)/(ZA+ZB)}
If S is the load KVA, then the KVA shared by the transformers can be found out by
SA= (S)X{(ZB)/(ZA+ZB)} SB = (S)X{(ZA)/(ZA+ZB)}
Check the result obtained with the Theoretical calculations .
RESULTS:a) With the help of phasor diagram verify if IA = IB= I.
b) Check if the load shared is proportional to the KVA capacities of the respective transformers
c) From the results state if RA /XA =RB /XB
15EEL 38 Electrical Machines 1 Laboratory Manual
20
EXPERIMENT NO:- 04
DATE:
Particulars
Ranges
Quantity
Ammeter (MI)
0-2.5/5 A
0-10 A
500V, 1 / 2 A
250V,2.5 A
0-500 V
0-250 V
2
2
2
2
2
2
--
Wattmeter
(UPF)
Voltmeter (MI)
Digital
Multimeter
21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
``
22
Observation Table:
No-load secondary voltage E2 = ---------- Volts
Sr.No. I1Amp V1 Volts
W1 Watts I 2 Amp
1
2
3
4
5
V2 Volts
W2 Watts
% Reg
Calculations:
O/ Power W2
% = -------------------- x 100
I/P power W1
No load voltage (E2) voltage at load (V2)
% Reg = ---------------------------------------------------------- x 100
No load voltage (E2)
Graph:
Precautions:
``
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Result:
The % efficiency & regulation of transformer at full load condition is found as follows.
Percentage efficiency = ------------------%
Percentage regulation = ------------------%
Conclusion:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the condition for max efficiency?
2. What is the condition for zero voltage regulation?
3. Which is the other method of finding efficiency and regulation?
4. Draw phasor diagram of transformer at full load and 0.5 p.f. lagging.
5. Draw phasor diagram of transformer at full load and 0.5 p.f. leading.
% lJ
23
EXPERIMENT NO:-05
DATE:
AIM:
``
It means that the capacity of V-V transformer is 57.7 %( or 1/3 times) of the capacity of - conn,
The disadvantages of V-V connection are:
1. The average power factor at which the V-bank operates is less than that of the load. his power
factor is actually 86.6 of the balanced load power factor.
2. Secondary terminal voltages tend to become unbalanced to a great extent when the load is
increased, this happens even when the load is perfectly balanced.
Fig A1
Fig A2
24
``
V2 Volts
W2 Watts
% Reg
% lJ
25
V2 Volts
W2 Watts
% Reg
% lJ
Calculations:
O/ Power W2
% = -------------------- x 100
I/P power W1
No load voltage (E2) voltage at load (V2)
% Reg = ---------------------------------------------------------- x 100
No load voltage (E2)
CONCLUSION
You set up a three phase transformer in the open configuration and observed that it supplies a 3phase
load with voltages and currents in the proper phase relationships. You also demonstrated that load power
must be reduced by 57.7% (1/3) to avoid exceeding the current rating of the phase windings
``
26
EXPERIMENT NO: 06
DATE:
SCOTT CONNECTION
AIM : To convert three phase system to two phase system with the help of scott Connection
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
T/F-1
T/F
HV side
T/F-2
LV side
HV side
LV side
Rated power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
APPARATURS REQUIRED:
``
SL.
NO
Name of the
Apparatus
Type
Ammeter
MI
Ammeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Voltmeter
MI
Dimmer stat
--
Range
Quantity
THEORY :Phase conversion from three to two phase is needed in special cases, such as in
supplying 2-phase electric arc furnaces.
The concept of 3/2-phase conversion follows from the voltage phasor diagram of balanced 3phase supply shown in Fig 1. If the point M midway VBC could be located , then VAM leads VBC by
90o. A 2-phase supply could thus be obtained by means of transformers; one connected across AM,
called the teaser transformer and the other connected across the
lines B and C. since VAM= (3/2) VBC , the transformer primaries must have 3 N1/2 (teaser) and N1
turns; this would mean equal voltage/turn in each transformer. A balanced 2-phase supply could then be
easily obtained by having both secondaries with equal number of turns, N2. The point M is located
midway on the primary of the transformer connected across the lines B and C. The connection of two
such transformers, known as the Scott connection, is
shown in Fig. 1(a), while the phasor diagram of the 2-phase supply on the secondary side is shown
in Fig. 1(c).
The neutral point on the 3-phase side, if required, could be located at the point N
which divides the primary winding of the tertiary in the ratio 1 : 2 (refer Fig.)
27
``
1. Explanation and mathematical proof of how a balanced two-phase supply can be obtained by using Scott
connection.
2. Phasor diagram illustrating the phase quadrature between the secondary voltages of the two transformers.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Observation Table:
[A]
Teaser transformer
I1T
I2T
V1T
1kW load on
both
transformers
I1M
Main transformer
I2M
V1M
V2M
28
[B]
Teaser transformer
I1T
I2T
V1T
I1M
Main transformer
I2M
V1M
V2M
Teaser
transformer
2.
1kW load on
Main
transformer
Calculations:
Conclusion:
The 3 Phase to two phase conversion was verified. i.e. 3 phase system can be converted in to two
phase system using Scott-connections.
Viva Questions:
``
1) Is it possible to obtain a 3- phase a.c. supply from 2 phase a.c. supply by using Scott-connection ?
2) Where dose the Scott-connection find its use?
3) If the two transformers used in Scott. Connection are identical, then how many primary turns of the teaser
transformer are actually used?
4) What is the ratio of number of turns on the primaries of teaser transformer in case of Scott-connection?
5) Are the two transformers connected for Scott-connection coupled magnetically?
6) Do you know any other method of conversion of 3-phese a.c. supply from 2-phese a.c. supply?
29
EXPERIMENT NO: 07
30
``
where Kh and Ke are constants related to the material of the transformer core and its volume.
In (2.13) we see that if (W=f) is plotted against f for fixed Bm, a straight line is obtained whose slope is KeBm and yaxis intercept KhBmn. The hysteresis power loss for that value of Bm is then obtained by multiplying the y-intercept by
the frequency. The corresponding eddy-current loss is the slope multiplied by the frequency squared. The procedure is
repeated for each value of Bm.
To obtain the value of Kh, the logarithmic values of KhBmn obtained above are plotted against log Bm. The slope of
the resulting straight line is n and its y-intercept is log Kh. Thus Kh and n can be obtained. Similarly, by plotting log
KeBm2 against log Bm as a straight line of slope 2, log Ke can be obtained and, hence, Ke.
An alternator-dc motor set is used as a variable frequency AC voltage supply. The frequency can be changed by
varying the motor speed. The magnitude of voltage can be altered by varying the alternator field current.
Note: Only the instructor can change the frequency and the maximum AC voltage. The students can then obtain
fractions of the supplied voltage by turning the single-phase variac.
4. Wait for the instructor to adjust the frequency and maximum output voltage available for your panel.
5. Adjust the variac to obtain voltages Es as calculated in table 2.1. For each applied voltage, measure and record
31
6. Perform the previous steps for frequencies of 30, 40, 50 and 60 hertz.
``
Report
1. Plot a graph of kg core loss (W/10), against the frequency f at dierent flux densities
Bm on the same graph.
2. Separate the Eddy-Current Pe and hysteresis Ph losses at dierent flux densities Bm and
frequencies f. Complete table 2.3.
3. Plot graphs for Pe and Ph against the frequencies for dierent flux densities on the
same graph.
Discussion Questions
1. Discuss how eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses can be reduced in a transformer
core.
2. Using the hysteresis loss data, compute the value for the constant n.
3. Explain why the wattmeter voltage coil must be connected across the secondary winding terminals
32
``
33
EXPERIMENT NO:-08
``
Precautions:
1. The Motor field rheostat must be kept at the minimum resistance position at the time of starting.
2. The generator field rheostat must be kept at the maximum resistance position.
3. Three point starter should be kept at the off position initially.
Procedure:
Open Circuit Test:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch on the supply side.
3. The speed of DC motor is adjusted to rated speed by using the motor field rheostat.
4. Keeping the TPST switch open on alternator side vary the alternator field current in convenient steps till
rated field current of alternator.
5. Note the corresponding values of alternator field current and alternator voltage.
6. Bring the alternator field rheostat to the original position.
34
Circuit diagram:
``
35
``
36
Model calculation:
37
38
EXPERIMENT NO:-09
Aim:- To find the regulation of 3 Alternator by ZPF & ASA Method, comparing the values obtained by two
methods
Name plate details:Type
Range
Qty
Apparatus Name of
``
:- S.No
the Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
SC Test:
1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover
Speed is adjusted to rated.
3) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased
& corresponding short Circuit current is noted up to rated value. To find armature resistance (Ra):
Give the connections as per diagram and by slowly varying the
Rheostat, note the values of ammeter & voltmeter up to some value and average them.
39
``
PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE POTIER TRIANGLE: (ZPF METHOD)
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per phase Vs field current).
2. Mark the point A at X axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding rated armature current and the rated
voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which is passing through the point A and B in such a way parallel to the open circuit
characteristic curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC from the origin (Air gap line).
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y axis which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from c to the OCC curve.
8. Join the point B and D also draws a perpendicular line DE to BC.
DE = Armature leakage reactance drop
BC=Armature reaction excitation
Graph: 1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC curve, by taking If on X-axis and V on Y-axis.
2) A graph is drawn b/w If and ISC which is known as SC curve, by Taking If on X-axis and ISCV on Y-axis.
40
EXPERIMENT NO:-10
DATE:
When the armature mmf is in line with field poles, the armature flux linkage with field winding is maximum and rate
of change of this flux linkage is zero, so that induced voltage across the field winding is zero. On the other hand,
when armature mmf is in line with q-axis, the flux linkage with field winding is minimum and rate of change of this
flux linkage is maximum, so that induced voltage across the field winding is maximum.
.
41
PROCEDURE:
SLIP TEST
Make the connections as shown in figure.
Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer at minimum voltage position
ii) Keep DPST, TPST and SPST switches open
iii) Keep dc motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position Switch on the d.c. supply by closing the
DPST switch. Using the three point starter, start the motor. Run the motor at synchronous speed by varying the motor
field rheostat. Close the TPST switch. By adjusting the autotransformer, apply 20% to 30% of the rated voltage to the
armature of the synchronous machine. Make sure that the direction of rotation of the prime mover and the direction of
rotation of the magnetic field produced in the armature are the same by closing the SPST switch. If the voltmeter
reading across the alternator field winding is very small, both the directions are correct. If the voltmeter reading is
high, interchange the two lines of 3 phase supply after switching off the 3 phase supply. SPST switch is kept open.
The speed is slightly reduced/increased from synchronous speed, so that slip is increased and the voltmeter and
ammeter readings are oscillating. The maximum and minimum readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted. The
above said procedure can be repeated with two more different autotransformer settings. (During slip test, it would be
observed that swing of the ammeter pointer is very wide, whereas the voltmeter has only small swing because of the
low impedance voltage drop in the leads and 3-phase autotransformer).
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EXPERIMENT NO. 11
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATOR TO INFINITE BUS AND DETERMINATION OF
PERFORMANCE UNDER CONSTANT POWER AND VARIABLE EXCITATION & VICE-VERSA.
Aim
To operate the Alternator on
Infinite Bus.
Constant Power and Variable Excitation.
Variable Excitation and Constant Power.
Apparatus Required
Sl.No.
Particulars
01
Voltmeter
02
Ammeters
03
Rheostats
04
Watt meters
05
Tachometer
Range
0 500 V
0-1/2A
0-5/10A
0-750,1.2A
0-38,8.5A
10/20A,
0 600 V
-
Type
Quantity
MI
M
C
-
01
01
01
02
01
LP
F
-
02
01
Procedure
a. Operation on Infinite Bus Bar
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
44
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45
If
(A)
Power
(W1+W2)
Speed
(RPM)
Voltage
(V)
I
L
(A)
46
If
(A)
Power
(W1+W2)
Speed
(RPM)
``
Voltage
(V)
I
L
(A)
47
EXPERIMENT NO:-12
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48
``
49
VIVA QUESTIONS
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50
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51
52
13. What are the advantages of Hydrogen gas as coolant over others?
1. Density is 1/14 of air.
2. Windage loss is low.
3. Low noise.
4. Heat transfer co efficient is 1.5 times higher than air.
5. Thermal conductivity is 7 times higher than air.
14. What are the losses in a Generator?
1. Stator copper
2. Stator iron
3. Rotor copper
4. Windage loss
5. Stray loss
6. Friction loss
15. What is Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) of a Generator?
It is the ratio of the field current required to produce rated voltage on open circuit to the field current required to circulate rated
current on short circuit.
16. What is the value of SCR in a 210 MW Turbo alternator?
SCR = 0.49
17.What are the disadvantages of Low Power Factor?
Low Power Factor Disadvantages: In AC circuits, power consumed depends on the power factor. Thus the power factor plays an
important role in AC circuits. For instant, we know that; Power in a Three Phase AC Circuit = P = 3 V x I Cos And Current in
a Three Phase AC Circuits = I = P / (3 V x Cos) I 1 /Cos. (1) Also, Power in a Single Phase AC Circuits = P = V x
I Cos And Current in a Three phase AC Circuits = I = P / (V x Cos) I 1/Cos (2)
it is clear from both equations (1) an (2) that...
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