Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assessment
and
Long-term
Monitoring,
Lower
Urubamba
Region, Per
San Martin-3
and
Cashiriari-2
Well Sites
SI/MAB
Series #1
Edited by
Francisco Dallmeier
and Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution
Monitoring & Assessment
of Biodiversity Program
(SI/MAB)
Acknowledgments
We first express our sincere thanks
to Mr. Alan Hunt, general manager,
and Murray Jones, manager of
Health, Safety and Environment, of
Shell Prospecting and Development
(Per) B.V. (SPDP) for their support
of the biodiversity assessment and
monitoring project in the lower
Urubamba region of Per. Gert
VanderHorst, Peter Dushe, Craig
Schenk, Allan Sayers, Miguel RuizLarrea, Mary Malca, Augusto
Baldoceda, Lincoln Williamson, and
Alonso Zarzar of SPDP devised
solutions to all logistical, operational,
medical, and safety challenges.
Annelise and Machy were indispensable when Gert and Murray had to be
located. Alejandro Alvarez, Martha
Rojas, and Victor Grande facilitated
work with Native communities and
found excellent field assistants. Alan
Dabbs of Pro-Natura USA was
helpful concerning sustainable use of
natural resources. SPDP provided
transportation to the well sites, and
we traveled safely in the helicopters
of Canadian Helicopters, Ltd. and
Fuerza Aerea Peruana. We also thank
site supervisors Aarnoud Smit and
Robert Smit at Nuevo Mundo for
logistical and supply arrangements.
Field work was greatly enhanced by
field guides Federico Ramrez, Antonio Gmez, Jacobo Pacaya, Justino
Martin, Jos Tenteyo, and Ismael
Pascal. We thank the Native communities for collaborating with us and
SPDP on this project. Employees of
the Peruvian construction company
COSAPI, led by Ing. Roberto Arbulu
at San Martin-3, supported our field
operations. Concession and Catering
(Per) provided extremely highquality food. The Asociacion Peruana
para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza
(APECO) handled administrative
matters and some logistics from Lima.
Contents
Executive Summary........................i
Francisco Dallmeier and
Alfonso Alonso
Resumen Ejecutivo..................xxxv
Francisco Dallmeier and
Alfonso Alonso
Introduction.....................................1
The Lower
Urubamba Region........................17
Photo Gallery.................................21
Biodiversity
Assessment and Monitoring
for Adaptive Management...........29
Francisco Dallmeier
Assessment of Biological
Diversity and Long-term
Monitoring Plan for the
Lower Urubamba Region............41
Thomas Stohlgren and Geneva Chong
ASSESSMENT
AND MONITORING:
VEGETATION
Flora I............................................45
Pedro Acevedo, Deborah Bell,
Katherine Rankin, and Stephen Smith
Flora II...........................................59
Percy Nez, Severo Balden, and
Hamilton Beltrn
Floristic Composition,
Structure and Diversity
Assessment in the Lower
Urubamba Region.......................81
Alfonso Alonso, Francisco Dallmeier,
Shahroukh Mistry, Percy Nez, Jos
Santisteban, Gorky Valencia, Severo
Balden, Hamilton Beltrn,
Christopher Ros, and James Comiskey
Long-term Vegetation
Monitoring Plan............................91
Francisco Dallmeier, Shahroukh
Mistry, and James Comiskey
ASSESSMENT
AND MONITORING:
ARTHROPODS
Arthropods.....................................101
Jos Santisteban, Gorky Valencia,
and Alfonso Alonso
Diurnal Butterflies
(Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera).......115
Alfonso Alonso and Gorky Valencia
Nocturnal Butterflies
(Lepidoptera: Heterocera:
Ctenuchinae)...............................127
Juan Grados
Ants (Hymenoptera)...............131
Leeanne Alonso and
Alfonso Alonso
Bees and Wasps
(Hymenoptera: Aculeata).......141
Manuel Laime
Dragonflies and Damselflies
(Odonata: Anisoptera and
Zygoptera)..................................149
Jerry Louton
Spiders
(Arthropoda: Arachnida)...........155
Saida Crdova and Janine Duarez
Snails
(Mollusca: Gasteropoda)............161
Rina Ramrez and Saida Crdova
Beetles
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).......169
Gorky Valencia and Alfonso Alonso
Long-term Monitoring
of Arthropod Fauna in the
Lower Urubamba Region..........177
Albert Finnamore
ASSESSMENT
AND MONITORING:
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Amphibians and Reptiles I........213
Robert Reynolds, Thomas Fritts,
Steve Gotte, Javier Icochea, and
Guillermo Tello
Amphibians and Reptiles II......223
Javier Icochea and Joseph Mitchell
Genetic Structure of
Amphibians and Reptiles...........231
Jesus Crdova and Cesar Aguilar
Long-term Monitoring
of Amphibians in the
Lower Urubamba Region..........235
Joseph Mitchell
ASSESSMENT
AND MONITORING: BIRDS
Birds...............................................247
George Angehr and
Constantino Aucca
Long-term Monitoring
of Bird Fauna in the
Lower Urubamba Region..........273
Jim Siegel and George Angehr
ASSESSMENT
AND MONITORING:
MAMMALS
Small, Non-volant Mammals.....281
Sergio Solari and Juan Jos Rodrguez
Long-term Monitoring
of Small, Non-volant
Mammals in the
Lower Urubamba Region..........291
Sergio Solari
Bats................................................293
Don Wilson, Robert Baker, Sergio
Solari, and Juan Jos Rodrguez
Long-term Monitoring
of Bats in the Lower
Urubamba Region.....................303
Don Wilson
Medium
and Large Mammals..................311
Major Boddicker
Long-term Monitoring
of Medium and Large
Mammals in the Lower
Urubamba Region......................341
Major Boddicker
Ecto- and
Endoparasites in Mammals......345
Ricardo Guerrero
Ectoparasites in Mammals........351
John Chavez
San Martin-3
and Cashiriari-2
Well Sites
Francisco Dallmeier and
Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution
Monitoring and Assessment
of Biodiversity Program (SI/MAB)
Synopsis
The biologically rich Amazonian lowlands of Per represent an
exciting opportunity to integrate
science, conservation, and development through careful planning,
assessment, monitoring, and decision-making. In the Lower
Urubamba region, the Smithsonian
Institutions Institute of Conservation Biology has joined Shell Prospecting and Development (Per)
B.V. (SPDP) in a unique venture
aimed at achieving environmentally
sensitive development of natural
Executive Summary
Biodiversity
Assessment and
Long-term
Monitoring of
the Lower
Urubamba
Region, Per
Executive
Summary
We conducted
a baseline
biodiversity
assessment of
target groups
at the
San Martin-3
and
Cashiriari-2
well sites.
ii
Findings
Executive
Summary
For each of
the taxa
studied, the
biological
community
appeared to
be in nearly
pristine condition.
iii
Executive
Summary
Jaguar, ocelot,
and tapir
activity was
evident very
close to the
well sites.
iv
Key
Recommendations
A. Introduction:
The Lower
Urubamba Region
Executive
Summary
Executive
Summary
A factor that
may contribute to high
species
diversity for
both plants
and animals
in the
Urubamba
River valley is
its status as a
potential
Pleistocene
refuge.
vi
Executive
Summary
B. Biodiversity
Assessment
and Monitoring for
Adaptive
Management
vii
Space
Executive
Summary
Mammal
Community
Bird
Community
Amphibian
Community
Arthropod
Community
Weather Info.
Acid Rain
Soil/
Topography
Vegetation
T1=Baseline Measurement
T2=Second Census
Tn=Nth Census
Time
C. Assessment of
Biodiversity and
Long-term
Monitoring in the
Lower Urubamba
Region
Executive
Summary
ix
Executive
Summary
Multi-scale biodiversity
assessment plot
SI/MAB biodiversity
monitoring plot
D. Biodiversity
Assessment of
Vegetation in the
Lower Urubamba
Region
Executive
Summary
At the well
sites, multiscale sampling
plots and oneha permanent
biodiversity
test plots were
established at
the two well
sites.
xi
Executive
Summary
Figure 4. Diagram showing the location of the biodiversity monitoring test plots, well sites, and
local settlements in the Lower Urubamba region.
xii
Executive
Summary
With the
existing
comprehensive database,
literature,
and collection of photographs, the
most common species
were determined.
xiii
3500
250
3000
200
150
100
50
E. Biodiversity
Assessment of
Arthropods in the
Lower Urubamba
Region
300
# of Individuals
# of Species
Executive
Summary
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
P lot 1
(S M -3)
P lot 2
(S M -3)
S ite
P lot 3
(CA-2)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Plo t 1
(SM -3)
Plo t 2
(SM -3)
S ite
Plo t 3
(C A-2 )
Plo t 1
(SM -3)
Plo t 2
(SM -3)
Plo t 3
(C A-2 )
S ite
Figure 5 (left). Number of woody plants at each of the three plots (SM-3 = San Martin-3 and
CA-2 = Cashiriari-2). Figure 6 (center). Number of individual woody plants at the three sites.
The bars for Plots 1 and 2 show the number of individuals with and without the bamboo species
included. Plot 3 had no bamboo. Figure 7 (right). The total basal area of the three plots.
xiv
O t he r
Inve r t e b r a te s
19%
V e r te b r a t e s
3%
P la nt s
14%
A r t hr o p o d s
64%
Executive
Summary
Approximately
64% of all
animal species
described to
date throughout the world
belong to the
arthropod
group.
xv
Executive
Summary
The Lower
Urubamba
could be one
of the most
speciose
regions in
Per for
nocturnal
butterflies.
xvi
Executive
Summary
xvii
Executive
Summary
New supra
generic taxa
for the
entomofauna
of Perthe
Sclerogibbidae
and
Scolebithydae
were
recorded.
xviii
Executive
Summary
In the first
assessment of
the spider
diversity in
the Lower
Urubamba,
we identified
a total of 69
morphospecies.
Beetles
Beetles have great potential for
biodiversity monitoring because of
the multiple roles they play in
ecosystems and because of their
sensitivity to environmental
changes. Beetles are well adapted
for excavation; that is, their legs are
very strong to help them move large
quantities of soil and food. They
are very important for nutrient
recycling, leading to a great deal of
interest in studying them. Their
ability to recycle animal dung has
been used to improve the cultivation of grasses and has been connected to disease transmission
because they move eggs of para-
xix
Executive
Summary
Urubamba
Manu
Iquitos
3
4
3
6
1
27
26
4
7
8
11
30
1
F. Biodiversity
Assessment of
Amphibians and
Reptiles in the
Lower Urubamba
Region
50
37
7
2
1
G. Biodiversity
Assessment of Birds
in the Lower
Urubamba Region
Birds are probably the most
widely studied vertebrate animal
group, primarily because of their
great diversity, their considerable
Executive
Summary
xxi
100
90
Executive
Summary
# of Species
It appears that
the species
accumulation
curve for birds
at San Martin-3
exceeds that of
Manu
National Park.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
San Martin
Cashiriari
Manu
Panama
Brazil
Costa Rica
0
0
61
87
100
109
171
200
248
283
300
323
359
400
440
550
Captures
xxii
H. Biodiversity
Assessment of
Mammals in the
Lower Urubamba
Region
Small Non-volant Mammals
The small, non-flying mammals
are estimated to constitute between
15% and 25% of the mammal fauna
in tropical rainforests. These widespread, abundant animals occupy a
variety of habitatsarboreal,
terrestrial, and semi-aquatic
depending on their different morphological adaptations and thus are
excellent candidates for assessment
and monitoring studies.
At San Martin-3 and Cashiriari2, this group was sampled along
trails, in streams, and near the
drilling platforms using baited traps.
Six species of marsupials and 13
species of small rodents were found
(Fig. 10). Despite the relatively
short amount of time spent sampling at the two well sites (15 days
at each location), the findings were
sufficient to allow comparisons with
the nearby areas of Manu and
Cusco Amazonico. At San Martin-3,
the sample rate was 5%; at
Cashriari-2, it was 2%. The sample
rates for Manu and Cusco
Amazonico were 1% and 5%,
respectively.
The higher number of species
at San Martin-3 than at Cashiriari-2
may be due to the presence of
bamboo at San Martin. In addition,
the forest structure at San Martin-3
may provide more places for shelter,
Executive
Summary
Every effort
should be
made to see
that this
exceptional
avifauna does
not suffer
degradation
as a result of
future gas
development
in the area.
xxiii
20
18
Executive
Summary
16
# of Species
14
12
10
8
6
4
San Martin - 3
C ashiriari - 2
0
0
10
11
12
13
Sampling Days
Executive
Summary
50
45
40
# of Species
35
30
25
20
15
10
San Martin - 3
Cashiriari - 2
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
Sampling Days
Figure 11. Species accumulation curve for bat species sampled at San
Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2.
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
xxv
Executive
Summary
Ocelot, tapir,
and peccary
tracks, beds,
and other
signs were
found within
100 meters of
the well sites.
xxvi
I. Biodiversity
Monitoring Plan
for the Taxonomic
Groups Under
Study in the
Lower Urubamba
Region
Executive
Summary
One hundred
fifty-five
specimens of
ectoparasites
were sampled
from the
small mammals studied
at the two
well sites.
xxvii
Executive
Summary
An important
issue in
monitoring
and assessing
biotic shifts
in ecosystems is the
ability to
provide spatial/temporal
referencing
for biotic
data.
xxviii
Executive
Summary
One of the
objectives of
the monitoring program
is to assess
the impact of
changes in
arthropod
species assemblages in
the study
area.
xxix
Executive
Summary
Executive
Summary
Analysis of
changes in
amphibian
abundance
and distribution must
take into
account
possible
changes in
the abiotic
environment.
Birds
Although tropical bird communities are typified by high species
richness, many species are rare,
making them vulnerable to local
extinction caused by human activity. Part of the high diversity of
these communities is due to the
high habitat specificity of the many
species that are found in only one
or a few habitats or microhabitats
and are unable to survive if that
habitat is altered or degraded.
It is not feasible to monitor all
conceivable impacts of development on bird populations in the
study area. Therefore, this discussion is limited to the impacts of the
minimal expected future develop-
xxxi
Executive
Summary
xxxii
Bats
In the Lower Urubamba, as
with elsewhere in the world, there is
no single method suitable for
monitoring all bats. A combination
of observation techniques and
sampling methods should be employed for various bat species.
These include direct roost counts,
disturbance counts at roosts, nightly
dispersal counts, direct visual
counts, counts with motion detectors, ultrasonic bat detection, and
direct capture.
Executive
Summary
xxxiii
Executive
Summary
xxxiv
Los Pozos de
Exploracin
San Martn-3 y
Cashiriari-2
Francisco Dallmeier y
Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution
Monitoring and Assessment of
Biodiversity Program (SI/MAB)
Sinopsis
Las zonas bajas de la amazona
peruana son ricas biolgicamente y
proporcionan una gran oportunidad
de integrar ciencia, conservacin y
desarrollo a travs de una cuidadosa
planificacin, evaluacin y toma de
decisiones. En la regin baja del ro
Urubamba, el Institute of Conservation Biology del Smithsonian
Institution se ha unido con Shell
Prospecting and Development
Resumen Ejecutivo
Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad y
Monitoreo en la
Regin Baja del
Ro Urubamba
xxxv
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Llevamos a
cabo la
evaluacin de
la
biodiversidad
de grupos
seleccionados
en los pozos
de San
Martn-3 y
Cashiriari-2.
xxxvi
Los Pozos
Resumen
Ejecutivo
La
composicin
de cada uno
de los grupos
taxonmicos
estudiados se
encontr en
condicin
pristina.
Hallazgos
Realizamos la evaluacin de la
biodiversidad mientras se estaba
construyendo la plataforma en San
Martn-3 y durante las operaciones
de perforacin en Cashiriari-2. En
general, la diversidad biolgica en
cada uno de los dos lugares fue
extraordinariamente alta.
Adems, la composicin de
cada uno de los grupos taxonmicos
estudiados se encontr en condicin
pristina. Prcticamente no hay
evidencia de que las actividades
humanas hayan tenido un impacto
significativo. Las perturbaciones
principales que pueden afectar a las
comunidades biolgicas son:
1) prdida directa de hbitats,
2) cambios en la calidad del
ambiente, y 3) sedimentacin.
xxxvii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
xxxviii
diversidad de invertebrados,
incluyendo muchos de los grupos
que estamos estudiando (avispas,
abejas, mariposas, liblulas,
hormigas, araas y caracoles entre
otros). Por ejemplo, en slo 18 das
de trabajo de campo encontramos
87 especies de mariposas nocturnas
ctenuchidas (subfamilia
Ctenuchinae), esto es,
aproximadamente el 85% de las 103
especies encontradas en
Tambopata, Per, en un estudio
ms largo. Tambin encontramos
nuevos grupos taxonmicos
supragenricos para la entomofauna
peruana -Sclerogibbidae y
Scolebithydae. Estos hallazgos
aumentan nuestro entendimiento de
biogeografa ya que los
Scolebithydae tambin estn
distribudos en Africa tropical y
Brazil.
* Los anfibios (e.g. ranas y
sapos) y reptiles (e.g. lagartijas y
culebras) son componentes muy
importantes de todos los bosques
tropicales. Durante el estudio
documentamos ms de 80 especies
de anfibios y reptiles en las reas de
los pozos de San Martn-3 y
Cashiriari-2, las cuales incluyeron
ms de 43 especies de anfibios y 44
de reptiles.
* La riqueza de especies de
aves en las reas que rodean a los
pozos, puede igualar o tal vez
exceder la de hbitats equivalentes
al Parque Nacional Manu, Per, una
de las reas ms diversas en aves
conocidas en el mundo. Registramos
198 especies de aves en San Martn3 y Cashiriari-2. Adems, las
comunidades de aves incluyendo las
aves de caza en los sitios de los
pozos, parecen estar muy poco
perturbadas.
* Registramos 51 especies de
murcilagos en los sitios de los
Recomendaciones
Claves
Resumen
Ejecutivo
A Largo Plazo
A continuacin se presentan
recomendaciones importantes para
la siguientes fases del proyecto
sobre la biodiversidad del bajo
Urubamba. La ltima seccin de
este resumen ejecutivo presenta una
descripcin ms detallada en
relacin al establecimiento de un
programa de monitoreo para los
grupos taxonmicos seleccionados.
* Completar las evaluaciones
de biodiversidad para obtener
informacin de base en los pozos de
exploracin.
* Establecer un programa de
monitoreo a largo plazo para los
grupos seleccionados - vegetacin,
invertebrados, anfibios y reptiles,
aves y mamferos - en cada uno de
los pozos.
* Conducir una evaluacin de
puntos seleccionados en las 6
xxxix
Resumen
Ejecutivo
A. Introduccin: La
Regin Baja del Ro
Urubamba
de Kirigueti y Montetoni,
respectivamente. La mayora de los
habitantes son Machiguenga. Las
cuatro comunidades ms cercanas a
la zona de los pozos son Cashiriari,
Segakiato, Shivankoreni y Camisea,
cuyos pobladores son relativamente
jvenes (52 % de los habitantes de
Cashiriari tienen menos de catorce
aos de edad, mientras que en
Segakiato cerca del 45 % de la
poblacin tienen menos de catorce
aos).
Con el transcurso del tiempo,
los Machiguenga se han asentado en
distintos centros de poblacin que
son reconocidos como
Comunidades Nativas bajo la ley
peruana. Cada comunidad tiene
propiedad de la tierra con fronteras
definidas. Los Machiguengas
generalmente se establecen a lo
largo del ro y de las corrientes que
les proveen un medio de navegacin
y lugares para la caza y la pesca. Las
diferentes poblaciones han
mantenido fuertes lazos entre ellas.
No es raro que una familia visite
otras familias en diferentes
comunidades por perodos de varios
meses, viajando corriente arriba en
los ros Camisea y Cashiriari. Los
viajes comerciales son generalmente
a lo largo de ro Urubamba.
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Uno de los
factores que
puede
contribuir a la
gran
diversidad de
especies, tanto
de plantas
como de
animales en el
valle del ro
Urubamba, es
su estatus
como un
posible refugio
Pleistocnico.
B. Evaluacin y
Monitoreo de la
Biodiversidad como
parte del Manejo
Adaptativo
xli
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Space
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Mammal
Community
Bird
Community
Amphibian
Community
Arthropod
Community
Weather Info.
Acid Rain
Soil/
Topography
Vegetation
T1=Baseline Measurement
T2=Second Census
Tn=Nth Census
Time
xliii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
C. Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad y
Monitoreo a Largo
Plazo en la Regin
del Bajo Urubamba.
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Multi-scale biodiversity
assessment plot
SI/MAB biodiversity
monitoring plot
xlv
Resumen
Ejecutivo
D. Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad
Vegetal en la
Regin Baja del Ro
Urubamba
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Figura 4. Diagrama muestrando las tres primeras parcelas del SI/MAB para la evaluacin y
monitoreo de la biodiversidad.
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
xlvii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Con la amplia
experiencia
de los
botnicos, y
con la base
de datos
existente, la
literatura, y la
coleccin de
fotografas,
las especies
ms comunes
fueron
determinadas.
xlviii
3500
250
3000
200
150
100
50
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
P lot 1
(S M -3)
P lot 2
(S M -3)
S ite
P lot 3
(CA-2)
Resumen
Ejecutivo
40
300
# of Individuals
# of Species
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Plo t 1
(SM -3)
Plo t 2
(SM -3)
Plo t 3
(C A-2 )
Site
Plo t 1
(SM -3)
Plo t 2
(SM -3)
Plo t 3
(C A-2 )
Site
Figura 5 (izquierda). Nmero de especies de rboles registradas en cada una de las tres parcelas
(SM-3 es el rea de San Martn-3 y CA-2 es la de Cashiriari-2). Figura 6 (centro). Nmero de
individuos registrados en cada una de las parcelas. Las barras de las parcelas 1 y 2 muestran el
total de individuos con y sin bamb. La parcela 3 no tuvo bamb. Figura 7 (derecha). El rea
basal total de cada una de las parcelas.
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
xlix
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Aproximadamente un
64% de todas
las especies
de animales
descritas
hasta la fecha
pertenecen al
grupo de los
artrpodos.
E. Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad de
Artrpodos en la
Regin Baja del Ro
Urubamba
Other
19%
Vertebrates
3%
Plants
14%
Arthropods
64%
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Mariposas
Las mariposas diurnas
constituyen uno de los grupos de
animales ms estudiados dentro de
los invertebrados debido a sus alas
li
Resumen
Ejecutivo
lii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
En un
estudio en la
amazona
brasilea se
encontr que
las hormigas
contribuyeron
con el 80% de
la biomasa de
insectos y con
ms del 30%
de la biomasa
considerando
a todos los
animales.
liii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Los
investigadores
reportaron
grupos
taxonmicos
supragenricos
nuevos para
el Per: los
Sclerogibbidae
y
Scolebithydae.
liv
Resumen
Ejecutivo
En la primera
evaluacin de
la diversidad
de araas en
el bajo
Urubamba se
han
identificado
un total de 69
morfoespecies.
lv
Resumen
Ejecutivo
lvi
Escarabajos
Los escarabajos tienen gran
potencial para el monitoreo de
biodiversidad debido a los mltiples
roles que juegan en los ecosistems
y debido a su sensibilidad a cambios
del medio ambiente. Los
escarabajos de estircol, principal
foco de este estudio, estan bien
adaptados para la excavacin, ya
que sus patas son muy fuertes y les
ayudan a mover grandes cantidades
de suelo y comida. Son muy
importantes en el reciclado de
nutrientes, lo que ha generado un
gran inters por estudiarlos. Su
habilidad para reciclar el estircol
animal ha sido usada para mejorar el
cultivo de pastos, aunque se les ha
asociado con la transmisin de
enfermedades, debido a que
mueven los huevos de parsitos que
afectan la salud humana hacia la
superficie del suelo, aumentando as
la transmisin del parsito a los
hospederos. Los escarabajos son un
componente importante de la dieta
de muchas aves insectvoras. Por
ejemplo, las aves consumieron hasta
el 85% de stos animales en la terra
firme de la amazona central y 49%
en el Parque Nacional Manu.
Fluctuaciones en las poblaciones de
escarabajos se han correlacionado
con cambios de comportamiento en
varias especies de mamferos. En el
rea de estudio se muestrearon 47
morfoespecies de escarabajos de
estircol distribudos en 13 gneros
y 3 subfamilias.
F. Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad de
Anfibios y Reptiles
en la Regin Baja
del Ro Urubamba
Urubamba
3
4
11
30
1
Manu
3
6
1
27
26
4
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Iquitos
7
8
50
37
7
2
1
G. Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad de
Aves en la Regin
Baja del Ro
Urubamba
lvii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Al parecer,
la tasa de
acumulacin
de especies
en San
Martn-3
excede la de
cualquier
otro hbitat
muestreado,
incluyendo
los bosques
del Parque
Nacional
del Manu.
lviii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
100
90
# of Species
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
San Martin
Cashiriari
Manu
Panama
Brazil
Costa Rica
0
0
61
87
100
109
171
200
248
283
300
323
359
400
440
550
Captures
lix
20
18
Resumen
Ejecutivo
16
Todo esfuerzo
debe hacerse
para que esta
avifauna
excepcional
no sufra
degradacin
como
resultado del
desarrollo del
gas natural en
el rea.
lx
# of Species
14
12
10
8
6
4
San Martin - 3
C ashiriari - 2
0
0
10
11
12
13
Sampling Days
H. Evaluacin de la
Biodiversidad de
Mamferos en la
Regin Baja del Ro
Urubamba
Mamferos Pequeos no
Voladores
Los mamferos pequeos no
voladores, se estima constituyen
entre el 15% y 25% de la fauna de
mamferos del bosque hmedo
tropical. Estos animales abundantes
y ampliamente distribuidos ocupan
una variedad de hbitatsarbreos,
terrestres, y semiacuticos
dependiendo de sus diferentes
adaptaciones morfolgicas, y as son
candidatos excelentes para estudios
de evaluacin y monitoreo.
En San Martn-3 y Cashiriari-2,
este grupo fue muestreado
alrededor de las trochas, quebradas,
y cerca de la plataforma de
perforacin usando trampas con
cebos. Seis especies de marsupiales
y 13 especies de pequeos roedores
fueron encontrados (Fig. 10). A
pesar del corto tiempo invertido
Resumen
Ejecutivo
50
45
# of Species
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
San Martin - 3
Cashiriari - 2
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
Sampling Days
lxi
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Huellas,
lugares de
descanso y
otras seales
de otorongo,
pecary, y
shacavaca
fueron
registradas
muy cerca
(100 m) de las
plataformas
de
perforacin.
lxii
observaciones y signos de
mamferos grandes no parecieron
ser menos numerosas cerca de las
plataforms que a 2.5 km. Las
observaciones y signos de los dos
lugares fueron suficientes para
desarrollar un estimado de
densidades para 28 especies. San
Martn-3 tuvo claramente un ndice
de abundancia mayor (1643) para la
mayora de los animales que
Cashiriari-2 (1028).
Parsitos de Mamferos
De las muestras de
murcilagos, 207 especmenes
fueron revisados para el muestreo
de ectoparsitos. Se encontr una
tasa de infeccin de 68.5 %.
Aproximadamente 93% de los
mamferos pequeos analizados
estuvieron tambin infectados.
Ciento cincuenta y cinco
especmenes de ectoparsitos
fueron muestreados de pequeos
mamferos en los dos pozos. Esos
especmenes fueron clasificados en
8 familias, y 22 gneros. Cuarenta y
cinco especies se reportan por
primera vez en el bajo Urubamba.
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Ciento
cincuenta y
cinco
especmenes
de ectoparsitos
fueron
muestreados
de pequeos
mamferos en
los dos
pozos.
I. Plan de Monitoreo
de Biodiversidad
para Los Grupos
Taxonmicos
Estudiados en la
Regin Baja del Ro
Urubamba
Como se describe en este
documento, existe la necesidad de
establecer un programa de
monitoreo cientfico en los sitios de
perforacin de SPDP y a lo largo de
la ruta propuesta para el
gaseoducto. El programa de
monitoreo ayudar a evaluar
lxiii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
lxiv
dispersin de semillas y la
polinizacin de flores.
Las implicaciones cientficas de
la biodiversidad del bosque y el
papel crtico que las plantas del
bosque juegan con respecto a la
poblacin humana no puede
subestimarse. Existen muchos
beneficios econmicos, mdicos y
agrcolas de las plantas del bosque.
Adems del valor que tienen las
plantas como posibles remedios
para curar enfermedades que
afectan a los humanos, las plantas
tropicales proporcionan un
reservorio gentico natural que
ayuda a mantener muchas especies
agrcolas domesticadas.
Hasta el momento, los estudios
han proporcionado informacin
preliminar de la distribucin de
especies de rboles y una
descripcin de los hbitats de dos
sitios. El monitoreo de las parcelas
permanentes permitir un mejor
entendimiento de los impactos
causados por las perturbaciones
naturales y humanas en la
composicin de especies y en las
estructuras de las comunidades. Los
datos del programa de monitoreo
pueden ser tambin utilizados para
predecir posibles cambios en el
futuro, con base al conocimiento
actual de los procesos, estructuras y
funciones de los ecosistems. El
programa de monitoreo incluye los
siguientes objetivos:
* Continuar la toma de datos y
de informacin para la lnea de base
en los sitios de perforacin y en
general en la zona del bloque #75
donde SPDP se encuentra operando.
Este objetivo, incluye la
continuacin de las evaluaciones e
inventarios, facilitando la
identificacin de diferentes tipos de
bosques, un estimado de la
diversidad de especies, y
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Un aspecto
importante en
el monitoreo y
evaluacin de
los cambios en
los ecosistems, es la
habilidad de
tener
referencia
espacialtemporal para
los cambios
biticos.
lxv
Resumen
Ejecutivo
lxvi
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Uno de los
objetivos del
monitoreo es
evaluar el
impacto del
cambio en la
composicin
de especies
de
artrpodos
en las zonas
de estudio.
Anfibios y Reptiles
Los anfibios son un grupo
diverso de animales depredadores
que se encuentran en todos los
continentes y alcanzan su mayor
abundancia en las zonas tropicales.
La mayora posee ciclos de vida
complejos, un estadio larval
acutico, y un estadio adulto
terrestre que es nico entre los
lxvii
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Resumen
Ejecutivo
El anlisis de
los cambios
en la
distribucin y
abundancia
de anfibios
debe de
tomar en
cuenta
cambios
posibles en
las condiciones
abiticas.
Aves
Aunque las comunidades de
aves tropicales estan tipificadas por
una alta riqueza de especies,
lxix
Resumen
Ejecutivo
lxx
Los Pozos
San Martn-3 y Cashiriari-2
debern ser incluidos en el
programa de monitoreo. Sitios de
estudios adicionales sern incluidos
conforme nuevos pozos sean
establecidos en hbitats diferentes.
Las prioridades son:
* Establecer un sistema para
evaluar las reas cercanas a los
pozos para incluir muestreos en
sitios afectados y en sitios no
afectados.
* Iniciar una evaluacin con
redes de niebla en estas reas para
evaluar el efecto de borde.
* Iniciar una evaluacin con
puntos de muestro para
complementar la evaluacin del
efecto de borde.
* Establecer transectos e iniciar
evaluaciones de las densidades de
las aves de caza y otras especies
que son explotadas.
El Gaseoducto
El monitoreo deber ser
conducido como mnimo en dos
sitios, uno a unos cuantos
kilmetros del punto en donde el
gaseoducto empieza y otro dentro
del bosque no alterado.
Las prioridades son:
* Establecer un sistema con
tres reas de muestreo en cada sitio
de estudio que incluya una rea
control y una cerca del campamento
base.
* Iniciar una evaluacin con
redes de niebla en estas reas para
evaluar el efecto de borde.
* Establecer transectos e iniciar
evaluaciones de las densidades de
las aves de caza y otras especies
que son explotadas.
* Iniciar una evaluacin con
puntos de muestro para
complementar la evaluacin del
efecto de borde.
Capacitacin
Un curso de entrenamiento y
capacitacin de tres semanas
conducido por expertos en aves
tanto Peruanos como extranjeros,
producir asistentes de campo
capacitados para conducir los
programs de monitoreo para la
regin baja del Urubamba.
Resumen
Ejecutivo
Mamferos
Pequeos Mamferos Novoladores
El programa de monitoreo
debe de utilizar protocolos
estandarizados para poder comparar
los datos obtenidos tanto en los
pozos como en el gaseoducto. El
objetivo principal es determinar la
distribucin y abundancia de las
poblaciones de pequeos mamferos
no-voladores. Esto va a requerir
procedimientos efectivos para
optimizar la captura de especmenes
mientras se facilita la comparacin
de las variables dentro del estudio.
El programa requiere que se
seleccione un adecuado nmero y
tipo de hbitats directamente
relacionados con el uso de una
variedad de mtodos y trampas
(audio y visuales) usados para
identificar mamferos.
Murcilagos
En la regin baja del
Urubamba, como en otras partes del
mundo, no hay un metodo nico
para monitorear a todos los
murcilagos. Una combinacin de
tcnicas de observacin y mtodos
de muestreo debern ser usados
para evaluar varias especies de
murcilagos. Estas incluyen el
conteo directo de sitios de
descanso, conteos en las
guarniciones cuando se les perturba,
conteos nocturnos de dispersin,
conteos directos visuales, conteos
lxxi
Resumen
Ejecutivo
lxxii
Biodiversity
Assessment
and Long-term
Monitoring
of the Lower
Urubamba
Region, Per:
San Martin-3
and Cashiriari-2
Well Sites
Introduction
Alfonso Alonso and
Francisco Dallmeier
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
The biologically rich Amazonian lowlands of Per represent an
exciting opportunity to integrate
science, conservation, and development through careful planning,
assessment, monitoring, and decision-making. In the Lower
Urubamba region, the Smithsonian
Institutions Institute of Conservation Biology has joined Shell Prospecting and Development (Per)
Mammals
16%
Multi-scale and
biodiversity plots
16%
Birds
7%
Plants
16%
Amphibians and
Reptiles
19%
Invertebrates
26%
June-August 1997
* Prepare final Phase II report.
Phase III of the project (September-December 1997) will
include:
* Survey the area along the
Camisea River between the well
sites and the Urubamba River for
assessment and multi-scale vegetation plots and biodiversity monitoring plots establishment.
* Biodiversity assessment of
Cashiriari-3 well site.
Personnel
The project is being conducted
by multi-disciplinary teams of
researchers from many national and
international institutions (Appendix
3, Appendix 1). Our assessment
was targeted to five biologically
diverse groups that included vegetation (trees, shrubs, ferns), invertebrates (insects, snails, spiders),
amphibians and reptiles (frogs,
salamanders, snakes, lizards), birds
and mammals. Fifty-two individuals
collaborated in Phase II. Thirtynine researchers from several
For each of
the taxa
studied, the
biological
community
appeared to
be in nearly
pristine
condition.
Findings
Helicopter
transport,
key to
SPDPs
commitment to
minimize
environmental
impacts,
should
continue.
Key
Recommendations
Based on our findings, we
recommend the following.
Current Operations
* Helicopter transport, key to
SPDPs commitment to minimize
environmental impacts, should
continue. Our findings show that
noise produced by vehicles and
machinery at the well sites is having
few, if any, effects on game animals,
which exhibit a distinct lack of
wariness upon encountering humans. (Part of this behavior is likely
due to low hunting pressure in the
vicinity of the well sites.)
* Botanical studies should be
continued. Research on the plants
used by local Native communities
should be added to the results on
current growth rate and distribution
to increase understanding of the
natural cycles of species abundance
and scarcity. This activity will also
provide an opportunity for more
participation by local people in the
biological assessments.
* Fisheries studies should also
be continued. Fish are particularly
important because they are a major
source of protein for Natives. A
References
Tatiana Pacheco
SI/MAB Program Administrator
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, D. C. 20560-0180
Tel: (202) 786-3114
Fax: (202) 633-8918
Email: ic.tpacheco@ic.si.edu
Jose Santisteban
Research Associate, Urubamba Project
Departamento de Entomologia
Universidad Nacional de la Libertad
(Trujillo)
Bartolome de las Casas #1599-D
La Esperanza, Trujillo
Tel: 0-44-27-1658
Email: jlsac@chanchan.unitru.edu.pe
Abelardo Sandoval
Field Manager, Biodiversity Programs
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, D.C. 20560-0180
Tel: (202) 633-9805
Fax: (202) 786-2934
Email: sandoval.abelardo@nmnh.si.edu
Marsha Sitnik
Program Administrator
Biodiversity Programs
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, D.C. 20560-0180
Tel: (202) 786-2821
Fax: (202) 786-2934
Email: sitnik.marsha@nmnh.si.edu
Shana Udvardy
Program Manager, Urubamba Project
SI/MAB Program
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, D.C. 20560-0180
Tel: (202) 786-3114
Fax: (202) 633-8918
Email: sudvardy@simab.si.edu
George Angehr
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Unit 0948
APO AA 34002-0948
Tel: (507)227-6022 ext 2343
Fax: (507) 232-5978
Email: stri.tivoli.angehrg@ic.si.edu
Constantino Aucca
Urbanizacion Ttio Q-1-13
Pasaje Uriel Garcia Wanchac
Cusco, Per
Tel: 511-0-84-23-5850
Email: manuexpe+@amauta.rcp.net.pe
Robert Baker
Department of Biology
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, Texas 79409
Tel: (806) 742-2702
Fax: (806) 742-2963
Email: rjbaker@ttu.edu
Severo Balden
Museo de Historia Natural
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Avenida Arenales 1256
Jess Mara, Apartado 140434, Lima 14
Tel: 471-0117
Deborah Bell
Department of Botany
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave, NW
Washington, D. C. 20560-0166
Tel: (202) 357-2795
Fax: (202) 786-2563
Email: bell.deborah@nmnh.si.edu
Hamilton Beltrn
Museo de Historia Natural
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Avenida Arenales 1256
Jess Mara, Apartado 140434, Lima 14
Tel: 511-471-0117
Email: hamilton@musm.edu.pe
Saida Crdova
Museo de Historia Natural
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Avenida Arenales 1256
Jess Mara, Apartado 140434, Lima 14
Tel: 511-471-0117
Email: aracno@musm.edu.pe
Timoteo Driskell
12 Old Steele Rd.
Ashburnham, MA 01430
Tel. (508) 827-3350
Email: Tdriskell@net1plus.com
Janine Duarez
Museo de Historia Natural
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Avenida Arenales 1256
Jess Mara, Apartado 140434, Lima 14
Tel: 511-471-0117
Email: aracno@musm.edu.pe
Albert Finnamore
Provincial Museum of Alberta
12845 - 102 Avenue
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5N 0M6
Tel: (403) 453-9177
Fax: (403) 454-6629
Email: Afinnamore@mcd.gov.ab.ca
Thomas Fritts
Biological Resources Division
US Geological Survey
Division of Amphibians and Reptiles
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave., NW
Washington, D. C. 20560-0111
Tel: (202) 357-1930
Fax: (202) 357-1932
Email: fritts.thomas@nmnh.si.edu
10
Jerry Louton
Department of Entomology
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
10th & Constitution Ave., NW
Washington, D. C. 20560-0165
Tel. (202) 357-1867
Email: louton.jerry@nmnh.si.edu
Shahroukh Mistry
Department of Ecology Evolution and
Natural Resources, Rutgers University
14 College Farm Road
New Brunswick, New Jersey
08901-8551
Tel: 732-932-4520
Fax: 732-932-4517
Email: smistry@rci.rutgers.edu
Joseph Mitchell
Department of Biology
Univerisity of Richmond
Richmond VA 23173
Tel/Fax: (804) 740-7086
Email: jmitchel@richmond.edu
Percy Nuez
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Cusco, Per
Email: posacus+@qenqo.rcp.net.pe
Rina Ramirez
Museo de Historia Natural
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Avenida Arenales 1256
Jess Mara, Apartado 140434, Lima 14
Tel: 511-471-0117
Email: rina@musm.edu.pe
Catherine Rankin
Smithsonian Institution
Department of Botany
National Museum of Natural History
10th & Constitution Ave., NW
Washington, D. C. 20560-0166
Tel: (202) 357-4369
Fax: (202) 786-2563
Email: rankin.catherine@nmnh.si.edu
Sergio Solari
Museo de Historia Natural
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Avenida Arenales 1256
Jess Mara, Apartado 140434, Lima 14
Tel: 471-0117
Email: ssolari@musm.edu.pe
Thomas Stohlgren
Midcontinent Ecological Science Center
Biological Resources Division,
U.S. Geological Survey
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1499
Tel: (970) 491-1980
Fax: (970) 491-1965
Email: toms@nrel.colostate.edu
Guillermo Tello
Justo Vigil 469
Lima 17
Tel: 511-461-1884
Fax: 511-461-1962
Email: 9012035@li.urp.edu.pe
Gorky Valencia
Universidad San Antonio Abad
Urbanizacion Mateo Pumacahua
Segunda Etapa H11
Wanchaq, Cusco, Per
Tel: 511- 0-84-22-6782
Email: gork@quenqo.unsaac.edu.pe
Steve Smith
Department of Botany
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C. 20560-0166
Tel: (202) 357-2541
Fax: (202) 786-2563
Email: smith.steve@nmnh.si.edu
11
12
January
2 3 4
February
2 3 4
March
2 3 4
April
2 3
May
2 3
June
2 3
July
2 3
August
2 3 4
13
February
10 13 15 17 20 22 24 27 29 31 14 17 19 21 24 26 28 3
March
5
7 10 12 14 17 19 21 24 26 28 31
COORDINATORS
Alfonso Alonso
Abelardo Sandoval
Francisco Dallmeier
BOTANIST
Pedro Acevedo
Deborah Bell
Steve Smith
Catherine Rankin
Percy Nunez
Severo Baldeon
Hamilton Beltran
INVERTEBRATES
Gorky Valencia
Jose Santisteban
Jerry Louton
Cathy Anderson
Leeanne Alonso
Juan Grados
Rina Ramirez
Saida Cordova
Manuel Laime
Albert Finnamore
AMPHIBIANS
Javier Icochea
Guillermo Tello
Bob Reynolds
Steve Gotte
Tom Fritts
Joe Mitchell
Cesar Aguilar
Jesus Cordova
BIRDS
Constantino Aucca
George Angehr
Jim Siegel
MAMMALS
Ricardo Guerrero
Major Boddicker
Sergio Solari
Don Wilson
Robert Baker
Juan Jose Rodriguez
John Chavez
TOPOGRAPHERS
Benjamin Guerrero
Tim Driskell
FIELD GUIDES
Federico Ramirez
Jacobo Pacaya
Ismael Pascal
Justino Martin
Jose Tenteyo
Antonio Gomez
14
Appendix 3. Program of biodiversity assessment activities of personnel at the well sites (Cont.).
April
2
9 11 14 16 18 21 23 25 28 30 2
May
5
9 12 14 16 19 21 23 26 28 30 2
June
4
9 11 13 16 18 20
COORDINATORS
Alfonso Alonso
Abelardo Sandoval
Francisco Dallmeier
BOTANIST
Pedro Acevedo
Deborah Bell
Steve Smith
Catherine Rankin
Percy Nunez
Severo Baldeon
Hamilton Beltran
INVERTEBRATES
Gorky Valencia
Jose Santisteban
Jerry Louton
Cathy Anderson
Leeanne Alonso
Juan Grados
Rina Ramirez
Saida Cordova
Manuel Laime
Albert Finnamore
AMPHIBIANS
Javier Icochea
Guillermo Tello
Bob Reynolds
Steve Gotte
Tom Fritts
Joe Mitchell
Cesar Aguilar
Jesus Cordova
BIRDS
Constantino Aucca
George Angehr
Jim Siegel
MAMMALS
Ricardo Guerrero
Major Boddicker
Sergio Solari
Don Wilson
Robert Baker
Juan Jose Rodriguez
John Chavez
TOPOGRAPHERS
Benjamin Guerrero
Tim Driskell
Federico Ramirez
Jacobo Pacaya
Ismael Pascal
Justino Martin
Jose Tenteyo
Antonio Gomez
15
16
The Lower
Urubamba
Region
Alfonso Alonso and
Francisco Dallmeier
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
Description
17
35.0
120
Temperature at 8am
Precipitation(mm)
100
25.0
80
20.0
60
15.0
40
10.0
20
5.0
pr
pr
pr
12
-A
pr
15
-A
pr
18
-A
pr
21
-A
pr
24
-A
pr
27
-A
pr
30
-A
pr
3M
ay
6M
ay
9M
ay
12
-M
ay
9A
6A
ar
3A
ar
31
-M
ar
28
-M
ar
25
-M
ar
22
-M
19
-M
ar
16
-M
ar
0.0
13
-M
Precipitation (mm)
Temperature at 8 am
30.0
Date
Figure 1. Temperature and precipitation registered at San Martin-3 well site, Lower
Urubamba region.
24.5o C (Fig. 1). As in many other
tropical regions, the temperature
remains fairly constant. So does the
average relative humidity, which is
high (more than 80%). In Phase II
of the study, our work study overlapped the transition period between the wet and the dry seasons.
The seasonal picture will be completed by incorporating data gathered during future phases of the
project.
Geology
The Lower Urubamba gas
reservoirs are located within a
Cretaceous, gas-bearing vertical
sequence. The sequence is folded in
compressed, elongated, steep
anticlines; the steepness is associated with major thrust faults. San
Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 are both
located in anticlines separated by
the Camisea syncline. From seismic
data, it is apparent that substantial
horizontal movements are associated with the main thrust fronts; for
example, the Pica that borders the
18
Constituent rock
Cap rock/claystone/shale
Sandstone (gas bearing; Cashiriari only)
Claystone/shale/some limestone
Sandstone/intercalcated claystone/shale (gas bearing)
Mainly sandstone
Sandstone (gas bearing)
Claystone/shale/some limestone
Sandstone (gas bearing)
Limestone (gas bearing)
19
The well
sites are in
an area
peopled by
indigenous
groups in
44 Native
communities, with
some
colonist
settlements
along the
Urubamba
River.
20
References
Photo Gallery
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Printer:
Place map and caption from page 49 of SI/MAB Series #2 here.
28
Biodiversity
Assessment
and
Monitoring
for Adaptive
Management
Francisco Dallmeier
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
In the Lower Urubamba
project, we have incorporated
aspects of the adaptive management processsetting objectives,
carrying out an assessment and
monitoring plan for forest
biodiversity, evaluation, and decision-making. This process can be
represented as a cycle (Fig. 1),
which is periodically calibrated to
ensure that appropriate information
from each component feeds the
next level (Holling 1978, Walters
1986, Hilborn 1992). Adjustments
to the components are made as
needed to achieve the objectives.
The cyclical nature of the process is
maintained through refining the
objectives and management decisions based on the ongoing results.
Thus, adaptive management gives
29
31
Space
Mammal
Community
Bird
Community
Amphibian
Community
Arthropod
Community
Weather Info.
Acid Rain
Soil/
Topography
Vegetation
T1=Baseline Measurement
T2=Second Census
Tn=Nth Census
Time
32
Monitoring
Understanding how an ecosystem works requires careful study of
the properties and scales of space
and time. Recent research reveals
complex ecological interactions that
determine how organisms are
distributed and their abundance on
local scales (Diamond and Case
1986; Gentry 1988, 1992; Ashton
1992; Hubbell and Foster 1992).
The evidence also indicates that
ecological communities experience
internal and external long-term
changes with sometimes drastic
turnover (Dallmeier et al. 1998).
These long-term changes may have
radical effects on the composition,
structure, and diversity of the
communities, resulting in imminent
local extinctions and colonizations
(Dallmeier and Comiskey 1998).
Such effects can only be perceived through long-term monitoring of ecological communities and
33
In c r e a sin g
K n o w le d g e
of
B io d iv e r sity
S I/M A B
B io d iv e r sit y
M o n ito r in g
P lo ts
CTFS
50ha
P lo ts
F rug ivor e- ins ect ivor e
10 %
Nect ar ivor es
10 %
A ll T a x a
B io lo g ic a l
In v e n to r y
D e ta ile d
In v e n to r y
T a rg e t
G roups
F rug ivor es
49 %
Sp e ci es Ar e a C ur v e fo r Ba t s
45
40
35
75%
30
25
San M ar t in - 3
Ca sh ir i ar i - 2
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
Ti m e ( D a ys )
S an Ma r t i n
80
C a sh i r i ar i
70
Ma n u
Pa na m a
60
B r az il
50
C o st a Ri c
40
30
7
0
20
10
C AP TUR E S
50%
An t Fr e q ue n cie s
30
25%
R e m o te
S e n sin g
20
15
10
25
V a r ia b le
T ra n se c ts
5
0
1
10
N UM B ER O F P LOT S
G .I.S .
In c r e a sin g tim e , te c h n o lo g y , a n d r e so u r c e s
Figure 4. Time, technology, and resources required to increase our knowledge of biodiversity.
appreciation for the benefits provided by that ecosystem will assist
in its protection. In addition, there
will be more possibilities that the
information will prove useful at farremoved sites with similar
characteristics.
Biodiversity monitoring consists of measuring and sampling
species over time and comparing
the results to a predetermined
standard or noting their deviation
from an expected norm (Hellawell
1991). Different inventories over
time may measure the same variables but with different objectives
in mind and without specified
standards for comparing the results
over temporal scales. Only when
standard protocols allow the results
to be compared to a baseline standard does the repetitive inventory
become a monitoring program.
Significantly, the standards used to
compare biodiversity monitoring
34
35
The
sampling
frequency
is determined
based on
the taxa
to be
monitored.
36
Site-specific Sampling
In designing a scientifically
sound monitoring system, researchers define the population(s) to be
monitored. The population may be
representative of habitats that are
considered important within a
region. For example, in the Beni
Biosphere Reserve of Bolivia,
SI/MAB has defined 14 forested
habitats for monitoring.
At times, certain population
values such as the number of
individuals of a selected species
within a given area may only be
estimated (Tyrrell et al. 1996). A
measure of the standard error of
the mean, along with the reliability
of the calculated value in the form
of a 95% confidence limit, should
be provided to assess monitoring
intensity (Usher 1991). If the
sampling is repeated, the true mean,
which is of particular interest to the
monitoring program, should fall
within these limits. The confidence
limits decrease as a function of
increasing sample size. This is
important because small confidence
intervals provide more accurate
estimates for informed management
decisions. But obtaining these data
is often constrained by logistic and
cost factors because of the large
sample sizes required.
Within a selected habitat,
sampling may be carried out in a
systematic, random, systematic/
random, or stratified fashion
(Cochran 1977, Stohlgren 1994,
Stohlgren et al. 1995, Tyrrell et al.
1996). Systematic sampling requires
establishment of a grid within
37
One of
the most
crucial and
challenging
issues in
ensuring
the success
of a monitoring program is the
need to
gain longterm
support.
38
References
39
Assessment
of Biologicial
Diversity and
Long-term
Monitoring
Plan for
the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Thomas Stohlgren and
Geneva Chong
Midcontinent Ecological Science
Center, Biological Resources
Division, U.S. Geological Survey,
Colorado State University
Introduction
The Lower Urubamba project
involves an assessment of
biodiversity in a large, pristine
tropical forest and monitoring over
time to detect potential changes in
biological communities resulting
from local disturbances caused by
constructing and operating wells for
natural gas and condensate evaluation operated by Shell Prospecting
and Development (Per) B.V.
Normally, only a small portion of
41
We present
a conceptual design
for an
assessment
of biological diversity
and a
long-term
monitoring
plan for the
Lower
Urubamba.
42
N
2
20 m
20
.5
5
5
2
W
50 m
Figure 1. Multi-scale vegetation sampling design for tropical forests (modified from Stohlgren et al. 1995).
The data are then analyzed at
three spatial scales: the plot scale,
the strata scale, and the landscape
scale (entire study area). Spatial
analyses (trend surface maps,
kriging maps, and co-kriging maps)
of plant and animal species richness
are then used to reveal the patterns
in diversity. Species composition
overlap within and among strata
show where unique species and
common assemblages occur in the
landscape. Species-area relationships are used to estimate the total
plant species richness on the landscape (Stohlgren et al. In press c).
Information on plant and animal
species distributions provides a
sound basis for selecting representative long-term monitoring sites.
Monitoring Site
Establishment
To extrapolate information
from plots to landscapes with
known levels of accuracy and
precision, it is vitally important to
know how representative long-term
monitoring sites are compared to
the broader landscape. Long-term
monitoring sites are selected to
represent the landscape of concern.
43
References
44
Flora I:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Pedro Acevedo, Deborah Bell,
Katherine Rankin, and
Stephen Smith
Department of Botany,
National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution
Introduction
Methods
45
Sampling Sites
1. San Martin-3.
We sampled this site from
January 11-26 and January 29February 4, 1997 (sampling days =
17 for a total of 542 samples; P.
Acevedo et al. #8581-9064, 90829133, and 9287-9292). The topography of San Martin-3 is hilly with
steep to gentle slopes, dissected
with numerous small creeks (GPS
11 4709.8"S, 72 4205.3"W;
elevation of 487 m). For the most
part, the soil is deep and clayish,
with very few rock outcrops. The
area was extremely difficult to walk
because of the steep hills and the
abundance of dense, spiny bamboo
stands (Guadua sarcocarpa, known
locally as "pacales"). In addition to
the bamboo, the area has an open
forest cover, which can be characterized as non-flooded and wet.
Physiognomically, it is difficult to
characterize the vegetation under
different types. It is clear, however,
that the main difference is the
relative abundance of bamboo.
Bamboo is dominant on the gentle
slopes and less abundant on very
steep areas such as riverbeds and
creek drainages. The area contains
very few large trees, a relatively
abundant understory layer, and
numerous epiphytes and lianas.
The first few days, we concentrated our sampling efforts along
the trail that leads from the eastern
side of the camp to the stream.
During the following days, we
explored the area west of the camp
Results
47
49
51
Persea 8806(8)
LECYTHIDACEAE
Grias peruviana Miers 9213(5)
LILIACEAE
Smilax 9283(1)
LOGONIACEAE
Potalia amara Aubl. 9064(2)
Strychnos panurensis Sprague & Sandw.
8736(10); 8868(3); 9110(10);
9148(3)
Strychnos tarapotensis Sprague & Sandw.
8786(5); 9188(2)
LORANTHACEAE
(J. Kuijt) 8604
Oryctanthus alveolatus (Kunth) Kuijt
8884(6)
Phoradendron woodsonii Trelease 8910(5)
Phthirusa pyrifolia (Kunth) Eichl.
8626(8)
MALPHIGIACEAE
9039(9); 8847(10); 9268(2)
Bunchosia 9226(4); 8796(10)
Mascagnia 9116 12
MALVACEAE
8689(1)
Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawcett &
Rendle 8978(5)
Pavonia leucantha Garcke 8698(10)
MARANTACEAE
9092(1); 9171(2); 9133(1)
Calathea 8623(2)
Calathea 8676(6)
Calathea 8708(5)
Calathea 8785(5)
Calathea 8819(2)
Calathea 9035(3)
Calathea 9138(1)
Calathea 9208(2)
Calathea 9209(2)
Ctenanthe ericae 8624(4)
MARCGRAVIACEAE
Souroubea 8843(10)
53
Piper
Piper
Piper
Piper
55
SAPOTACEAE
Ecclinusa ramiflora Mart. 9205(5)
Micropholis egensis (A.DC.) Pierre
8976(5)
Pouteria 8592(6);
Pouteria 9276(6)
STERCULIACEAE
(by L. Dorr)
Byttneria catalpaefolia Jacq. 8968(15)
Byttneria pescapraefolia Britt. 8739(9)
Herrania 8842(3)
Sterculia 8952(9)
Theobroma cacao L. 8718(2)
SOLANACEAE
(by M. Nee in part) 9091(1)
Brunfelsia mire Monachino 8588(4)
Cestrum silvaticum Francey 9278(5);
9120(11); 8970(15)
Cuatresia forsteriana A.T. Hunz.8723(11)
Cyphomandra pendula 8761(6)
Cyphomandra hartwegii (Miers.) Walp.
9245(5)
Cyphomandra tenuisetosa Bitter 9224(8)
Hawkesiophyton ulei (Dummer) A.T.
Hunz. 8937(4)
Juanulloa parasitica RuRz & Pav\n
9048(3)
Lycianthes inaequilatera (Rusby) Bitter
8725(6)
Physalis angulata L. 9225(5)
Solanum 8720(2)
Solanum 8747(1)
Solanum 8760(1)
Solanum 8803(7)
Solanum 8809(1)
Solanum 8810(2)
Solanum barbeyanum Huber 8757(6)
Solanum compressibaccatum Bitter 8857(4)
Solanum grandiflorum RuRz & Pav\n
9238(5)
Solanum lepidotum Dunal 9129(4)
Solanum mite RuRz & Pav\n 8945(9);
8745(2)
Solanum nigrum Dunal 8820(1)
56
THEOPHRASTACEAE
Clavija reflexiflora Killip 9271(2);
9122(2)
Clavija tarapotana Mez. 9022(9)
THYMELIACEAE
Daphnopsis peruviensis (Domke) Macbr.
8867(6)
Schoenobiblus peruvianus Standl.
8628(7)
TILIACEAE
(by L. Dorr)
Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. 9153(6)
ULMACEAE
Trema micranthum (L.) Blume 9246(5)
URTICACEAE
Pilea bassleriana Killip 8985(6)
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. 9004(2);
9119(3)
Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud. ex Griseb.
9166(2)
VERBENACEAE
Aegiphila haughtii Mold. 8838(7);
8611(8)
Aegiphila peruviana Turcz. 8864(2);
9111(6)
Aegiphila sordida Mold. 8593(3)
VITACEAE
Cissus lehmannii Bur. ex Lombardi
9089(8)
VIOLACEAE
Gloeospermum sphaerocarpum Triana &
Planch. 8674(8)
Leonia crassa L.B. Smith & Fdez.
8607(2); 8859(8)
Leonia glycycarpa RuRz & Pav\n 9236(4)
Rinorea pubiflora (Benth.) Sprague &
Sandw. var. grandifolia (Eichl.)
Hekking 9206(2)
Rinorea viridifolia Rusby 8639(10);
8826(10)
ZINGIBERACEAE
Costus sp. 1
Costus sp. 2
Costus sp. 3
Costus lima Schumann
Hedichyum coronarium Koen.
Renealmia sp. 1
Renealmia sp. 2
57
58
Flora II:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Percy Nez
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Severo Balden and
Hamilton Beltrn
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
Methods
59
The
bamboo is
a fast growing grass
that uses
other
plants to
climb. As
part of the
forest dynamics, the
bamboo
stems
frequently
break and
thus affect
the trees
near them.
60
Cashiriari-2 is characterized as a
pristine primary rainforest. The
bamboo is a fast-growing grass that
uses other plants to climb. Its stems
are about 7 cm in diameter, and
they can reach up to 25 m in height.
As part of the forest dynamics, the
bamboo stems frequently break and
thus affect the trees near them. We
observed that more than 10% of
individuals in biodiversity plot #1
at San Martin-3 had their tops
broken (Alonso et al. this volume).
Succession and forest dynamics may
be suppressed or enhanced by the
presence of bamboos, which may
affect tree regeneration for many
years until they flower and die.
Bamboos only flower once. The
effect on the forest is evident by the
many tree species that are present
only as juveniles and saplings
(Londoo and Peterson 1991, Judd
1992).
Field work enabled us to become familiar with the tree flora in
the biodiversity plots, supplemented
with general sampling in the vicinity
of the well sites. We conducted
meter-to-meter ground-truthing
surveys as far as one days walk
from the well sites, taking advantage of the rivulets as ways to
access the forest because the bamboo makes it very difficult to enter
in some areas. For example, it took
us an entire afternoon to obtain one
undescribed species of Pleurothyrium, a plant species of the
avocado family (Lauraceae).
Plant identification requires
experience. We used binoculars (10
x 40) to obtain visual access to the
canopies and telescoping poles to
cut small, representatives branches
in attempting to obtain fertile
material (i.e., flowers and fruits).
We frequently climbed trees using
climbing irons and a security belt.
Results and
Discussion
The flora
of the
Lower
Urubamba
region is
composed
of a mixture of
species
that are
commonly
found in
other
areas.
61
References
62
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2.
DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
Marchantia chenopoda (18999)
DIVISION PTERYDOPHYTA
Adiantum sp. 1
Adiantum sp. 2
Adiantum sp. 3
Adiantum sp. 4
Adiantum latifolium aff. Lam. (10175)
Adiantum petiolatum Desv. (10253)
Adiantum poeppigianum Presl=
Phylitidis J.Sm.
Adiantum raddianum C.Presl. (10154)
Antrophyum lineatum ( Sw.) Kaulf.
(18198)
Asplenium sp. 1
Asplenium sp. 2
Asplenium sp. 3
Asplenium cristatum Brack (10134)
Asplenium dimidiatum Sw,
Asplenium kunzeanum
Asplenium quitense Hooker CB (1752)
Asplenium serra Lansd. & Fisch.
Asplenium ruizianum klotzsch? (10195)
Blechnum divergens (Kunze) Mett.
Bolbitis semipinnatifida (Fee) Alston
(10271)
Bolbitis serrata (Kuhn) Ching (12685)
Bolbitis serratifolia (Mert ex Kaulf.)
Schott (10224)
Campyloneurum angustipaleatum
(Alston) M.Mey ex Lellinger
(10199)
Campyloneurum nitidissimum (Mett.)
Ching var. abruptum (10243,
12750)
Ctenitis nigrovenia ( H. Christ) Copel
(12760)
Cyathea microdontha (Desv.) Domin
(12776)
Cyathea (small, tiny scales )
Cyathea (big scales 19200)
Cyclopeltis semicordta (Sw.) J. Sm.
Dryopteris patens
Dydimochlaena truncatula
Grammitis andicola Stolze
Grammitis blepharidea (Copel.) Stolze
Lomariopsis latipinna
Lomariopsis nicotianifolia
Lomariopsis nigropaleata
Microgramma reptans
Lycopodium (18284) sp. 1
Pecluma plumula
Polybotrya fractiserialis
Polypodium camptophyllarium var.
abreviatum
Polypodium furfuraceum
Pteris denticulata
Pteris petiolulata
Pityrogramma austroamericana
Pityrogramma calomelanos
Selaginella sp. 1
Selaginella sp. 2
Selaginella flavellata
Solanopteris bifrons (Hook.) Copel.
Tectaria draconoptera
Tectaria incisa
Thelypteris opulenta
Thelypteris sp. 1
Trachypteris pinnata
DIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE
CYCADACEAE
Zamia sp. 1 (12692, 19600)
GNETACEAE
Gnetum sp. 1
DIVISION ANGYOSPERMAE
ACANTHACEAE
Aphelandra (12813) sp. 1
Aphelandra sp. 2
Aphelandra pulcherrima (Jacq.)Kunth
(10120)
Dicliptera sp. 1
Encephalosphaera sp.
Fittonia alvivennis
Hansteinia sp. 1
Hygrophila sp. 1
Juruasia appendiculata
Justicia sp. 1
Justicia sp. 2
Justicia peruviana Lam. (12912)
Justicia rusbyana Lindau. V. A. W.
Wassell
Kalbreyeriella
Pachystachys (12947) sp. 1
Pachystachys coccinea
63
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Pachystachys ossolae
Pseuderanthemum sp. 1 (12943)
Pseuderanthemum sp. 2
Mendoncia sp. 1
Mendoncia sp. 2
Mendoncia sp. 3
Mendoncia sp. 4
Mendoncia lindavii Rusby (10248)
Pulchranthus sp. 1
Ruellia sp. 1
Ruellia sp. 2
Ruellia sp. 3
Ruellia sp. 4
Ruellia sp. 5
Ruellia brevifolia ( Pohl) C.Ezcurra
(10101)
Ruellia geminiflora
Ruellia tarapotana
Stenostephanus thyrsoides
Sanchezia oblonga R. & P.
Sanchezia ovata Ruiz & Pav. (12923)
Sanchezia sp. 1
Suessenguthia vargasii Wasshausen
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims
(10238, 12939)
ALISMATACEAE
Echinodorus sp. 1
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera sp. 1
Amaranthus caudatus var. sanguinensis
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Chamissoa altissima HBK.
Cyathula achyranthoides (HBK) Moq.
Iresine sp. 1
Iresine diffusa H. B. ex Willd.
Pfaffia sp. 1
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Bomarea sp. 1
Bomarea amoena M.Roem. (10095)
Brunsvigia sp. 1
Crinum sp. 1
Eucharis sp. 1
Eucharis cyanosperma A.W. Meerow
Furcraea andina Trel.
Hippeastrum sp. 1
64
ANACARDIACEAE
Anacardium occidentale L.
Astronium sp. 1
Astronium graveolans
Mangifera indica L.
Mauria aff. heterophylla Kunth (10150)
Rhus juglandifolia Wall. ex D.Don
Spondias lutea Royen
Spondias mombin Jacq.
Tapirira guianensis Aubl.
Tapirira peckoltiana
ANNONACEAE
Anaxagorea pachypetala (Liels) R.E.
Fries
Anaxagorea sp. 1
Annona montana
Annona mucosa Jacq.
Crematosperma (10146) sp. 1
Crematosperma sp. 2 (manu)
Crematosperma sp. 3
Crematosperma sp. 4 (19374)
Cymbopetalum sp. 1
Cymbopetalum sp. 2
Duguetia (12880) sp. 1
Duguetia sp. 2
Duguetia sp. 3
Ephedranthus guianensis
Fusaea sp. 1
Guatteria sp. 1
Guatteria sp. 2
Guatteria sp. 3
Guatteria sp. 4
Guatteria sp. 5 (19313)
Guatteria acutissima
Guatteria dielsiana
Guatteria guentheri Diels (18185)
Guatteria microcarpa
Guatteria tomentosa Rusby (12848)
Malmea sp. 1
Malmea cauliflora
Malmea diclina
Oxandra sp. 1
Oxandra sp. 2
Porcelia nitidifolia R. & P.
Rollinia sp. 1
Rollinia sp. 2
Rollinia sp. 3
Rollinia cuspidata C. Martius (10123)
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km (Cont.).
Rollinia edulis
Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.)Baill (12855)
Rollinia pittieri
Rollinia ulei Diels
Ruizodendron sp.
Tryginaea sp.
Unonopsis sp. 1
Unonopsis sp. 2
Unonopsis floribunda Diels
Unonopsis mathewsii
Xylopia sp. 1
Xylopia sp. 2
Xylopia cuspidata
APIACEAE
Hydrocotile ranunculoides
APOCYNACEAE
Aspidosperma sp. 1 (10269)
Aspidosperma sp. 2 (19369)
Aspidosperma sp. 3 (19399, many
secondaries)
Aspidosperma megalocarpon Muell.
Arg.
Aspidosperma vargasii A.D.C.
Condylocarpon sp. 1
Forsteronia sp. 1
Forsteronia sp. 2
Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex
Muell. Arg)
R.E.Woods.
Mandevilla callista Woodson (10108)
Mandevilla scabra (Hoffmannsegg ex
Roemer & Schultes)Schu (10194)
Mesechites trifida Muell.Arg.
Pacouria sp. 1
Prestonia sp. 1
Rauvolfia praecox
Secondatia sp. 1
Tabernaemontana sp. 1
Tabernaemontana sp. 2
Tabernaemontana sp. 3
Tabernaemontana sananho R. & P.
Thevetia peruviana Merrill
ARACEAE
Anthurium sp. 1
Anthurium sp. 2
Anthurium sp. 3
Anthurium sp. 4
Anthurium sp. 5
Anthurium sp. 6
Anthurium sp. 7
Anthurium clavigerum Poepp. (10168,
12733)
Anthurium croatii Madison
Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Schott
(10153, 12811)
Anthurium kunthii Poeppig (12752)
Anthurium pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G.
Don (10172)
Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent (10124)
Dieffenbachia sp. 1
Dieffenbachia sp. 2
Dieffenbachia sp. 3
Dieffenbachia sp. 4
Dracontium sp. 1
Dracontium sprucei
Heteropsis sp. 1
Heteropsis sp. 2
Homalomena sp. 1
Monstera sp. 1
Monstera sp. 2
Monstera sp. 3
Monstera sp. 4
Monstera lechleriana Schott (10171)
Monstera obliqua Mig.
Monstera pinnatifrons
Philodendron chanchamayense
Philodendron ernestii Engl.
Philodendron fibrillosum Poepp. &
Endl. (10185)
Philodendron latifolia (19116)
Philodendron undulatum Engl. (18125)
Pistia stratiotes L.
Rhodospatha sp. 1
Rhodospatha sp. 2
Spathiphyllum sp. 1
Stenospermation sp. 1
Syngonium sp. 1
Syngonium podophyllum Schott
(10169)
Syngonium yurimaguense Engl.
Xanthosoma sp. 1
Xanthosoma sp. 2
Xanthosoma pubescens Poepp. & Engl.
(18225)
65
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
ARALIACEAE
Dendropanax sp. 1
Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) B.
Maguire
Gonolobus sp. 1
Matelea sp. 1
Sarcostemma sp. 1
Stenomeria sp. 1
ARECACEAE
Aiphanes aculeata (19349)
Aiphanes ernestii (Burret) Burret
Astrocaryum sp. 1
Astrocaryum chonta Mart.
Astrocaryum gratum
Bactris sp. 1
Bactris sp. 2
Bactris sp. 3
Bactris gasipaes HBK.
Chamaedorea angustisecta Burret
(10147)
Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Oerst.
Cocos nucifera L.
Desmoncus polycanthos (12938)
Euterpe precatoria Mart.
Geonoma sp. 1
Geonoma sp. 2
Geonoma jussieuana Mart.
Geonoma deversa Kunth
Hyospathe elegans Mart. (12697)
Iriartea deltoidea R. & P. Jessenia
bataua Barrret
Mauritia flexuosa L.f.
Oenocarpus mapora Karst.
Phytelephas macrocarpa R. & P.
Scheelea cephalotes Karst.
Socratea exorrhiza H. Wendl.
Socratea salazari H.E. Moore Syagrus
sancona
Wettinia augusta
ASTERACEAE
Acmella sp. 1
Adenostemma sp. 1
Adenostemma sp. 2
Ageratina sp 1.
Ageratum conyzoides Sieber ex Steud.
(12886)
Aspilia sp. 1
Baccharis salicifolia Nutt.
Baccharis trinervis Pers.
Bidens pilosa L.
Bidens squarrosa Less.
Clibadium vargasianum H. Robinson
Chromolaena sp. 1
Conyza sp. 1
Dasyphyllum sp. 1
Eclipta sp. 1
Eirmocephala cainarachiensis (Hieron)
H. Robinson (12915, 12918)
Elephantopus mollis HBK. (12885)
Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. ex DC.
Erechtites valerianaefolia DC.
Eupatorium crenulatum Gardn.
Eupatotium laevigatum Lam.
Eupatorium leptocephalum DC.
Fleischmannia microstemon (Cass.)R. M.
King & H. Rob. (12843)
Garcilassa sp. 1
Hebeclinium sp. 1
Ichthyothere sp. 1
Liabum acuminatum Rusby
Mikania sp. 1
Mikania sp. 2
Mikania cordifolia Willd.
Mikania guaco Humb. & Bonpl.
Mikania psilostachya DC. (10179,
12881)
Fulcaldea laurifolia Poir.
Gochnatia rusbyana Cabrera
Onoseris sp. 1
Oyedaea sp. 1
Piptocarpha poeppigiana Baker (18322)
Porophyllum ruderale Cass.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia (18293) sp. 1
Aristolochia sp. 2
Aristolochia (18338) sp. 3
Aristolochia sp. 4
Aristolochia iquitensis O.C.Schmidt
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L.
Cynanchum sp. 1
Fischeria stellata (Vell. ) E. Fourn.
(10184)
66
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Pseudelephantopus spicatus Rohr
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Struchium sp. 1
Tessaria integrifolia R.& P.
Trixix divaricata Spreng.
Vernonia cainarachensis Hieron.
Vernonia gracilis Poir.
Vernonia megaphylla Hieron.
Vernonia salzmannii DC.
Vernonia scorpioides Pers.
Viguiera sp. 1
Wulffia baccata (L.f.) Kuntze
BALANOPHORACEAE
Helosis cayennensis (Sw.)Spreng.
Ombrophytum sp. 1
Ombrophytum sp. 2
Ombrophytum peruvianum Poepp. &
Endl.
Ombrophytum violaceum B. Hansen
BASELLACEAE
Basellaceae sp. 1 (10210)
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia sp. 1
Begonia sp. 2
Begonia juninensis
Begonia parvifolia
Begonia patula Haworth
BIGNONIACEAE
Adenocalymma sp. 1
Adenocalymma sp. 2
Adenocalymma sp. 3
Adenocalymma sp. 4
Arrabidaea sp. 1
Arrabidaea sp. 2
Arrabidaea sp. 3
Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith
Arrabidaea pearcei (Rusby) K. Schum.
ex Urb.(12840)
Arrabidaea poeppigii (A.DC.)Sandwith
Arrabidaea selloi (Spr. Eng.) Sandw.
(12717)
Callichlamys sp. 1
Ceratophyton sp. 1
Clytostoma sp. 1
Crescentia cujete Vell.
67
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Chorisia insignis HBK.
Eriotheca globosa (Aubl.) A. Robyns
Matisia cordata Hum. & Bonpl.
Ochroma pyramidale
Quararibea wittii Schum & Ulbr. (10174)
BORAGINACEAE
Cordia alliodora Cham.
Cordia lomatoloba
Cordia nodosa Lam.
Cordia ucayalensis
Heliotropium sp. 1
Heliotropium indicum L.
Tournefortia sp. 1
Tournefortia sp. 2
Tournefortia sp. 3
BRAASSICACEAE
Rorippa clandestina (Spreng.) Macbride
BROMELIACEAE
Aechmea sp.1
Aechmea mertensii Schult. f.
Billbergia sp. 1
Billbergia cf. stenopetala Harms (10122)
Bromelia sp. 1
Bromelia sp. 2
Guzmania sp. 1
Neoregelia eleutheropetala
Pepinia tatzyanae H.Luther
Pitcairnia elongata L.B. Smith
Streptocalyx sp. 1
Tillandsia sp. 1
Tillandsia sp. 2
Tillandsia sp. 3
BURSERACEAE
Crepidospermum sp. 1
Protium puncticulatum
Protium tenuifolium Engl.
Trattinickia aspera
Tetragastris sp. 1
CACTACEAE
Disocactus sp. 1
Epiphyllum phyllanthus Haw.
Rhipsalis sp. 1
Selenicereus sp. 1
68
CAMPANULACEAE
Centropogon roseus Rusby (12913)
Centropogon sp. 1
Centropogon urubambae (19289, 19599)
CANNACEAE
Canna iridiflora R. & P.
CAPPARIDACEAE
Capparis flexuosa Vell. (12669)
Capparis macrophylla
Cleome aculeata L.
Cleome spinosa Sw.
Cleome viridifloraSchreb. (10109)
Podandrogyne sp. 1
CARICACEAE
Carica papaya L.
Carica microcarpa
Jacaratia digitata Solms. ( 10132)
CARYOCARACEAE
Anthodiscus klugii Standl. ex Prance
(18095)
Caryocar amygdaliforme
Caryocar pallidum
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Drymaria
CELASTRACEAE
Maytenus magnoliifolia
COMBRETACEAE
Combretum
Combretum
Combretum fruticosum
Combretum laxum
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia oblonga
Thiloa glaucocarpa (10257)
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina longicaulis
Tradescantia zanonia
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
Cochlospermum orinocense
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km (Cont.).
CONNARACEAE
Connarus
Rourea sp. 1
CONVOLVULACEAE
Dicranostylis
Ipomoea aegyptia
Ipomoea coccinea
Ipomoea nil
Ipomoea phyllomega
Merremia macrocalyx
CUCURBITACEAE
Anguria sp. 1
Citrullussp. 1
Fevillea sp. 1
Gurania spinulosa (10246)
Melothria (12706) sp. 1
Psiguria bignoniacea R.P. Wunderlin
CRYSOBALANACEAE
Couepia latifolia
Hirtella racemosa
Hirtella triandra Swartz (18272)
(18105 ) sp.
Licania elata
Parinari parilis Macbride
CYCLANTHACEAE
Asplundia sp. 1
Asplundia peruviana Harling
Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. (10126)
Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit.
Ludovia (18181) sp. 1
CYPERACEAE
Carex sp. 1
Cyperus ferax Benth.
Cyperus friburgensis Boeck. (10261)
Cyperus hermaphroditus Standley
Cyperus flavus Boeck.
Cyperus miliifolius Poepp. & Kunth ex
Kunt (10213)
Cyperus odoratus Osbeck
Cyperus regiomontanus Britton (12916)
Eleocharis sp.1
Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl.
Rhynchospora umbraticola
Scleria (18187) sp. 1
DICHAPETALACEAE
Dichapetalum sp.
Tapura sp. 1
Tapura peruviana var. petioliflora
DILLENIACEAE
Curatella americana L.
Doliocarpus sp. 1
Doliocarpus dentatus
Tetracera parvifolia
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea sp. 1
Dioscorea sp. 2
Dioscorea acanthogene Rusby (12700)
Dioscorea decorticans C. Presl ( 12945)
Dioscorea samydea C. Mart. ex Griseb
(10241, 12836)
Dioscorea trifida (18928)
EBENACEAE
Diospyros sp. 1 (pubescent)
Diospyros subrotata
ELAEOCARPACEAE
Sloanea sp. 1
Sloanea sp. 2 (pubescent: 19344, 19355,
19476)
Sloanea fragans Rusby
Sloanea picapica
Sloanea sinemariensis
Muntingia calabura L.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Erythroxylum sp. 1
Erythroxylum sp. 2
Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam.
Erythroxylum macrophyllum
Erythroxylum ulei O. E. Schultz
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha sp. 1
Acalypha sp. 2
Acalypha benensis Britton ( 10161)
Acalypha cuneata Poepp. (10160, 12860,
12921)
Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. (10250)
Acalypha mapirensis Pax (12814)
Acalypha stricta Poepp. (10230)
69
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Acalypha stenoloba Muell. Arg. (12920)
Acalypha villosa Jacq.( 12818)
Alchornea castaneaefolia A. Juss.
Alchornea glandulosa
Alchornea grandiflora Muell. Arg. (12834)
Alchornea triplinervia Muell. Arg.
Boconia alterna
Caryodendron orinocense
Cnidoscolus sp. 1
Conceveiba guianensis (19229)
Croton sp. 1
Croton sp. 2
Croton gracilipes Baill. (10228)
Croton matourensis
Croton lechleri Muell. Arg.
Croton tessmanniiMansfeld (18998)
Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia heterophylla Desf.
Glycidendron amazonicum
Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.
Hieronima laxiflora (18936)
Hura crepitans L.
Manihot brachyloba Muell. Arg. (12844)
Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (12856)
Mabea sp. 1
Mabea nitida
Pachystroma longifolium I. M. Johnst.
(10135, 12715)
Phyllanthus carolinianusBlanco
Phyllanthus lathyroides HBK.
Phyllanthus orbiculatus Rich.
Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) G. Webster
(12873)
Ricinus communis L.
Sapium sp. 1
Sapium eglandulosum Ule
Sapium glandulosum Morong
Sapium ixiamasense Jabl.
Sapium laurifoium Griseb.
Sapium marmieri Huber
Senefeldera inclinata Muell. Arg.
FABACEAE
Acacia sp.1 (12673)
Acacia sp. 2
Acacia sp. 3
Amburana cearensis (Fr. Allem.) A.C.
Smith
Andira inermis HBK.
70
Andira surinamensis
Bauhinia guianensis Aubl.
Bauhinia tarapotensis
Bauhinia ungulata L.
Calliandra sp. 1
Calliandra glyphoxylon Spruce ex Benth.
Cassia sylvestris
Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke
Clitoria sp. 1
Clitoria sp. 2
Clitoria (18128) sp. 3
Copaifera reticulata
Coumarouma sp. 1
Cracca toxicaria Kuntze
Cratylia (Dioclea) argentea Kuntze
Crotalaria anagyroides HBK.
Crotalaria incana L.
Crotalaria nitens HBK.
Dalbergia sp. 1
Desmodium sp. 1 (18110)
Desmodium affine Schlecht.
Desmodium axillare DC.
Desmodium cajanifolium DC.
Desmodium tortuosum DC.
Dioclea sp.1 (19429)
Dioclea arborea
Dipteryx micrantha Harms (= D. odorata)
Erythrina
sp. 1
Erythrina poeppigiana Skeels
Erythrina ulei O.E. Schulz
Hymenaea sp. 1
Hymenaea sp. 2
Indigofera subfruticosa
Inga sp. 1 (19228)
Inga sp. 2 (19294, 19411)
Inga sp. 3 (19383)
Inga sp. 4 (19397)
Inga sp. 5 (little wings, 19198, 19339)
Inga sp. 6 (4-7 leaflts, pair)
Inga sp. 7 (6 leaflts, terete, 19438)
Inga sp. 8 (pubescent 7-8 leaflts, 19197)
Inga acrocephala
Inga adenophylla Pittier
Inga affinis Steud (10267)
Inga aliena Macbride
Inga chartacea (19296)
Inga cinnamomea
Inga edulis Mart. (18115)
Inga feullei DC. (10117)
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Inga gracilies
Inga hirsuta G. Don
Inga macrobotrys Penn. (19258)
Inga macrophylla (19426)
Inga mathewsii Benth.
Inga pavoniana (19420)
Inga puctata (19219, 19358)
Inga quaternata
Inga ruiziana G. Don
Inga semialata Mart (18117)
Inga sertulifera (19359)
Inga setosa G. Don
Inga stipulacea
Inga stipularis (19352)
Inga thibaudiana (= I. peltadenia)
Inga umbellifera
Leucaena trichodes Benth.
Lonchocarpus sp. 1
Lonchocarpus sp. 2
Lonchocarpus spiciflorus Mart. ex Benth.
Machaerium sp. 1
Machaerium (10268) sp. 2
Myroxylum balsamum Harms (12770)
Mucuna sp. 1
Mucuna sp. 2
Mucuna rostrata Benth.
Ormosia sp. 1 (hairy, 19483)
Ormosia bopiensis
Ormosia coccinea Jacks.
Pachyrrhizus ajipa
Parkia nitida Miq.
Phaseolus adenanthus G.F.W. Mey
Piptadenia sp. 1
Piptadenia adiantoides var. peruviana
(18336)
Piptadenia colubrina Benth.
Piptadenia grata Macbride
Pithecellobium sp. 1
Pithecellobium longifolium (HBK.) HBK.
Standl.
Platypodium affinis cf. (12726)
Platymiscium sp. 1
Pueraria sp. 1
Phyllocarpus riedeliiTul.
Prosopis chilensis Stuntz
Pterocarpussp. 1
Pterocarpus rohrii
Rhynchosia sp. 1
Samanea saman (Jacq.)Merr. (12826)
71
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Codonanthopsis sp.
Columnea sp. 1 (18090)
Columnea sp. 2
Columnea sp. 3
Drymonia penduliflora/pendula 18920
Drymonia semicordata (Poepp.) Wiehler
Episcia fimbriata
Gloxinia perennisDruce
Koellikeria erinoides (DC.) Mansf.
Phinaea sp. 1
GUTTIFERAE
Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.
Chrysoclamys ulei Engl.
Clusia sp. 1
Garcinia macrophylla
Decaphalangium peruvianum Melch.
Marila laxiflora Rusby 18196
Rheedia sp. 1
Rheedia sp. 2
Rheedia floribunda Planch. & Tr.
Symphonia globulifera L.f.
Vismia sp. 1
Vismia sp. 2
Vismia sp. 3
Vismia gracilis Hieron.
HAEMODORACEAE
Xiphidium coeruleum Aubl. (19705)
HERNANDIACEAE
Sparatanthelium tarapotanum
HIPPOCRATEACEAE
Anthodonsp. 1
Cheiloclinium cognatum
Hippocratea volubilis Sw.
Salacia gigantea
HUMIRIACEAE
Humiriastrum excelsa (Ducke) Cuatrec.
Vantanea sp. 1
72
JUGLANDACEAE
Juglans boliviana
Juglans neotropica Diels
LILIACEAE
Smilax sp. 1
Smilax sp. 2
Smilax sp. 3
Veratrum candidum
ICACINACEAE
Calatola venezuelana Pittier (18254)
LOGANIACEAE
Potalia amara Aubl.
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Strychnos sp. 1
Strychnos sp. 2
Strychnos tarapotensis Sprague & Sanwith
(10139, 12743)
LORANTHACEAE
Gaiadendron sp. 1
Phthirusa pyrifolia (Kunth) Eichler
(10116, 12810)
Psittacanthus sp. 1
Strutanthus sp. 1
LOASACEAE
Mentzelia aspera Cav.
LYTHRACEAE
Adenaria floribunda HBK.
Cuphea cordata R. & P.
Lafoensia punicifolia
MALVACEAE
Anoda cristata Schlecht.
Gossypium peruvianum Cav.
Hibiscus rosa- sinensis L.
Pavonia spinifex Cav.
Pavonia paniculata Cav.
Sida cordifolia Forsk.
Sida spinosa L.
Sida rhombifolia L.
MALPIGHIACEAE
Banisteria metallicolor A. Juss.
Banisteriopsis muricata (Cav.) Cuatr.
(10240)
Bunchosia glandulifera ( Jacq.) Kunth
(10155)
Byrsonima arthropoda A. Juss. (10206)
Heteropteris sp. 1
Hiraea sp. 1
Stigmaphyllon sp. 1
MAGNOLIACEAE
Talauma amazonica (18977, 19382)
MARANTHACEAE
Calathea sp. 1
Calathea comosa Lindl.
Calathea crotalifera Watson
Ctenanthe sp. 1
MARCGRAVIACEAE
Marcgravia sp. 1
Marcgravia crenata Poepp. ex Wittm.
MELASTOMATACEAE
Bellucia grossulariodes Trisna
Blakea mexiae Gleason
Graffenrieda (18250) sp. 1
Miconia sp. 1
Miconia sp. 2
Miconia sp. 3
Miconia sp. 4
Miconia sp. 5
Miconia sp. 6
Miconia sp. 7
Miconia sp. 8
Miconia bubalina -19477
Miconia calvescens DC
Miconia cf. cretacea Gleason (10197)
Miconia paleacea Cogn. (18127)
Miconia peruviana Naudini (12901)
Miconia persicariaefolia Cogn. ex Britton
Miconia procumbens (19181)
Miconia triplinervia
Tibouchina longifolia Baill.(18120)
Triolena amazonica
MELIACEAE
Cabralea canjerana (19230)
Cabralea canjerana subsp. canjerana
(19430)
Cedrela sp. 1
Cedrela fissilis Vell (10156, 12819)
Cedrela odorata R. & P.
Guarea sp. 1
Guarea sp. nov. (19341)
Guarea glabra Vahl (10205, 12709)
Guarea gomma Pulle (10159)
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleum.
Guarea kunthiana A. Juss.
Guarea kunthiana (giant leaves, type 2)
Guarea kunthiana (type 3)
Guarea macrophylla (18992)
Guarea pterorachis Harms (18914)
Trichilia elegans subsp. Elegans
(10143, 12864)
Trichilia quadrijuga
Trichilia pallida
73
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Trichilia pleeana (A. Juss.) C. DC.
(12680)
Trichilia poeppigiana
Trichilia septentrionalis
MENISPERMACEAE
Abuta sp. 1
Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith
Anomospermum grandifolium Eichl.
(18173)
Borismene sp. 1
Chondodendron tomentosum
Curarea sp. 1 (12765)
Curarea sp. 2
Disciphania heterophylla R.C. Barneby
MONIMIACEAE
Mollinedia sp.
Siparuna sp. 1
Siparuna sp. 2
Siparuna sp. 3
Siparuna sp. 4
Siparuna sp. 5 (19199)
Siparuna crassifolia Perkins
Siparuna cuspidata
MORACEAE
Artocarpus incisa L.f.
Batocarpus amazonicus (Ducke) Fosberg
(18148)
Brosimum acutifolium
Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (10267)
Brosimum parinaroides Ducke (18212)
Brosimum utile (19440)
Castilloa ulei Warb.
Cecropia sp. 1
Cecropia sp. 2
Cecropia engleriana
Cecropia flagillifera Trec.
Cecropia membranacea Trec.
Cecropia polystachya Trecul (10121)
Cecropia sciadophylla Mart.
Cecropia tessmannii Mildbr.
Coussapoa sp. 1
Coussapoa villosa Poepp. & Endl.
Clarisia biflora R. & P.
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz & Pavon (10193,
12721)
Ficus sp. 1
74
Ficus sp. 2
Ficus sp. 3
Ficus sp. 4
Ficus insipida Willd.
Ficus gomelleira Hort. Monac. ex Kunth
& Bouche
Ficus macbridei
Ficus maxima
Ficus paraensis Miq.
Ficus sphenophylla
Helicostylis tomentosa
Maclura tinctorea D. Don (12725)
Maquira calophylla
Maquira coriacea (19301)
Maquira guianensis
Naucleopsis sp. 1
Naucleopsis glabra
Naucleopsis krukovii (Standl.) C.C. Berg.
Naucleopsis pseudonaga
Naucleopsis ternstroemifolia
(Mildbr.) C.C. Berg.
Olmedia aspera Poepp. & Endl.
(=Trophis caucana)
Perebea angustifolia
Perebea guianensis Aubl.
Perebea humilis
Perebea tesmannii
Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart.
Pourouma cucura (golden hairy)
Pourouma guianensis
Pourouma mollis Trec.
Pourouma palmata Poepp. & Endl.
Poulsenia armata
Pseudolmedia laevigata
Pseudolmedia laevis (R. & P.) Macbride
Pseudolmedia macrophylla
Sorocea sp. 1
Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich. (12677)
Sorocea pileata Burger
Sorocea steinbackii
MUSACEAE
Heliconia sp. 1
Heliconia sp. 2
Heliconia sp. 3
Heliconia sp. 4
Heliconia apparicioi H. de Souza
Barreiros
Heliconia episcopalis Vell.
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Heliconia hirsuta L.f.
MYRISTICACEAE
Compsoneura capitellata Warb.
Iryanthera juruensis (19360)
Iryanthera laevis
Otoba glycicarpa
Otoba parvifolia
Virola sp. 1
Virola sp. 2
Virola calophylla Warb.
Virola duckei A.C. Smith
Virola flexuosa
Virola sebifera Aublet (10211)
MYRSINACEAE
Cybianthus (19469)
Myrsine sp. 1
Myrsine sp. 2
Stylogyne ambigua
Rapanea oligophylla Mez.
MYRTACEAE
Acca sp. 1
Calyptranthes sp. 1 (19390)
Calyptranthes longifolia
Eugenia sp. 1 (19220)
Eugenia sp. 2 (tiny-wavy leaves, 19433,
19443)
Eugenia L. (12722)
Myrcia sp. 1 (18177)
Myrcia sp. 2 (19335)
Myrcia sp. 3 (white below, 19439,
19446)
Psidium acutangulum (19353)
Psidium guajaba L.
Syzgium jambos (L.) Alston
NYGTAGINACEAE
Guapira sp. 1 (elliptic, 19342)
Neea sp. 1 (hairy, long ovobate, 19472)
Neea sp. 2 (19425)
Neea sp. 3 (19223, 19357)
Neea chlorantha
Neea hirsuta (19331)
Reichenbachia hirsuta Sprengel
(undescribed, related species?)
(10166)
NYMPHACEAE
Nymphaea sp. 1
OCHNACEAE
Godoya obovata R. & P.
Ouratea
Sauvagesia sp. 1
OLACACEAE
Heisteria sp. 1
Heisteria acuminata
Minquartia guianensis Aubl.
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia sp. 1
Ludwigia sp. 2
Ludwigia sp. 3
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
OPILIACEAE
Agonandra (12669)
Agonandra (19361)
ORCHIDACEAE
Bletia catenulata R. & P.
Cochleanthes amazonica (Reichb. f. &
Warsc.) R.E. (18954)
Epidendrum sp. 1
Epidendrum sp. 2
Epidendrum coronatum R. &P.
Epidendrum rigidum Schlechter
Gongora sp. 1
Huntleya sp. 1 (18949)
Macroclinium sp. 1
Maxillaria sp. 1
Ornithocephalus sp. 1 (12723)
Ponthieva sp. 1 (18263)
Polystachya sp. 1 (12877)
Polystachya sp. 2
Rodriguezia lanceolata
Spiranthinae sp. 1
Stanhopea hassleriana
Vanilla sp. 1
OXALIDACEAE
Biophytum sp. 1
Biophytum soukupii A. Lourteig
Oxalis spruceana Progel (10100)
75
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
PASSIFLORACEAE
Dilkea retusa (19183)
Passiflora sp. 1
Passiflora sp. 2
Passiflora auriculata kunth (12838)
Passiflora coccinea Blanco (18328)
Passiflora coriaceaJuss. (10110)
Passiflora edulis fo. Flavicarpa
Degener (10119)
Passiflora ligularis A. Juss.
Passiflora riparia Mart. ex Mast (10218)
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms
(12768)
Hilleria latifolia H. Walter
Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche
(12905)
PIPERACEAE
Peperomia sp. 1
Peperomia sp. 2
Peperomia macrostachya A. Dietr.
Peperomia quesita Trel.
Peperomia serpens C. DC.
Piper sp. 1
Piper sp. 2
Piper augustatum Rudge (10216)
Piper laevigatum HBK.
Piper reticulatum L.
POACEAE
Andropogon bicornis L.
Andropogon condensatus Kunth
Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth
Aristida torta (Nees) Kunth
Axonopus chrysoblepharis (Lag.) Chase
Axonopus scoparius (Flff) Kuhlm
Arundinella berteroniana (Schult.)
Hitchc. & Chase
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cenchrus echinatus L.
Cenchrus hillebrandianus Hitchc.
Chloris distichophylla Lag.
Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw.
Chloris radiata ( L.) Sw.
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
Cryptanthus sp. 1
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
76
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem & Schult.
Trachypogon montufari (Kunth) Nees
Trachypogon plumosus (Humb. & Bonpl.
ex Willd. Nees)
Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees
Tripsacum piosen
Urochloa brizantha (Hchstetter ex A.
Richard) R. Webster (10236)
POLYGALACEAE
Bredemeyera lucida
Moutabea sp.
Polygala sp. 1
Polygala sp. 2
Polygala sp. 3
POLYGONACEAE
Coccoloba sp. 1
Coccoloba (18165) sp. 2
Coccoloba (18218) sp. 3
Coccoloba mollis (19405)
Triplaris americana Rob. Schomb.
Triplaris pavonii Meissn.
Triplaris peruviana Fisch. & Mey ex C.A.
Mey
Triplaris poeppigiana Wedd.
Triplaris setosa Rusby
Triplaris vestita Rusby
PORTULACACEAE
Talinum paniculatum Jacq. (12940)
PROTEACEAE
Oreocallissp. 1
Roupala montana
QUIINACEAE
Lacunaria sp. 1
Quiina macrophylla (19129, 19409)
Quiina peruviana
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematissp. 1
RHAMNACEAE
Gouaniasp. 1
Gouania lupuloides Urb.
Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reiss. (12730)
Ziziphus cinnamomum
ROSACEAE
Prunus sp. 1
RUBIACEAE
Rubiaceae (19337)
Bathysa sp. 1
Bathysa peruviana Krause
Borreria ocimoides DC
Calycophyllum acreanum
Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K.
Schum.
Capirona decorticans Spruce
Cephaelis tomentosa Vahl.
Chimarhis sp. 1
Cinchona sp. 1
Condaminea corymbosa DC
Condaminea microcarpa DC
Duroia sp. 1
Hamelia axillaris Sw.
Isertia laevis (Triana) B.M. Boom
Genipa americana
L.
Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnston
Macrocnemum roseum Wedd.
Manettia cordifolia Mart.
Mitracarpum hirtum DC
Loretoa peruviana Standl.
Palicourea conferta (Benth.) Sandwith
Pentagonia parvifolia Steyerm.
Pogonopus speciosus K. Schum.
Psychotria sp. 1
Psychotria sp. 2
Psychotria sp. 3 (19462, 19318, 19327)
Psychotria deflexaDC.
Psychotria officinalis Raeusch.
Psychotria platypoda DC.
Psychotria remota Benth.
Randia armata DC.
Richardia scabra L.
Relbunium hypocarpium Hemsl.
Rudgea sp. 1
Rudgea cornifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Roem. & Schult. ) Standley
Sickingia tinctoreaK. Schum.
Uncaria guianensis J.F. Gmel.
Uncaria tomentosa DC. (18291)
Warszewiczia coccinea Kl.
Warszewiczia cordata Spruce ex k.
Schum.
77
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
RUTACEAE
Amyris macrocarpa
Angostura sp. 1
Dictyoloma peruviana Planch.
Erythrochiton brasiliensis Nees & Mart.
Raputia sp. 1
Zanthoxylum sp. 1
Zanthoxylum sp. 2 (12751)
Zanthoxylum culantrilo HBK.
Zanthoxylum ekmanii kellermanii (Urb.)
Alain
Zanthoxylum huberi
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (19297, 19386)
Zanthoxylum sprucei
SALICACEAE
Salix humboldtiana Willd.
SAPINDACEAE
Allophylus sp. 1
Allophylus pilosus (Macbride) A.H. Gentry
Allophylus scrobiculatus
Cupania cinerea
Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk.
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.
Paullinia bracteosa Radlk.
Paullinia aff. carpopoda Cambess.
Paullinia sp. 1
Paullinia sp. 2
Paullinia frutescens
Paullinia obovata Pers.
Paullinia setosa Radlk.
Sapindus saponaria L.
Serjania sp. 1
Talisia sp. 1 (19324)
Talisia cerasina
Toulicia reticulata Radlk. (19389)
SAPOTACEAE
Chrysophyllum venezuelanense (19407)
Ecclinusa guyanensis
Manilkara bidentata (A.D.C) A. Cheval.
Michopholis guyanensis Pierre (18099)
Pouteria bilocularis
Pouteria caimito Radlk.
Pouteria ephedrantha
Pouteria procera
Pouteria reticulata
78
Appendix 1. Flora of the upper and Lower Urubamba region of southeastern Per. The area covered is approximately 200 km 2 (Cont.).
Melochia mollis Tr. & Planch.
Melochia villosa Fawc. & Rend
Pterygota amazonica L.O. Wms. (12695)
Sterculia sp. 1
Sterculia apetala Karst.
Theobroma sp. 1
Theobroma cacao L.
STYRACACEAE
Styrax tessmannii Perkins
TEOPHRASTACEAE
Clavija sp. 1 (19189)
Clavija tarapotana Mez (10196)
TILIACEAE
Apeiba sp. 1
Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Benth
Apeiba tibourbou Aubl.
Heliocarpus americanus L.
Luehea divaricataMart.
Luehea paniculata Mart.
Luehea speciosa Willd.
Lueheopsis sp. 1
Tilia sp. 1
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.
TRIGONIACEAE
Trigonia sp. 1 (12879)
TROPAFOLACEAE
Tropaeolum sp. 1 (18981)
TURNERACEAE
Turnera weddelliana Urb. & Rolfe
ULMACEAE
Ampelocera sp.
Ampelocera eduntula
Celtis iguanea
Trema micrantha Blume
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria sp. 1 (12914)
Myriocarpa stipitata Benth.
Urera sp. 1
Urera sp. 2
Urera baccifera Gaudich.
Urera caracasana Griseb.
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
79
80
Floristic
Composition,
Structure,
and Diversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Alfonso Alonso, Francisco
Dallmeier, Shahroukh Mistry,
Christopher Ros, and James
Comiskey
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program, (SI/MAB)
Percy Nez
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Jos Santisteban
Departamento de Entomologa,
Universidad de Trujillo
Gorky Valencia
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Severo Balden and
Hamilton Beltrn
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
81
Figure 1. Diagram showing the location of the biodiversity monitoring test plots, well sites, and local
settlements in the Lower Urubamba region.
One of the largest areas of
species richness in the tropics is the
Amazon region of South America.
Studies at Manu National Park in
Per have shown this area to be one
of the worlds highest in biological
diversity (Wilson and Sandoval
1996). More than 1147 species of
vascular plants have been recorded
from this region so far. The diversity of the vegetation provides a
rich environment for high faunal
diversity as well. This paper describes the results of a floristic
assessment at gas well sites and the
immediate vicinity in the Lower
Urubamba region, Cusco, Per. This
area exhibits a mixture of both
82
Methods
The
vegetation
at San
Martin-3 is
characterized
by an
upland
tropical
forests
mixed with
bamboo
(Guadua
sarcocarpa).
83
We have
found that
efficient
data management is
key to a
successful,
long-term
forest
biodiversity
monitoring
program.
84
guides and other scientific publications. BioMon allows the production of complete field reports at
each 1-ha plot as soon as data entry
and verification is completed. The
reports provide feedback to make
on-the-spot decisions as to whether
additional information from the
field is needed. They also provide
immediate information on tree
species composition, structure, and
diversity.
Results and
Discussion
85
250
3000
200
150
100
50
40
3500
# of Individuals
# of Species
300
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
P lot 1
(S M -3)
P lot 2
(S M -3)
S ite
P lot 3
(CA-2)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Plo t 1
(SM -3)
Plo t 2
(SM -3)
S ite
Plo t 3
(C A-2 )
Plo t 1
(SM -3)
Plo t 2
(SM -3)
Plo t 3
(C A-2 )
S ite
Figure 2 (left). Number of woody plants at each of the three plots (SM-3 = San Martin-3 and
CA-2 = Cashiriari-2). Figure 3 (center). Number of individual woody plants at the three sites.
The bars for Plots 1 and 2 show the number of individuals with and without the bamboo species
included. Plot 3 had no bamboo. Figure 4 (right). The total basal area of the three plots.
peruviana and Calatola venezuelana
are quite common.
The total number of species at
the three plots was surprisingly
different. Plots #1 and #3 have
similar number of species (258 and
271, respectively) while plot #2 had
a much lower count224 species
(Fig. 2). The total number of individuals at these sites was also
markedly different. If the number
of Guadua are included, then plots
#1 and #2 had 2975 and 2585
plants, respectively; plot #3 had
1522. When Guadua is not included
in the analysis, plot #1 has 1650
individuals, and plot #2 has 1260
(Fig. 3). In other words, Guadua
accounted for 45% of the individuals in plot #1 and 58% in plot #2.
This dominance by Guadua, especially in plot #2, may account for
the low number of other species
and their low densities at this site.
The influence of Guadua is also
seen in the total basal area measurements for the three plots. Plots #1
and #2, with high numbers of
Guadua stems, have low basal areas
whereas plot #3 has a much higher
value (Fig. 4). The bamboo apparently affects not only the number of
86
Inga sp1
17
Neea sp1
17
Sorocea piliata
17
Plot 1 (SM-3)
Cyathea sp1
18
Protium puncticulum
18
24
Pseudomelia laevis
26
Guarea kunthiana2
30
Lunania parvifolia
Guapira sp1
34
35
Sorocea steinbackii
36
Pentagonia parvifolia
39
Guarea kunthiana
Nectandra longifolia
47
73
Rinorea viridifolia
92
Matisia cordata
96
Iriartea deltoidea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
# of Individuals
Figure 5. Species in Plot 1 comprising more than 1% of the total number of plants in the plot.
Note that bamboo individuals (1325 of 2975) have been excluded.
Cyathea sp1
Heisteria acuminata
Guapira sp1
Lonchocarpus sp1
Lonchocarpus spiciflorus
Perebea guianensis
Neea sp1
Otoba parviflolia
Sorocea steinbackii
Lunania parvifolia
Guarea kunthiana
Iriartea deltoidea
Matisia cordata
13
P lo t 2 (S M -3 )
13
14
15
16
16
21
22
31
31
36
69
87
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
# of Individuals
Figure 6. Species in Plot 2 comprising more than 1% of the total number of plants in the plot.
Note that bamboo individuals (1512 of 2585) have been excluded.
87
15
15
16
16
18
18
19
21
22
Inga sp1
Quararibea witii
Bauhinia tarapotensis
Sapium marmieri
Hasseltia floribunda
Otoba parvifoli
Cyathea sp2
Eugenia sp1
Lunania parvifolia
Guarea macrophylla
Guarea kunthia na
Lonchocarpus spiciflorus
Matisia cordata
Rionorea viridifolia
Chrysochlamys membranacea
Pentagonia parvifolia
Rinorea guianensis
Trichillia poeppigii
Iriartea deltoidea
Calatola venezuelana
Grias peruviana
Plot 3 (CA-2)
28
30
31
38
39
46
48
48
50
65
66
77
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
# of Individuals
Figure 7. Species in Plot 3 comprising more than 1% of the total number of plants in the plot.
0.2 m to 0.5 m. Nearly all of the
large species in plot #2 were in the
same range, but in plot #3, most of
the large species ranged from 0.4 m
to 1.0 m in dbh while Ficus mathewsii
reached 1.25 m dbh.
It is apparent that many of the
differences recorded at the three
plots reflect the presence of
Guadua. The plot with the most
Guadua, plot #2, also contained the
least number of tree species, the
least number of individuals, the
smallest total basal area, and the
smallest average dbh. The plot with
no Guadua (plot #3) had the highest
number of species, the most basal
area, and many tree species with
large dbh. The presence of Guadua,
either physically or via its competitive edge during the dry season, is
certainly felt in the area of study. It
is particularly well adapted to steep
slopes and ridges and ephemeral
water supply. The lack of such
harsh topography at Cashiriari-2 is
88
89
References
90
Long-term
Vegetation
Monitoring
Plan
Francisco Dallmeier,
Shahroukh Mistry, and
James Comiskey
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
Introduction
91
Long-term
forest inventories can
provide
managers
with important information
needed to
establish
conservation
priorities
and serve as
the base of
future work.
92
Monitoring Program
Objectives
Continue obtaining vegetation baseline information at
the well sites, the proposed
pipeline route, and the general Block #75.
This process will continue the
assessment and surveys already
initiated. It allows for quick identification of different forest sites,
species diversity estimations, and
characteristics of the vegetation.
The amount of data will increase
through the incorporation of more
sites and the sampling of data on
species dynamics.
Monitoring Program
Components
Training and education
Training provides assurance of
reliability of the information produced. During the first part of the
monitoring phase of the project,
staff will be trained and educated in
all aspects of vegetation monitoring: measuring vegetation, identification, processing and curation of
specimens, establishment of multiscale vegetation plots and larger SI/
MAB biodiversity monitoring plots,
training of para-taxonomists for
plant identification, data entry and
management through the BioMon
software program, and data analysis
and interpretation. Training will be
conducted in Per and at appropriate international locations such the
Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC and other counterpart
organizations. Education of local
staff will require travel by specialists to conduct in-country training.
Compilation of baseline vegetation information for well
sites, pipeline area, and general area of influence of the
project.
This component will be accomplished through the following steps:
field sampling program, specimen
processing, specimen identification,
data analysis and interpretation,
report preparation, and publication
of reports. The approaches are a
combination of tested methodologies that provide information on
vegetation community richness,
composition, structure and dynamics of species assemblages in representative habitats of the area. The
combined approaches will provide
quantitative (species richness) and
qualitative (basal area, frequency,
density, dominance) information
93
The
methods
outlined
here are
part of
the methodology
developed
and used
by
SI/MAB
researchers at
biodiversity
plots
throughout the
world
Monitoring Program
for Well Sites,
Pipeline, and
Area of Influence
In the same manner as the
assessment, the monitoring activities also require a sampling program, specimen processing, specimen identification, data analysis
and interpretation, and the preparation of publication and reports.
Based on the information gathered
during the vegetation assessment
phase, the monitoring program will
be designed and established. Additional studies will also be conducted on seed dispersal and regeneration processes in areas affected
by the well sites and the pipeline.
Vegetation
Monitoring Strategy
The methods outlined here are
part of the methodology developed
and used by SI/MAB researchers at
biodiversity plots throughout the
world (Dallmeier et al. in prep.).
Abiotic Sampling:
Gathering Baseline Data
Initially, considerable energy
will be invested in obtaining
baseline information at the plots
and in measuring and monitoring a
few environmental parameters.
These data can help identify and
describe the site more thoroughly,
and they will provide greater understanding of the effects of abiotic
factors such as rainfall and soil
conditions on vegetation and other
taxa.
Climate data. It is necessary
that as much climate data as possible be gathered. The relationships
94
95
Climbing
equipment
and other
tools will be
required to
access the
canopy
branches
of plants
and gather
leaf and
flower/fruit
samples.
96
These plots
provide an
ideal site
for the
study of
other taxa
such as
insects,
birds, and
mammals.
97
Development of users
guides for monitoring plots.
Users guides contain basic biological information about permanent
plots at long-term research sites.
The purpose is to assist in conducting more effective research and
training. Each users guide is accompanied by a complementary
field guide containing a condensed
version of information from the
users guide for use in the field.
Together, these documents make
available to researchers all the basic
information gathered in the plots.
They are designed for loose-leaf
binders to accommodate continuous
updating as more information
becomes available.
A consistent format is followed
in producing the users guides. The
first section provides a detailed
explanation of the site ecology and
gives a brief overview of the areas
climate, topography, soils, vegetation, fauna and history. The second
section details the methodology for
establishing a permanent plot,
presented in a readily understandable manner for researchers planning to use the same methodology
in other areas. Section three consists of the specific information
gathered at the plot, providing a
foundation for comparative analysis
of the plots vegetation. The users
guides include a complete set of
maps for each quadrat in the plot,
along with data sheets and a full
size map of the plot. Whenever
possible, the guides also include a
mini-herbarium of tree specimens, designed to help in
identification.
References
99
100
Arthropods:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Jos Santisteban
Departamento de Entomologa,
Universidad Nacional de la
Libertad (Trujillo)
Gorky Valencia
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
Introduction
101
Temporal
changes in
arthropod
activity
occur daily,
as different
species are
active during the day
and night.
102
103
Sweeping
General Winklers Pitfalls /Beating Light Baits Malaise Total
56
2
151
10
36
121
46
2
72
Araneae
19
Scorpionida
1
Amblypigi
2
Opilionida
3
Acarina
3
Pseudoscorpionida
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Crustacea
8
Mollusca
Total
2443
208
63
1
15
10
6
25
408
609
11
1569
18
277
9
397
80
10
113
201
176
8
33
42
27
31
17
58
2
16
1
945
1118
2541
1
5
23
140
50
295
4
5
1
12
23
797
4
25 75
*2500 2790
650
*4000 957
295
147
1
2
4
36
1
18
77
10
26
1
1
1
1
197
2025
16
20
2175
11444
Methods
Arthropod sampling and preparation were made following standard methods for this group
(Oldroyd 1970, Martin 1977). The
strata selected for sampling were
the forest floor and leaf-litter layer
immediately above it, the understory layer, and the first layer of
vegetation. Special habitats were
also surveyed, including fallen logs
and fungi. The sampling techniques
selected were primarily passive; i.e.,
traps or devices that capture
arthropods without intervention by
the operator except for setting up
and servicing the trap. This was
necessary to make the sampling
effort repeatable for comparisons
among sites. This standardized
methodology should be the basis for
an arthropod sampling protocol
under development. Standardization
here refers to a set of criteria for
placing the traps or choosing the
right substrate, as well as using
devices of the same dimensions or
characteristics. The objective is to
minimize the sampling bias associated with more active, albeit less
repeatable, sampling activities.
Every collector has inherent subjective traits that will influence the
outcome of sampling and will make
comparison among samples by a
second collector less likely. Techniques are selected so that overlap
among samples is minimized for
maximum efficiency (Table 1).
Arthropods on the Forest
Floor and in Leaf Litter
Separation of small arthropods
found on the forest floor and in leaf
litter from the substrate is very time
consuming and inefficient if done
by hand. For these faunal elements,
two techniques were used: pitfall
traps and Winkler separators. Pitfall
traps consists of small, open containers buried in the forest floor up
to their openings. The mouth of the
trap should be level with the forest
floor, and the container should have
a killing and preserving solution.
Traps should be protected from
rainfall. Chance encounters of
moving arthropods on the forest
floor with these devices will result
in some of them falling onto the
trap. The containers used were
simple plastic cups of approximately 10 fluid ounces in capacity;
mouth diameter was 8 cm; the
preserving solution used was 70%
ethanol. A total of 40 such traps
were used at each of the 2 well
sites (San Martin-3 and Cashiriari2). Distance between traps was
about 10 m. Traps were left for 48
hours before servicing.
Sifter and Winkler separators
help remove the specimens from the
forest litter. They rely on the creation of an artificial environmental
gradient, usually moisture, against
which the arthropods will move. An
area of 1 m 2 is considered standard
for studies of soil arthropod communities. All litter and material is
Separation
of small
arthropods
found on
the forest
floor and in
leaf litter
from the
substrate is
very time
consuming
and inefficient if
done by
hand.
105
Sweeping
net and
beating
sheet
techniques
were used
to sample
understory
arthropods.
For flying
insects,
malaise,
butterfly,
and pan
traps were
used.
106
Arthropods Attracted to
Specific Substances: Baits
Many forest arthropods are
specialized to particular resources
and can thus be ecologically characterized. Among these are groups
that feed on dead animal bodies
(carrion feeders), mammal waste
materials (dung specialists), and
decaying or fermenting fruit (fermenting fruit specialists). Such
species can be sampled by setting
traps with the appropriate attractants. In this report, authors present
more detailed descriptions of these
traps and the results they produced.
Arthropods in
Specialized Habitats
Arthropods may be found in
specialized habitats such as fallen
logs in various stages of decomposition on the forest floor, fungi,
bromeliads, etc. At San Martin-3,
the bamboo internodes are hollow
and filled with water. When an
opening is made on the internode
wall by the activity of monkeys or
birds, the internode filled with
water provides suitable habitat for a
number of aquatic arthropods or
arthropods whose immature stages
require contained water for development. In most cases of specialized habitats, standardization is less
obvious; therefore it is very important to record particularities of the
sampling unit and the materials
used to extract the arthropods to
make comparisons possible. In case
of fallen logs, the type of wood and
its size and stage of succession as
well as factors such as humidity
and shade will influence the fauna
to be found.
General Sampling
Here, we refer to sampling that
is not considered part of the stan-
107
108
Preliminary Identification
and Deposit of Voucher
Material
Preliminary sorting and determination of sampled specimens was
attempted in the field. Sorting of
sampled material is a very timeconsuming and labor-intensive
activity when dealing with forest
arthropod samples. Completed in
the setting of a fully equipped
laboratory, this initial sorting to
ordinal level will make it possible to
target selected taxa for further
processing and study, while at the
same time yielding a gross estimate
of the arthropod biodiversity in the
study area. Voucher material will be
deposited in the collection at the
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos, Lima, Per and at the
National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington DC, USA.
Assessment of Arthropods:
Major Groups
The preliminary results of the
different sampling techniques are
presented in Table 1. The table
presents cumulative totals for each
References
109
Appendix 1. Database system developed for data recording and information retrieval for the arthropod specimens sampled in the Lower Urubamba
region.
Introduction
Site-intensive arthropod sampling at a tropical forest location
will produce large amounts of
material and associated data. Any
sampling program of arthropods
will entail a number of steps as
follows:
1. sample collection and specimen sorting,
2. preliminary determination
and further specimen sorting (species level) and preparation,
3. establishment of reference
collection for study site arthropods,
and
4. shipment of selected representative taxa for specialist identification and incorporation into
system.
Data management for each one
of these steps is based on a simple
yet powerful system. System design
should be continuous for all or most
of the steps in the process, transference of data should be very simple,
and repetition should be avoided.
This can be readily achieved with
present day technology and an
adequate design.
The following system has been
used and is still under development
for sampling arthropods (inventory
level) at the well sites in the Lower
Urubamba region. This brief presentation refers only to the first two
steps in the process. Please note
that the system involves entering
data into computers in the field.
Given the nature of magnetic media
and the weather hazards of various
study locations, extreme caution
should be taken to adequately
safeguard original data and back-up
copies. This system is intended to
111
113
114
Diurnal
Butterflies
(Lepidoptera:
Rhopalocera):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
Gorky Valencia
Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Introduction
115
After the
larval
feeding
and
growing
stage, the
butterfly
begins
metamorphosis to
produce
an adult
winged
butterfly.
116
chemical composition of the secondary compounds that plants produce to reduce herbivore attack.
Thus, caterpillar studies have
enriched our understanding of
animal/plant interactions, symbiotic
association, and the ecology and
behavior of parasitoids and predators (DeVries 1987, 1997).
After the larval feeding and
growing stage, the butterfly begins
metamorphosis to produce an adult
winged butterfly. When the caterpillar completes its feeding, it usually
leaves the host plant and wanders
to find a spot to form a pupa or
chrysalis. The pupa is immobile to
facilitate the intense physiological
change that the butterfly is experiencing. Upon emergence from the
pupa, the sexually mature stage of
the butterfly starts, in which the
insect is capable of flight, mating,
and reproduction, while it can not
develop further growth. As with all
insects, the body of an adult butterfly is composed of a head, thorax,
and abdomen. The wings are attached to the thorax; the antennae
and feeding parts are attached to
the head. Butterflies use their wings
to fly, but also to gain energy
(Opler and Malikul 1992).
Butterflies are highly dependent
on the microclimatic conditions of
the habitat where they live. As with
most insects, butterflies are coldblooded; they do not have an
internal mechanism to produce
energy to maintain their body
temperature at a constant level. To
fly and perform other daily activities such as nectar-feeding, egglaying, and mating, butterflies must
warm up their bodies to a certain
level. This can be easily accomplished by basking in the sun.
Thus, on sunny days many more
species of butterflies are active and
Methods
Baited Traps
These traps consist of a cylindrical net (0.90 m height, 0.20 m
diameter) placed above a platform
containing a bait. Most aerial
arthropods have the tendency to fly
upward after feeding or when they
are startled, except in a few instances when the insects drop to the
ground. Thus, traps are designed to
allow the butterfly to access the
bait, but then capture it as it flies
up after feeding. Baits usually
attract particular groups of butterflies, mostly within the
Nymphalinae and Satyrinae subfamilies. In the Lower Urubamba,
we set baits consisting of rotting
fruit (fermented papaya, banana,
pineapple) and rotten fish. We
placed six traps in the forest and
along trails. The traps were most
effective during the first two days.
After that, their effectiveness
decreased. The chemical composition of several plants can also serve
to attract butterflies. Most butterflies require specific chemical
compounds during their life cycle,
especially for reproductive activities
such as gonad and spermatophore
development. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid
(PA) producing plants such as
Heliotropium indicum (Boraginaceae)
have been used to attract
Ithomiinae butterflies (Medina et al.
1996, Robbins et al. 1996). PAs are
used for sexual courtship and
chemical defense.
The most
effective
ways to
study
butterflies
are to
observe
them in
their
natural
habitats,
sample
them, take
photographs of
them, and
visit them
in
museum
collections.
117
Papilronidae
Pieridae 3%
Lycaenidae 5%
1%
Hesperidae
6%
Heliconiidae
28%
Riodanindae
9%
Ithominae
12%
Panainae
1%
Satyrinae Brassolinae
Charaxinae
Morphinae
10%
3%
3%
2% Apaturinae
1%
Nymphalinae
16%
Results and
Discussion
Papilronidae
2% Hesperidae
Pieridae
5%
Lycaenidae 3%
2%
Riodanindae
13%
Heliconiidae
5%
We
sampled
a total
of 176
morphospecies of
diurnal
butterflies.
Nymphalinae
14%
Charaxinae
5%
Apaturinae
1%
Morphinae
2%
Brassolinae
3%
Ithominae
17%
Panainae
1%
Satyrinae
27%
119
We
sampled
more than
15% of
the
butterfly
species
expected
to be
found in
the area.
120
References
121
122
3
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
8
1
3
1
3
2
1
1
Cashiriari - 2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Month
April-June
May
February
April-June
April-May
April
May
Feb-March
March
April
April
April
June
May-June
May
April
June
June
March-April
February
April-May
May
June
March
May
May
February
April-May
June
March
Feb-April
March
May
April-May
March-May
May
February
April-June
2
1
2
2
5
2
1
Cashiriari - 2
1
1
Month
May
May
June
June
April-May
June
April
April-June
April
May-June
1
1
1
1
6
February
April
April
April
March-May
2
1
1
April
April
April
April
Feb-March
Feb-March
March
April-May
April
April-May
April
April-May
April-May
April-May
May
April-May
April-May
April-June
April-May
June
June
June
April-May
April-May
April
Feb-May
April-May
April
2
2
1
2
6
5
2
3
3
3
1
2
4
9
4
1
25
3
3
16
4
2
3
1
2
123
124
3
16
4
2
1
4
2
1
3
1
1
1
12
9
5
1
1
1
2
8
9
1
1
1
Cashiriari - 2
Month
April
Feb-May
April-May
April
April
April-May
April-May
April
April-May
April
April-May
March
February
April-May
April-May
June
Feb-March
March
March
March
April-May
April-May
April-May
May
April
March
1
1
April-May
February
May
June
June
April
April-May
April
June
June
April
February
April
June
April
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Cashiriari - 2
1
5
1
1
1
21
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
21
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
Month
February
April
April-May
April
May
April-June
April-May
April
April
Feb-March
June
February
April-June
April
February
April
February
February
February
April
May
April
May
April-May
April-May
April-May
April
April
May
May
April-May
April
May
June
May
April
April
June
May
April
June
125
126
1
2
1
Cashiriari - 2
1
1
1
1
1
May
June
June
April
February
May
April
April
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Month
March
February
June
May
April
June
June
May
Nocturnal
Butterflies
(Lepidoptera:
Heterocera:
Ctenuchinae):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Juan Grados
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
127
Methods
It is
estimated
that 150
species of
Ctenuchinae
can be
found in
this area,
especially
if sampling
is done
year round
in both wet
and dry
seasons.
128
Results and
Discussion
References
129
130
Ants
(Hymenoptera:
Formicidae):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Leeanne Alonso
Conservation International,
Washington, DC
Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
Introduction
131
Ants are
important
ecologically
because
they
function at
many levels
in an
ecosystem
as predators,
prey, and
detritivores.
Ants also
have diverse
associations
with plants;
they are seed
dispersers,
protectors,
and
herbivores.
132
Methods
The
richness
and
abundance
of grounddwelling
ants was
investigated in
the forest
near the
San
Martin-3
camp from
March
8-18, 1997.
Pitfall Traps
At the same corner of each 1m2 quadrat, a pitfall trap was set by
digging a small hole and then
placing a 10-oz plastic drinking cup
into the hole. Soil and leaf litter
were replaced around the cup so
that its top was even with the soil
surface. Approximately 3 cm of
alcohol were poured into each cup
as a preservative. A large leaf was
laid over the cup to prevent rain
133
27cm
Figure 1. Diagram of the Winkler sack used for extracting ants from leaf litter.
from entering. Pitfall traps sample
active ants and other arthropods as
they move along the soil and litter
surface and then fall, unaware, into
the cup. The pitfall traps were left
out in the field for 48 hours, then
sampled. Any arthropods in the
cups were removed and preserved
in vials of alcohol.
Data Analysis and
Species Identification
Analyses of species diversity
are difficult for social insects such
as ants because the number of
individuals sampled does not
necessarily reflect the abundance of
species, which is needed for diversity indices. This occurs because
some ant species with large colony
sizes may recruit many workers to a
bait or send a lot of workers out
foraging, while other ant species
forage solitarily. For ants and other
social insects, abundance is best
134
Results and
Discussion
Intensive Sampling
of
Ant Nests
Species richness. Nests of 55
ant species were sampled from the
30 1-m 2 quadrat using the intensive
sampling method. Of the six ant
subfamilies that occur in South
America, four were represented by
these 55 species (Appendix 1). Not
surprisingly, this method of sampling leaf-litter and soil-nesting ants
did not sample members of the
subfamily Ecitoninae, the nomadic
army ants, or the subfamily
Pseudomymecine, which are almost
exclusively arboreal nesters. The
subfamily Myrmecine was represented by the most species (36), the
Ponerinae by 11 species, the
Formicinae by seven species, and
the subfamily Dolichoderinae by
only one species (Appendix 1).
These results reflect the general
pattern of diversity within ant
subfamilies in the New World, with
Myrmicinae the most speciose
subfamily overall (Bolton 1996).
30
# of Species
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
10
# of Plot
135
8
7
# of Plots
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
10
11
# of Ant Species
The tree
canopies
of tropical
forests
contain a
high diversity of ant
species not
found on
the forest
floor.
60
# of Plots
50
40
30
20
10
# of species
singletons
0
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
137
References
138
Species
Quadrat
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
4
2
3
4
1
2
5
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
3
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
10
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
139
Species
Solenopsis
Solenopsis
Solenopsis
Solenopsis
Solenopsis
Wasmannia
Subfamily Dolichoderinae
Dolichoderus
Subfamily Formicinae
Brachmyrmex
Paratrechina
Paratrechina
Paratrechina
Paratrechina
Paratrechina
Paratrechina
140
Quadrat
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
2
4
1
3
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
5
1
1
3
2
1
Introduction
141
Methods
Results and
Discussion
The most
diverse
groups are
within the
superfamilies
Vespoidea
and
Apoidea.
We found a
new supra
generic
taxa for the
entomofauna of
Perthe
Sclerogibbidae
and Scolebithydae.
143
Genetic
studies of
these
bees can
give us an
idea of
the
effects
that the
chemicals
may have
on this
group.
General Observations
about the Wasps and Bees
of San Martin-3
Family Vespideae. Polybia sp. 1.
I observed two individuals of this
species. One flew into the ceiling of
our tent and landed on hundreds of
dead ant queens that perished the
night before. It is probable that it
selected some of the fresher specimens as prey, caught them by their
mandibles, and flew away with
them. The other was observed
hunting a light green adult
Trichoptera similar to a moth.
These two specimens were sampled
for future identification.
Family Pompilidae. Priochilus
sp. 2. A female wasp was captured
while hunting a wolf spider
(Lycosidae) that was carrying an egg
mass of the Aculeata. It has been
suggested that individuals in this
genus make their nests on cavities
of plants or inside the bark of trees
and use leaves of plants to build
nests.
Family Apidae. Trigona sp. 1.
Several specimens were observed
during my one-day visit to the
Cashiriari-2 well site. They were
taking minerals from a tube used to
dispose materials. I was told that
these bees have seen near the the
drilling site.
Other Bees and Wasps
Expected to Live
at San Martin-3.
Several genera of wasps and
bees that can be expected in the
area are within Chrysidoidea. The
Chrysididae could have more genera
within the Amiseginae and the
Chrysidinae. It is also probable that
144
References
145
Family
TENTHREDINOIDEA
Pergidae
Tenthredinidae
PROCTOTRUPOIDEA
Proctotrupidae
Diapriidae
Platigasteridae
Evaniidae
Cynipidae
Ceraphronidae
Encyrtidae
Agaonidae
Chrysididae
Subfamily Amiseginae
CYNIPOIDEA
CERAPHRONOIDEA
CHALCIDOIDEA
CHRYSIDOIDEA
Bethylidae
Subfamily Epyrinae
Sclerogibbidae
VESPOIDEA
Scolebythidae
Tiphiidae
Subfamily Methocinae
Mutillidae
Subfamily
Sphaerofthalminae
Pompilidae
Subfamily Pepsinae
Subfamily Pompilinae
Vespidae
Subfamily Polistinae
146
Species
Pergidae sp. 1
Tenthredinidae sp. 1
Tenthredinidae sp. 2
Amiseginae sp. 1
Amiseginae sp. 2
Epyrinae sp. 1
Sclerogibbidae sp. 1
Sclerogibbidae sp. 2
Sclerogibbidae sp. 3?
Scolebythidae sp. 1
Methocinae sp. 1
Sphaerofthalminae sp. 1
Sphaerofthalminae sp. 2
cf Auplopus
Pepsinae sp. 1
Pepsis sp. 1
cf Aporus
Anoplius sp. 1
Priochilus sp. 1
Priochilus sp. 2
Polybia
Polybia
Polybia
Polybia
Polybia
sp. 1
sp. 2
sp. 3
sp. 4
sp. 5
APOIDEA
SPHECIFORMES
APIFORMES
Family
Formicidae
Species
Polybia sp. 6
Polybia sp. 7
Polybia jurinei Saussure 1853
Polistes sp. 1
Agelaia testacea Fabricius 1804
Brachygastra sp. 1
Apoica pallida Olivier 1791
Apoica pallens Fabricius 1805
Pemphredonidae
Subfamily Pemphredoninae Incastigmus sp. 1
Crabronidae
Subfamily Larrinae
Larra sp. 1
Trypoxylon sp. 1
Trypoxylon sp. 2
Trypoxylon sp. 3
Pisoxylon sp. 1
cf Nitela sp. 1
Subfamily Crabroninae
Enoplolindenius sp. 1
Enoplolindenius sp. 1
Quexua sp. 1
Halictidae
Apidae
Subfamily Anthophorinae
Subfamily Meliponinae
Halictidae sp. 1
Halictidae sp. 2
Halictidae sp. 3
Xylocopa sp. 1
Trigona sp. 1
Trigona sp. 2
Melipona sp. 1
Apidae sp. 1
Apidae sp. 2
Apidae sp. 3
Apidae sp. 4
Euglossa sp. 1
Euglossa sp. 2
Apis mellifera Linnaeus 1758
147
148
Dragonflies and
Damselflies
(Odonata:
Anisoptera and
Zygoptera):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Jerry A. Louton
National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution
Introduction
149
Methods
150
Results
Conclusions
References Cited
151
152
B C D E F G H I
0 0
0 1
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
2 0
16 0
0
0
0 6
0 20
5 0
0 5
20 0
0 25
1
0
0
0
0
0
16 0
4 0
0 0
2
1
0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0
0
0
3 22
0 5
1 2
11 0
0 0
0 11
0
0
0
0
0
8
1
13
6
4
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 7
0
0
8
2
18
2
0
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
22
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
47
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
10
1
17
6
6
2
1
8
2
157
Max temp Min temp Sun (hrs.) Rain (hrs.) Time of rain
27.8
36.7
38.3
30.6
28.3
20.6
22.2
21.1
21.7
20
29.4
26.7
28.3
34.4
34.4
27.2
32.2
27.8
31.1
30.1
20
20.6
23.3
20.6
22.2
20.6
20
20.6
20.6
21.0
0
4
3
1
0
0
3
0.5
4
8
8
0
4
0.2
3
2.6
12
10
9
6
4
14
0
6
8
0
4
10
11
13
0
7.1
AM, PM
N, AM
N, AM
PM
N
N, AM
PM
N
N
N, AM, PM
N, AM, PM
N, AM, PM
153
154
Spiders
(Arthropoda:
Arachnida):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Saida Cordova and
Janine Duarez
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
155
Methods
For most
species of
spiders,
both sexes
are needed
for appropriate
classification to the
species
level.
156
Results and
Discussion
A total of 69 morphospecies
were identified from our samples.
Eighteen families and 59
morphospecies were found within
the Order Araneae. One family of
the infraorder Mygalomorpha was
represented by two species. Within
the Order Opiliones, six
morphospecies were found of two
infraorders. One morphospecies was
found on each of the Scorpions,
Pseudoscorpion, and Amblypigi
orders (Appendix 1).
Within the Order Aranea, the
Family Araneidae was represented
by 13 morphospecies. This family is
well represented in tropical areas;
its species can be found in a wide
variety of microhabitats. We
sampled seven adult individuals of
four morphospecies of Parawixia
spp., all sampled by beating the
vegetation. Parawixia spp. was
represented by nine described
species for Per (Levi 1992). Eight
morphospecies were recognized
within the Family Salticidae.
References Cited
157
158
Appendix 1. Spiders of the Lower Urubamba region (morphospecies recognized for each family are listed in the column).
Orden Araneae
Family Araneidae
Family Salticidae
Family Lycosidae
Family Ctenidae
Family Theridiidae
Family Corinnidae
Family Deinopidae
Family Scytodidae
Family Pisauridae
Family Oonopidae
Family Linyphidae
Family Anyphaenidae
Family Clubionidae
Family Heteropodidae
Family Pholcidae
Family Selenopidae
Family Tetragnathidae
Family Thomisidae
Genera
Morphospecies
INFRAORDEN
MYGALOMORPHA
Family Theraphosidae
Avicularia Lamarck 1818
Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901
ORDEN OPILIONES
SUBORDEN LANIATORES
Family Cranaidae
Family Gonyleptidae
SUBORDEN PALPATORES
13
4
8
3
7
7
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
ORDEN SCORPIONES
Family Scorpionidae
ORDEN PSEUDOSCORPIONES
ORDEN AMBLYPYGI
159
160
Snails (Mollusca:
Gasteropoda):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Rina Ramrez and
Saida Crdova
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
Methods
161
35
# of Species
30
25
20
15
10
Alive
5
All
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Results and
Discussion
2.5
The
terrestrial
mollusks
from San
Martin-3
were
classified
in 34
species
33 snails
(mollusks
with shell)
and one
veronicellid
(pseudobabosa)
with no
shell.
Abundance (Log
10 )
1.5
0.5
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
Species Rank
Figure 2. Species rank based on abundance of species of terrestrial mollusks at San Martin-3. The variation in species abundance is very high,
from species that are very abundant to four species that were found only
once. More than half (19) of the species were represented by fewer than
10 individuals.
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
163
Most of
the species
of
mollusks
sampled at
San
Martin-3
represent
new
species to
science.
164
References
165
Habitat
Rank
small
minute
small
3
3
3
7
26
5
large
30
small
small
medium
medium
large
3
2
2
2
1
10
20
14
*
27
minute
minute
minute
small
minute
minute
minute
minute
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
18
29
15
28
24
25
*
medium
23
giant
12
minute
minute
small
minute
medium
minute
medium
minute
small
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
16
22
8
*
6
21
13
9
2
Shell Size
Shell Size
Habitat
Rank
small
minute
minute
19
large
large
17
167
168
Beetles
(Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae):
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Gorky Valencia
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Alfonso Alonso
Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring
and Assessment of Biodiversity
Program (SI/MAB)
Introduction
169
Beetles
are an
important
component
of the diet
of many
insectivores.
Figure 1. This is a male of
Oxysternon conspicillatum Weber
1801, the most conspicuous beetle
species of the Scarabaeidae of the
Lower Urubamba Region; scale = 1
cm (drawing by G. Valencia).
and Nealis 1975) and has been
connected to disease transmission
because they move eggs of parasites that affect human health to the
soil surface, thus enhancing parasite
transmission to hosts (Miller 1954
in Howden and Nealis 1975).
These beetles are an important
component of the diet of many
insectivores. For example, birds
consumed up to 85.4% of these
animals in the terra firme in central
Amazonia (Bierregard 1990) and
49% in Manu, Madre de Dios, Per
(Karr et al. 1990). Fluctuations in
beetle populations have been
correlated to behavioral changes in
several species of mammals (Janson
and Emmons 1990, Audaga and
Halffter 1991). The Scarabaeidae
are important food items for
quiroptera, strigiforms, procionids,
170
Methods
Figure 2. Perspective and longitudinal views of the traps used in the study. Scale =
5 cm (drawing by G. Valencia).
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
171
Results and
Discussion
We detected 47 morphospecies
distributed in 13 genera in three
subfamilies. The most common
genus was Onthophagus sp. with nine
species, followed by Canthon and
Eurysternus with six species. We
found a larger number (36) of
species at San Martin-3 than at
Cashiriari-2 (23 species). We had,
however, a higher trapping effort at
San Martin-3, where biodiversity
plots #1 and #2 had 19 and 30
species, respectively.
Traps placed in the ground
were more effective that those hung
from vegetation. We captured only
three individuals with the aerial
traps, possibly because of the
natural way in which these beetles
find their food. The most effective
bait was the dead snake. It is a
References
Ground
10
9
Air
8
7
20m
1 2
Base Line
173
174
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
175
176
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
Monitoring
of Arthropod
Fauna in
the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Albert Finnamore
Provincial Museum of Alberta
Introduction
Other
19%
Vertebrates
3%
Plants
14%
Arthropods
64%
177
5%
Visible biota:
vertebrates and vascular plants
95%
Invisible biota:
arthropods, bacteria, algae, fungus, protozoa, etc.
178
The Arthropod
Monitoring Strategy
for the Lower
Urubamba Project
The Camisea natural gas field
in the Lower Urubamba region is
only about 100 km west of the
Manu Biosphere Reserve. Recent
investigations (Wilson and Sandoval
1996) have found Manu to be one
of the richest regions in relation to
biodiversity known on earth. Similar
richness can be expected in the
Lower Urubamba.
For the Lower Urubamba
project, I have recommended that
the arthropod baseline be restricted
to the well sites and consider only
those groups that are taxonomically
feasible. The arthropod baseline for
each site should consist of at least
two biodiversity plots; one situated
in the forest type most likely to be
affected by gas well operations; the
other, a control plot, situated in the
same forest type in a nearby area
unlikely to be affected by gas well
Vegetation
structure,
considered
as multiple-scale
canopies,
provides
the ecosystem framework that
can be
used to
organize
the monitoring
effort for
arthropods.
179
The
information
obtained
from the
species
baselines
should be
used to
develop the
monitoring
program.
180
The Arthropod
Assessment and
Monitoring Program
The arthropod assessment and
monitoring program for the Lower
Urubamba is underway, according
to the basic precepts described
above. The objectives are to:
* acquire arthropod faunal
baselines for at least two
biodiversity plots including one
control plot at each of three gas
well sites to be considered for
biodiversity monitoring;
* monitor in subsequent years
selected components of the arthropod fauna representative of size
classes, dispersal abilities, and
trophic levels in the soil, litter, and
canopy communities existing across
major physical and chemical gradients in the biodiversity
* quantify the rate of
biodiversity change in arthropod
species assemblages that can be
One of the
objectives is
to quantify
the rate of
biodiversity
change in
arthropod
species assemblages
that can be
associated
with natural
gas
extraction.
181
Table 1. Summary of arthropod sampling protocols. (calculation of total samples is for one
gas well site containing two biodiversity plots; n.a. = not applicable)
Protocol
Code Community
sampled
Operating
time
Service
interval
Total
samples
1. BerleseTullgren
Bt, Bb
soil
12 (1)
72
6/year
7 days (2)
432
2. Sifting
Sft
litter
108 (3)
6/year
7 days (2)
216
3. Winkler
ants in litter
48
6/year
2 days (2)
288
4. Pitfall traps
PFT
ground surface 6
60
continuous 5 days
5. Baited
pitfall traps
BPFT
decay
6 (4)
48
6/year
6. Pan traps
PT
surface/pulse
70
continuous 5 days
5,110
pulse, photo +
pulse, photo -
6
6
3
3
continuous 5 days
36 MTs
108 MPTs continuous 5 days
2,628
2,628
7. Malaise traps MT
MPT
Malaise
pan traps
1 week
4,380
288
780
8. Canopy
Malaise traps
CMT
canopy
30
continuous 14 days
9. Fogging
Fog
canopy
n.a.
n.a.
30
nocturnal,
aquatic
vegetation
n.a.
12/year
n.a.
96
12/year
n.a.
360
12. Special
habitats
write
out
anywhere
30 cages
6/year
n.a.
180
13. Spot
collections
anywhere
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
anytime
n.a.
n.a.
PTC
butterflies
n.a.
n.a.
12/year
n.a.
192
15. Kick
sweeps
AKS
benthic aquatic
4 nets
12/year
n.a.
216
(1) Samples from six habitats are divided into top (Bt) and bottom (Bb) core sections for arthropod extraction.
(2) Extraction time.
(3) Uses same extractors as preceding protocol.
(4) Two replicates of each of three baits.
182
To be cost
effective,
arthropod
biodiversity
monitoring
must use a
subset of
species as a
proxy for
total
biodiversity
in an
ecosystem.
Conclusion
Arthropods are the most diverse group of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. Many species are
highly sensitive to ecosystem
changes and can provide valuable
advance warning that change is
occurring. The assessment and
monitoring strategy presented in
this proposal, if implemented, can
be expected to generate information
on most levels of the ecosystems
surrounding the gas well sites in the
Lower Urubamba region. Information will be gathered on the
biodiversity in the soil, litter,
surface, vegetation, and canopy
communities at the sites. An estimated 15,000 species of arthropods
will be used in the biodiversity
183
References
185
Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. 2nd edition. Chapman &
Hall, London.
Spence, J. R., and J. K. Niemel.
1994. Sampling carabid assemblages with pitfall traps: the madness and the method. Canadian
Entomologist 126: 881-894.
Townes, H. 1972. A light-weight
Malaise trap. Entomological News 83:
239-247.
186
187
189
191
192
4. Pitfall Traps
Summary
* applicability: ground level
terrestrial habitats, but especially
under the different vegetation types
found in the biodiversity plots (e.g.,
palms, bamboo, canopy emergent
trees, ferns, herbaceous vegetation,
riparian zone, etc.).
* placement: in ground under
canopy.
* suggested minimum trap
replicates per vegetation type: five.
* total pitfall traps (two
biodiversity plots): 60.
* operating time: continuous.
* service interval maximum:
five days with salt in traps as a
preservative, 24 hours without salt.
* total samples - for one well
site containing two biodiversity
plots with six vegetation types
represented in each plot, minimum
suggested replicates (five), a fiveday service interval, and a one-year
collecting window (73 sample
times): 4,380 samples.
* sample tracking code followed by sample number: PFT001.
The following is adapted and
modified from Scudder (1996).
Pitfall trapping is a good method of
sampling arthropods because of its
simplicity and ease of operation
(Greenslade and Greenslade 1971).
It is an effective and cheap way of
surveying the ground surface-active
arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems,
and allows for comparison of
assemblages in different habitats.
This method of trapping must
be used with discretion (Greenslade
1964). It must be viewed cautiously
if used to provide comparative
estimates of species abundance
across habitats (Greenslade 1964,
193
195
197
199
200
201
203
205
207
208
25 Mycophilous beetles:
Wheeler (Cornell)/ McHugh (Georgia).
26*Staphylinids: Campbell
(Kentucky), Ash (Kansas).
27 Lampyrids & Phangalids:
Bojorquez (Lima).
28 Buprestids (metallic woodboring beetles): Bellamy.
29 Elateriforma (click beetles):
Fuller (Edmonton).
30*Scarabaeids (scarab
beetles): Valencia (Cusco) &
Howden (Ottawa).
31 Passalids: Marshall (Cornell).
32*Chrysomeloidea (incl.
Cerambycids): Santisteban (Per) +
others.
Diptera (flies):
33 Tabanidae (horse and deer
flies: ?
34*Tachinidae: Wood (Ottawa).
35*Phoridae: Brown (Los
Angeles).
36 Phaerocerids: Marshall
(Guelph).
37 Culicidae (mosquitos): ?
38 Syrphidae (flower flies):
Vockeroth (Ottawa).
39 Asilidae (robber flies):
Fisher.
Hymenoptera (sawflies,
wasps, ants & bees):
40 Symphyta (sawflies): Smith
(Washington), Goulet (Ottawa).
41 Chalcidoidea: Woolley
(Texas A & M), Gibson (Ottawa).
42*Proctotrupoidea,
Scelionidae: Masner (Ottawa).
43 Cynipoidea: Rondqvist
(Sweden).
44*Ichneumonoidea:
Braconidae: Sharkey (Kentucky).
Ichneumonidae: Wahl
(Gainesville).
209
211
212
Amphibians
and Reptiles I:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Robert Reynolds, Thomas
Fritts, Steve Gotte
Biological Resources Division,
US Geological Survey, National
Museum of Natural History
Javier Icochea
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Guillermo Tello
Justo Vigil 469
Introduction
213
Amphibians
and reptiles
comprise an
important
component
in vertebrate faunas
of tropical
forested
regions.
Methods
214
Results and
Discussion
The most
common
anurans at
San
Martin-3
were
members
of the
genus
Eleutherodactylus.
215
Table 1. Number of genera, species and specimens of the amphibians and reptiles sampled at San Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 in March
and April, 1997, during the biodiversity assessment in the Lower
Urubamba region
Species
Specimens
CLASS AMPHIBIA
16
ORDER ANURA
14
Family Buonidae
1
Family Dendrobatidae
2
Family Hylidae
5
Family Leptodactylidae
5
Family Microhylidae
1
unidentified eggs/larvae
ORDER CAUDATA
Family Plethodontidae
1
ORDER GYMNOPHIONA
Family Caediliidae
1
40+
38+
2
4
11
20+
1
2
410
394
52
28
89
223
5
CLASS REPTILIA
Suborder Sauria
Family Gekkonidae
Family Gymnophthalmidae
Family Polychrotidae
Family Scincidae
Family Teiidae
Family Tropiduridae
Suborder Serpentes
Family Boidae
Family Colubridae
Family Elapidae
Family Viperidae
Genera
216
31
12
2
5
2
1
1
1
19
2
14
1
2
40
15
2
5
5
1
1
1
25
2
20
1
2
94
54
3
11
14
20
3
3
40
2
34
2
2
the five Syncope antenori, the amphibians captured in the litter plot
included Eleutherodactylus and Bufo.
Additional replicates of this methodology are needed to properly
evaluate its utility in determining
better estimates of absolute abundance relative to the unbounded
plots (which are less labor and time
intensive), but this initial attempt
produced extremely encouraging
results.
Study of lizards at San
Martin-3 was greatly facilitated by
the use of mouse glue boards
placed on the ground as well as on
low branches and bamboo stems in
areas of broken sunlight and shade.
The glue boards were successful in
capturing four gymnophthalmid
lizards (Arthrosaura, Cercosaura,
Iphisa, and Prionodactylus) that were
either never or only rarely seen
during visual surveys. Glue boards
also facilitated capture of some
larger lizards (Kentropyx pelviceps,
Anolis punctatus, Mabuya bistriata) in
densely vege-tated areas where
hand capture was hindered and less
successful. The glue boards were
also used on tree trunks and
branches to monitor potential
movement of animals out of the
fenced plot during the removal
experiment.
Other Important
Activities
217
We were
successful
in initiating
the surveys
and
sampling
necessary
for establishing the
baseline
data on the
herpetofauna
present at
San
Martin-3.
218
References
San Martin-3
Cashiriari-2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
219
220
Cashiriari-2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Cashiriari-2
x
x
x
x
x
221
222
Amphibians
and Reptiles II:
Biodiversity
Assessment in
the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Javier Icochea
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Joseph Mitchell
Department of Biology,
Univerisity of Richmond
Introduction
223
Methods
Results and
Discussion
We registered 23 species of
amphibians and 19 species of
reptiles within the following groups:
salamanders (one), caecilia (one),
frogs (21), lizards (nine), and snakes
(10) (Appendix 1). Added to our
visual and auditory records, we
sampled 94 individuals within the
following groups: salamanders
(one), caecilia (one), frogs (50),
larvae series (two), lizards (27), and
snakes (13). The specimens
sampled have been numbered
Visual
encounters
during
nocturnal
transects
helped us
locate a
larger
number of
individuals.
225
References
226
227
CLASS AMPHIBIA
ORDER ANURA
Family Bufonidae
Atelopus spumarius
Bufo marinus
Bufo gr. typhonius
Family Dendrobatidae
Epipedobates femoralis
Epipedobates macero
Family Hylidae
Hemiphractus proboscideus
Hyla geographica
Hyla marmorata
Osteocephalus leprieurii
Osteocephalus taurinus
Phrynohyas venulosa
Phyllomedusa tomopterna
Phyllomedusa vaillanti
Family Leptodactylidae
Eleutherodactylus cf. conspicillatus
Eleutherodactylus diadematus
Eleutherodactylus cf. diadematus
Eleutherodactylus fenestratus
Eleutherodactylus ockendeni
Eleutherodactylus cf. Peruvianus
Eleutherodactylus toftae
Eleutherodactylus cf. ventrimarmoratus
Ischnocnema quixensis
Leptodactylus leptodactyloides
Leptodactylus pentadactylus
Leptodactylus rhodonotus
ORDER CAUDATA
Family Plethodontidae
Bolitoglossa cf. altamazonica
228
Cashiriari-2
Strata
Record
1
3
1
5
3
T
T
T
S
S, O, V
S, O, V
x
x
T
T
O, V
S, O
A,T
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
S
S, O, V
V
S
S
S
S, O
O
A,T
A,T
A,T
T
A,T
A,T
A,T
A,T
T
T
T
T
S
S
S, O
S
S
S, O
S, O
S
S
O
S, V
S, O, V
S, O
1
4
x
x
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
1
x
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
ORDER GYMNOPHIONA
Family Caecilidae
Caecilia cf. tentaculata
CLASS REPTILA
ORDER SQUAMATA
Suborder Sauria
Family Gekkonidae
Gonatodes hasemanni
Pseudogonatodes guianensis
Thecadactylus rapicauda
Family Gymnophthalmidae
Prionodactylus argulus
Family Polychrotidae
Anolis fuscoauratus
Anolis trachyderma
Family Scincidae
Mabuya bistriata
Family Teiidae
Ameiva ameiva
Family Tropiduridae
Plica umbra
ORDER SQUAMATA
Suborder Serpentes
Family Boidae
Epicrates cenchria
Family Colubridae
Atractus elaps
Drymobius rhombifer
Imantodes cenchoa
Leptodeira annulata
Liophis epinephelus fraseri
Liophis reginae
Family Viperidae
Bothrops cf. brazili
Lachesis muta
Cashiriari-2
Strata
Record
T
T
A
S
S
S
A, T
A
A
S, O
S, O
A, T
S, O
S, O
T
T
A
A
T
A, T
S
S
S
S
S
S
T
T
S
S
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
229
230
Genetic
Structure of
Amphibians
and
Reptiles:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Jesus Cordova and
Cesar Aguilar
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
Biological assessments in
tropical areas have recently begun
incorporating studies of the genetic
diversity of several groups of
animals. Such studies help identify
species in an area, detect variability
within populations (another important aspect of biodiversity), and
determine changes in genetic
structure once a baseline is obtained. We participated in the
biological assessment in the Lower
Methods
231
232
We sampled 84 specimens of
amphibians and reptiles and took 50
blood samples (for the micronucleus
test) of 21 species. To obtain
reliable results, we are processing
3,000 nuclei per individual. To test
for chromosomic alterations, we
obtained 51 samples from 18 species and are analyzing at least 30
nuclei in metaphase by specimen.
We expect that this will generate at
least 102 slides, two per individual.
It takes about 15 minutes to analyze
each slide. Our findings will be
submitted to the final report concerning the overall project.
Appendix 1. List of amphibians and reptiles sampled at San Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 for the
study of genetic diversity of these species in the Lower Urubamba region.
Number
20271
20272
20273
20274
20275
20276
20277
20278
20279
20280
20281
20282
20283
20284
20285
20286
20287
20288
20289
20290
20291
20292
20293
20294
20295
20296
20297
20298
20299
20300
20301
20302
20303
20304
20305
20306
20307
20308
20309
Species
Epipedobates macero
Bufo typhoniu
Leptodactylidae 1
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Bufo marinus
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Atelopus spumarius
Atelopus spumarius
Alpoglossus sp. 1
Epipedobates cf. femoralis
Bufo typhonius
Bufo marinus
Bufo marinus
Eleutherodactylus fenestratus
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Bufo marinus
Atractus elaps
Cercosaura ocellata
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Eleutherodactylus fenestratus
Leptodactylus leptodactyloides
Hyla lanciformis
Eleutherodactylus sp. 1
Epipedobates macero
Eleutherodactylus Peruvianus
Bolitoglossa altamazonica
Eleutherodactylus sp. 1
Eleutherodactylus Peruvianus
Eleutherodactylus Peruvianus
Bufo marinus
Bufo marinus
Bufo marinus
Bufo marinus
Bufo marinus
Bufo marinus
Ameiva ameiva
Atractus major
Status
adult
immature
immature
juvenile
adult
juvenile
juvenile
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
adult
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
233
Appendix 1. Amphibians and reptiles sampled at San Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 (Cont.).
Number
20310
20311
20312
20313
20314
20315
20316
20317
20318
20319
20320
20321
20322
20323
20324
20325
20326
20327
20328
20329
20330
20331
20332
20333
20334
20335
20336
20337
20338
20339
20340
20341
20342
20343
20344
20345
20346
20347
20348
20349
20350
20351
20352
20353
20354
234
Species
Anolis trachiderma
Hemiphractus proboscideus
Osteocephalus sp. 1
Dendrophidium dendrophis
Hemiphractus proboscideus
Bufo typhonius
Epipedobates macero
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Bufo typhonius
Eleutherodactylus diadematus
Atractus elaps
Amphisbaena fuliginosa
Eleutherodactylus Peruvianus
Bufo typhonius
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Hylidae 1
Eleutherodactylus fenestratus
Bufo typhonius
Anolis trachiderma
Bufo marinus
Bufo typhonius
Hylidae 1
Neusticurus ecpleopus
Hylidae 1
Anura
Neusticurus ecpleopus
Bufo typhonius
Neusticurus ecpleopus
Phyllomedusa tomopterna
Anolis trachiderma
Epipedobates macero
Bufo marinus
Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus
Micrurus sp.
Ameiva ameiva
Ameiva ameiva
Atelopus spumarius
Bothrops cf. brazili
Atractus elaps
Bufo marinus
Bufo typhonius **
Bufo typhonius **
Bufo marinus
Bufo typhonius
Imantodes sp.
Status
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
immature
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
immature
adult
immature
immature
adult
immature
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
juvenile
juvenile
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
x
x
x
x
x
x
?
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
Monitoring of
Amphibians
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Joseph C. Mitchell
Department of Biology,
University of Richmond
Introduction
235
Monitoring
of amphibians in the
Lower
Urubamba
will help
determine
whether
changes in
species
distribution
have taken
place because of
habitat
alterations.
236
The Lower
Urubamba
Amphibian
Monitoring Strategy
The primary perturbations
likely to occur at Shell Prospecting
and Development (Per) B.V.
extraction sites in the Lower
Urubamba region that may affect
amphibians are: 1) direct habitat
loss at each construction site and
on the roads cut through primary
forest in the 1980s, 2) changes in
the quality of rain-forest habitat
adjacent to each site (the edge
effect), and 3) siltation of streams
in the watershed from soil washing
from the construction sites. Since
most species are adapted to forest
conditions, the number of species
that occurred originally at each
construction site has already declined. However, at least two
species survive in the open areas
the marine toad and a leptodactylid
frog. Once the rainforest is opened
by a disturbance such as clearing for
a well site, the trees and other
vegetation that occurred inside the
forest are exposed to higher levels
of sunlight, temperature, humidity,
and wind. The composition of the
vegetation at the forest edge
changes in response to the changes
in environmental conditions. Because many rainforest amphibians
are adapted to interior forest condi-
237
Frogs are
diverse,
numerous,
and relatively well
known
taxonomically and
are sufficiently
active at
predictable
times.
238
Methodology
Study Species
Two characteristics make frogs
especially amenable to monitoring
techniques: most frogs are active at
night when it is wet and males
produce species-specific vocalizations (Duellman and Trueb 1986).
Frogs are readily visible at night on
the ground and while sitting on
leaves and branches with the aid of
a strong headlamp. Once learned,
their calls are easily recognizable
and can be taped with a tape recorder for permanent record (see
Fig. 2 for an example of a frog
sonogram) and for verification in
those cases where the field researcher is uncertain of the identification. These characteristics also
make frogs especially appropriate
for monitoring projects that incorporate students and relatively
inexperienced biologists. In addition, methods for standardized
Urubamba
Manu
3
4
3
6
1
27
26
4
11
30
1
Iquitos
7
8
50
37
7
2
1
Two
commonly
used techniques are
being
tested in
the field
during the
first phases
of the
amphibian
monitoring
program.
239
241
The
amphibian
monitoring
project in
the Lower
Urubamba
region
should be
operational
for at least
10 years
with a
target
length of
20 years.
242
243
Accurate
identification guides
to adult
frogs and
male vocalizations
(cassette
tapes) are
essential
for the
successful
execution
of this
project.
Training Sessions
and Materials
Sessions designed to train field
personnel in field monitoring techniques and data collection is critical
to a successful program. Two- to
four-day training sessions immediately prior to each annual monitoring period will assist new participants. The sessions are conducted
by leaders experienced in the Lower
Urubamba.
Accurate identification guides
to adult frogs and male vocalizations (cassette tapes) are essential
for the successful execution of this
project. Unfortunately, such field
guides and tapes do not exist for
most of the neotropical frog fauna,
and none are available for use in the
Lower Urubamba. Photographs of
frogs and recordings of frog calls
obtained during the inventory phase
at San Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 are
providing some of the materials
needed to create these guides. In
the next phases of the project,
researchers will continue to develop
accurate field guides and tapes of
male vocalizations.
Logistical Support
Coordination of amphibian
monitoring project personnel with
access at the right time of year in
all sites is crucial to the successful
execution this project. All personnel, their support staff, and other
logistics must be in place at the
start of the rainy season. Project
staff will work with appropriate
representatives to ensure that the
logistical support is appropriate for
the amphibian monitoring project.
244
References
245
246
Birds:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
George Angehr
Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute
Constantino Aucca
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas,
Universidad San Antonio
Abad del Cusco
Introduction
247
Methods
Sampling Protocols
At San
Martin-3,
the main
habitat
variable is
the relative
proportion
of bamboo in
different
sites,
which
appears to
be influenced
primarily
by
drainage.
249
We
identified a
total of 198
species at
the two sites
combined
164 at San
Martin-3
and 98 at
Cashiriari-2.
250
On days when we did not mistnet, we walked the trails and along
streams at each site, particularly in
the morning and late afternoon, to
observe species not susceptible to
capture with mist-nets. Whenever
possible, we recorded calls with a
Sony TCM-5000 portable tape
recorder with a Sennheiser short
shotgun microphone to provide a
voucher of the species occurrence
at the site.
Results and
Discussion
90
80
70
Species
60
50
40
San Martin
Cas hiriari
30
Manu
20
Panam a
Brazil
10
Cos ta Rica
55
0
44
0
40
0
35
9
32
3
30
0
28
3
24
8
20
0
17
1
10
9
10
0
87
61
Captures
Figure 1. Species accumulation curves for San Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 (diamonds
= San Martin-3, squares = Cashiriari-2). The line with triangles indicates the species
accumulation curve from Manu National Park, derived from Karr et al. 1990, the
line with crosses represent Panama, the one with asterisks represents Brazil, and the
one with circles Costa Rica (see text).
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
251
30
San Martin-3
25
Individuals
20
15
10
0
1
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
Rank
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
18
Cashiriari-2
16
14
Individuals
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
Rank
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
while at Cashiriari-2 the corresponding figure was 77%. Corresponding figures from the other
sites discussed by Karr et al. were
between 78% and 88%. At San
Martin-3, 30% of all species and at
Cashiriari-2, 34% of all species
were represented by only a single
capture.
Species accumulation curves
for individual habitats in Manu
National Park are provided by
Robinson and Terborgh 1990.
According to the habitat classification of those authors, upland
forests grow on terraces well above
the floodplain of the Manu River.
They are dissected by steep ravines
and contain extensive patches of
bamboo, they appear to be the
closest parallel to the habitat type
of San Martin-3. As shown in
Robinson and Terborghs Figure
12.1, species accumulation curves
from upland forest closely parallel
those from highland forest, discussed by Karr et al. Therefore, it
appears that San Martin-3 exceeds
any single forest habitat at Manu in
species diversity.
We are not certain why there is
such high species richness at San
Martin-3. One reason could be that
mist-nets sample a high proportion
of the total community in this
habitat. Because the canopy is not
continuous, birds that normally
forage in higher strata of the forest
may descend and be more susceptible to capture. However, canopy
species were generally scarce at San
Martin-3, as discussed below, and
this did not appear to be a significant factor in producing high species richness in the mist-net
samples. Another possibility is that
the discontinuous canopy allows
sunlight to penetrate into lower
levels, producing a dense and
It appears
that San
Martin-3
exceeds
any single
forest
habitat at
Manu in
species
diversity.
253
Table 1. Mist-net capture rates and numbers of species captured at each location sampled
(net-hours calculated by multiplying the number of nets by the number of hours they are
in operation; first-day capture rates are those on the rist day of operation at the location
[see text])
Site
San Martin-3
San Martin-3
San Martin-3
Total
Location
1
2
3
1
Cashiriari-2
2
Cashiriari-2
Total
Project Totals
Habitat
First-day Species
Captures/
100 net-hours capture rate
729.25
stream side bamboo
392.25
ridgetop bamboo
ridgetop+stream bamboo 674.5
1802
180
122
138
440
25
31
20
24
45
33*
36*
64
42
54
87
401.75
263.25
665
2467
109
139
248
27
53
39
35
83
37
45
62
primary forest
secondary forest
* To calculate first day capture rates for San Martin Locations 2 and 3, we combined data from the
first two days of net operation, because nets were open for less than half a day each of the first
two days due to rain.
Our
highest
capture
rates, 83
captures/
100 net
hours,
were in
more mature successional
vegetation
along
roads.
Tessaria/cane 8/83
Tessaria/cane 11/85
Tessaria/cane 8/86
Transition forest 9/80
Transition forest 10/86
High ground forest 8/81
High ground forest 11/82
High ground forest 7/81
Upland bamboo10/85
Upland ravine 10/86
Upland ridgetop 8/74
Upland ridgetop 8/75
Upland ridgetop 10/76
325
230
144
1000
722
1064
593
1467
1223
1165
1672
1672
1782
194
154
73
273
260
189
152
219
252
306
250
251
294
60
70
50
27
36
18
26
15
21
26
15
15
16
58
46
39
51
51
55
44
55
66
68
49
55
65
255
The most
obvious
explanation
for the
rarity and
low diversity of
mixedspecies
canopy
flocks and
canopy
frugivores
at San
Martin-3 is
that over
most of this
area, the
canopy of
broadleafed trees
is not
continuous.
257
Certain bamboo-associated
species were much more common
on the drier ridge tops where bamboo dominated and were absent or
rare in patches of broad-leafed trees
in ravines. These include Cabanis
spinetail (Synallaxis cabanisi), Manu
antbird (Cercomacra manu), whitelined antbird (Percnostola lophotes),
Goeldis antbird (Myrmeciza goeldi,)
and sulphur-bellied tyrant-manakin
(Neopelma sulphureiventer) (Appendix
4). Conversely, several other species
were more common in patches of
forest in ravines, including bluishslate antshrike (Thamnomanes
schistogynus), green manakin
(Chloropipo holochlora), and whitewinged shrike-tanager (Lanio versicolor). Band-tailed manakin (Pipra
fasciicauda) showed an interesting
pattern. Adult males were virtually
restricted to ravines, while femaleplumaged birds, possibly mostly
immatures, were much more common on the drier ridge tops. It is
possible that adult males exclude
younger birds from more favorable
habitat in ravines.
Patterns for other species were
suggestive, but our observations
were too few to make any definite
statement about their micro-habitat
preferences. Additional work in the
area is likely to document further
species differences.
Game Species
Large game birds such as
tinamous, guans, curassows, and
trumpeters are typically among the
first species to disappear in response to human activity in an area,
chiefly as a result of over-hunting.
At San Martin-3, small groups of
Spixs guan (Penelope jacquacu) were
noted regularly, and the bluethroated piping-guan (Pipile
cumanensis) was seen on three occa-
The
frequency
of encounter of the
game
species
plus their
relative
lack of
wariness
when
encountered indicate that
hunting
pressure in
the immediate area
of San
Martin-3 is
fairly low.
259
Every
effort
should be
made to
see that
this exceptional avifauna does
not suffer
degradation as a
result of
future gas
development in
the area.
260
Conclusion
References
261
Common Name
Tinamus major
Crypturellus cinereus
Crypturellus atrocapillus
Crypturellus variegatus
Bubulcus ibis
Agamia agami
Tigrisoma fasciatum
Cathartes melambrotus
Leucopternis albicollis
Buteo magnirostris
Spizaetus tyrannus
Daptrius americanus
Herpetotheres cachinnans
Micrastur ruficollis
Falco rufigularis
Penelope jacquacu
Aburria pipile
Mitu tuberosa
Odontophorus stellatus*
Psophia leucoptera
Columba subvinacea
Leptotila rufaxilla
Ara ararauna
Ara macao
Ara chloropterus
Ara severa
Brotogeris cyanoptera
Amazona ochrocephala
Amazona farinosa
Piaya cayana
Piaya melanogaster
Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
Hydropsalis brasiliana
262
Great Tinamou
Cinereous Tinamou
Black-capped Tinamou
Variegated Tinamou
Cattle Egret
Agami Heron
Fasciated Tiger-Heron
Greater Yellow-headed Vulture
White Hawk
Roadside Hawk
Black Hawk-Eagle
Red-throated Caracara
Laughing Falcon
Barred Forest-Falcon
Bat Falcon
Spixs Guan
Common Piping-Guan
Razor-billed Curassow
Starred Wood-Quail*
Pale-winged Trumpeter
Ruddy Pigeon
Gray-fronted Dove
Blue-and-yellow Macaw
Scarlet Macaw
Red-and-green Macaw
Chestnut-fronted Macaw
Cobalt-winged Parakeet
Yellow-crowned Parrot
Mealy Parrot
Squirrel Cuckoo
Black-bellied Cuckoo
Ocellated Poorwill
Scissor-tailed Nightjar
v
s
s
s
v
s
+
+
+
v
s
sv
s
s
s
Common Name
Streptoprocne zonaris
Threnetes leucurus
Phaethornis superciliosus
Phaethornis hispidus
Phaethornis koepckeae
Phaethornis ruber*
Eutoxeres condamini
Campylopterus largipennis
Florisuga mellivora
Klais guimeti
Thalurania furcata
Heliodoxa aurescens
Trogon melanurus
Chloroceryle americana
Chloroceryle inda
Baryphthengus martii
Brachygalba albogularis
Galbula cyanescens
Nystalus striolatus
Malacoptila semicincta
Nonnula ruficapilla
Monasa flavirostris
Capito niger
Eubucco richardsoni
Aulacorhynchus prasinus
Pteroglossus castanotis
Selenidera reinwardtii
Ramphastos cuvieri
Picumnus aurifrons
Picumnus rufiventris
Melanerpes cruentatus
Veniliornis passerinus
Celeus spectabilis
Dryocopus lineatus
Campephilus melanoleucos
Dendrocincla fuliginosa
Deconychura longicauda
Glyphorynchus spirurus
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
Dendrocolaptes picumnus
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus
Xiphorhynchus spixii
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris*
Synallaxis cabanisi
White-collared Swift
Pale-tailed Barbthroat
Long-tailed Hermit
White-bearded Hermit
Koepckes Hermit
Reddish Hermit*
Buff-tailed Sicklebill
Gray-breasted Sabrewing
White-necked Jacobin
Violet-headed Hummingbird
Fork-tailed Woodnymph
Goulds Jewelfront
Black-tailed Trogon
Green Kingfisher
Green-and-rufous Kingfisher
Rufous Motmot
White-throated Jacamar
Bluish-fronted Jacamar
Striolated Puffbird
Semicollared Puffbird
Rufous-capped Nunlet
Yellow-billed Nunbird
Black-spotted Barbet
Lemon-throated Barbet
Emerald Toucanet
Chestnut-eared Aracari
Golden-collared Toucanet
Cuviers Toucan
Bar-breasted Piculet
Rufous-breasted Piculet
Yellow-tufted Woodpecker
Little Woodpecker
Rufous-headed Woodpecker
Lineated Woodpecker
Crimson-crested Woodpecker
Plain-brown Woodcreeper
Long-tailed Woodcreeper
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper
Strong-billed Woodcreeper
Black-banded Woodcreeper
Ocellated Woodcreeper
Spixs Woodcreeper
Red-billed Scythebill*
Cabanis Spinetail
s
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
s
s
CP
CPV
s
CP
Vs
CP
CP
Vs
sv
s
v
Vs
CP
s
CP
s
s
s
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
s
C
CP
C
CP
C
C
CP
C
C
C
v
C
C
C
C
sv
s
s
C
CP
C
C
CP
263
Common Name
Synallaxis cherriei
Cranioleuca gutturata
Hyloctistes subulatus
Simoxenops ucayalae
Automolus ochrolaemus
Automolus dorsalis
Automolus infuscatus
Automolus rubiginosus
Automolus rufipileatus
Sclerurus mexicanus
Sclerurus albigularis
Sclerurus caudacutus
Xenops tenuirostris*
Xenops minutus
Cymbilaimus lineatus
Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae
Frederickena unduligera
Taraba major
Thamnophilus aethiops
Thamnophilus schistaceus
Thamnomanes ardesiacus
Thamnomanes schistogynus
Myrmotherula brachyura*
Myrmotherula hauxwelli
Myrmotherula leucophthalma
Myrmotherula ornata
Myrmotherula axillaris
Myrmotherula longipennis
Myrmotherula menetriesii
Microrhopias quixensis
Drymophila devillei
Cercomacra cinerascens
Cercomacra serva
Cercomacra manu
Myrmoborus leucophrys
Myrmoborus myotherinus
Hypocnemis cantator
Sclateria naevia
Percnostola lophotes
Schistocicla leucostigma
Myrmeciza hemimelaena
Myrmeciza goeldii
Myrmeciza fortis
Rhegmatorhina melanosticta
Hylophylax naevia
264
Chestnut-throated Spinetail
Speckled Spinetail
Striped Woodhaunter
Peruvian Recurvebill
Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner
Crested Foliage-gleaner
Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner
Ruddy Foliage-gleaner
Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner
Tawny-throated Leaftosser
Gray-throated Leaftosser
Black-tailed Leaftosser
Slender-billed Xenops*
Plain Xenops
Fasciated Antshrike
Bamboo Antshrike
Undulated Antshrike
Great Antshrike
White-shouldered Antshrike
Plain-winged Antshrike
Dusky-throated Antshrike
Bluish-slate Antshrike
Pygmy Antwren*
Plain-throated Antwren
White-eyed Antwren
Ornate Antwren
White-flanked Antwren
Long-winged Antwren
Gray Antwren
Dot-winged Antwren
Striated Antbird
Gray Antbird
Black Antbird
Manu Antbird
White-browed Antbird
Black-faced Antbird
Warbling Antbird
Silvered Antbird
White-lined Antbird
Spot-winged Antbird
Chestnut-tailed Antbird
Goeldis Antbird
Sooty Antbird
Hairy-crested Antbird
Spot-backed Antbird
CP
CP
CPV
CPV
CPV
CPV
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Vs
CP
CPV
CP
CPV
CP
CPV
s
s
C
CP
C
CP
C
C
CV
C
C
s
C
CP
CP
CP
CP
C
CP
C
C
Vs
CPV
CPV
CPV
C
CP
CPV
s
CPV
s
CPV
CPV
CP
CP
sv
CP
C
CP
Common Name
Hylophylax poecilonota
Scale-backed Antbird
Phlegopsis nigromaculata
Black-spotted Bare-eye
Formicarius analis
Black-faced Antthrush
Hylopezus berlepschi
Amazonian Antpitta
Myrmothera campanisona
Thrush-like Antpitta
Conopophaga Peruviana
Ash-throated Gnateater
Liosceles thoracicus
Rusty-belted Tapaculo
Iodopleura isabellae
White-browed Purpletuft
Lipaugus vociferans
Screaming Piha
Cotinga maynana
Plum-throated Cotinga
Querula purpurata
Purple-throated Fruitcrow
Chloropipo holochlora
Green Manakin
Pipra fasciicauda
Band-tailed Manakin
Pipra chloromeros
Round-tailed Manakin
Pipra coronata
Blue-crowned Manakin
Neopelma sulphureiventer
Sulphur-bellied Tyrant-Manakin
Mionectes olivaceus
Olive-striped Flycatcher
Mionectes oleagineus
Ochre-bellied Flycatcher
Mionectes macconnelli
McConnells Flycatcher
Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Sepia-capped Flycatcher
Poecilotriccus albifacies
White-cheeked Tody-Tyrant
Hemitriccus flammulatus
Flammulated Bamboo-Tyrant
Corythopis torquata
Ringed Antpipit
Zimmerius gracilipes
Slender-footed Tyrannulet
Ramphotrigon megacephala
Large-headed Flatbill
Platyrinchus coronatus
Golden-crowned Spadebill
Platyrinchus platyrhynchos
White-crested Spadebill
Myiophobus fasciatus
Bran-colored Flycatcher
Myiobius erythrurus
Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher
Myiobius atrocaudatus
Black-tailed Flycatcher
Myiobius barbatus
Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher
Lathrotriccus euleri
Eulers Flycatcher
Contopus borealis
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Vermilion Flycatcher
Pyrocephalus rubinus
Little Ground-Tyrant
Muscisaxicola fluviatilis
Long-tailed Tyrant
Colonia colonus
Bright-rumped Attila
Attila spadiceus
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatu Crowned Slaty-Flycatcher
Gray-capped Flycatcher
Myiozetetes granadensis
Masked Tityra
Tityra semifasciata
Tawny-crowned Greenlet
Hylophilus ochraceiceps
White-necked Thrush
Turdus albicollis
Thrush-like Wren
Campylorhynchus turdinus
Moustached Wren
Thryothorus genibarbis
Southern Nightingale-Wren
Microcerculus marginatus
CPV
V
CP
CPV
CP
CPV
s
s
V
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
C
CP
s
CP
CP
s
Vs
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
s
s
s
s
v
s
s
s
CP
CP
Vs
CPV
CPV
C
C
C
v
V
CP
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
265
Common Name
Ramphocaenus melanurus
Long-billed Gnatwren
Basileuterus chrysogestee
Golden-bellied Warbler
Basileuterus fulvicauda
Buff-rumped Warbler
Arremon taciturnus
Pectoral Sparrow
Cissopis leveriana
Magpie Tanager
Lanio versicolor
White-winged Shrike-Tanager
Tachyphonus rufiventer
Yellow-crested Tanager
Chlorothraupis carmioli
Olive Tanager
Habia rubica
Red-crowned Ant-Tanager
Ramphocelus carbo
Silver-beaked Tanager
Thraupis palmarum
Palm Tanager
Euphonia xanthogaster
Orange-bellied Euphonia
Tangara mexicana
Turquoise Tanager
Tangara chilensis
Paradise Tanager
Tangara schrankii
Green-and-gold Tanager
Tangara xanthogastra
Yellow-bellied Tanager
Tangara nigrocincta
Masked Tanager
Tangara cyanicollis
Blue-necked Tanager
Dacnis lineata
Black-faced Dacnis
Dacnis flaviventer
Yellow-bellied Dacnis
Dacnis cayana
Blue Dacnis
Pitylus grossus
Slate-colored Grosbeak
Saltator maximus
Buff-throated Saltator
Cyanocompsa cyanoides
Blue-black Grosbeak
Psarocolius bifasciatus yuracares Olive Oropendola
Psarocolius decumanus
Crested Oropendola
Psarocolius angustifrons
Russet-backed Oropendola
Cacicus cela
Yellow-rumped Cacique
Icterus cayanensis
Epaulet Oriole
Icterus icterus
Troupial
Total = 198
266
CP
s
CP
CP
s
CP
s
CP
s
s
CP
s
s
s
s
s
CP
CP
CP
s
s
Vs
s
sv
164
C
CP
C
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
C
C
s
s
s
98
Captures
26
19
14
14
11
10
10
9
9
9
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
38
26
22
18
15
11
10
10
10
11
9
10
11
12
7
7
10
7
6
6
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
4
10
4
4
4
4
3
6
3
3
3
8.6
5.9
5
4.1
3.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.5
2
2.3
2.5
2.7
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
2.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.7
1.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
267
Captures
Turdus albicollis
Picumnus rufiventris
Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Pipra chloromeros
Hypocnemis cantator
Arremon taciturnus
Sclerurus mexicanus
Sclerurus caudacutus
Automolus rufipileatus
Polyplancta aurescens
Hyloctistes subulatus
Thryothorus genibarbis
Myiobius barbatus
Thamnophilus schistaceus
Synallaxis cabanisi
Myrmeciza fortis
Thamnomanes ardesiacus
Mionectes maconnellii
Chloroceryle inda
Myrmothera campanisona
Frederickena unduligera
Phaethornis cf. ruber
Liosceles thoracicus
Myrmotherula longipennis
Baryphthengus ruficapillus
Rhegmatorhina melanosticta
Dendrocolaptes picumnis
Rhamphocaenus melanurus
Cercromacra manu
Hylopezus berlepschi
Microrhopias quixensis
Malacoptila semicincta
Mionectes olivaceus
Nonnula ruficapilla
Micrastur ruficollis
Taraba major
Synallaxis cherriei
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
Sclerurus albigularis
Venilovis passerinus
Thamnophilus aethiops
Cercromacra serva
Total species = 86
268
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
360
3
4
3
3
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
440
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
100
Captures
16
16
14
13
10
9
8
8
8
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
21
19
15
14
10
9
13
8
8
8
6
7
5
5
5
6
6
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
8.5
7.7
6
5.6
4
3.6
5.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.4
2.8
2
2
2
2.4
2.4
2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
C
P
G
P
P
C
M
N
C
Tu
H
Th
M
Th
Th
C
P
Sc
M
P
E
C
D
M
Te
S
H
M
M
M
S
269
Captures
Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Platyrinchus platyrhynchos
Thamnomanes ardesiacus
Xenops minutus
Euphonia xanthogaster
Attila spadiceus
Klais guimetii
Capito niger
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
Cymbilaimus lineatus
Myrmotherula axillaris
Myrmoborus leucophrys
Automolus rufipileatus
Polyplancta aurescens
Corythopis torquata
Lathrotriccus euleri
Galbula cyanescens
Xenops tenuirostris
Total species = 62
270
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
224
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
100
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
248
Appendix 4. Birds associated with Guadua bamboo thickets in southeastern Per (San Martin = this study, Kratter (1997) = data from the Ro
Tambopata, Servat (1996) = Pakitza on the Ro Manu; Column codes:
Kratter (1997)O = obligate bamboo specialist, N = near-obligate bamboo specialist, F = facultative bamboo specialist, c = common in bamboo
thickets, r = apparent bamboo specialist, but too rare to determine exact
status; Servat (1996)X = species found exclusively in bamboo at Pakitza,
x = species found exclusively in bamboo at Pakitza, but found in other
habitats at other sites in the region; Stotz et al. (1996)X = indicator
species for bamboo habitat in southern Amazonia region with ranges that
extend to southeastern Per).
Species
Crypturellus atrocapillus
Dromococcyx pavoninus
Chlorostilbon mellisuga
Bucco macrodactylus
Monasa flavirostris
Malacoptila semicincta
Nonnula ruficapilla
Picumnus rufiventris
Celeus spectabilis
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris
Synallaxis cabanisi
Synallaxis cherriei
Simoxenops ucayalae
Automolus dorsalis
Automolus melanopezus
Automolus rufipileatus
Automolus rubiginosus
Cymbalaimus sanctaemariae
Myrmotherula ornata
Myrmotherula iheringi
Myrmotherula obscura
Microrhopias quixensis
Drymophila devillei
Cercomacra manu
Cercomacra nigrescens
Hypocnemis cantator
Percnostola lophotes
Myrmeciza goeldii
Neopelma sulphureiventer
Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Hemitriccus flammulatus
Lophotriccus eulophotes
Poecilotriccus albifacies
Ramphotrigon megacephala
San Martin-3
Kratter
c
r
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
r
r
r
F
N
F
F
N
N
N
c
r
N
F
F
F
O
O
c
c
N
N
O
O
N
Servat
X
X
X
X
Stotz
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
271
Species
Ramphotrigon fuscicauda
Myiophobus fasciatus
Lathrotriccus euleri
Casiornis rufa
Capsiempis flaveola
Machaeropterus pyrocephalus
Thryothorus genibarbis
272
X
X
Kratter
N
c
c
Servat
Stotz
X
X
X
X
X
Long-term
Monitoring
of Bird Fauna
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
James Siegel
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
National Education and
Training Center
George Angehr
Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute
Introduction
273
Current Conditions
There is
considerable noise
by heavy
equipment
and aircraft
at both
sites, but
we saw no
evidence
that this
had
significant
impacts on
the behavior of birds
in the area.
274
Future
Developments and
Land-Management
Implications
Objectives of the
Long-Term
Monitoring Program
It is not feasible to monitor all
conceivable impacts of development on bird populations in the
project area. For the purposes of
this manuscript, we limit our discussion to the impacts of the
minimal expected future development in the area if full-scale gas
production (i.e., installation of
275
Monitoring
Methodologies
We
consider
mist netting, point
counts, and
transects to
be the most
feasible
methods
for assessing bird
populations in the
Lower
Urubamba.
277
Recommendations
for Long-Term
Monitoring
Assessment
of impacts
at the
control sites
may be
carried out
by either
mist-net
surveys or
point
counts.
279
B. Pipeline Route
Monitoring should be carried
out at a minimum of two sites, one
within a few km of the point where
the pipeline starts and 1 within
intact forest.
Priorities:
* Establish a system of three
survey areas at each pipeline study
site that includes 1 control area and
corresponding base camp.
* Initiate a mist-net survey in
these areas to assess edge effects.
* Establish transect routes and
initiate transect surveys to monitor
game birds and other exploited
species.
* Initiate a point-count survey
to assess edge effects.
C. Training
A two- to three-week orientation and training course conducted
by expert ornithologists from Per
and elsewhere will begin the process
of creating a cadre of experience
field workers for the Lower
Urubamba project and related bird
monitoring programs. The course
should include instruction in basic
bird identification skills (both sight
and sound), mist netting, point
counts, and transects approaches.
We recommend a class of 10 to15
university students, post-graduate
ecologists, and local community
participants for the first year of
monitoring. Each year thereafter,
we recommend that a new class be
trained with assistance from the
most adept graduates and field
workers from earlier courses. In
addition to providing needed expertise and assistance for the Lower
Urubamba project, the course will
help the National Museum of Per
and other ecological and conservation organizations in advancing the
280
References Cited
Small,
Non-volant
Mammals:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Sergio Solari and
Juan Jos Rodriguez
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
281
Methods
Results and
Discussion
Cashiriari - 2
DIDELPHIMORPHIA
Family Didelphidae
Chironectes minimus
Didelphis marsupialis
Marmosops noctivagus
Marmosops parvidens
Monodelphis emiliae
Philander opossum
RODENTIA
Family Muridae
Neacomys spinosus
Nectomys squamipes
Oecomys bicolor
Oligoryzomys microtis
Oryzomys capito
Oryzomys macconnelli
Oryzomys nitidus
Oryzomys cf. yunganus
Oxymycterus inca
Rhipidomys cf. couesi
Family Echimyidae
Dactylomys dactylinus
Proechimys cf. brevicauda
Proechimys cf. steerei
Total species
Total individuals
Ob
2
1
1
Ob
9
2
14
1
3
5
27
1
4
2
Vo
5
6
18
83
1
1
5
1
4
4
2
2
8
20
283
20
18
16
# Of Species
14
12
10
8
6
4
San Martin - 3
Cashiriari - 2
0
0
10
11
12
13
# of Days
Distribution and
Abundance of
Species
Biodiversity
Analysis
Among the
Echimyidos,
the group
of spiny
rats
(Proechimys)
constitutes
the most
diverse
group with
up to four
or five
sympatric
species.
285
Dactylomys
dactilinus,
the bamboo rat, is
easily
recognized for
its peculiar night
calls,
although
it is very
difficult
to see.
286
References
287
288
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
24
25
27
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
19
289
290
Long-term
Monitoring
of Small,
Non-volant
Mammals
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Sergio Solari
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
291
Description of
Monitoring
Activities
A. Monitoring at the well sites
Monitoring the communities of
small, non-volant mammals at the
well sites should include sampling
twice a year, during the wet and dry
seasons, for a total of three months
with an equal amount of time
devoted to each well site.
Period of evaluation: five years
(1998-2003).
Staff: two investigators
Field work: three months/year
(12 months during the dry season,
12 months during the wet season)
Laboratory work: two months/
year (one month each field season)
Activities: Sample small nonvolant mammals. Clean and prepare
the samples. Evaluate the diversity
and abundance. Determine the
environmental impacts.Prepare a
report and distribute it.
B. Monitoring of the Pipeline
Since the pipeline will cross
several types of habitats, it is
292
Bats:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Don Wilson
National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution
Robert Baker
Department of Biology,
Texas Tech University
Sergio Solari, and
Juan Jos Rodrguez
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
293
Methods
Results and
Discussion
A total of 51 species of 31
genera and five families of bats
(379 individuals) were captured in
this study (Table 1). The identifica-
We found
30 species
at San
Martin-3
and 43
species at
Cashiriari2. Of
these, 22
were
found in
both
localities.
50
45
40
# of Species
35
30
25
20
15
10
San Martin - 3
Cashiriari - 2
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
# of Days
Figure 2. Species accumulation curve for bat species sampled at San Martin-3 and
Cashiriari-2 in the Lower Urubamba region.
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring, SI/MAB Series #1 (1997)
295
Nectarivores
10%
Hematophagous
4%
Insectivores
23%
Frugivore-insectivore
10%
Carnivores
4%
Frugivores
49%
References
San Martin - 3
Abundance Diversity
10.0
Insect-carnivore gleaners
4.9
3.3
Hematophagous
1.0
16.7
Low flight frugivores
23.5
30.0
Hight flight frugivores
50.0
16.7
Low flight insectivores
7.8
10.0
High flight iinsectivores
5.9
10.0
Omnivorous glossophagines
5.9
3.3
Omnivorous phyllostomines
1.0
Cashiriari - 2
Abundance Diversity
9.3
2.4
2.3
0.0
18.6
38.8
37.2
46.9
14.0
4.8
4.7
1.2
11.6
5.7
2.3
0.3
297
298
1
3
1
3
7
14
7
8
2
8
4
1
1
1
1
6
3
1
13
1
6
1
1
2
Cashiriari-2
Primary Diet
1
2
3
insects
insects
insects
1
1
8
18
5
20
19
22
5
11
5
1
18
2
5
1
nectar, pollen
nectar, pollen
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
nectar, pollen
carnivore
fruit
fruit
fruit
blood
blood
fruit
nectar, pollen
nectar, pollen
fruit
insects, fruit
insects, fruit
fruit
carnivore, insects
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
fruit
insects, fruit
insects, fruit
insects, fruit
fruit
10
2
1
1
22
20
3
2
27
21
4
14
1
5
23
Cashiriari-2
6
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
30
102
Primary Diet
fruit
fruit
friut
insects
2
6
2
1
3
43
333
insects
insects
insects
insects
insects
insects
insects
299
300
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
4
1
1
3
1
3
2
1
56
1
1
55
44
1
51
301
302
Long-term
Monitoring
of Bats in
the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Don Wilson
National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution
Introduction
Proposed Long-term
Monitoring of Bats
303
Observation techniques
tend to
be more
useful and
easier to
apply to
roosting
bats than
to flying
bats.
304
305
In many
cases it will
be necessary to
capture
bats in
roosts and
flying bats
for proper
inventory
or monitoring studies.
306
The most
common
way of
capturing
flying
bats is
through
the use
of mist
nets
fine
mesh
nets
strung
between
poles.
307
309
References
310
Medium
and Large
Mammals:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Major Boddicker
Rocky Mountain Wildlife
Enterprises
Introduction
311
Biodiversity
monitoring
of medium
and large
mammals
has no
generally
accepted
wide-range
testing
procedure.
312
Methods
313
methods are given in Appendices 37.) All of the methods were used in
an integrated approach; therefore,
the efficiencies of each survey
method enhanced the others. Repetition, volume of observations,
and the variety of approaches used
to find the large mammals were
assumed to reduce negative biases,
mistakes, and problems with language communications. The visual,
track/scat/sign, and snare and
conibear trapping surveys were
"passive". The scent-post and
calling surveys were "active".
The objectives of the surveys
were to find all species of the
mammals in the area of influence
of the drilling site that weigh more
Results
from use
of the five
survey
methods
can be
synthesized in the
occurrence
index and
extended
in the
abundance
index.
Results and
Discussion
315
Table 1. List of medium and large mammals at San Martin-3 (SM3) and Cashiriari-2
(C2) well sites in the Lower Urubamba region, Cusco, Per (in the Occurrence Index,
numbers of 8 or higher indicate confirmation of the presence of the species at the time
of the survey; numbers of 7 or below indicate the potential presence of the species but
its presence was not confirmed; in the Abundance Index, numbers are determined by
multiplying the type of evidence found for a species times the number of independent
observations of that evidence; the index expresses whether a species is more abundant
at one location or time than another, but it is not comparable between species)
Species
Occurence Index
SM3
C2
316
Abundance
SM3
C2
5
32
5
22
5
5
10
5
5
5
0
32
0
17
0
0
5
0
0
0
7
7
5
5
5
5
2
2
0
0
0
0
15
5
5
5
5
15
10
0
0
0
0
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
15
5
0
0
7
0
0
0
23
0
5
5
5
15
5
5
20
20
20
5
20
5
20
5
20
20
5
5
5
5
20
20
15
5
5
5
0
0
0
10
0
0
45
205
125
0
35
0
25
0
25
25
0
0
0
0
45
210
0
0
0
0
Occurence Index
SM3
C2
Abundance
SM3
C2
10
12
5
5
12
10
5
10
5
9
0
0
21
10
0
5
5
0
15
5
5
5
0
18
5
5
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
15
10
5
5
5
25
10
5
21
21
40
5
0
0
8
55
5
0
40
35
28
13
217
34
30
20
27
5
257
50
58
0
28
5
28
5
58
0
64
0
5
15
20
15
5
15
15
25
5
13
5
23
13
5
13
5
30
13
0
145
0
174
53
0
65
0
80
31
22
22
62
52
317
We confirmed the
presence
of 25
species at
San
Martin-3
and 26
species at
Cashiriari-2
for a total
of 33 nonduplicated
species.
318
Ocelot,
tapir, and
peccary
tracks,
beds, and
other signs
were found
within 100
m of the
drilling
pads.
References
319
Table 2. Density estimate (per km2) of the medium and large mammals at
San Martin-3 and Cashiriari-2 in the Lower Urubamba region, Cusco, Per
(** not confirmed as present or too little information to support an
estimate)
Species
Common Opossum
Nine-banded long-nosed armadillo
Saddleback tamarin
Black-chested mustached tamarin
Common squirrel monkey
Brown capuchin monkey
White-fronted capuchin monkey
Red-howler monkey
Black-spider monkey
Short-eared dog
Bush dog
Crab-eating raccoon
South American coati
Tayra
Ocelot
Margay
Puma
Jaguar
Tapir
Collared peccary
White-lipped peccary
Red brocket deer
Southern Amazon red squirrel
Amazon dwarf squirrel
Paca
Common agouti - D. punctata
Green acouchy
Brazilian rabbit
320
4
**
**
**
4
8
4
2
2
**
0.25
2
1
0.25
1.5
0.5
**
**
3.5
10
2
5
**
2
10
20
6
6
1
2
2
2
**
2
8
**
**
0.25
**
2
1
0.25
1.5
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.5
2.5
**
6
2
4
6
10
3
6
Discussion of Elements of
Evidence and Points
Species Collected - 10 points.
Obviously, a specimen of each
species collected from the study
area, during the study period, would
be a definitive record and rates 10
points. Any further collection of
specimens becomes useful in determining how many of the species
occurs at the study site. The total
number of a given species collected
at the site should be kept for use in
the abundance index calculations.
Any evidence associated with the
collected specimens should not be
included in any further evidence
records, for it factors in duplication.
Species Observed - 10 points.
There are qualifiers for this
evidence. The observer must have
demonstrable experience at observing and identifying wildlife, and that
observation should be verified with
a witness, photograph, or other
tangible evidence to back it up. If
the observation fulfills the verification standards then it is worth 10
points.
Various
survey
methods
provide a
wide range
of observations
and evidence,
that, when
pooled,
can
provide
reliable
and verifiable data.
Sign.
Sign is a collective term for the
evidence animals leave which
indicates it has been, or is now,
present at a location. Sign includes
tracks (spoor), scats (feces), urine,
vomitus, feeding leftovers, trails,
hair, bone, beds, nests, burrows,
food caches, waste piles, toilets,
territorial markings, etc. An individual piece of sign may be strong
or weak evidence of presence
depending on many factors. Many
pieces of sign of the same type or
different types can result in confirmation of a species presence and
321
322
Tracks - 5 points.
Clear unambiguous tracks are
like finger prints of a species and
quite reliable for identifying the
presence of many species; e.g., tapir
and jaguar. Many species, however,
have tracks which are very similar
and difficult to differentiate under
the best of conditions: e.g., ocelot,
margay, and jaguarundi.
Identification by tracks requires
a reasonable skill level and experience not common among even
experienced naturalists. During this
monitoring effort, local guides
occasionally made errors in track
identification, as did the researcher.
It took discussion, further tracking,
and sometimes a third opinion to
come to an acceptable conclusion
on what the track represented. Soil
type, wind, rain, and artifacts are
factors in track determination.
Consequently, the value of tracks in
determining species occurrence
was assigned 5 points. One, or an
accumulation of tracks, by itself
was not deemed sufficient evidence
of occurrence. Another corroborating piece of evidence was required.
The number of times identifiable tracks were found which were
in a different place, or were of
different size or configuration,
should be noted since they should
signify a different animal, and
therefore, be useful in calculating
the abundance index.
Tracks generally are short lived
entities in the environment. After a
track is found and identified, photographed, and measured, it should be
323
Points
10
10
5
3
5
5
2
3
5
5
53
8
Weaknesses
The system requires a lot of
woodsmanship and knowledge of
the species in order to produce the
evidence required. The score indicates only occurrence, not abundance. Index numbers are comparable only within the same species
between places and time, not
between species. For example, the
red brocket deer was much more
abundant than tapir at San Martin,
but the occurrence scores were the
same.
This index is offered as a
suggested tool that can and should
be modified to make it useful to
future researchers of large mammals.
The identification of species
present and the determination of
changes in the population status of
the species over time are both
essential to monitoring of medium
and large mammals. Based on those
two determinations, further judgements may be made on what caused
the changes.
325
Species
326
Cashiriari-2
Brazilian Tapir
Collection
Observation
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalizations and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
0
10
5
3
0
0
2
3
0
5
28
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
5
13
Tayra
Collection
Observation
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalizations and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
5
13
0
0
0
3
0
5(skull)
2
3
0
5
18
Common Opossum
Collection
Observation
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
10
10
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
5
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
10
San Martin-3
Cashiriari-2
Jaguar
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
5
8
0
0
5
3
0
0
0
3
5
5
21
Puma
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
5
3
0
0
0
3
5
5
21
Ocelot
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
0
0
5
3
0
0
0
3
0
5
16
0
10
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
5
23
327
Species
328
Cashiriari-2
Collared Peccary
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
0
10
5
0
0
0
2
3
5
5
30
0
0
5
0
5
5
2
0
5
5
27
Common agouti
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization and odors
I.D. by locals
Totals = Occurrence Index
10
0
5
0
0
0
2
3
0
5
25
0
10
5
0
0
5
2
3
0
5
30
0
10
5
0
0
0
0
3
5
5
28
0
10
5
0
5
0
0
3
0
5
28
same point system as for the occurrence index, minus the points for
the local identification. Each
evidence type was multiplied by the
number of times the evidence was
found where it was likely an independent, non-duplicating record.
These index numbers are found in
Table 1 as the two columns on the
right.
An example of how the index is
constructed follows (Table 5).
This proposed abundance index
has many features about it that may
or may not be useful. Basically, a
high index number means there was
a lot of activity of that mammal on
the monitored area; a low index
number means there was little
activity. With some knowledge of
mammal home-range size based on
size, food habits, radio telemetry,
ear-tagging, and other tracking
methods for similar mammals in
other parts of the world, an educated guess can be made on the
number of individuals of the
species using the monitored area.
329
Species
330
Cashiriari-2
Brazilian tapir
Collection
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds, dens, trails, nests
Vocalization & odors
Totals
0
10 x 1 = 10
5 x 7 = 35
3x3=9
0
0
2x1=2
3x3=9
0
65
0
0
5 x 3 = 15
0
0
0
0
3x2=6
0
21
Tayra
Collection
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalization & odors
Totals
0
0
5 x 2 = 10
0
0
0
0
3x1=3
0
13
0
0
0
3x1=3
0
5x1=5
2x1=2
3x1=3
0
13
Common opossum
Collection
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalizations & odors
Totals
10 x 2 = 20
10 x 1 = 10
5x1=5
0
0
0
2x1=2
0
0
37
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5x1=5
5
San Martin-3
Cashiriari-2
Collared peccary
Collection
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds and dens
Vocalizations & odors
Totals
0
10 x 4 = 40
5 x 40 = 200
0
0
0
2x3=6
3x2=6
5x1=5
257
0
0
5 x 5 = 25
0
5 x 6 = 30
0 (bones & hair duplicate)
2x1=2
0
1x1=1
58
Common agouti
Collection
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds, dens, & trails
Vocalizations & odors
Totals
10 x 1 = 10
0
5 x 20 = 100
0
0
0
2 x 2= 4
3 x 20= 60
0
174
0
10 x 2 = 20
5 x 8 = 40
0
0
5 x 1=5
2 x 3= 6
3 x 3= 9
0
80
0
1 0 x 1= 10
5 x 8= 40
0
0
0
0
3 x 1= 3
5 x 1= 5
58
0
10 x 1= 10
5 x 8= 40
0
5 x 1= 5
0
0
3 x 3= 9
0
64
331
Species
Jaguar
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds, dens, trails
Vocalization & odor
Totals
Puma
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds, dens, trails
Vocalizations & odor
Totals
Ocelot
Collected
Observed
Tracks
Scats
Hair
Bone
Feeding
Beds, dens, trails
Vocalizations & odors
Totals
332
Cashiriari-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3 x 1= 3
0
3
0
0
5 x 3 = 15
3 x 2=6
0
0
0
3 x 3=9
5 x 1=5
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5 x 3=15
3 x 2=6
0
0
0
3 x 3=9
5 x 2=10
40
0
0
5 x 3= 15
3 x 1= 3
0
0
0
3 x 3= 9
0
27
0
10 x 1= 10
5 x 4= 20
0
0
0
0
3 x 4= 12
0
42
333
334
335
336
Number of visits
San Martin-3
Cashiriari-2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
3
2
1
1
1
2
**
**
1
4
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
5
0
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
4
0
0
0
0
4
2
1
Number of visits
San Martin-3
Cashiriari-2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
**
**
**
**
0
0
many
**
many
many
1
many
2
many
many
many
many
1
337
338
339
340
Long-term
Monitoring
of Medium
and Large
Mammals
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Major Boddicker
Rocky Mountain Wildlife
Enterprises
Introduction
341
Description of
Biodiversity
Monitoring Tasks
4. Activities:
* Produce bone, hair, tracks,
scat, and sign manual for South
American mammals and a
biomonitoring technique manual to
supplement those already available;
* Extend and update the sampling technique manual.
Train Peruvians and other
South American researchers in
biodiversity monitoring techniques
for large mammals (The level of
technology and knowledge for
large-mammal monitoring in South
America is not current with the
developments in these areas that
have taken place over the past
decade).
Explanation: South American
researchers would accompany and
assist the contracted staff during
various field projects and follow-up
laboratory work to learn large
mammal monitoring techniques.
343
344
Ecto-and
Endoparasites
in Mammals:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
Ricardo Guerrero
Instituto de Zoologa Tropical,
Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Introduction
Methods
345
Mammals
with low
mobility,
including
species
that live on
the forest
floor and
in semiaquatic
environments and
arboreal
species
were
sampled
for
parasites
346
Results and
Discussion
Ochocercidae, Seuratidae,
Rictularidae, and Muscipedidae),
Trematoda, and Pentastomida
(larvae); 2) Trombiculidae,
Laelapidae, Streblidae,
Atopomelidae, Spinturnicidae,
Labidocarpidae, Macronysidae,
Mallophaga, Anoplura, Myobiidae,
Ixodidae, Nycteribiidae,
Spalaerorhynchidae, Polyctenidae,
Siphonaptera, and Argasidae.
The following conclusions may
be drawn from these findings.
The levels of parasitism and
the type of parasites are similar to
those in other natural Amazonian
environments such as the Manu
region and several Venezuelan
localities. Thus, parasite communities have structural qualities and
quantitative similarities.
The abundance and diversity of
the Trombiculidae and the
Trichostrongylida show that the
edaphic conditions at San Martin-3
and Cashiriari-2 have not been
altered so as to affect these groups.
This is important because it is
physical and chemical factors that
allow establishment, survivorship,
and development of the larvae of
these groups. This conclusion is
supported by the presence of
Siphonaptera and several species of
mites (Ixodidae and Argasidae) that
also have larval phases in the soil.
The large abundance of Trematoda in bats, rodents, and marsupials indicates that the river and
stream conditions in the study areas
are still unaltered. Trematoda larvae
need an intermediary host (usually a
snail) to complete their life cycle.
Snails are very sensitive to changes
in water quality (see Ramirez and
Cordova, this volume), so the
abundance and diversity of the
Trematoda indicates that the community of molluscs is healthy;
The levels
of
parasitism
and
the type of
parasites
are similar
to those in
other
Amazonian
environments.
References
347
348
3
+
+
+
25
3
+
+
+
25
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cashiriari - 2
Ectoparasites Endoparasites
1
39
+
+
+
+
+
39
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
41
11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
39
Cashiriari - 2
Ectoparasites Endoparasites
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
5
+
+
5
+
+
+
+
+
+
45
+
45
349
350
Ectoparasites
in Mammals:
Biodiversity
Assessment
in the Lower
Urubamba
Region
John Chavez
Museo de Historia Natural,
Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos
Introduction
351
The bat
Platyrrhinus
brachycephalus
(subfamily
Stenodermatinae)
and the
mouse
Oryzomys
nitidus were
the most
common
species
checked for
parasites.
Methods
Results and
Discussion
Table 1. Frequency of collection of ectoparasites per family and their most predominant genus
Family
Streblidae (Diptera)
Nycteribiidae (Diptera)
Spinturnicidae (Acarina)
Trombiculidae (Acarina)
Ixodidae (Acarina)
Pulicidae (Siphonaptera)
Rhopalopsyllidae (Siphonaptera)
Stephanocircidae (Siphonaptera)
Frequency (%)
55.4
3.22
16.7
9.03
5.80
3.87
3.87
1.93
Genus
Trichobius
Basilia
Periglischrus
Eutrombicula
Amblyomma
Xenopsylla
Polygenis
Sphinctopsylla
Frequency (%)
74.4
100.0
100.0
57.1
55.6
100.0
66.7
100.0
353
Species accounts
355
357
359
References
361
363
Appendix 1. Total bats and rodents inspected for parasites (SM(1) = San
Martin plot 1; SM(2) = San Martin plot 2; SM(a) = Near San Martin; CA(3) =
Cashiriari-2 plot 3; CA(4) = Cashiriari-2 plot 4; CA(a) = near Cashiriari-2; * =
free of ectoparasites).
SM(1) SM(2) SM(a) CA(3) CA(4) CA(a) Total
Bats
Phyllostomidae
Artibeus planirostris*
Artibeus obscurus*
2
Artibeus lituratus
Sturnira lilium
Sturnira tildae
Sturnira magna
Chiroderma villosum*
Chiroderma trinitatum
Artibeus planirostris* 1
Platyrrhinus helleri
Platyrrhinus infuscus
Uroderma bilobatum
Dermanura anderseni
Dermanura glauca
Vampyressa macconne
Vampyressa bidens
Rhinophylla pumilio
Rhinophylla fischerae
Carollia perspicilla
Carollia castanea
1
Carollia brevicauda 2
Glossophaga soricina
Anoura caudifer
1
Lonchophylla thomasi
Choeroniscus minor
Mimon crenulatum
1
Tonatia silvicola
Diphylla ecaudata
1
Emballonuridae
Saccopteryx leptura*
Vespertilionidae
Myotis riparius
1
Molossidae
Molossus ater*
Promops centralis
Rodents Muridae
Oryzomys nitidus
7
Oryzomys capito
Oryzomys macconne
Oryzomys sp. 1
1
Oecomys bicolor*
Neacomys spinosus
2
Echimyidae
Proechimys spinosus 2
364
4
1
2
1
1
1
6
6
1
1
7
1
4
2
1
4
7
3
2
6
4
1
3
3
4
1
10
6
7
2
2
1
1
1
3
5
9
4
3
7
5
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
4
4
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
6
13
7
18
7
1
13
1
21
8
2
12
8
2
3
4
8
1
18
12
12
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
13
1
1
1
5
6
3
365
Artibeus obscuros
Periglischrus iheringi (A) (N)
Carollia perspicillata
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Trichobius persimilis (A)
Trichobius sp. 1 (A)
Speiseria ambigua (A)
Paratrichobius longicrus (A)
Strebla guajiro (A)
Spelaeorhynchus sp. 1 (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A) (N)
Rinophylla pumilio
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Paratrichobius cf. salvini (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Carollia castanea
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Trichobius sp. 2 (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Carollia brevicauda
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Trichobius parasiticus (A)
Trichobius sp. 3 (A)
Speiseria peytonae (A)
Strebla guajiro (A)
Eutrombicula sp. 1 (L)
Periglischrus iheringi (N) (A)
Paratrichobius cf. salvini (A)
Neotrichobius cf. stenopterus (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Carollia sp. 1
Strebla guajiro (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Artibeus lituratus
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Paratrichobius longicrus (A)
Paratrichobius sp. 1 (A)
Megistopoda aranea (A)
Metelasmus pseudopterus (A)
Artibeus planirostris
Asidoptera phyllostomatis (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
366
Chiroderma trinitatum
Paratrichobius cf. salvini (A)
Uroderma bilobatum
Paratrichobius dunni (A)
Paratrichobius cf. salvini(A)
Neotrichobius cf. stenopterus (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Diphylla ecaudata
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Strebla mirabilis (A)
Anoura caudifer
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Glossophaga soricina
Trichobius dugesii (A)
Periglischrus caligus (A)
Lonchophylla thomasi
Strebla alvaresi (A)
Mimom crenulatum
Parasecia sp. 1 (L)
Tonatia silvicola
Pseudostrebla riberoi (A)
Strebla sp. 1 (A)
Chiroderma villosum
Paratrichobius longicrus (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A) (N)
Platyrrhinus helleri
Odontacarus sp. 1 (L)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Sturnira lilium
Megistopoda proxima (A)
Dermanura anderseni
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Molossidae
Chiroderma trinitatum
Paratrichobius cf. salvini (A)
Uroderma bilobatum
Paratrichobius dunni (A)
Paratrichobius cf. salvini (A)
Neotrichobius cf. ctenopterus (A)
Periglischrus iheringi (A)
Vampyressa bidens
Paratrichobius sp. 1 (A)
Vampyressa pusilla
Neotrichobius delicatus (A)
Vampyressa pusilla
Neotrichobius delicatus (A)
Platyrrhinus brachycephalus
Metelasmus pseudopterus (A)
Asidoptera sp. 1 (A)
Periglischrus acutisternus (A)
Periglischrus ojastii (A) (N)
Sturnira magna
Periglischrus ojastii (A) (N)
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Sturnira tildae
Asidoptera sp. 1 (A)
Periglischrus ojastii (A) (N)
Vespertilionidae
Myotis riparius
Anatrichobius Sp. (A)
Dermanura glauca
Trichobius joblingi (A)
Promops centralis
Paradyschiria parvula (A)
Echimyidae sp. 1
ORDEN RODENTIA
Muridae
Oryzomys nitidus
Eutrombicula sp. 1 (L)
Ixodes sp. 1 (L)
Polygenis cf. occidentalis (A)
Oryzomys capito
Eutrombicula sp. 1 (L)
Polygenis cf. roberti (A)
Xenopsylla cheopis (A)
Oryzomys macconnelli
Amblyomma sp. 1 (L) (N)
Sphictopsylla sp. 1 (A)
Oryzomys sp. 1
Eutrombicula sp. 1(L)
Polygenis cf. occidentalis (A)
Xenopsylla cheopis (A)
Oecomys bicolor
Odontacarus sp. 1 (L)
Xenospsylla cheopis (A)
Basilia myotis (A)
Basilia cf. peruvia (A)
Basilia manu (A)
Basilia sp. 1 (A)
Proechimys spinosus
Odontacarus sp. 1 (L)
Amblyomma sp. 1 (L) (L) (L)
Rhopalopsyllus sp. 1 (A)
Xenopsylla cheopis (A)
367
368