GEOTECHNICAL DIVISION

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, N.T.U.A.

13 LECTURES
on
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
by
George BOUCKOVALAS

October 2013

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.1

1. Introduction
Earthquake-induced damages to above- and underground structures are directly related to the seismic
ground response and failure during shaking. With few
exceptions (e.g. damages due to tsunamis), this reality is
verified in every old and recent earthquake.
For example ..

Recent strong earthquakes in Greece and

abroad . . . . .
Kobe, Japan, M=7.2, 17-01-1995

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.2

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.3

Kobe 1995
Collapse of columns
in DAIKAI underground
metro station

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.4

Izmit Turkey, M=7.2, 17-08-1999

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.5

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.6

Fault trace

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.7

Fault trace

Dcze- Turkey, M=7.2, 12-11-1999

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.8

Collapse of Bolu Tunnel

Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, M=7.6, 21-09-1999

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.9

FA
IL
UR
E
E
SL
OP
(a) photo of Chi-Shue Tunnel before Chi-Chi Earthquake; (b) photo of Chi-Shue Tunnel
after Chi-Chi Earthquake; (c) slope failure induced tunnel collapse at Sta. 45k+573 of
Highway No. 8; (d) sketch of damage pattern.
(from Wang et al. 2001)
GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.10

S-w

e
av

Longitudinal cracks from ovalization of Yuluh tunnel section,

Chi-Chi
1999 earthquake (Schiff and Tang eds, 2000)
GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.11

Athens-Greece, M=5.9, 12-09-1999

100 buildings

collapsed

143
2,000
casualties injured

100,000
homeless

~40 m

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.12

N
STIFF SOIL AMPLIFICATION
at Ano Liosia
municipality

Slight or
no damage
Severe damage
or collapse

Moderate damage

(%) of buildings

Cross-section N-S
100
75

50
25
0
0

DEPTH (m)

0 360 7601300

1300

1300

1300

Vs (m/sec)

20

DH5

40
60

1300

Borehole
CHT2

_
Vs,30 =697 m/sec

_
Vs,30 =613

_
_
Vs,30 =545_
V
=496
Vs,30 =500 s,30

80

Conglomerates

Clayey Marl

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.13

Bhuj- India
M=7.9
26-1-2001

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.14

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.15

Alaska
M=7.9
3-11-2002

Colima-Mexico
M=7.6
21-01-2003

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.16

 ...

2%

~9cm

rotation

Lefkas, =6.4, 14-8-2003

12cm

~25cm

Lefkas, =6.4, 14-8-2003

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.17


Liquefaction !

Earthquake of
Bam Iran
M=6.6
26-12-2003
.. 30,000 casualties

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.18

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.19

Bam Iran, =6.6, 26-12-2003

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.20

Topography
aggravation

Symmary of seismic hazards . .

Foundation
& structural
failure

U2(t)

Slope
failure

Soil
amplif.
U1(t)

U0(t)

retaining wall
failure

liquefaction

Damage
to underground
structures

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

2
LONG
TRANS

1.6

S a (g)

astruct.

1.2
0.8
0.4
0

aground

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Tstr (s)
1 DOF RESPONSE
DUE TO
BASE EXCITATION

ELASTIC RESPONSE
SPECTRA

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.21

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Body (P, S)
& Surface (R, L)
Waves

Seismic design
of underground
tunnels and pipelines

Rayleigh

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Seismic Ground response Soil Amplification

geology

Soil thickness

Typical recordings on
SOIL & BEDROCK

Example: Mexico 1985 earthquake

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.22

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Seismic Ground response Soil Amplification

-
SHAKE .
13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Liquefaction
Prediction
Settlements
Lateral spreading
Ground improvement
etc.
GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.23

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Seismic slope failure

Pseudo static analysis

(a/g)W

a(t)

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Seismic slope failure

Displacement computation
with the sliding block
method

Sliding
Mass
Sliding
block
Failure
surface

Sliding
plane

(a)

(b)

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.24

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Seismic design of retaining walls

Dynamic earth pressures

ononobe-Okabe
Hydrodynamic pressures
Westergard
Displacements with the
sliding block method

BIBLIOGRAPHY
CLASS NOTES

www.georgebouckovalas.com

1. ANIL CHOPRA: Dynamics of Structures (theory and

application to earthquake engineering), Prentice Hall, ISBN
0-13-855214-2.
2. STEVEN KRAMER: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering,
Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-374943-6
3. : ,

...
GEORGE
BOUCKOVALAS, National
Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.25

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013

1.26