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CEL 141
IIT DELHI
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS.
( Lecture 1)
Introduction
Functions of Building, Role of const. Materials
B. Bhattacharjee
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
IIT DELHI
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
General Outline
Functions of Buildings & Structures
Types of Loads on structures
Functional requirements of Buildings
Role of materials
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
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SAFETY DEFINED!
Safe against forces of nature viz., gravity, wind,
rain and snowfall and earthquake etc besides
forces imparted due to human actions
Horizontal Loads
Gravity Loads
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Air
motion
Noise
Air Temp
Building
Sun
Light
Lightening
Rain,
snowfall
Pollution
COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT
Comfortable against natural external
environment, viz., temperature, RH,
moisture ingress, condensation etc
Comfortable against man made external and
Internal agency causing discomfort e.g., noise
Besides micro-climatic changes are also
caused by Human activity
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Structures
Function of a bridge is to allow safe and
Smooth passage of traffic over it.
Function of a Dam is to allow safe storage
and distribution of water.
Hence,
TYPE OF LOADS
Some type of loads e.g., that due to self
weight, are deterministic. (Steady).
Some are deterministic but may change
with time, e.g., loads due to furniture,
occupant and machinery etc. (Quasi
Steady).
Some are uncertain, transitory in nature,
e.g., seismic load and wind load (dynamic
transitory).
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
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Load
Quasi steady
Steady
Design
load
Is used
in design
calculations
Time
Loads
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
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DESIGN LOADS
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LOAD TYPE
Dead Loads (IS 875 Part 1)
Imposed Loads (IS 875 Part 2)
Wind loads (IS 875 Part 3)
Snow loads (IS 875 Part 4)
Earth quake load (IS 1893)
Special Load (Fireetc. & Load
Combinations (IS 875 Part 5)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
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LOAD TYPE
Dead Loads (Density of materials and size of
member)
Imposed Loads (Characteristic load depends
on occupancy type and functional usage)
Wind loads (Equivalent static load depends
on design wind speed computed from basic
wind speed for 50 years of return period at
the location, terrain, topography, height risk
factor etc. )
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
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LOAD TYPE
Snow loads (Depends upon snow
accumulation on a given shape of roof)
Earthquake load (Equivalent static horizontal
load calculated depending on appropriate
gravity load, importance of structure, types of
foundation, seismic zone flexibility of structure
etc. )
Dynamic Analysis is done for wind and
earthquake load
LOAD TYPE
Special Loads: Temperature effects,
shrinkage, Moisture, Fire etc.,
Hydrostatic and soil pressure, fatigue,
load during construction, impact,
collision.
Load Combinations ( All loads at their
worst are unlikely to act together)
Partial factor of safety against load
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
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FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
OF BUILDINGS.
Occupancy Type
Environmental requirements
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
OF BUILDINGS (Contd.)
Furniture and circulation depends on
occupancy type and functional use.
Requirement of space depends on furniture
and circulation area.
Inter-relationship decides the relative
proximity of spaces.
Overall dimensions are decided depending on
site conditions, environmental requirements,
circulation etc. and aesthetics.
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BUILDING SERVICES
Fire protection through zoning, planning, fire
rated element design and provisions for
evacuation and fire fighting .
Plumbing, electrical and communication
services through proper design and control.
Lifts and other service through design.
Protection against moisture ingress and rain
penetration through proper design, detailing,
construction practice and; damp proofing and
water proofing.
Maintenance during service, operation;
intelligent building
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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Loads are resisted by Structural System.
Structural system consists of members or
elements connected at junctions.
The system is idealized to suit
mathematical analysis and through the
analysis forces on the members due to
design loads are computed.
$ The size of the member for the material
used must be able to resist the design forces.
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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Mainly Two types of forces i.e., stresses are
encountered.
a) Pull or tension, b)Push or compression and also
some times c) sliding or shear.
ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Material should have adequate axial,
flexural and shear
strength.Strength/Weight ratio may be
important in some cases.
Where robustness is needed for stability
against sliding and overturning,
massiveness is also important.
Adequate stiffness is provided by modulus
of elasticity of the material.
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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Post elastic Ductility.
dAdequate warning through large deformation
prior to failure.
Impact toughness.
Abrasion resistance
Resilience and damping properties.
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THANK YOU
FOR HEARING
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