TATAP MUKA 3

KOMPETENSI DASAR :
Menjelaskan Teori-teori dan konsep-konsep pembentukan
benua
INDIKATOR PENCAPAIAN :
Teori Geosinklin
Teori Undasi
Teori Apungan Benua
Teori Tektonik Lempeng

Continents Begin to Collide as Paleozoic Oceans Close

The Devonian Was the Age of Fish!

During the Early Carboniferous Pangea Begins to Form.

The Late Carboniferous a Time of Great Coal Swamps

At the end of the Permian was Greatest Extinction of All Time

At the end of the Triassic, Pangea began to rift apart.

Early Jurassic, the Dinosaurs spread across Pangea

Pangea Begins to Rift Apart

New Oceans Begin to Open

The End of the Dinosaurs

During the Early Cenozoic India began to

Collide with Asia

The World Assumes a Modern Configuration

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate

for the last 30 million years

The Present-day world has well defined

climatic zones.

This is the way the World may look like

50 million years from now!

The Atlantic Ocean begins to Close

"Pangea Ultima" will form 250 million years

in the Future

PLATE TECTONICS
Continental drift
The theory that the continents have moved in
relation to one another

Plate tectonics
The theory of global dynamics in which the
lithosphere is believed to be broken into
individual plates that move in response to
convection in the (upper) mantle. The margins of
the plates are sites of considerable geologic
activity.

Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere

Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere

Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere

rocks

cold, rigid, brittle

hot, plastic
= 3,3 4,3 g/cm3

ultrabasic
igneous rocks
(MgO, SiO2)
Depth (km)

hot, high pressure,

rigid, brittle

Fe, Ni

Liquid
45000 C
solid

Plate Tectonic Theory

Lithosphere is broken into individual pieces
called plates

Plates move over the asthenosphere

as a result of underlying convection cells

Continental Drift

Antonio Snider-Pelligrini Map (1858)

Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener Map (1915)

Continental Drift

Wegeners Concept of Continental Drift and Orogenesis

Note:
Most geologists and geophysicists rejected Wegeners ideas
because they violated what was known about the STRENGTH
OF ROCKS.
Also, centrifugal force (from Earths rotation) along with tidal
forces were deemed to be TOO SMALL to move the continents!

Evidence on Continent
Continents Fit
Together

Best fit at 100 m below sea level

Evidence on Continent
Rocks and
Structures Match Up

Evidence on Continent

Evidence on Continent
Mountain Belts of
the Same Age
Appalachians

Caledonides

Mauritanides

Appalachians

Evidence on Continent
Glacial Features

Direction of ice flow

Evidence on Continent
Fossils
Early Triassic

Lystrosaurus

Cynognathus

Glossopteris

Permian-Pennsylvanian
Mesosaurus

Permian

Evidence on Continent
Paleoclimate
of Pangea

Evidence on Seafloor
Seafloor
Morphology

Evidence on Seafloor
Paleomagnetism and
seafloor spreading

Magnetic Time Scale

Magnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge Crest

Evidence on Seafloor
Paleomagnetism and
seafloor spreading

Evidence on Seafloor
Seafloor Age Map

Evidence on Seafloor
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks

Reconstruction

Plate Tectonics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by
Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age-Dating of Rocks

Plate Tectonics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined
by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS
(Global Positioning System) Satellites

Plate Tectonics
Earths Tectonic Plates
North
American
North American
Eurasian
Arabian

Juan de
Fuca

Caribbean

Pacific
Philippine

Cocos

Nazca

South
American

African
Indo
Australian

Pacific

Antarctic

Scotian

Antarctic

Plate Tectonics

What drives
Plate Tectonics???

Plate Tectonics

Internal Heat

Plate Tectonics
Divergent Boundary

Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust

Plate Tectonics
Transform Boundary

Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundary: Subduction

Melting
Produces
More
Felsic
Magma

Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust

and destruction of Oceanic Crust

Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundary: Collision

Results in the growth of Continental Crust

BASIC PLATE TECTONICS Revised

Earths lithosphere is broken into 12-24 rigid

plates
Plates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plastic
Asthenosphere
Geology happens where the plates
interact with one another along Divergent,
Transform, Subduction and Collisional
Boundaries

TERIMA KASIH